1.- Lenguaje Audiovisual 1

8/2/2019 1.- Lenguaje Audiovisual 1

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D|kn jsjk' d|kn igsìnkfin.

_c{sck jsjk' pc{sck igsìnkfin.

Nindsnk jsjk' nindsnk igsìnkfin.

(_|bqc|lib Ucn)


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CG GCNDSKECKSJIBQIVSKG


3/57

FBNFC_ZB JC GCNDSCKEC

Cg gcndskec cv gk ab|`k {sc zicncn gbv vc|cv

hs`knbv pk|k fb`snifk|vc. Vc z|kzk jc snfbnesnzb jc vidnbv' zknzb b|kgcv fb`bcvf|izbv' {sc k z|kqv jc vs vidniaifkjb y vs

|cgkfin pc|`izcn gk cxp|cvin y gkfb`snifkfin hs`knk.

INZ\BJSFFIN


4/57

FBNFC_ZB JC FB@SNIFKFINGk fb`snifkfin cv cg p|bfcvb `cjiknzc

cg fskg vc pscjc z|knvìzi| inab|`kfin jc

snk cnzijkj k bz|k.Gbv p|bfcvbv jc fb`snifkfin vbn

inzc|kffibncv `cjikjkv pb| vidnbv cnz|c kg

`cnbv jbv kdcnzcv {sc fb`pk|zcn sn ìv`b|cpc|zb|ib jc vidnbv y zicncn snkv |cdgkvvcìzifkv fb`sncv.

INZ\BJSFFIN


5/57

VIDNB

\cp|cvcnzkfin gindvzifk b d|aifk jc sn fbnfcpzb

VC@IZIFK

Ficnfik {sc cvzsjik gbv vidnbv' vsv |cgkfibncv y vsvidniaifkjb.

F`b fb`snifk`bv2Szigiuknjb gk pkgkl|k (fbn b vin i`kdcn)

Szigiuknjb gbv dcvzbv

Szigiuknjb gbv `cjibv ksjibqivskgcv

INZ\BJSFFIN


6/57

_\BFCVB JC FB@SNIFKFINC@IVB\ @CNVKEC @CJIB \CFC_ZB\

INZ\BJSFFIN


7/57

Fbn gk inzcd|kfin jc gk i`kdcn y cg vbnijbvc `bnzk cg gcndskec ksjibqivskg. Vc cnzicnjcfb`b gbv `bjbv k|ziaifikgcv jc b|dkniukfin jc gki`kdcn y cg vbnijb {sc szigiuk`bv pk|k z|kv`izi|ijckv b vcnvkfibncv kesvznjbgkv k gk fkpkfijkjjcg hb`l|c pk|k pc|fili|gkv y fb`p|cnjc|gkv.

Cg gcndskec ksjibqivskg zicnc snk vc|ic jccgc`cnzbv `b|abgdifbv' jc d|k`zifk y |cfs|vbvcvzigvzifbv.

CG GCNDSKEC KSJIBQIVSKG


8/57

Gbv `cnvkecv ksjibqivskgcv akfigizkn y jknpcvb gk fb`snifkfin (qkgc `v snk i`kdcn {sc;.??? pkgkl|kv).

Cn cg gcndskec ksjibqivskg' fb`b cn gbvgcndskec qc|lkg' vc pscjcn kp|cfik| jiqc|vbvkvpcfzbv zkgcv fb`b5

Kvpcfzbv `b|abgdifbv (cgc`cnzbv qivskgcv'cgc`cnzbv vbnb|bv).



9/57

Kvpcfzbv vinzfzifbv (pgknbv' ndsgbv' fb`pbvifin yjivz|ilsfin jc bleczbv cn gk i`kdcn' p|basnjijkj jcfk`pb' jivzknfik abfkg' fbnzinsijkj' |iz`b' igs`inkfin'fbgb|' `bqi`icnzbv jc f`k|k).

Kvpcfzbv vc`nzifbv (vc z|kzk jc |cfs|vbv qivskgcv zkg{sc gk cgipviv b gk `czab|k y |cfs|vbv gindvzifbv fb`bncbgbdiv`bv' i|bnkv b a|kvcv hcfhkv)

Kvpcfzbv cvzzifbv (kjc`v jc gk asnfin nk||kziqk-

jcvf|ipziqk y vc`nzifk' zbjbv gbv cgc`cnzbv ab|`kgcv jcsn p|bjsfzb ksjibqivskg zicncn snk asnfin cvzzifk).

Kvpcfzbv jijfzifbv (fsknjb cg `kzc|ikg ksjibqivskgzcndk snk inzcnfin pcjkddifk).



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Jc gk `iv`k `knc|k {sc fsknjb cgklb|k`bv `cnvkecv fbngbv gcndskecv qc|lkgcv szigiuk`bv nb`l|cv' qc|lbv' kjecziqbv ybz|bv cgc`cnzbv `b|abgdifbv' gbv `cnvkecv ksjibqivskgcv vc

fbnvz|sycn szigiuknjb gbv vidsicnzcv cgc`cnzbv `b|abgdifbv5

- Cgc`cnzbv qivskgcv' GKV I@DCNCV. Vsv cgc`cnzbv lvifbv vbn5psnzbv' gnckv' ab|`kv y fbgb|cv. Fbn cvzbv cgc`cnzbv gkvi`dcncv pscjcn |cp|cvcnzk| fbvkv {sc cxivzcn y zk`lin fbvkv

{sc nsnfk hkn cxivzijb. Gkv p|infipkgcv fk|kfzc|vzifkv jc gkvi`dcncv vbn gkv vidsicnzcv5

KV_CFZBV @B\ABGDIFBV


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- Ifbnifijkj b klvz|kffin5 vcdn {sc gkv i`dcncv vckn bnb sn |cagceb jc gk |ckgijkj5

- Aids|kziqkv (z|kzkn jc |cp|cvcnzk| aicg`cnzc gk |ckgijkj=p.c. snk abzbd|kak)

- Cv{sc`zifkv b vi`lgifkv(zicncn kgdsnk vi`igizsj fbn gk|ckgijkj= p.c. sn ifbnb {sc injifk jbnjc cvzn gkv cvfkgc|kvjc sn kg`kfn)- Klvz|kfzkv(vs vidniaifkjb qicnc jkjb pb| fbnqcnfibncv5p.c. gkv pkgkl|kv jc sn |zsgb)

Nb blvzknzc gkv i`dcncv nsnfk vc|n gk |ckgijkj yk {scjiqc|vbv akfzb|cv (cnfskj|c' gsu...) pscjcn `bjiaifk|gk. Gk`xi`k ifbnifijkj gk zicncn gbv bleczbv' gk `xi`kklvz|kffin gk cnfbnz|k`bv cn gkv cfskfibncv y zcxzbv.

Cgc`cnzbv qivskgcv


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- Jcnbzkfin y fbnnbzkfin. Gkv i`dcncv jiafig`cnzcvc|n `bnbv`ifkv(Sn vbgb vidniaifkjb)' dcnc|kg`cnzcvc|n `v b `cnbv pbgiv`ifkv vcdn vs k`lidcjkj'fkpkfijkj jc vsdcvzin y pbvilgcv inzc|p|czkfibncv {scvsvfizcn.

- Vi`pgifijkj b fb`pgceijkj.Jcpcnjc| jc vs ifbnifijkj'b|dkniukfin y |cgkfin cnz|c gbv cgc`cnzbv' cgfbnzcxzb...Gkv i`dcncv fb`pgcekv ({sc nb vic`p|c jclcnvs fb`pgceijkj kg hcfhb jc zcnc| `sfhbv cgc`cnzbv)

|c{sic|cn `v zic`pb y `v kzcnfin pk|k vs kngiviv.- B|idinkgijkj b |cjsnjknfik5 vcdn {sc vsv cgc`cnzbvvckn nscqbv b yk `sy szigiukjbv y fbnbfijbv (cvzc|cbzipbv).Snk i`kdcn jc`kvikjb b|idinkg pscjc vc| jiafig jc

inzc|p|czk| pb| cg |cfcpzb|.

Cgc`cnzbv qivskgcv


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Jivzindsi`bv5- @vifk.

- Cacfzbv jc vbnijb.

- _kgkl|kv (Jikgbdbv).

- Vigcnfib.

Cn fskg{sic| fkvb' gkv asnfibncv jc gbv cgc`cnzbv`b|abgdifbv vbn lvifk`cnzc z|cv5

- Inab|`kziqk' zcvzi`bnikg' ab|`kziqk...- \cf|ckziqk' cxp|cviqk...- Vsdcvziqk5 pslgifijkj (|cgkfibnkjk fbn gkv fbvkv)'p|bpkdknjk (|cgkfibnkjk fbn gkv ijckv y gbv qkgb|cv jc gkvpc|vbnkv).

Cgc`cnzbv vbnb|bv


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Gk pkgkl|k vinzkxiv jc|iqk jcg gkzn vynzkxiv' {sck vs qcu zicnc b|idcn cn sn z|`inb d|icdb {scvidniaifk fbb|jink|. Vc z|kzk jc gk pk|zc jc gk

d|k`zifk {sc cnvck k fbb|jink| y sni| gkvpkgkl|kv pk|k ab|`k| gkv b|kfibncv y cxp|cvk|fbnfcpzbv.

Gbv p|infipkgcv kvpcfzbv vinzfzifbv k fbnvijc|k|vbn5

KV_CFZBV VINZFZIFBV


15/57

Gbv _GKNBV hkfcn |cac|cnfik k gk p|bxiìjkj jc gk f`k|k k gk

|ckgijkj fsknjb vc |ckgiuk snk abzbd|kak b vc |cdivz|k snk zb`k.

Cvfkgk jc pgknb.- Snijkj `ni`k b p|bpb|fibnkg jc gk |ckgijkj|cp|cvcnzkjk cn sn abzbd|k`k.

Zb`k5 Cv cg a|kd`cnzb jc i`kdcn `ni`k' {sc snijk k bz|bva|kd`cnzbv f|ck sn vcnzijb y k d|knjcv |kvdbv' cg p|bjsfzb ainkg.

_bjc`bv fb`p|cnjc| cg z|ìnb pgknb cn z|cv `bjbvjiac|cnzcv5

_gknb cn z|ìnb jc zk`kb

_gknb cn z|ìnb jc `bqiìcnzb

_gknb cn z|ìnb jc js|kfin

_GKNBV


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Qicnc jkjk pb| gk cvfkgk b zk`kbjc gbv pgknbv' vicnjb gk `cjijk jc

|cac|cnfik gk aids|k hs`knk.

Gbv p|infipkgcv pgknbv {sc vc szigiukn' jc gbv

`v gceknbv k gbv `v p|xi`bv' vbn5

_GKNB CN Z\@INB JC ZK@KB


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- D\KN _GKNB DCNC\KG (CXZ\C@C GBND VHBZ) _|cvcnzksn cvfcnk|ib `sy k`pgib cn cg {sc pscjc hklc| `gzipgcvpc|vbnkecv. Gb `v i`pb|zknzc cv {sc vc qck licn cgcvpkfib' cg k`licnzc' cg pkivkec cn cg {sc gkv pc|vbnkv

cvzn in`c|vkv. Cg d|kn pgknb dcnc|kg zk`lin pscjckj{si|i| sn qkgb| cxp|cviqb fsknjb vc {sic|c jcvzkfk| gkvbgizsj b pc{sccu jc gkv pc|vbnkv jcnz|b jcg cnzb|nb {scgcv |bjck.

Nb fbnqicnc szigiuk| jc`kvikjb gbv pgknbv dcnc|kgcvpb|{sc pscjcn |cvsgzk| kls||ijbv y jclijb k gkv |cjsfijkvji`cnvibncv jc gk pknzkggk jc zcgcqivin `sfhbv jc vsvjczkggcv nb vc pscjcn kp|cfik|.

_gknbv jcvf|ipziqbv


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- D\KN _GKNB DCNC\KG (CXZ\C@C GBND VHBZ)

_gknbv jcvf|ipziqbv


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-_GKNB DCNC\KG(GBND VHBZ) _|cvcnzk sn cvfcnk|ib k`pgib

cn cg fskg vc pscjcn jivzindsi| lkvzknzc licn gbv pc|vbnkecv.Zicnc vbl|c zbjb sn qkgb| jcvf|ipziqb. Vizk gbv pc|vbnkecv cn cgcnzb|nb jbnjc vc jcvcnqscgqc gk kffin. Injifk fskg cv gkpc|vbnk {sc |ckgiuk gk kffin y jnjc cvz vizskjk (kfzk fb`bcg vseczb jc snk a|kvc)= nb blvzknzc zk`lin pscjc `bvz|k|

qk|ikv pc|vbnkv vin {sc nindsnk jc cggkv jcvzk{sc `v {sc gkvbz|kv. Cg pgknb dcnc|kg pc|`izc kp|cfik| lkvzknzc licn gk kffin{sc jcvcnqscgqcn gbv pc|vbnkecv' jc `knc|k {sc zk`linkpb|zk sn fic|zb qkgb| nk||kziqb.

Fsknjb vc szigiukn pgknbv dcnc|kgcv hky {sc jk| zic`pb kgcvpcfzkjb| pk|k {sc pscjk qc| zbjbv gbv cgc`cnzbv {sckpk|cfcn' jc `knc|k {sc cg |iz`b jcg `kzc|ikg ksjibqivskg{scjk| |kgcnziukjb. Kg idskg {sc cg d|kn pgknb dcnc|kg' fbnqicncnb szigiuk|gb cn cxfcvb.

_gknbv jcvf|ipziqbv


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-_GKNB DCNC\KG(GBND VHBZ)

_gknbv jcvf|ipziqbv


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- _GKNB CNZC\B(ASGG VHBZ).

- Cv yk sn pgknb `v p|xi`b {scpscjc zcnc| fb`b g`izcv jc gkpknzkggk gk fklcuk y gbv picv jcgpc|vbnkec p|infipkg' {sc pb| gb

zknzb vc qc cnzc|b. Kpb|zkvbl|czbjb sn qkgb| nk||kziqb' yk{sc `scvz|k pc|acfzk`cnzc gkkffin {sc jcvk||bggkn gbv

pc|vbnkecv. Cg pgknb cnzc|b zk`linpscjc zcnc| fic|zb qkgb| jcvf|ipziqbyk {sc pc|`izc kp|cfik| gkvfk|kfzc|vzifkv avifkv dcnc|kgcv jcgpc|vbnkec.

_gknbv nk||kziqbv


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- _GKNB K@C\IFKNB. Cv sn pgknb`cjib k`pgikjb {sc `scvz|k gbvpc|vbnkecv jcvjc gk fklcuk hkvzk gkv|bjiggkv.Cn cvzc pgknb gb {sc inzc|cvk

vbl|czbjb cv `bvz|k| gk fk|k y gkv`knbv jc gbv p|bzkdbnivzkv= pb| gbzknzb zicnc sn qkgb| nk||kziqb yzk`lin sn qkgb| cxp|cviqb. Cg pgknb

k`c|ifknb vc szigiuk `sfhb cn gkvcvfcnkv jbnjc vkgcn pc|vbnkecvhklgknjb y cn gkv pcgfsgkv,tcvzc|nv, (yk {sc pc|`izc `bvz|k|gk pivzbgk y gk fk|k jc gbv pc|vbnkecv).

_gknbv nk||kziqbv


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_\I@C\ _GKNB @CJIB

( @CJIS@ FGBVC S_). Klk|fk jc gk kgzs|k jcg hb`l|b hkvzkk||ilk jc gk fklcuk.

_gknbv cxp|cviqbv


24/57

_\I@C\ _GKNB (FGBVC S_). _|cvcnzkgk fk|k jcg pc|vbnkec y vs hb`l|b. Gkf`k|k cvz `sy fc|fk jc gbvcgc`cnzbv {sc |cdivz|k.Kpb|zk cvcnfikg`cnzc sn qkgb|

cxp|cviqb kg ksjibqivskg. Vi|qc pk|kjcvzkfk| gkv c`bfibncv y gbvvcnzi`icnzbv jc gbv pc|vbnkecv. Kkjcfkgb| y jczkggc k gk z|k`k (|cp|cvcnzkcg kjecziqb jc gk a|kvc). Cg p|i`c| pgknbvscgc zcnc| snk fb|zk js|kfin y vcvscgc inzc|fkgk| fbn bz|bv pgknbv' yk{sc kpb|zk pbfk inab|`kfin vbl|c gb{sc hkfc cg pc|vbnkec y vbl|c cg

cnzb|nb {sc gc |bjck.

_gknbv cxp|cviqbv


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_GKNB JC JCZKGGC (LID FGBVC S_).

@scvz|k sn bleczb b snk pk|zc jcgbleczb b pc|vbnkec. Gk f`k|k cvzvizskjk p|fzifk`cnzc vbl|c gbvcgc`cnzbv {sc |cdivz|k. Vs qkgb|jcpcnjc jcg fbnzcxzb. _scjc kpb|zk|

sn qkgb| jcvf|ipziqb' sn qkgb| nk||kziqbb sn qkgb| cxp|cviqb.Gbv pgknbv jc jczkggc vscgcn zcnc|zk`lin snk fb|zk js|kfin y vcinzc|fkgkn fbn bz|bv pgknbv {sc

kpb|zkn `v inab|`kfin vbl|c gb {schkfc cg pc|vbnkec y vbl|c cg cnzb|nb{sc gc |bjck. Kg idskg {sc cn gbv bz|bvzipbv jc pgknb' hky {sc cqizk| fb|zk| kgkv pc|vbnkv pb| vsv snibncv nkzs|kgcv.

_gknbv cxp|cviqbv


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ZTB VHBZ5 Zb`k jc jbv. Zb`k jc jbvpc|vbnkv y pscjc vc| cn klc|zs|k fc||kjkb klic|zk' pscjc vc| ZTB VHBZ cn Fgbvcsp 'cn @cjis` Vhbz b ZTB VHBZ cn Asgg.

ZH\CC VHBZ5 Zb`k jc z|cv pc|vbnkv

D\BS_ VHBZ5 Zb`k jc D|spbBqc| zhc vhbsgjc|. Cv fsknjb zcnc`bv kjbv pc|vbnkecv hklgknjb cnz|c cggbv y vcszigiuk cg hb`l|b jc snb jc gbv pc|vbnkecvcn p|i`c| pgknb y bz|b pc|vbnkec cn

vcdsnjb pgknb.

Cn sn `kzc|ikg ksjibqivskg fbnqicnc {scnb hkyk vkgzbv cvpcfzkfsgk|cv cn gk cvfkgkjc pgknbv.

BZ\BV _GKNBVZTB VHBZ

Bqc| zhc vhbsgjc|


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Fsknjb vc hklgk jc kndsgkfin b psnzbjc qivzk vc fbnvijc|k cg ndsgbi`kdink|ib {sc ab|`k snk gnck {sc vkgcpc|pcnjifsgk| kg blecziqb jc gk f`k|k y{sc pkvk pb| gk fk|k jcg pc|vbnkecp|infipkg. Vcdn gk pbvifin jc gk f`k|kcg ndsgb `cjiknzc cg fskg cg blecziqbfkpzk| gbv pc|vbnkecv vc jcnb`ink5

NDSGBV


28/57

Vc blzicnc fsknjb snk gnck

pc|pcnjifsgk| kg blecziqb jc gkf`k|k infijc cn pc|pcnjifsgk|vbl|c gk fk|k jcg pc|vbnkec. Cn cvzcfkvb' gk f`k|k cvzk| vizskjkkp|bxi`kjk`cnzc k gk kgzs|k jc gkì|kjk jc gk pc|vbnk. Cg ndsgbnb|`kg pb| v ìv`b nb p|bpb|fibnknindn qkgb| cxp|cviqb cvpcfikg kpk|zc jcg {sc kpb|zcn gbv jc`v

cgc`cnzbv vinzfzifbv szigiukjbv(zipbv jc pgknb' fbgb|cvjbìnknzcv...). Cg ndsgb nb|`kg cvcg {sc vc szigiuk nb|`kg`cnzc.Jcnbzk snk vizskfin jc nb|`kgijkj.

NDSGB NB\@KG


29/57

Cg ndsgb pifkjb (qivzk jc pek|b)vc blzicnc fsknjb gk f`k|k|ckgiuk sn cnfskj|k`icnzb jcvjck||ilk hkfik klkeb.Cg ndsgb pifkjb kkjc sn asc|zcqkgb| cxp|cviqb k gkv i`dcncv yk{sc' pb| |kubncv jc pc|vpcfziqk'cg pc|vbnkec b bleczb cnabfkjb

kpk|cfc `v pc{scb cn |cgkfinkg cnzb|nb. Jcnbzk inac|ib|ijkj'jcligijkj' vs`ivin jcg pc|vbnkec.

NDSGB _IFKJB


30/57

Cg ndsgb fbnz|kpifkjb (qivzk jcdsvknb) vc blzicnc fsknjb gkf`k|k |ckgiuk sn cnfskj|k`icnzb

jc klkeb hkfik k||ilk. Kg ndsgbfbnz|kpifkjb kkjc sn asc|zc qkgb|cxp|cviqb k gkv i`dcncv yk {sc'pb| |kubncv jc pc|vpcfziqk' cgpc|vbnkec {scjk cnd|knjcfijb'pbzcnfikjb' jc `knc|k {scpk|cfc| `v d|knjc y pbjc|bvb.

NDSGB FBNZ\K_IFKJB


32/57

gk f`k|k vc vizk fb`pgczk`cnzc

pb| jclkeb jcg pc|vbnkec' cn snndsgb pc|pcnjifsgk| kg vscgb.

Zk`lin vc pscjcn fbnvijc|k| cgndsgb a|bnzkg y cg ndsgb gkzc|kg'{sc jcpcnjc|n jc {sc gk f`k|kvc fbgb{sc jcgknzc `iv`b jc gbv

pc|vbnkecv b gkzc|kg cnzc (k vsjc|cfhk b k vs iu{sic|jk).

Nkji| b vspink b fbnz|kpifkjb pc|acfzb


33/57

Vc jivzindsc cnz|c gk pbvifincvzzifk jc gk f`k|k y vs`bqigijkj.

@BQI@ICNZBV JC GK F@K\K.

Gbv `bqi`icnzbv jc gk f`k|k pscjcn vc|avifbv s pzifbv5

_GKNB CN ZC\@INB JC @BQI@ICNZB


34/57

_KN B _KNCB5 Cv cg di|b jc gk f`k|k vbl|c vs cec jc iu{sic|jk k jc|cfhk._KN \IDHZ5 _kncb k gk jc|cfhk

_KN GCAZ5 _kncb k gk iu{sic|jk



35/57

ZIGZ5 Cv cg `bqi`icnzb jc gk f`k|k jc klkeb hkfik k||ilk b jc k||ilk hkfik

klkeb vbl|c vs cecZIGZ S_5 Hkfik k||ilk

ZIGZ JBTN5 Hkfik klkeb



36/57

Z\KQCG5 Fbnvivzc cn jcvpgkuk| cg z|knvpb|zc fbn gk f`k|k

hb|iubnzkg`cnzc y cn gnck |cfzk' pscjc hkfc|vc hkfik gk jc|cfhk biu{sic|jk.

Z\KQCG GCAZ5 Hkfik gk iu{sic|jk

Z\KQCG \IDHZ5 Hkfik gk jc|cfhk

Z\KQCGIND5 Cv cg jcvpgkuk`icnzb jcg z|knvpb|zc fbn gk f`k|k vin

ji|cffin jcainijk



39/57

LBB@5 @bqi`icnzb hkfik k||ilk b hkfik jclkeb jc gk f`k|k

fsknjb vzk vc cnfscnz|k `bnzkjk cn snk d|k. Cv cgfb||cvpbnjicnzc kg `bqi`icnzb jc _cjcvzkg

LBB@ S_5 Cgcqk| gk f`k|k

LBB@ JBTN5 Lkek| gk f`k|k



40/57

_bjc`bv hkfc| {sc gbv pgknbv vckn `v b `cnbv gk|dbv yksn{sc gk js|kfin qk i`pgfizk cn cg p|bpib fbnfcpzb jc pgknb ycn gb {sc|c`bv cxp|cvk| j|k`zifk`cnzc' kg ainkg zcnj|k`bvsnk zipbgbdk' vin c`lk|db' qk`bv k jcvzkfk| fb`b cg `vjiac|cnfikjb| cgpgknb vcfscnfik. Cn cvzc zipb jc pgknb qk`bv k

`knzcnc| gk d|klkfin jc gk f`k|k js|knzc sn gk|db zic`pb' jczkg ab|`k {sc injcpcnjicnzc`cnzc jcg zk`kb y `bqi`icnzb'qk`bv k jk|gc snk d|kn fk|dk nk||kziqk.

K ain jc fscnzkv zcnj|k`bv sn pgknb jc gk|dk js|kfin {sc nbv

fscnzk gb {sc `sfhbv pgknbv esnzbv pc|b vin fb|zcv. _scjc js|k|snk pcgfsgk cnzc|k' fb`b bfs||c cn gk pcgfsgk Gk Vbdk jc

Kga|cj Hizfhfbfm.

_GKNB CN ZC\@INB JC JS\KFIN


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Lvifk`cnzc' fbn cg cnfskj|c' vc fgk|iaifk c inzcnviaifkcg cqcnzb {sc zcnc`bv knzc nbvbz|bv. Gkv i`dcncv cvznvseczkv k gk fbnqcnfin jc fic|zkv nb|`kv cvzzifkv jc

fb`pbvifin jc i`kdcn. Gkv nb|`kv asnjk`cnzkgcv qkn k vc|gkv vidsicnzcv5

Cg fk`pb jc qivin5 Nbv qk k `bvz|k| fbn {s k`pgizsj b fbn{s p|bxi`ijkj kpk|cfc cg bleczb fbn |cvpcfzb k gk f`k|k'

cv jcfi| fbn {sc p|bxi`ijkj kpk|cfc pk|k cg cvpcfzkjb|.Fb`b yk hc`bv qivzb' fbnvcdsi|c`bv cvzc ain fbn gbvjiac|cnzcv zipbv jc pgknb vcdn vs zk`kb5 fb|zb' `cjib'dcnc|kg.czf. (slifkfin {sc gc jk`bv kg kfzb| s bleczb

jcpcnjicnjb jcg zk`kb jc pgknb cgcdijb)

CG CNFSKJ\C


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@SFHB KI\C

Cg ki|c vspc|ib|

_BFB KI\C

CNFSKJ\C FB\\CFZB

Fb`b nbvbz|bv cvzk`bv vic`p|c|bjckjbv jc cvpkfib' zknzb cncvpkfibv klic|zbv fb`b fc||kjbv'jclc`bv jcek| kgdb jc cvpkfib vbl|cgkv fklcukv jc gkv pc|vbnkv' gb {sc vcggk`k ki|c vspc|ib|. _b| gb zknzb hky{sc cqizk| {sc gk fklcuk kpk|cufkpcdkjk kg lb|jc vspc|ib| jc gkpknzkggk' pc|b beb' vi jcek`bv sn

cxfcvb jc ki|c vspc|ib| gk i`kdcnpscjc {scjk| jcvc{sigil|kjk' jknjbgk i`p|cvin jc {sc kg kfzb| vc gccvz z|kdknjb gk zic||k.


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Ki|c gkzc|kg y ji|cffin

Vi kgdsicn `i|k' vckgk b vc `scqc cn snk ji|cffin' jclc`bv

jcek| kgdb jc cvpkfib cn cvk ji|cffin. Kg idskg {sc gk fk|cnfikjc ki|c vspc|ib|' gk fk|cnfik jc ki|c gkzc|kg y ji|cffibnkg hkfc{sc gk i`kdcn {scjc jcvc{sigil|kjk' jknjb gk vcnvkfin jc{sc cg kfzb| cvz lgb{sckjb fbnz|k cg lb|jc jc gk pknzkggk.


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FB@_BVIFIN

Vc jcnb`ink FB@_BVIFIN k gk jivz|ilsfin jc gbv cgc`cnzbv

{sc inzc|qicncn cn snk i`kdcn jcnz|b jcg cnfskj|c {sc vc|ckgiuk k pk|zi| jcg ab|`kzb jc gk i`kdcn y jc kfsc|jb fbn gkinzcnfibnkgijkj vc`nzifk b cvzzifk {sc vc zcndk. Vc pscjcnfbnvijc|k| jiqc|vbv kvpcfzbv5

GNCKV QC\ZIFKGCV. _|bjsfcn snk vcnvkfin jc qijk yvsdic|cn fic|zk vizskfin jc {siczsj y jc qidigknfik. Cn dcnc|kggkv gnckv qc|zifkgcv' idskg {sc gkv gnckv hb|iubnzkgcv' vckvbfikn k snk vizskfin jc cvzkligijkj. Nb fbnqicnc klsvk|jc`kvikjb jc gkv gnckv qc|zifkgcv pb|{sc pscjcn fknvk| yp|bqbfk| snk vcnvkfin jc `bnbzbnk cn cg cvpcfzkjb|.


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GNCKV HB\IUBNZKGCV. _|bjsfcn snk vcnvkfin jc pku' jc

{siczsj' jc vc|cnijkj y k qcfcv jc `sc|zc. Cn dcnc|kg gkvgnckv hb|iubnzkgcv' kg idskg {sc gkv gnckv qc|zifkgcv' vc kvbfiknk snk vizskfin jc cvzkligijkj. Nb fbnqicnc klsvk| jc`kvikjbjc gkv gnckv hb|iubnzkgcv pb|{sc pscjcn p|bqbfk| snk

vcnvkfin jc `bnbzbnk cn cg cvpcfzkjb|.

GNCKV INFGINKJKV. _|bjsfcn snk vcnvkfin jc jinkìv`b'jc `bqiìcnzb' jc kdizkfin y jc pcgid|b. Cn dcnc|kg gkv gnckv

infginkjkv jkn |cgicqc y vcnvkfin jc fbnzinsijkj k gkvi`dcncv. Gkv gnckv infginkjkv kg idskg {sc gkv gnckv fs|qkvp|bpb|fibnkn sn |iz`b `v jinìfb k gkv vcfscnfikv jc qjcby |cvsgzkn `v kd|kjklgcv {sc gkv gnckv qc|zifkgcv y gkv gnckvhb|iubnzkgcv .

FB@_BVIFIN


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GNCKV FS\QKV. _|bjsfcn snk vcnvkfin jc jinkìv`b' jc

`bqiìcnzb' jc kdizkfin y jc vcnvskgijkj. Cn dcnc|kg gkv gnckvfs|qkv jkn |cgicqc y vcnvkfin jc fbnzinsijkj k gkv i`dcncv. Gkvgnckv fs|qkv kg idskg {sc gkv gnckv infginkjkv p|bpb|fibnkn sn |iz`b`v jinìfb k gkv vcfscnfikv jc qjcb y |cvsgzkn `v kd|kjklgcv{sc gkv gnckv qc|zifkgcv y gkv gnckv hb|iubnzkgcv.

CG KI\C.Vc jcnbìnk KI\C kg cvpkfib `v b `cnbv qkfb {sc vcjcek cnz|c gbv vseczbv p|infipkgcv {sc kpk|cfcn cn snk i`kdcn y gbvgìzcv jcg cnfskj|c. Kgdsnkv jc gkv nb|`kv {sc fbnqicnc zcnc|

p|cvcnzcv kg |cvpcfzb vbn gkv vidsicnzcv5Cg p|i`c| pgknb y cg pgknb `cjib hkn jc jcek| ki|c pb| cnfi`k jc gkfklcuk jc gkv pc|vbnkv.Fsknjb cn snk vcfscnfik jc qjcb gbv vseczbv fkìnkn' cv ncfcvk|ibjcek| sn cvpkfib jcgknzc jc cggbv.

FB@_BVIFIN


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GK GCY JCG HB\IUBNZC.- Vc injifk' {sc cn cg |cfskj|b

abzbd|aifb jclcn z|kuk|vc' i`kdink|ik`cnzc' z|cv gnckvhb|iubnzkgcv jc gk `iv`k knfhs|k' zknzb vi vc cvz z|klkeknjbcn pbvifin hb|iubnzkg b qc|zifkg' y cn gk d|kn `kyb|k jc gbvfkvbv' jk|gc kg|cjcjb| jc jbv lknjkv k gk ubnk jbnjc vc

cnfscnz|k cg `bziqb p|infipkg' y `v b `cnbv snk lknjk k gkubnk vcfsnjk|ik.

FB@_BVIFIN


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GK GCY JC GK @I\KJK.- Cv k{scggk gcy cn {sc zbjk pc|vbnk' kni`kg

b fbvk' jcnz|b jcg |cfskj|b abzbd|aifb jclc jc zcnc| `v cvpkfibgil|c hkfik vs pk|zc a|bnzkg {sc gb {sc bfspk vs pk|zc z|kvc|k'injcpcnjicnzc`cnzc jc gk k`pgizsj jc gb klk|fkjb cn cg cnfskj|cjc gk zb`k. Infgsvb pbjc`bv |cfb|zk| cg lb|jc jcg |cfskj|babzbd|aifb' gk pk|zc jcg cgc`cnzb d|aifb cn fscvzin pb| vs pk|zc

pbvzc|ib|' vi cvzc vc cnfscnz|k cn sn pgknb fc|fknb k gk f`k|k b cvjc ji`cnvibncv `sy d|knjcv.

FB@_BVIFIN


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\CDGK JC GBV ZC\FIBVSnk jc gkv p|infipkgcv |cdgkv jc gk fb`pbvifincv gk \CDGK JC GBV ZC\FIBV. Vcdn cggk' gbv pc|vbnkecv s bleczbvp|infipkgcv zcnj|kn {sc cvzk| fbgbfkjbv cn gkv inzc|vcffibncv |cvsgzknzcvjc jiqiji| gk pknzkggk cn z|cv pk|zcv idskgcv jc `knc|k qc|zifkg y zk`lin jc`knc|k hb|iubnzkg. Jc cvzk `knc|k vc fbnvidsc cqizk| gk `bnbzbnk {scp|bjsfcn gbv cnfskj|cv jc`kvikjb vi`z|ifbv. K fbnvcfscnfik jc gk |cdgk

jc gbv zc|fibv hky {sc zcnc| p|cvcnzcv gbv vidsicnzcv kvpcfzbv5- Gbv pc|vbnkecv p|infipkgcv nb hkn jc bfspk| cg fcnz|b jcg cnfskj|c.

- Gk gnck jcg hb|iubnzc nsnfk jiqiji| hb|iubnzkg`cnzc cg cnfskj|c cnjbv pk|zcv idskgcv.

FB@_BVIFIN


50/57

Fb`pbvifin Jc gk I`kdcn

Snb jc gbv psnzbv `v i`pb|zknzcv kg d|klk| cv kp|cnjc| kfb`pbnc| fb||cfzk`cnzc gk i`kdcn jc gb {sc vc {sic|c d|klk|.Jcpcnjicnjb jc gb {sc vc qk k d|klk| hky fic|zbv p|infipibv {sc hky{sc vcdsi|.

Jcainifin jc pgknbv. Fsknjb qk`bv k d|klk| pbjc`bv zcnc| gkkffin cn5

_|i`c| pgknb. Cv gb `v jivzinziqb cn nscvz|k fb`pbvifin y `vfc|fknb k gk f`k|k.

Vcdsnjb _gknb. Vbn gbv cgc`cnzbv {sc vc pbvifibnkn kz|v jc gbvcgc`cnzbv {sc cvzn cn p|i`c| pgknb. Jc abnjb. Vbn gbv cgc`cnzbv {sc cvzn kz|v jc gbv cgc`cnzbv{sc cvzn cn vcdsnjb pgknb.

FB@_BVIFIN


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Beb hs`knb vc `scqc jc iu{sic|jk k jc|cfhk I`pb|zknfik jc jcek| cvpkfib ki|c. Cg zc|ìnb ki|c vc |caic|ck jcek| sn pbfb jc cvpkfib cn gb {sc vc cvz d|klknjb.Fsknjb vc cvz d|klknjb k snk pc|vbnk fkìnknjb hky {scjcek| kg|cjcjb| jc ;"6 jc cvpkfib gil|c hkfik jnjc qk

fkìnknjb. Vi gk zb`k sn pgknb `cjib b p|i`c| pgknb hky {scjcek| sn pbfb jc cvpkfib hkfik gk ji|cffin hkfik jbnjc cvzqicnjb cxfcpzsknjb fsknjb qc hkfik f`k|k. Kviìv`b hky{sc jcek| sn pbfb jc cvpkfib k||ilk jc gk fklcuk.

F|ck| vcnvkfin jc p|basnjijkj.Cvzb vc gbd|k fsknjb vcescdk fbn cg pbvifibnkìcnzb jc gbv cgc`cnzbv {sc vc qkn kd|klk| zcnicnjb kgdsnbv cn p|i`c| pgknb' bz|bv cn vcdsnjbpgknb y ainkg`cnzc kgdsnbv cgc`cnzbv jc abnjb.

\cdgkv i`pb|zknzcv


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CG DCBD\AIFB. [sc vc szigiuk pk|k vizsk| gk kffin cnfskg{sic| psnzb jc gk dcbd|kak.

CG J\K@ZIFB. [sc vc szigiuk pk|k gbfkgiuk| y k`licnzk| gkpvifbgbdk jc gbv pc|vbnkecv y vizskfibncv. Cv sn |cfs|vb `sy

svkjb pk|k vsl|kyk| ijckv b vcnzi`icnzbv.

CG CV_KFIB AG@IFB


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Zic`pb jc kjcfskfin. Zic`pb |ckg

Zic`pb jc Fbnjcnvkfin. Cn pbfb zic`pb vc |ckgiukn `sfhkv kffibncv pb|`cjib jcg `bnzkec y gkv cgipviv (vsp|cvin jc cgc`cnzbv nk||kziqbv yjcvf|ipziqbv jc snk hivzb|ik' jc zkg `knc|k {sc vc fbnvc|qkn vbgb gbv jkzbvvsaificnzcv pk|k cnzcnjc| gbv vspscvzbv).

Zic`pb jc jivzcnvin. Cg zic`pb |ckg jc snk kffin vc kgk|dk vslecziqk`cnzc.

(nb vc z|kzk jc gk f`k|k gcnzk). Zi`c pbjc fbnzinsijkj. Cg zic`pb agìfb agsyc cn gk ìv`k ji|cffin jcg

zic`pb |ckg.

Zic`pb cn vi`sgzkncijkj. Fsknjb vc kgzc|nkn < b `v zic`pbv qizkgcv jc gkkffin.

Zic`pb cn Agkvhlkfm kgzc|k gk vcfscnfik f|bnbgdifk jc gk hivzb|ik' fbncfzknjb`b`cnzbv jivzinzbv y z|kvgkjknjb gk kffin kg pkvkjb (gbvz).

Zic`pb pvifbgdifb. Snk vc|ic jc pgknbv gk|dbv fbn cvfkvk kffin pscjcks`cnzk| gk i`p|cvin jc js|kfin jcg aig`. Kg fbnz|k|ib vsfcjc fbn pgknbv jcfb|zk js|kfin y jbnjc pkvkn fbvkv jc d|kn inzc|v.

Zic`pb agìfb


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Cg \IZ@B jc sn `kzc|ikg ksjibqivskg' vc fbnvidsc k pk|zi| jcsnk lscnk fb`linkfin jc cacfzbv y jc snk pgkniaifkfinqk|ikjk. Fbnvzizsyc snb jc gbv cgc`cnzbv {sc fbnz|ilsi|`v k hkfc| {sc gkv i`dcncv zcndkn b nb kz|kfziqb pk|k gbv

cvpcfzkjb|cv.

_k|k jczc|ìnk| cg |iz`b {sc fbnqicnc i`p|iì| cn snkaig`kfin hkl| {sc zcnc| p|cvcnzc cg plgifb kg {sc qk

ji|idijk y gkv vcnvkfibncv {sc vc {sic|cn z|knvìzi|. Cg |iz`bjclc| cvzk| kg vc|qifib jc gk nk||kfin. Vc pscjcn fbnvijc|k|jbv ab|`kv lvifkv jc |iz`b5

\IZ@B


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\IZ@B [email protected] sn ksjibqivskg zicnc sn \IZ@B JIN@IFB

z|knvìzc kg cvpcfzkjb| snk vcnvkfin jc jinkìv`b y kffin. Cg |iz`bjinìfb vc fbnvidsc `cjiknzc gk szigiukfin jc `sfhbv pgknbv fb|zbv (pgknb `cjib' p|i`c| pgknb...) y jc fb|zk js|kfin. Cg fk`lib |pijb jc pgknbvjk| vcnvkfin jc |iz`b. Hky {sc zcnc| p|cvcnzc {sc cg svb jc pgknbvjc`kvikjb l|cqcv pscjc jiaifsgzk| gk kviìgkfin jc gk inab|`kfin pb| pk|zcjc gbv |cfcpzb|cv.

\IZ@B VSKQC.Fsknjb sn ksjibqivskg zicnc \IZ@B VSKQC z|knvìzc kgcvpcfzkjb| snk vcnvkfin jc z|kn{sigijkj.Cg |iz`b vskqc vc fbnvidsc szigiuknjb pgknbv gk|dbv y pbfb ns`c|bvbv.Fsknjb vc p|cvcnzk sn pgknb dcnc|kg hky {sc jk| `v zic`pb kg cvpcfzkjb|pk|k vs gcfzs|k yk {sc kfbvzs`l|k k fbnzcnc| `v inab|`kfin {sc gbvpgknbv fb|zbv. Hky {sc zcnc| p|cvcnzc {sc cg svb jc pgknbv jc`kvikjbgk|dbv pscjc f|ck| sn |iz`b jc`kvikjb gcnzb y hkfc| pc|jc| cg inzc|v jc gbvcvpcfzkjb|cv. Fsknjb vc blvc|qcn jbv pgknbv jc idskg js|kfin pk|cfc|`v gcnzb cg {sc fbnzicnc `cnbv inab|`kfin.

\IZ@B


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Cg |kffb|j b FBNZINSIJKJ hkfc |cac|cnfik k gk |cgkfin {sc cxivzc cnz|cgkv jiac|cnzcv zb`kv jc snk aig`kfin k ain jc {sc nb |b`pkn cn cg|cfcpzb| gk igsvin jc fbnzinsijkj. Fkjk zb`k hk jc zcnc| |cgkfin fbn gkknzc|ib| y vc|qi| jc lkvc pk|k gk vidsicnzc. _b| gb zknzb vc jclc kvcds|k|5

Gk fbnzinsijkj cn cg cvpkfib5 gnckv qi|zskgcv' ji|cffin jc gbv pc|vbnkecvy jc vsv dcvzbv y ì|kjkv... _b| cec`pgb' vi sn pc|vbnkec vkgc pb| sn gkjbjcg cnfskj|c' cn cg pgknb vidsicnzc hk jc cnz|k| pb| cg gkjb fbnz|k|ib.Gk fbnzinsijkj cn cg qcvzsk|ib y cn cg cvfcnk|ib5 yk {sc fb`b gkvpcgfsgkv nb vc |cdivz|kn vidsicnjb cg dsin vcfscnfikg`cnzc hky {sckvcds|k|vc jc {sc cg qcvzsk|ib jc gbv pc|vbnkecv y vs cnzb|nb nb fk`liknvin |kun.Gk fbnzinsijkj cn gk igsìnkfin5 {sc nb hkyk fk`libv |cpcnzinbv jczbnkgijkj jcnz|b jc sn ìv`b cvpkfib y vcfscnfik.Gk fbnzinsijkj cn cg zic`pb.

FBNZINSIJKJ


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FBNZINSK\K

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