1. Biology is the study life.

2. Seven characteristics of life:

* Reproduction* Metabolism* Cellular organization

3. Homeostasis – maintaining a internal balance with the cells and the environment.

4. How do animals get energy for metabolic needs?

From the food they eat

5. Describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem beginning with the sun:

SUN PLANTS PLANT EATERS MEAT EATERS

6. Hypothesis:

testable possible explanation of an observation

7. Experiment

A planned procedure to test a hypothesis.

8.Describe the structure of a polar molecule.

A molecule that has a partial positive charge on one side and a partial negative charge on the other.

9. List three organic macromolecules:

* carbohydrates* lipids* nucleic acids

10. What element is found in all organic compounds?

Carbon

11. List two nucleic acids:

* DNA* RNA

12. What is the function of DNA?

It stores hereditary information

13. List the 3 characteristics of enzymes:

* is not used up when catalyzing a reaction.* lowers activation energy of a reaction.* bonds with a substrate molecule at the enzyme’s activation site.

14. What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus

15. Give one example of a prokaryotic cell:

Bacteria

16. Organelle:

A structure with a eukaryotic cell that performs a specific function.

17. What is the function of a cell membrane?

It encloses the contents of a cell, allows materials to enter and leave the cell, and is selectively permeable.

18. What is the function of the mitochondria?

To provide energy to the cell.

* a cell that requires lots of energy will have many mitochondria

19. What organelle is associated with photosynthesis?

Chloroplasts

20. What is diffusion?

Movement of a substance across a membrane from high concentration to low without using energy.

21. What is osmosis?

The diffusion of water into or out of a cell.

22. What kind of transport does not require energy?

Passive transport

23. How does the sun’s energy get transferred through living things?

When plants capture sunlight and produce carbohydrates, animals eat plants, and animals eat other animals.

24. What happens to light energy during photosynthesis?

Its converted to chemical energy

What gas is produced during photosynthesis?

Oxygen

26. What is the purpose of cellular respiration?

Chemical energy stored in food molecules is released through this process.

27. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes in all cells except gametes.

28. Haploid: Has half the number of chromosomes than the diploid number.

Diploid has double the number of chromosomes than does the haploid number.

29. Karyotype

Used to learn about the number and structure of the chromosomes in a cell.

30. What is the most important difference between passive and active transport?

Passive transport doesn’t use energy and active does.

31. Define heterotroph:

Organisms that consume other organisms for energy.

* All animals are heterotrophs, multicellular and have cells without cell walls!

32. Bilateral symmetry:

Radial symmetry

33. Cephalization

Characterized by the concentrationof sensory organs in the anterior end.

34. Describe the sodium-potassium pump:

Is a type of active transport.

35. What are the characteristics of an exoskeleton?

Hard and encases the body

36. What is the result of asexual reproduction?

Produces offspring genetically identical to the parent.

37. List the smallest to the largest functional units of body structure:

cell tissue organ system body

38. The process of photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere.

39. What is a molecule?

A group of atoms held together by covalent bonds.

40. What is the pH range of an acid?

0-7

41. In humans, the genotype XX results in a female.

42. Autotroph

Organisms that harvest energy from the sunlight or inorganic substances in order to make food molecules

43. What is the “energy currency” of a cell?

ATP

44. What are autosomes?

Chromosomes that are NOT involved in sex determination

45. How does the concentration gradient determine the direction of water molecule movement during osmosis?

High to low

46. List the three parts of the cell theory:

* All cells come from preexisting cells.* All cells are basic units of structure and function in organisms.* All organisms are made of cells.

47. Zygote

A fertilized egg cell

48. What three factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?

* Amount of light* Amount of carbon dioxide* Temperature

49. Plant pigments that absorb primarily red and blue light are chlorophyll pigments, while pigments that absorb other wavelengths and appear yellow and orange are carotenoid pigments.

50. What is the formula for photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

Light