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Classification of MatterClassification of Matter

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Classifying Matter by CompositionClassifying Matter by Composition

HomogeneousHomogeneous – – matter with a matter with a uniform compositionuniform composition

HeterogeneousHeterogeneous - - matter without a matter without a uniform compositionuniform composition

SubstanceSubstance- A pure type of matter - A pure type of matter that does not vary from sample to that does not vary from sample to sample. Includes sample. Includes elementselements and and compounds compounds

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Classifying Matter by CompositionClassifying Matter by Composition ElementsElements- simplest kind of matter, made - simplest kind of matter, made

of one type of of one type of atomatom An atom is the smallest unit of an An atom is the smallest unit of an

element that maintains the element that maintains the propertiesproperties of of that element.that element.

Cannot be broken down into simpler Cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary substances by ordinary chemicalchemical means means

Ex. Ex. gold, copper, oxygen (on the gold, copper, oxygen (on the periodic table)periodic table)

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Classifying Matter by CompositionClassifying Matter by Composition CompoundsCompounds – matter composed of the – matter composed of the

atoms of two or more elements atoms of two or more elements chemicallychemically bonded bonded

Compounds can be broken down by Compounds can be broken down by chemicalchemical methods methods

When they are broken down, the When they are broken down, the components have completely components have completely differentdifferent properties than the compound. properties than the compound.

Ex. Ex. Sugar, salt, water, carbon dioxideSugar, salt, water, carbon dioxide

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Classifying Matter by CompositionClassifying Matter by Composition A A mixturemixture is a blend of two or more is a blend of two or more

kinds of matter, each of which retains its kinds of matter, each of which retains its own identity and properties.own identity and properties.

A mixture is mixed together A mixture is mixed together physicallyphysically.. Variable composition, often expressed Variable composition, often expressed

by a by a percent compositionpercent composition by mass or by mass or volume (Ex. 5% salt and 95% water)volume (Ex. 5% salt and 95% water)

Homogeneous mixtures are also called Homogeneous mixtures are also called solutionssolutions. Ex. Salt water and Kool –aid. Ex. Salt water and Kool –aid

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Classifying Matter by CompositionClassifying Matter by Composition AA heterogeneous heterogeneous mixture is not the mixture is not the

same throughout (not uniform).same throughout (not uniform). Examples: M & M’s, Chocolate chip Examples: M & M’s, Chocolate chip

cookie, gravel, soil, rocks such as cookie, gravel, soil, rocks such as granite, blood, milk, salad, ocean granite, blood, milk, salad, ocean water, etc.water, etc.

Composition of Matter FlowchartComposition of Matter Flowchart

MATTER

Can it be physically separated?

Homogeneous Mixture

(solution)

Heterogeneous Mixture Compound Element

MIXTURE PURE SUBSTANCE

yes no

Can it be chemically decomposed?

noyesIs the composition uniform?

noyes

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Classify ItClassify It

copper wire, aluminum foilcopper wire, aluminum foil

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Classify ItClassify It

– EXEX: table salt (NaCl): table salt (NaCl)

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Classify ItClassify It GraniteGranite Apple JuiceApple Juice

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Classify ItClassify It Examples:Examples:

– magnesiummagnesium

– PizzaPizza

– Calcium chlorideCalcium chloride

– Orange juiceOrange juice

– Club sodaClub soda

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Classify ItClassify It Examples:Examples:

– magnesiummagnesium

– pizzapizza

– Calcium Calcium

chloridechloride

– Orange juiceOrange juice

– Club sodaClub soda

elementelement

hetero. mixturehetero. mixture

compoundcompound

hetero. mixturehetero. mixture

Homo. (solution)Homo. (solution)

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Classifying at the Molecular LevelClassifying at the Molecular Level

ElementCompoundMixture

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States of matterStates of matter Solid-Solid- matter that can not flow and has matter that can not flow and has

definitedefinite volume and shape volume and shape LiquidLiquid- definite volume but no definite - definite volume but no definite

shape and can flowshape and can flow GasGas- a substance without definite - a substance without definite

volume or shape and can flow.volume or shape and can flow. Plasma- a substance that is similar to a Plasma- a substance that is similar to a

gas, but loses gas, but loses electronselectrons due to its high due to its high temperaturetemperature

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States of MatterStates of Matter

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Definite Volume?

YES

YES

NO

Definite Shape?

YES

NO

NO

Particle position and movement

Packed tightly, vibrate about fixed pt

Close together, can move past each other - flow

Far apart, move rapidly - flow

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Separating MixturesSeparating MixturesMixtures are separated by their

physical properties. Primary methods of separatingmixtures are:filtrationdistillationcentrifugechromatography

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Separating MixturesSeparating MixturesFiltration is a method

used to separate the components of mixtures that contain an insoluble solid and a liquid. Example: sand and water

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Separating MixturesSeparating MixturesDistillation is a method of

separating substances in a mixture by evaporation of a liquid and subsequent condensation of its vapor. Example: desalination of salt water

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Separating MixturesSeparating MixturesCentrifugeCentrifuge Used to separate Used to separate solid-liquidsolid-liquid

mixtures such as those in mixtures such as those in blood. The centrifuge spins blood. The centrifuge spins rapidly and causes the solid rapidly and causes the solid to settle to the bottom.to settle to the bottom.

Ex. Separating bloodEx. Separating blood

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Separating MixturesSeparating MixturesChromatography is a method of

separating mixtures that uses a stationary phase and a mobile phase. Paper chromatography can be used to separate pigments because they move at different rates on the paper.