Chapter Three

Navigation Technology

7~8 hours

Review what we have learned last period.

What should be paid special attention to when navigating a vessel?

Night Orders

Standing Orders

Rhumb lines and great circle

夜航命令簿

常规命令簿

恒向线和大圆

Part Three Geographic Navigation

Introduction

Definitions

Traffic Separation Schemes

Introduction

increasingly [] adv. 渐增地，逐渐地 consequence [] n. 后果，结果 tremendous [] adj. 巨大的，惊人的 severe [] adj. 严重的，严峻的，剧烈的 authority [] n. 当局，主管机构 range from … to 在……之间变化compliance n. 遵守，常与 with 搭配使用

Vocabulary

The length of these roles range from 25 meters to 55 meters.

Green furniture is increasingly favored by people.

Assure the stock quantity compliance with the account.

communication [] n. 通信，通讯，交通，信息 recommended route 推荐航线，推荐航路converge [] vi. 集合，聚集，收敛 environmentally [] adv. 在环境方面sensitive [] adj. 敏感的，反应迅速的specified [] adj. 规定的 boundary [] n. 边，边界，界线 confined [] adj. 受限制的，被限制的，狭窄的 confined waterways 限制水路，限制水道

If you look at the end of your nose, your eyes converge.

Commit to using environmentally safe

products in the workplace.

Navigation, once truly independent throughout the

world, is an increasingly regulated activity. The

consequences of collision or grounding for a large,

modern ship carrying tremendous quantities of high-

value, perhaps dangerous cargo, are so severe that

authorities have instituted many types of regulations

and control systems to minimize the chances of

loss. These range from informal and voluntary

systems to closely controlled systems requiring

compliance with numerous regulations.

大型现代船舶，装载着惊人数量的贵重货物或危险货物，如果相撞或搁浅，后果非常严重，因此主管机构制定了各种类型的规则或

控制体系减少损失的机率。

这些控制体系中有些是非正规的、自愿的，有些是要进行严格控制的，需要

遵守大量的规则。

The regulations may concern navigation,

equipment, procedures, personnel, and many other

aspects of ship management. There are several

specific types of regulation systems.

For commonly used open ocean routes where risk

of collision is present, the use of recommended

routes separates ships going in opposite

directions.

In areas where ships converge at headlands,

straits, and major harbors, traffic separation

schemes (TSS) have been instituted to separate

vessels and control crossing and meeting

situations. Environmentally sensitive areas may be

protected by areas to be avoided which prevent

vessels of a certain size or carrying certain

cargoes from navigating within specified

boundaries. In confined waterways such as canals,

lock systems, and rivers leading to major ports,

local navigation regulations control ship movement.

环保敏感的区域可以通过实施避航区进行保护，该办法禁止达到一定尺寸或载有某些货物的船舶在规

定区域内航行。

Definitions

Vocabulary

relate to 与 …… 有关routing system 定线制measure [] n. 方式，方法，措施 vt. 测量，丈量 two-way route 双向航线recommended track 推荐航线inshore traffic zone 沿岸通航带precautionary area 警戒区deep-water route 深水航道opposing [] adj. 相反的 traffic flow 船舶的主流向

The primary uses of oxygen relate to its strong oxidizing and

life-sustaining properties.

We must take measures to guard against accidents.

traffic lane 通航分道，航行分道separation zone or line 分隔带或分隔线roundabout [] n. 环道，环形航道 circular [] adj. 循环的，圆形的junction [] n. 联接点，汇合处，交叉点 counterclockwise [] adj. 逆时针的 adv. 逆时针方向地 designate [] vt. 指定，指示 survey [] vt. 测量，检查，检验 particular [] adj. 特别的，特殊的 established direction of traffic flow 确定的船舶流向recommended direction of traffic flow 推荐船舶流向

She designated the place where we were to meet.

Do you have any particular style in

mind?

Routing System: Any system of routes or routing measures designed to minimize the possibility of collisions between ships, including TSS, two-way routes, recommended tracks, areas to be avoided, inshore traffic zones, precautionary areas, and deep-water routes.Traffic Separation Scheme: A routing measure which separates opposing traffic flow with traffic lanes.

定线制

分道通航制

Separation Zone or Line: A zone or line whi

ch separates opposing traffic, separates traffi

c from adjacent areas, or separates different

classes of ships from one another.

Traffic Lane: An area within which one-way t

raffic is established.

分隔带或分隔线

通航分道

Roundabout: A circular traffic lane used at junctions of several routes, within which traffic moves counterclockwise around a separation point or zone.Inshore Traffic Zone: The area between a traffic separation scheme and the adjacent coast, usually designated for coastal traffic. Two-way Route: A two-way track for guidance of ships through hazardous areas.

沿岸通航带

双向航道

环道

Recommended Route: A route established for

convenience of ship navigation, often marked

with centerline buoys.

Recommended Track: A route, generally found

to be free of dangers, which ships are advised

to follow to avoid possible hazards nearby.

Deep-Water Route: A route surveyed and

chosen for the passage of deep-draft vessels

through shoal areas.

推荐航道

推荐航线

深水航道

Precautionary Area: A defined area within which ships must use particular caution and should follow the recommended direction of traffic flow.Area To Be Avoided: An area within which navigation by certain classes of ships is prevented because of particular navigational dangers or environmentally sensitive natural features.Established Direction of Traffic Flow: The direction in which traffic within a lane must travel.Recommended Direction of Traffic Flow: The direction in which traffic is recommended to travel.

警戒区

应避开的区域

确定的船舶流向

推荐船舶流向

Passage Two

Traffic Separation Schemes

Vocabulary

congested [] adj. 拥挤的 Straits of Dover 多佛尔海峡subsequently [] adv. 后来地，随后地 proposal [] n. 建议，提议 Ship’s Routing 船舶定线territorial water 领海hydrographic survey 水道测量

Department stores are often congested

before Christmas.

The first carrier of belief is various myths, and subsequently religion.信仰的第一个载体是各种神话，接下来则是宗教。

implement [] vt. 实现，执行，使 …… 生效 address [] vt. （图书、文章等）讨论（某一主题）chartlet [] n. 改正贴图，小海图，说明图 depict [] vt. 描述 as of 到 …… 时候为止purpose [] n. 目的，宗旨 amend [] vt. 改善，改进，修正 transitory [] adj. 暂时的，临时的 oil drilling rig 钻井架the International Code of Signals 国际信号规则

Implement and complete the production plan timely.

A man's life spans only a few decades. Fame and wealth are as transitory as the morning dew or

floating clouds.

In 1961, representatives from England, France and Germany met to discuss ways to separate traffic in the congested Straits of Dover and subsequently in other congested areas. Their proposals were submitted to the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and were adopted in general form. IMO expanded on the proposals and has since instituted a system of Traffic Separation Schemes (TSS) throughout the world.

Text

The IMO is the only international body responsible

for establishing and recommending measures for

ship’s routing in international waters. It does not

attempt to regulate traffic within the territorial

waters of any nation. In deciding whether or not to

adopt a TSS, IMO considers the aids to navigation

system in the area, the state of hydrographic

surveys in the area, and the International Rules of

the Road.

The selection and development of TSS are the responsibility of individual governments, who may seek IMO adoption of their plans, especially if the system extends into international waters. Governments may develop and implement TSS not adopted by the IMO, but in general only IMO-adopted schemes are charted. Rule 10 of the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (Rules of the Road) addresses the subject of TSS. This rule specifies the actions to be taken by various classes of vessels in and near traffic schemes.

各国政府可以自行发展实施没有被国际海事组织采纳的分道通航制，但通常情况下只有被国际海事组织采纳的分道通航制才会被

海图标注。

Traffic Separation Schemes adopted by the IM

O are listed in Ship’s Routing, a publication of t

he IMO. Because of differences in datums, char

tlets in this publication which depict the various

schemes must not be used either for navigation

or to chart the schemes on navigational charts.

The Notice to Mariners should be consulted for

charting details.

由于基准面的不同，本出版物中描述各类分道通航制的小海图无论是在航行中还是在航用海图上标注分道通航制时都

不得使用。

A TSS is not officially approved for use until adopted by the IMO. Once adopted, it is implemented as of a certain time and date, as announced in the Notice to Mariners and perhaps through other means. The Notice to Mariners will also describe the scheme’s general location and purpose and give specific directions in the chart correction section on plotting the various zones and lines which define it. These corrections usually apply to several charts. Because the charts may range in scale from quite small to very large, the corrections for each should be followed closely.

A TSS may be amended for periods of time ranging from a few hours to several years. Underwater construction works, surveying, dredging, and other transitory activities will be noted by radio broadcast, Local Notice to Mariners or other means. Longer duration activities such as placement of oil drilling rigs, platforms or pipelines may require a charted change to the scheme, which may become a permanent feature. These will be Notice to Mariners items.

持续时间较长的活动，例如安放钻井架、钻井平台或者敷设管道等都需要在海图上对分道通航制进行修改，这些改正可

能成为永久性质。

Use of TSS by all ships is recommended. They are intended for use in all weather, day and night. Adequate aids to navigation are a part of all TSS. There is no special right of one ship over another in TSS because the Rules of the Road apply in all cases. Ships need not keep strictly to the courses indicated by the arrows, but are free to navigate as necessary within their lanes to avoid other traffic. The signal “YG” is provided in the International Code of Signals to indicate to another ship: “You appear not to be complying with the traffic separation scheme.”

Summary of this period.

Home work:

1. Review what we have learned today.

2. Recite the new words and expressions.

3. Finish some of the exercises.

4. Preview next part of the text.