12/17/2012

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Clean Air Scorecard Application and Status of ppAir Quality in Asia

May Ajero, Kaye Patdu and Mylene CayetanoClean Air Asia

Improving Air Quality Systems in AsiaBetter Air Quality 2012 Pre-eventRoyal Garden Hotel, Hong Kong4 December 2012www.baq2012.org

How polluted is Delhi?

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Media is fond of ranking cities

Scientists like Assessments

• Tools exist to measure general environmental performanceObj ti   d  h i   t f    it ’  

Environmental Performance Indexhttp://epi.yale.edu/

• Objective and comprehensive assessment of a city’s management  capacity and identifies improvement areas.

OECD Environmental Performance Review

4

CO2 Scorecard

http://www.co2scorecard.org/

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Clean Air Scorecard

Air Pollution and Health Index

Clean Air Management Capacity Index

Clean Air Policies and Actions 

Index

Overall Clean Air Score+ + =

Capacity Index Index

Air Pollution and Health Index  – assesses air pollution levels of cities against WHO guideline values and interim targets

Clean Air Management Capacity Index – assesses a city’s capacity to (1) determine sources and their contribution, (2) assess air quality status, (3) estimate impacts, and (4) reduce air pollution and GHG emissions through 

5

an institutional and policy framework and financing

Clean Air Policies and Actions Index – assesses existence and enforcement of national and local policies and actions to address air pollutants and GHG emissions from mobile, stationary, area and transboundary sources.

With support from ADB/SIDA – SUMA Program

Air Pollution and Health Index: PM10

Categories Score BandConcentration Levels

BasisCategories Score Band Basis PM10, annual average (µg/m

3)

Excellent 81‐100 ≤ 30  WHO annual AQG & IT‐3 

Good 61‐80 31 to 50  IT‐2 

Moderate 41‐60 51 to 70  IT‐1 

Poor 21‐40 71 to 100Current Data for 185 cities (average: 101.23 µg/m3)

6

(average: 101.23 µg/m )  

Very Poor 11‐20 101 to 150 Standard deviation is around 50 µg/m3

Critical 0‐10 150 and above

*WHO annual guideline for PM10: 20 µg/m3

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C t iScore 

Concentration Levels (µg/m3)

CO annualO3, annual 

APHI Scoring System for all pollutants

CategoriesBand PM10, 

annual average

PM2.5, annual average 

SO2, annual average

CO, annual average of 

maximum daily 8‐hr value

NO2, annual average 

Pb, annual average

average of maximum daily 8‐hr value

Excellent 81‐100 ≤ 30  ≤ 15 ≤ 10 ≤10,000 ≤ 40 ≤0.15 ≤ 100

Good 61‐80 31 to 50  16 to 25 11 to 20 10,001 to 12,000 

41 to 50  0.15 to 0.3 101 to 125

Moderate 41‐60 51 to 70  26 to 35 21 to 30  12001 to 14,000 51 to 60 0.31 to 0.45 126 to 150

14 001 t

7

Poor 21‐40 71 to 100 36 to 50 31 to 40 14,001 to 16,000

61 to 70 0.45 to 0.6 151 to 195

Very Poor 11‐20101 to 150

51 to 75 41 to 5016,001 to 18,000

71 to 80 0.61 to 0.75 196 to 240

Critical 0‐10150 and above

76 and above

51 and above

18,001 and above

81 and  above

0.76 and above

241 and above

Black Box ‐ PM10 is the core pollutant. City without PM10 data is put in this category. 

Clean Air Management Capacity Index

Clean Air Management Capacity Index

Capacity to assess the status of air 

quality

Capacity to estimate impacts of air pollution and climate

Capacity to reduce and manage GHG 

and air pollution

Capacity to determine sources of emissions and their contribution

Drivers‐Pressures Status Impacts Response

25% 25%25%25%

Categories Score Band

8

Excellent 81‐100

Good 61‐80

Moderate 41‐60

Limited 21‐40

Minimal 1‐20

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Clean Air Policies and Actions Index

Clean Air Policies and Actions Index

30% 15%25%30%

Categories Score Band

Excellent 81‐100

Good 61 80

Clean Air Policies and Actions in Transport

Clean Air Policies and Actions in Energy and 

Industry

Clean Air Policies and Actions in Other 

Sources

General Clean Air Policies and Actions 

9

Good 61‐80

Moderate 41‐60

Limited 21‐40

Minimal 1‐20

Application Results (1)

Overall, Jinan and B k k  d hi h t Bangkok scored highest in Clean Air Management Capacity.

Jinan = ExcellentManagement Capacity

Bangkok, Hanoi, Jakarta & Kathmandu = Good & Kathmandu = Good Capacity

Colombo & Manila = Moderate Capacity

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Application Results (2)

• Capacity to Assess AQ Status (AQ Monitoring and Modeling)( g g)

– Poor AQ modeling capacity. Only Bangkok, Jinan & Hangzhou with AQ forecasts

– Quality control/assurance needs improvement

– Most cities do simple stats, percentiles, comparison to 

Compound measured

Compound not measured

A = Acute

C = Chronic

percentiles, comparison to standards, tendencies/ trends

ADB TA – Improving AQ Monitoring Systems in Asia (RETA 6422)

• Objective: identify cities that have achieved significant 

i t i  AQ  d  h   t iti  f   thimprovement in AQ and enhance opportunities for south‐

south learning by twining. 

• Intended outcome: identify interventions to improve AQ 

data and enhance technical collaboration among Asian cities 

by developing improved understanding of current status, 

quality and best practices in air quality monitoring. q y p q y g

• Duration: May 2012 ‐March 2013

• Subproject under TA 6422 (REG): Mainstreaming 

Environment for Poverty Reduction

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1. Review Air Quality Database

2. APHI Analysis: Top 20 Low and High APHI Scores

3. APHI Benchmarking ReportBenchmarking of Asian Cities

ADB Project - AQ Monitoring

4. Upload in the CitiesACT database

1. Review guidelines on AQ monitoring

2. Design and disseminate AQ Monitoring Survey Questionnaire

3. Assessment of AQ monitoring systems of selected cities (City visits)*

4. Prepare City Assessment Reports*

of Asian Cities

AQ Monitoring Assessment

13

4 p y p

5. Prepare Best Practice Guide 

1. Prepare criteria for twinning arrangement

2. Identify and communicate twinning cities

Results dissemination at BAQ 2012 in HK*

Twinning Cities

• Air Quality Standards –All Pollutants

• Pollutants covered: PM10, SO2, NO2

Benchmarking of Asian Cities1. Review of CAI-Asia Air Quality Database

Scope of CAI‐Asia’s Air Quality Database(PM2.5 for few cities)

• Geographic scope: collecting data for 22 Asian countries (total of over 300 cities)

• Frequency: annual average ambient air concentrations from 1993 to 2011

• Source: Secondary data from environment bureau website, 

Scope of CAI‐Asia s Air Quality Database

1142038

15

166

5

4

1

3

1

,national statistics websites, request from city contacts

14

7

4

4

1

1

4

228

3

• Notes: 

– Data availability varies per year

– Limited information on number of monitoring stations and number of monitoring days per year

Source: CAI-Asia, 2012

12/17/2012

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Air Quality StandardsMost Asian countries now have AQ standards

24-H

r

Ann

ual

24-H

r

Ann

ual

24-H

r

Ann

ual

1-H

r

24-H

r

Ann

ual

1-H

r

24-H

r

Ann

ual

1-H

r

8-H

r

1-H

r

8-H

r

AfghanistanBangladesh

Countries

PM2.5 PM10 TSP SO2 NO2 O3 CO (‘000) • Most Asian countries with ambient AQ standards except for Afghanistan and Myanmar (as of August 2012). 

Bhutan (Mixed) Brunei Darussalam Cambodia China: Grade I China: Grade II China: Grade I* China: Grade II* Hong Kong SAR Hong Kong SAR* India** India*** Indonesia Japan Lao PDR

NOTES:

China: Grade I = applies to specially protected areas, such as natural conservation areas, scenic spots, and historical sites; 

China: Grade II = applies to residential areas, mixed commercial/residential areas, cultural, industrial, and rural areas; Chi G d III i l i d i l

g )• Only half of these countries still have PM2.5 standards 

Lao PDR Malaysia Mongolia MyanmarNepal Pakistan Philippines - Republic of Korea Singapore Sri Lanka Taipei,China Thailand Viet Nam

China: Grade III = special industrial areas; 

HK* = Proposed air quality objectives for Hong Kong SARIndia** = NAAQS for Industrial, Residential, Rural and Other AreasIndia*** = NAAQS for Ecologically Sensitive AreasChina* = Revised standards GB 3095 Philippines* = Proposed PM2.5 guideline valuesROK* = PM2.5 for implementation in 2015

* *

PM10 Trends

90%

100%

100

120Average PM10, 1993‐2010

WHO Interim Target 1, 

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

20

40

60

80

M10Concentration, µ

g/m

3 70micrograms/m3

WHO Guideline, 20micrograms/m3

% cities with PM10 above 70micrograms/m3

• Average PM10 rising again, back to pre‐2000 levels

0%

10%

0

20

1993 1997 2001 2005 2009

P • More cities can not meet WHO IT‐1 

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SO2 trends

90%

100%

100

120

Average Asia SO2 trend, 1993 to 2010

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

40

60

80

100 to 2010

WHO Daily SO2 guideline, 20micrograms/m3

% cities exceeding WHO guideline

• SO2 declined drastically since 1990s

0%

10%

20%

0

20

1993 1997 2001 2005 2009

• Lesser cities which have levels above *20micrograms/m3

• WHO does not have annual AQ guideline, only daily

• Could have contributed to decline of secondary PM

NO2 trends

90%

100%

40

45

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

15

20

25

30

35 Average NO2 1993 to 2010

WHO annual NO2 guideline, 40 micrograms/m3% of cities above WHO annual NO2 guideline, 40micrograms/m3

• NO2 declined but generally  decreased and 

0%

10%

20%

30%

0

5

10

1993 1997 2001 2005 2009

stable at levels within WHO guideline

• Lesser cities which have levels above *40micrograms/m3

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APHI is Index 1 of Clean Air Scorecard

• Assesses air pollution levels of cities against World Health 

Benchmarking of Asian Cities 2. Conduct (APHI) Analysis

• Assesses air pollution levels of cities against World Health Organization (WHO) guideline values and interim targets.– A “good air” day in this index, then, is in relation to WHO guidelines 

rather than the city’s ambient air quality standards, which are generally less stringent.

• Developed based on the Air Pollution Index (API) concept

• Index covers PM10, PM2 5, SO2, CO, NO2, Pb and O3 Index covers PM10, PM2.5, SO2, CO, NO2, Pb and O3 

• Pollutant with the lowest score is considered the main pollutant of concern

19

Benchmarking of Asian Cities2. Conduct APHI Analysis

216

97

114

1

3820

20

1

1Of over 400 cities included in the benchmarking, only around 300 cities

have complete datafor PM10, SO2 and NO2 for 2008-2010

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Benchmarking of Asian Cities All Cities: by APHI category and POC

Distribution of Asian cities per country based on Pollutant of Concern

1

14

6

30

24

97

2

5

83

3

1

9

11

PHI

THA

JAP

PRC

ROK

IND

1

1

1

1

1

0 20 40 60 80 100

INO

BAN

SIN

PHI

Number of Cities

PM10

SO2

NO2

Benchmarking of Asian Cities All Cities: by APHI category and POC

Distribution of 303 Asian cities based on APHI score category and Pollutant of Concern

54

53 29

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

mb

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f C

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PM10

SO2

NO2

22 Total of 303 cities. This excludes cities in Japan and Republic of Korea

3 1 316

2841

3

3335

0

10

20

30

Excellent Good Moderate Poor Very Poor Critical

Nu

m

Category

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Distribution of 303 Asian cities based on APHI score category

Benchmarking of Asian Cities All Cities: by APHI category and POC

Distribution of 303 Asian cities based on APHI score categoryand Pollutant of Concern

POC Excellent Good Moderate Poor Very Poor Critical Total Percentage

PM10 3 33 35 54 53 29 207 68.3%

SO2 3 1 3 16 28 41 92 30.4%

NO 0 0 1 0 2 1 4 1 3%

23

Total of 303 cities. This excludes cities in Japan and Republic of Korea

NO2 0 0 1 0 2 1 4 1.3%

Total 6 34 39 70 83 71 303

2.0% 11.2% 12.9% 23.1% 27.4% 23.4%

About the city d t

2. AQ Monitoring SurveyCountry/City Respondents

respondents

• 13 countries

• 51 cities

• 447 stations

• 7 megacities (Tokyo, Jakarta, Seoul, Delhi, Ja a ta, Seou , e ,Mumbai, Manila, and Dhaka)

• Mongolia has the most number of city respondents (21)

24

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2. AQ Monitoring SurveyPollutants monitored by Asian cities

YES

TSP/SPM PM10

YES

PM2.5

NO6%

NOx/Nitrogen Oxide

NO67%

YES33% NO

41%

YES59% NO

51%

YES49%

6%

YES94%

NO8%

SO2

YES

CO

YES

O3 94% of the cities monitor NO2followed by SO2 (57%) and O3 (51%),

8%

YES92%

NO53%

YES47% NO

55%

YES45%

y 2 ( ) 3 ( ),CO is the least monitored (30%)

For particulate matter39% of the cities still monitor TSP/SPM 59% monitor PM1049% monitorPM2.5Others – VOC, BTEX, Lead

2. AQ Monitoring Survey Cities ranked according to population density

30,000

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10,000

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2. AQ Monitoring Survey On AP sources and organizational level

90

100

Air Pollution Sources

100

%

Organizational Level

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Industries Power  Transport ALL

Contribution to City  Total, %

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

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27

• Majority (98%) of the cities surveyed indicated that transport sector

• 80% National government• 86% city government • 16% regional or provincial authorities 

generationp National Regional City Level Any two

combination

2. AQ Monitoring Survey Areas monitored

Areas monitored, All stations

Countries with 100% ambient monitoring stations: Bhutan, India, Mongolia, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Vietnam, 

Majority are ambient:Bangladesh (83%), Japan(67%), Korea(63%), Singapore(86%) and Thailand (68%).Ambient

67%

Traffic33%

All stations

28

Majority are near road side (Traffic):Philippines (88%) and Indonesia (53%).

67%

Contribution to Station, %

12/17/2012

15

2. AQ Monitoring Survey Data reporting and dissemination

• 61% of respondents that report the results of AQ monitoring stations to relevant air pollution index. I th f S l th l tf i l d SMS F T itt d F b k• In the case of Seoul, other platforms include – SMS, Fax, Twitter and Facebook.

DATA DISSEMINATION YES

*Website and/or online data bank73%

*Publications33%

*Personal request71%

*Print media i e newspapers22%

29

Print media i.e. newspapers

*Television messages14%

*Public screening i.e. info boards 20%

*Warnings during pollution episodes27%

2. AQ Monitoring Survey QuestionnaireNumber of Cities and Stations

Country Name(Number of cities)

City Name (Number of AQ stations)

Bangladesh (3)Chittagong (2)Dhaka (3)

Rajshahi (1)

Bhutan (1) Thimphu (1)

Delhi (7) Kochi (7)

Country Name(Number of cities)

City Name (Number of AQ stations)

Nepal (1) Kathmandu (9)

India (3)Delhi (7) Kochi (7) Mumbai (5)

Indonesia (4)Balikpapan (0) Palembang (16)Jakarta (14) Surakarta (0)

Japan (11)

Chiba (23) Sagamihara (7)Fukuoka (16) Saitama (16)Hamamatsu (13) Sendai (20)Hiroshima (11) Shizouka (21)Kawasaki (23) Tokyo (78)Nagoya (25)

Korea (1) Seoul (46)

Philippines (1) Metro Manila (24)

Singapore (1) Singapore (17)

Sri Lanka (1) Colombo (1)

Thailand (2) Bangkok (17) Rayong (5)

30

Mongolia (21)

Arkhangai (1) Khobd (1)Baruun (1) Khuvsgul (1)Bayanhongor (1) Orkhon (1)Bayn_Ulgii (1) Selenge (1)Bulgan (1) Tub (1)Darkhan (1) Ubs (1)Dornod (1) Uburkhangai (1)

Dornogobi (1)Ulaanbaatar (12)

Dundgobi (1) Umnogobi (1)Gobialtai (1) Zabkhan (1)

( ) g ( ) y g ( )

Vietnam (1) Hanoi (8)

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3. City Assessments

Criteria:

Abili     l   l   d i l    AQM  k     1. Ability to properly plan and implement a AQM network to a compatible international standard

2. Ability to plan and implement a QA/QC process

3. Ability to disseminate AQM data and analytical results to stakeholders

4. Ability to utilize the AQM results to improve AQ control 4 y ppolicy

5. Ability to provide manpower and financial resources to sustain the AQM system

3. City Assessments – Initial Findings

Technical Challenges• Equipment and site selection, maintenance and management

• Integrating monitoring results for pollution control and modeling

• Synergies of Manual and Continuous monitoring systems

• Quality Assurance and Quality Control

Sustainability and Financing• Budget Allotment for AQ Monitoring Systems• Budget Allotment for AQ Monitoring Systems

• Sustainable Management‐National vs City Air Quality Monitoring Systems

• Alternative Financing options for AQ monitoring

12/17/2012

17

3. City Assessments – Initial Findings (2)

Capacity Development• Regional/National Training Centers on Air Quality Monitoring 

• Roles of University and Research Institutes on AQ Monitoring and Management 

• Disseminating Air Quality Monitoring Results to Stakeholders

• City Twinning

Summary Points

• Air pollution is worsening again

• There is wide variability in AQ monitoring and standards.

• There are opportunities to improve AQ database for the region, and to strengthen AQ monitoringAQ monitoring.

12/17/2012

18

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Philippines

china@cleanairasia.org901A Reignwood Building, 

No. 8 YongAnDongLiJianguomenwai Avenue Beijing 

China

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India

Clean Air Asia India Office

Clean Air Asia Country NetworksChina . India . Indonesia . Nepal . Pakistan . Philippines . Sri Lanka . Vietnam

35

Clean Air Asia Center Members

236 Clean Air Asia Partnership Members

• Cities• Environment ministries and government agencies

• Development agencies and foundations• Non‐government organizations• Academic and research institutions• Private sector companies and associations

Clean Air Asia Donors in 2012

Asian Development Bank Cities Development Initiative for Asia ClimateWorksFoundation DHL/IKEA/UPS Energy Foundation Fredskorpset Norway FuTak Iam Foundation German International Cooperation (GIZ) Institute forGlobal Environmental Strategies (IGES) Institute for Transport Policy Studies Institute for Transportation and Development Policy International Union forConservation of Nature L'Agence Française de Développement (AFD) MAHA Pilipinas Shell Rockefeller Brothers Fund Shakti Foundation Shell Foundation United Nations Environment Program Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles(UNEP PCFV) USAID CEnergy Veolia World Bank