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Chapter Three

Navigation Technology

11~12 hours

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Review what we have learned in this chapter.Different types of navigation

How to choose an anchorage?

Aids to Navigation System

Standing Orders and Night Orders

Rhumb lines and Great Circles

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Important definitions in Traffic Separation Scheme

Formation of tides

Different types of tides

Tidal Datum

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Exercises

1. A Danforth ( 燕尾锚 ) lightweight anchor does NOT hold well in which type of bottom? A. Mud B. Grass C. Sand D. Clay

B

Multiple Choices

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2. A vessel moored with two anchors, sometimes, at an exposed roadstead to ______. A. aid turning the ship B. obtain a fine bearing C. increase ship swings to wind or tide D. lighten the stress of anchor chains

D

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3. When determining the direction of approach, mariners should consider the following conditions except ________.A. limitations of land B. current, shoalsC. other vessels D. her deadweight tonnage

D

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5. When anchoring, seafarers should veer the

anchor chain to a length equal to ________the

depth of water at the anchorage.

A. two times B. three times C. four ti

mes D. five to seven times

D

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6. Which one is not a floating aids to navigation?

A. a light house

B. a wreck buoy

C. a lighted buoy

D. a buoy

A

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7. After anchoring, fixes should be taken frequently, at least ________ for the first thirty minutes.

A. every two minutes B. every three minutes C. every five minutes D. every ten minutes

B

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8. An eastern quadrant buoy marks ________

which lies to the west of the buoy.

A.a danger

B. a safety area

C. a wreck nearby

D. nothing important

A

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9. After each course change, check the gyro repeaters and the magnetic compass against the gyro compass ________. A. every four hours B. every three hours C. every two hours D. every hour

D

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10. The Night Order book can contain orders

for ________ after which the Captain

signs it.

A.nine hours

B. twelve hours

C. twenty-four hours

D. forty-eight hours

C

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11. The principal advantage of a rhumb line is t

hat it maintains ________.

A.constant true bearing

B.constant true direction

C. constant true course

D. relative bearing

B

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12. The shortest line on the surface of a sphere

between two points on the surface is part of _

_______.

A. a great circle

B. a small circle

C. rhumb line

D. celestial equator

A

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13. The best method of determining if a vessel

is dragging anchor is to note ________.

A. the amount of line paid out

B. how much the vessel sheers while at anchor

C. any change in the tautness of the anchor

chain

D. changes in bearings of fixed objects onshore

D

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14. The most doubtful and unpredictable factor i

n a mooring system is the ______.

A. ability of the anchors to hold in a seabed

B. anchor chain catenary length

C. variability of the fairlead

D. angle of the flukes

A

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15. We took usual steps: sounding the depth,

reversing and stopping engine, paying out

anchor and 60 fathoms of chain cable in the

depth of 12 fathoms. The operation above is

______.

A.berthing

B.searching

C. anchoring

D. picking up pilot

C

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16. Which of the following is not a typical kind of

tide?

A. diurnal tide

B. flood tide

C. semidiurnal tide

D. mixed tide

B

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17. By international agreement, the level

used as chart datum should be low enough

so that ________do not fall very far below

it.

A. high waters

B. higher high waters

C. low waters

D. ebb tides

C

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18. On a gnomonic chart ， a great circle tra

ck between Los Angeles and Brisbane will a

ppear as a ______.

A. loxodromic curve ( 恒向线 )

B. straight line

C. curved line concave to the equator

D. spiral approaching the poles as a limit

B

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19. The term flood current refers to that time when

the water ________.

A. is flowing towards the land

B. is moving towards the ocean

C. level is not changing

D. level is rising because of heavy rains

A

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20. A mooring line that prevents a vessel from

moving sideways away from the dock is a ____

__.

A. bow line B. breast line

C. stern line D. spring line

B

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II. Translate the following Chinese into English.

1.航迹推算 2.雷达导航 3. 在水中静止 4. 搁浅 5. 富余水深 6. 孤立危险

dead reckoning

radar navigation

be dead in the water

go aground

under keel clearance

isolated dangers

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7. 推荐航线 8. 分道通航制 9. 沿岸通航带 10. 混合潮 11. 通航分道 12. 低潮基准面

recommended track

Traffic Separation Schemes inshore traffic zone

mixed tide

traffic lane low water datum

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13. 平均低潮面 14. 大潮 15. 警戒区 16. 大圆航线 17. 分隔带 18. 侧标体系 19. 等明暗光 20. 沿海航行

spring tide

precautionary area

great circle route

separation zone

lateral systems

isophase light

coastal navigation

mean low water

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III. Translate the following sentences into Chinese.

谨慎小心

变坏

1. All concerned are advised to exercise due c

aution as the weather is liable to deteriorate wit

hout warning.

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2. An occulting light is a light totally eclipsed at r

egular intervals, the duration of light always bei

ng greater than the duration of darkness.

变暗

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3. In the Standing Order, the Captain sets requ

ired fix intervals, intervals for fathometer operat

ions, minimum CPA’s, and other general navig

ation and collision avoidance requirements.

回声测深仪最近会遇点

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4. As such basins are acted upon by the tide-

producing forces, some respond more readily to

daily or diurnal forces, others to semidiurnal

forces, and others almost equally to both. Hence,

tides are classified as one of three types,

semidiurnal, diurnal, or mixed, according to the

characteristics of the tidal pattern.

半日的全日的

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5. Inconsistencies of terminology are found amon

g charts of different countries and between charts

issued at different times.

不一致，相矛盾 术语

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______is not a step for anchoring preparation ．A ． To take off the covers from the hawse pipes and clear the spurling pipesB ． To make sure that the windlass is out of gear and the brakes are onC ． To turn the windlass over slowlyD ． To inform the engine room to ensure that deck power and water are offA “Mediterranean moor” should be used when ______ ．A ． anchoring in the MediterraneanB ． docking stern to a berthC ． docking bow to a berthD ． anchoring in a strong currentA ______ is the intersection of the surface of a sphere and a plane passing through the center of the sphere ．A ． great circleB ． small circleC ． large circleD ． general circle

Test bank anchoring and berthing

船首向海抛锚，船尾系于栈桥的系泊法应为 O

N

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A check line is ______ ．A ． A safety line attached to a man working over the sideB ． Used to measure water depthC ． Used to slow the headway of a bargeD ． Used to measure the overhead height of a bridgeA Danforth lightweight anchor does NOT hold well in which type of bottom ________ ．A ． MudB ． GrassC ． SandD ． ClayA mooring line is described as being 6x24 ， 1-3/4 inch wire rope ． What do the above numbers refer to ________ ．A ． Strands ， yarns ， circumferenceB ． Strands ， wires ， diameterC ． Wires ， yarns ， diameterD ． Strands ， circumference ， wires

( 驳船等靠码头时用的 ) 手系缆

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A sufficient amount of chain must be veered when anchoring a vessel to ensure ______ ．A ． The vessel has enough room to swing while at anchorB ． The anchor flukes bite into the ocean bottomC ． There is a sufficient scope of chain to keep the anchor on the bottomD ． There is more chain out than there is in the chain lockerA tug is to assist in docking an oceangoing vessel on a hawser ． The greatest danger to the tug is ______ ．A ． From the ship's propeller when making up aftB ． From being overrun if making up forwardC ． Hull damage while alongside passing a hawserD ． Getting in a tripping positionA vessel brought alongside should be fended off the towing vessel by ______ ．A ． crew members using their armsB ． crew members using the strong muscles of their legsC ． fendersD ． no fending is necessary due to the rugged construction of most towing vessels ．

TRIPPING POSITION: 横拖位置，最危险

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A vessel moored with two anchors ， sometimes ， at an exposed roadstead to ______ ．A ． Aid turning the shipB ． Obtain a fine bearingC ． Increase ship swings to wind or tideD ． Lighten the stress of anchor chainsAfter casting off moorings at a mooring buoy in calm weather ， you should ______ ．A ． Go full ahead on the engine （ s ）B ． Back away a few lengths to clear the buoy and then go ahead on the enginesC ． Go half ahead on the engines and put the rudder hard rightD ． Go half ahead on the engines and pass upstream of the buoy

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Before letting the anchor go ， you should check that the ______ ．A ． Chain is clearB ． Anchor is clear of obstructionsC ． Wildcat is disengagedD ． All of the above

Consideration should be given in planning for the mooring orientation in a new location so that in adverse weather a crane is available to off-load the supply vessel on what side of the unit ________ ．A ． Weather sideB ． Leeward sideC ． Upwind sideD ． Crosswind side

Conventional anchors are least likely to hold in a bottom consisting of ______ ．A ． soft clayB ． hard mudC ． very soft mudD ． sand

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In determining the scope of cable to be used when anchoring ， what would NOT be considered ________ ．A ． Depth of the waterB ． Character of the holding groundC ． maintenance cost for the chainD ． Type of anchor cable

It is sometimes necessary to moor bow and stern to two mooring buoys in order to ______ ．A ． Avoid any swing in a restricted spaceB ． Shelter the ship from strong windsC ． Prevent from touching with other vesselsD ． Make a convenience of cargo discharging

Mariners should ensure correct ______ of aids to navigation during twilight periods when some lighted aids to navigation are lit while others are not ．A ． identificationB ． distinctionC ． discriminationD ． clearly seeing

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Owing to the big draught of the ship ， she has to go alongside by the time of ______ ．A ． Spring tideB ． Flood tideC ． Ebb tideD ． Slack water

Pilotage in this country is _______ ．A ． Free of chargeB ． ImportantC ． RequiredD ． Unnecessary

Sometimes lights are ______ by fog ， haze ， dust ， smoke ， or precipitation which may be present at the light ， or between the light and the observer ， and which is possibly unknown by the observer ．A ． obscuredB ． darkenedC ． greyedD ． delighted

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The holding capabilities of an anchor are determined PRIMARILY by the ______ ．A ． design of the anchorB ． weight of the anchorC ． scope of the anchor chainD ． size of the vessel

The Pilotage-quarantine anchorage ， ______ between Damen Dao and Qingshan Dao ， is defined by the lines ______ the given points ．A ． Situated/connectedB ． Situated/connectingC ． Situating/connectedD ． Situating/connecting

When anchored ， increasing the scope of the anchor chain normally serves to ______ ．A ． prevent fouling of the anchorB ． decrease swing of the vesselC ． prevent dragging of the anchorD ． reduce strain on the windlass

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When anchoring a vessel under normal conditions ， which scope of chain is recommended ________ ．A ． Four times the depth of waterB ． Two and one-half times the depth of waterC ． Five to seven times the depth of waterD ． Fifteen times the depth of water

Which safety check （ s ） should be made before letting go the anchor ________ ．A ． See that the anchor is clear of obstructionsB ． See that the chain is all clearC ． See that the wildcat is disengagedD ． All of the above

You are mooring to a buoy ． You should approach the buoy with the current from ______ ．A ． aheadB ． broad on the bowC ． abeamD ． astern

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Coastal and ocean navigation

______ is not a type of IALA maritime buoyage system ．A ． special marksB ． isolated danger marksC ． cardinal marksD ． fore and aft marks

______ is prohibited in this area ．A ． AnchorB ． AnchoringC ． AnchoredD ． Being anchored

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A traffic separation zone is that part of a traffic separation scheme which ______ ．A ． is between the scheme and the nearest landB ． contains all the traffic moving in one directionC ． is designated as an anchorage areaD ． separates traffic proceeding in one direction from traffic proceeding in the opposite direction

A vessel shall not ______ ．A ． enter the traffic separation zone in an emergencyB ． cross a traffic laneC ． engage in fishing in the separation zoneD ． proceed in an inappropriate traffic lane

A vessel shall so far as practicable avoid ______ in a traffic separation scheme or in areas near its terminations ．A ． sailingB ． proceedingC ． anchoringD ． maneuvering

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A vessel using a traffic separation scheme shall so far as practicable ______ a traffic separation line or separation zone ．A ． keep well clearB ． keep very farC ． keep clear ofD ． keep clear from

A wedge of water building up between the bow and nearer bank which forces the bow out and away describes ______ ．A ． Bank cushionB ． Bank suctionC ． Combined effectD ． Bend effect

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One of the factors which affects the circulation of ocean currents is ______ ．A ． humidityB ． varying densities of waterC ． vessel trafficD ． the jet stream

Some of these shoals have been disproved and are not charted ． Nevertheless mariners should ______ with particular caution in this area ．A ． goB ． proceedC ． moveD ． Remove

Sometimes a tropical storm moves so slowly that a vessel ， if astern of it ， can ______ it ．A ． CrossB ． ApproachC ． Proceed nearD ． Run into

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Systems of inbound and outbound lanes to promote the safe flow of vessel traffic in certain areas around the world are known as ______ ．A ． merchant vessel reporting systemsB ． traffic separation schemesC ． collision avoidance fairwaysD ． restricted maneuverability channels

The term of Landfall means ______ ．A ． Land first sighted when vessel approaching from seawardB ． Land last sighted when vessel leaving from a portC ． In sight of one another when vessel underwayD ． In sight of an island during a ship on her voyage

The VTS has been designed to aid in ______ ．A ． the prevention of collisionB ． the promotion of the traffic flowC ． the complying of port regulationD ． the development of navigational technique ．

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Traffic separation schemes established by the International Maritime Organization ______ ．A ． provide routing and scheduling procedures to reduce shipping delaysB ． provide traffic patterns in congested areas ， so that vessels can operate without having a separate lookoutC ． provide inbound and outbound lanes to promote the safe flow of vessel trafficD ． prohibit vessels carrying hazardous cargoes from entering waters that are environmentally sensitive

When liquid is free to move transversely in a tank ， the effect is called ______ ．A ． free communicationB ． free densityC ． free surfaceD ． negative GM

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Geographic navigation

______ is a defined area within which ships must use particular caution and should follow the recommended direction of traffic flow ．A ． Recommended Direction of Traffic FlowB ． RoundaboutC ． Separation Zone or LineD ． Precautionary Area______ is a circular traffic lane used at junctions of several routes ， within which traffic moves counterclockwise around a separation point or zone ．A ． Traffic LaneB ． RoundaboutC ． Inshore Traffic ZoneD ． Two-way Route______ is not likely to be a methods of Traffic Separation ．A ． Separation of opposing streams of traffic by separation zones or linesB ． The separation of through traffic from local traffic by provision of inshore traffic zonesC ． Division of traffic from several different direction into sectorsD ． Control of routing traffic through shipping routes

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______ means the curve on the earth's surface which cuts all the meridians at the same angle ．A ． Great CircleB ． Position LineC ． Rhumb lineD ． True Bearing

A fairly accurate estimation of a ship's position can be calculated by a technique known as ______ ．A ． Dead reckoningB ． PilotageC ． Great circle sailingD ． Geographic navigation

A position obtained by applying only your vessel's course and speed to a known position is a ______ ．A ． Dead-reckoning positionB ． FixC ． Probable positionD ． Running fix

积算船位 - 从已知船位开始，根据计程仪航程在计划航线上截取的船位，它与推算船位的区别是未考虑风流的影响。

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How would you pass a red buoy in the maritime buoyage system“A” ________ ．A ． keep the buoy on the vessel's starboard side when approaching a port and on the vessel's port side when leavingB ． keep the buoy on the vessel's port side when approaching a port and on the vessel's starboard side when leavingC ． keep the buoy on the vessel's starboard side when approaching and leavingD ． keep the buoy on the vessel's port side when approaching and leaving

The Earth has the shape of a （ n ） ______ ．A ． SphereB ． Oblate spheroidC ． Spheroid of revolutionD ． Oblate eggoid

The equator is ______ ．A ． the primary great circle of the Earth perpendicular to the axisB ． the line to which all celestial observations are reducedC ． the line from which a celestial body's altitude is measuredD ． All of the above

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The positions and characteristics of lights and buoys shown within the port area are ______ ．A ． UntrueB ． ImpossibleC ． SuspectfulD ． Unimportant

The shortest distance between any two points on earth defines a ______ ．A ． Small circleB ． Great circleC ． Rhumb lineD ． Hyperbola

The symbol which appears beside a light on a chart reads“Gp Fl R （ 2 ） 10 sec 160 ft 19M” ． Which characteristic does the light possess ________ ．A ． It is visible two nautical milesB ． Its distinguishing number is“19M”C ． It has a red lightD ． It flashes once every ten seconds

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The time required for a lighted aid to complete a full cycle of light changes is listed in the Light List as the ______ ．A ． SetB ． FrequencyC ． PeriodD ． Function

There is sufficient anchorage for ______ at all time around the No.1 buoy and for smaller vessels around the No.4 buoy ．A ． Deep laded vesselsB ． Deeply load vesselsC ． Deep loading vesselsD ． Deeply loaded vessels

Traffic separation schemes adopted by the IMO are listed in ______ ．A ． NMB ． Ship's RoutingC ． ColregD ． Solas

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Under the IALA-A Buoyage System ， a green spar buoy with a triangular topmark would indicate that the buoy ______ ．A ． Should be left to port when heading out to seaB ． May be left close aboard on either sideC ． Is on the north side of a point of interestD ． Is marking the preferred channel

What area of the earth cannot be shown on a standard Mercator chart ________ ．A ． EquatorB ． Areas including both North and South latitudesC ． North and South PolesD ． A narrow band along the central meridian

What defines a great circle ________ ．A ． A curved line drawn on a Mercator ChartB ． A course line that inscribes a loxodromic curveC ． The shortest distance between any two points on the earthD ． The smallest circle that can be drawn on the face of a sphere

国际浮标制度 A 区：进港方向来看，左红右绿，左罐右锥

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What describes a flood current ________ ．A ． Horizontal movement of the water toward the land after high tideB ． Horizontal movement of the water toward the land after low tideC ． Horizontal movement of the water away from the land following high tideD ． Horizontal movement of the water away from the land following low tide

What is a lighted safe water mark fitted with to aid in its identification ________ ．A ． A spherical topmarkB ． Red and white retroreflective materialC ． A sequential numberD ． A red and white octagon

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What is an ebb current ________ ．A ． A current at minimum flowB ． A current coming inC ． A current going outD ． A current at maximum flow

When navigating a vessel ， you ______ ．A ． Can always rely on a buoy to be on stationB ． Can always rely on a buoy to show proper light characteristicsC ． Should assume a wreck buoy is directly over the wreckD ． Should never rely on a floating aid to maintain its exact position

Which position includes the effects of wind and current ________ ．A ． Dead reckoning positionB ． Leeway positionC ． Estimated positionD ． Set position

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Tides and tidal current

______ is not a type of tide ．A ． SEMIDIURNALB ． DIURNALC ． MIXEDD ． OSCILLATING

A wave entering ______ is likely to produce bores ．A ． shallow waterB ． deep waterC ． riverD ． Tide

涌潮，怒潮

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Neap tides occur ______ ．A ． At the start of spring ， when the Sun is nearly over the equatorB ． Only when the Sun and Moon are on the same sides of the Earth and are nearly in lineC ． When the Sun and Moon are at approximately 90° to each other ， as seen from the EarthD ． When the Sun ， Moon ， and Earth are nearly in line ， regardless of alignment order

小潮，当月球在上弦或下弦时，太阳，月球潮汐椭圆体的长，短轴在同一个子午圈平面内，即太阳潮汐椭圆体与月球潮汐椭圆体的长轴方向相互垂直，因此引潮力互相抵消，出现了高潮最低，低潮最高现象，称为小潮。

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Neap tides occur only ______ ．A ． at a new or full MoonB ． when the Sun ， Moon ， and Earth are in lineC ． at approximately 28-day intervalsD ． when the Moon is at quadrature

Neap tides occur when the ______ ．A ． Moon is in its first quarter and third quarter phasesB ． Sun and Moon are on opposite sides of the EarthC ． Moon's declination is maximum and opposite to that of the SunD ． Sun and Moon are in conjunction

（月的）上（下）弦； 90 度

相位差

（月亮的）上弦或下弦

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Spring tides are tides that ______ ．A ． have lows lower than normal and highs higher than normalB ． have lows higher than normal and highs lower than normalC ． are unpredictableD ． occur in the spring of the year

大潮：当月球处在新月或满月时，太阳，月球潮汐椭圆体的长轴在同一个子午圈平面内，即太阳与月球潮汐椭圆体的长轴方向一致，互相叠加，出现了高潮最高，低潮最低现象。

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Stand of the tide is that time when ______ ．A ． the vertical rise or fall of the tide has stoppedB ． slack water occursC ． tidal current is at a maximumD ． the actual depth of the water equals the charted depth

停潮 Stand ：低潮发生后，海面有一段时间呈现停止升降的现象。

平潮 Slack ：高潮发生后，海面有一段 时间呈现停止升降的现象。

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Swell is the rise and fall of the ocean's surface due to ______ ．A ． FetchB ． Distant windsC ． Local stormsD ． The pull of the moon

The easiest way to anchor a vessel in a current is to ______ ．A ． Stem the current and make very slow headway when the anchor is droppedB ． Stem the current and be falling aft very slowly when the anchor is droppedC ． Stem the current and endeavor to make neither headway nor sternway when the anchor is droppedD ． Stop all headway through the water and keep the current astern when the anchor is dropped

The movement of water away from the shore or downstream is called a（ n ） ______ ．A ． reversing currentB ． ebb currentC ． flood currentD ． slack current

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The period at high or low water during which there is no apparent change of level is called ______ ．A ． HEIGHTB ． RANGEC ． STANDD ． FALL

The set of the current is the ______ ．A ． speed of the current at a particular timeB ． maximum speed of the currentC ． direction from which the current flowsD ． direction in which the current flows

The set of the ocean current is caused by ______ ．A ． density differences of the waterB ． rotation of the earthC ． direction of primary circulation of airD ． All of the above

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The term flood current refers to that time when the water ______ ．A ． is flowing towards the landB ． is moving towards the oceanC ． level is not changingD ． level is rising because of heavy rains

The two most effective generating forces of surface ocean currents are ______ ．A ． temperature and salinity differences in the waterB ． wind and density differences in the waterC ． water depth and underwater topographyD ． rotation of the Earth and continental interference

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The velocity of the current in large coastal harbors is ______ ．A ． predicted in Tidal Current TablesB ． unpredictableC ． generally constantD ． generally too weak to be of concern

The velocity of the wind ， its steady direction ， and the amount of time it has blown determines a wind driven current's ______ ．A ． TemperatureB ． DensityC ． DeflectionD ． Speed

Tide is ______ in direction ENE ．A ． GettingB ． SettingC ． BeingD ． Having

风生流

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When there are small differences between the heights of two successive high tides or two successive low tides ， the tides are called ______ ．A ． DiurnalB ． Semi-diurnalC ． SolarD ． Mixed

Which current is responsible for the movement of icebergs into the North Atlantic shipping lanes ________ ．A ． Iceland CurrentB ． Baltic CurrentC ． Labrador CurrentD ． Baffin Current

Which current would you encounter on a direct passage from London ， England ， to Capetown ， South Africa ________ ．A ． Falkland CurrentB ． Brazil CurrentC ． Norway CurrentD ． Benguela Current

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Which current would you encounter on a direct passage from southern Africa to Argentina ， South America ________ ．A ． South AtlanticB ． South EquatorialC ． AgulhasD ． Guinea

You are anchoring in a river where the current is from one direction only ．The best way to lay out two anchors is to have them ______ ．A ． Directly in line with the bowB ． Side by side ， with their lines on the port and starboard sideC ． So that their lines form an angleD ． On top of one another

You are docking a vessel ． Wind and current are most favorable when they are ______ ．A ． crossing your course in the same directionB ． crossing your course in opposite directionsC ． parallel to the pier from aheadD ． setting you on the pier

8 字锚