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PROPERTIES OF SELF-COMPACTING CONCRETE AN OVERVIEW

Paratibha Aggarwal*, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, IndiaYogesh Aggarwal, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India

S M Gupta National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, IndiaR Siddique, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, India

30thConference on OUR WORLD IN CONCRETE & STRUCTURES: 23 - 24 August 2005,Singapore

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30th Conference on OUR WORLD IN CONCRETE & STRUCTURES: 23 24 August 2005, Singapore

PROPERTIES OF SELF-COMPACTING CONCRETE AN OVERVIEW

Paratibha Aggarwal*, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, IndiaYogesh Aggarwal, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India

S M Gupta National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, IndiaR Siddique, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, India

Abstract

Self-compacting concrete can be defined as the concrete which requires no vibrations and

can flow around obstructions, encloses the reinforcement and fills up the formworkcompletely under its self weight. Over the last ten years, significant amount of work hasbeen carried out on self-compacting concrete all over the world. In countries like Japan,Sweden, Thailand, UK etc., the knowledge of SCC has moved from domain of research toapplication.

The paper discusses the existing level of research about various aspects of self-compacting concrete, including materials and mixture design, test methods such as V-funnel test, L-Box test, J-ring etc., construction-related issues like Tribological behavior ofSCC, performance of SCC for under water applications , in basement walls, columns,beams etc., and properties including fresh concrete properties like slump flow, segregationresistance, compressive strength, permeability and diffusivity. Durability properties likesulfate resistance, internal frost resistance, resistance to freezing and thawing, deicing salt

surface scaling resistance. It also provides insight into the research being carried out topredict the performance of SCC mixtures using modeling techniques like factorial designmethod and artificial neural network. The models developed can be used as economicaltools for optimized design of SCC mixtures thereby reducing number of mix trials and canbe used to generate future results using other materials.

Keywords: self compacting, self leveling, concrete, modeling, properties.

1. IntroductionSelf-Compacting Concrete (SCC) is a new category of high performance concrete characterized by

its ability to spread into a heavily reinforced area under its own weight without the need of vibration andhas excellent deformability and high resistance to segregation.The use of SCC is considered to have a number of advantages as:

Faster placement Better consolidation around reinforcement.

Easily placed in thin walled elements or elements with limited access.

Improves the quality, durability and reliability of concrete structures.

Saving of consolidation machinery and electric power/energy.

Ease of placement results in cost savings through reduced equipment and labor requirement.Since the development of SCC in Japan, many organizations across the world have carried out

research on properties of SCC. EFNARC [1] - has developed specifications and guidelines for the useof SCC that covers number of topics, ranging from materials selection and mixture design to thesignificance of testing methods. Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd. (NPCIL) intends to adopt thetechnology of SCC for various structures in nuclear power plants (Bapat et al.[2].

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2. Materials for SCC

Mixture proportions for SCC differ from those of ordinary conventional concrete. SCC incorporates highrange water reducers (HRWR, Super plasticizers) in larger amounts and frequently a viscosity modifyingagent (VMA) in small doses.

2.1. AdmixturesDifferent investigations have been reported (Rols et al.[3]; Sari et al.[4]; Lachemi et al.[5,6]) on the use of

different types of HRWRAs with or without VMAs in SCC.Rols et al.[3] studied effect of three types of viscosity agents i.e. starch, precipitated silica and a by-productfrom the starch industry, on various fresh and hardened SCC properties like workability, segregation, bleeding,compressive strength, shrinkage and permeability. Results indicated that precipitated silica and, to a lessextent, starch could act as good alternatives for welan gum as viscosity agents for self-leveling concrete(SLC).

Sari et al.[4] investigated the use of admixtures such as precipitated nanometric silica, combined withcommercial super plasticizers. Pie et al. [7] synthesized water-soluble sodium sulphanilate-phenol-formaldehyde condensate (SSPF) with a simple synthetic process. Vengala and Ranganath [8] reviewed theprinciples and methods of mixture proportioning of SCC and also proposed a method for mixture proportioningof SCC.A concrete mix can only be classified as Self-Compacting Concrete if the requirements for all three

characteristics are fulfilled i.e. Filling ability, Passing ability, Segregation resistance. Many different testsmethods have been developed to characterize the properties of SCC.

Several authors (Subramaniam and Chattopadhyay, [9]; Vengala et al., [10]) carried out trials to derive anapproximate mix proportion of SCC and also developed the procedure for the selection of a viscositymodifying agent and a compatible superplasticizer and the determination of their dosages. Fig 1 givesinfluence of superplasticizer content on the properties like compressive strength and flowability.

3. Research findingsFlowability is measured mostly using slump flow test. An estimate of the viscosity and the ability to pass

through the narrow opening can be obtained using the V-funnel test. The resistance to blocking of concretecan be assessed by using the L-Box test. This test indicates the one-dimensional flowability in a restrainedcondition (as opposed to slump flow, which shows two-dimensional unrestrained flow), is also, useful in twoways both blocking and lack of stability can be detected visually. Passing ability of concrete can also bemeasured using the U-box apparatus, which has obstacles in the concrete flow path similar to those in the L-box test. Fig 2 gives the schematic view of different apparatus used for the tests.

3.1 Fresh Concrete Properties3.1.1. Slump Flow / Fluidity of concrete/ FlowabilityRols et al. [3]; Sari et al. [4]; Lachemi et al. [5]; Khayat, [11]; Grunewald et al. [12]; Su et al. [13]; Khayat &

Assaad, [14]; Bosilvkov, [15]; Corinaldesi, et al. [16]; Mahesh, et al. [17]; Mittal, et al. [18]; Nehdi, et al. [19];Nehdi and Ladanchuk, [20]; Sonebi, M., [21,22] have reported slump flow results of self compacting concretemixtures.

Grunewald et al. [12] showed that the flow behavior of fiber reinforced mixtures differs from that of plainSCC. Studies have indicated that the degree to which workability changes depends on the type and content offibers used, on the matrix in which they are embedded and the properties of the constituents of the matrix.

3.1.2. V-funnel TestGrunewald, et al. [12]; Su, et al. [13]; Khayat and Assaad ,[14]; Mahesh, et al. [17]; Mittal, et al. [18]; Sonebi,

M.[21,22] carried out V-funnel test in the different experimental procedures.Grunewald, et al. [12] investigated the properties of plain SCC and SCC reinforced with steel fibers using

the fiber funnel for measuring the deformation speed of flowing concrete. Results indicated that the flow timeincreased with amount of fibers added and higher aspect ratio (length of fiber divided by its diameter).

3.1.3. L-Box Test

L- Box Test was reported by Su,et al. [13]; Corinaldesi, [16]; Mahesh,[17]; Mittal, et al. [18]; Nehdi et al.[19]; Nehdi & Ladanchuk, [20]; Sonebi, M.[21,22]; Bui,et al. [23]; Xie,Y. [24].Corinaldesi, [16] reported that results from the L-box for SCC mixtures ranged from 0.79 to 0.86 and there

was no blockage reported of flow for all mixtures. Xie,[24] evaluated workability of high strength SCC withUPFA by L-box test. Also, J-ring results were reported by Sonebi, M.[21,22].

3.1.4. Passing ability / U-testU-test or passing ability tests were carried out by Mahesh et al. [17]; Mittal, A., et al. [18].The relation

between the bar distance and mixture parameters was investigated during the study. The passing behavior isaffected by the content of mainly coarse particles, the maximum size of aggregate and by the segregationresistance of the mixture (Grunewald et al. [12]). A comparison indicated that fiber length, the fiber factor andthe stiffening of the mixture in time are affecting factors to passing ability (Su et al. [13]).

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3.1.5. Segregation resistanceSegregation resistance was reported by Rols et al. [3]; Mittal, A. et al. [18]; Sonebi, M., [21,22]. Bui, et al.

[25] presented the testing method for rapid assessment of segregation resistance of SCC not only in thevertical direction, but also in the horizontal direction. The test results showed that the test method can reducetesting time and laboratory work. The proposed method could also distinguish between different coarse- totalaggregate ratios, different water- binder ratios and different materials. Rate of bleeding was studied andStress strain relationship was recorded by Rols et al. [3]. Corinaldesi,C. [16] measured drying shrinkage of

prismatic specimens (100*100*500mm) at different curing times.3.2. Hardened properties3.2.1. Compressive StrengthCompressive strength was studied by Rols et al. [3]; Sari et al.[4]; Su,N., et al. [13]; Corinaldesi,V., et al.

[16]; Nehdi & Ladanchuk,[20]; Sonebi,M.,[21,22]; Persson, B., [26]; Kumar, P., et al. [27]. Compressivestrength was reported at 1,7,28 and 90 days of cylinders 110 mm in dia and 220 mm high with rate of loadingas 5 KN/s by Rols et al [3]. Persson, B. [26] compared the mechanical properties of SCC and thecorresponding properties of normal concrete and carried out the study on four different stress to strengthlevels on 100 mm cubes at 2, 7, 28, 90 and 365 days. Corinaldesi,V. et al. [16] studied compressive andflexural strength of cubic specimens 100 mm in size and prismatic specimens (100*100*500mm). Fig 3 givesthe compressive strength and flexural strength as function of curing time. Nehdi, et al. [19] reported that thebinary 50% - OPC 50% fly ash mixture had the lowest early age strength due to the slower reactivity of class Ffly ash. Studies have indicated that some of this strength decrease may also be due to increase in the aircontent of mixture by 0.5 % when VMA was added.

Zhu et al. [28] reported the results on uniformity of in situ properties of SCC mixes in practical structuralcolumns and beams and compared the results with those of properly compacted conventional concrete.Assessment of the in situ properties of 3m high columns and 3.8m long beams was carried out using coretest, for assessing in situ compressive strength, and the results were calculated and expressed as estimatedin situ cube strength using Rebound (Schmidt) hammer test for assessing surface hardness and uniformity.

3.2.2. PermeabilityDifferent types of permeability were reported by Khayat, [11]; Corinaldesi,V., et al. [16]; Nehdi, et al. [19];

Jooss, M., et al. [29]; Zhu, et al. [30].Corinaldesi, V. et al. [16] studied carbonation and chloride permeability and measured carbonation depth by

phenolphthalein test and chloride penetration depth was measured as a function of time of exposure to a 10% sodium chloride aqueous solution after water saturation of concrete specimens.

Nehdi, et al. [19] measured rapid chloride ion penetrability at 28 and 91 days for SCC mixtures, andobserved that high volume replacement SCC made with ternary and quaternary cements have dramaticallylower chloride ion permeability compared to that of a reference SCC made with 100% OPC. Bapat et al. [2]also conducted rapid chloride penetration test on specimens of SCC and control mix of conventional concrete.

Jooss, M. et al. [29] carried out the tests on 11 types of concrete ranging from normal- strength to highstrength concrete, to polymer-modified and self-compacting concrete- establishing permeability and diffusivityof concrete as a function of temperature between 20 and 80

oC. The results indicated that the permeability

increases by 13 62 % when the temperature is raised from 20 to 50oC and by an additional increase to

80oC.

Zhu et al. [30] reported the results regarding oxygen permeability. The results indicated that for the 40 MPastrength grade, SCC mixes had significantly lower coefficient of permeability than the reference concretemixes.

3.2.3. DiffusivityJooss [29] carried out diffusion tests following standardized procedures according to DIN 52615, using the

dry cup method as well as the wet cup method. It was reported that diffusivity increases by 10-21% form 20 to50

oC and by 8-21% from 50 to 80

oC.Zhu [30] observed that the diffusivity was very much dependent on the

type of additional powder used in concrete. Both the SCC and the reference mixes using PFA showed muchlower values of chloride migration coefficient than the other mixes.

3.2.4. Tribological behavior of SCCA tribometer was developed to measure the friction on metal surface. The tests and observations made

(Djelal et al.[31] revealed a set of mechanisms that depend on the properties of the interface (roughness ofthe plate, the sliding velocity against the plate, the pressure or normal stress and the nature of the demouldingagent at the concrete / wall interface).Vanhove et al. [32] obtained estimation of the lateral pressure of SCCon form work during the casting process, using Janssens model used in the statics of ensiled granularmaterial.

3.2.5. SCC incorporating different materialsThe influence of finely ground limestone and crushed limestone dust on the properties of SCC mixes in the

fresh and hardened state was studied by Bosiljkov [15]. Results obtained indicate that finer and better gradedlimestone dust significantly increases the deformability of the paste.

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Nehdi & Ladanchuk [20] investigated potential synergistic effects in SCC incorporating different steel andsynthetic polymer macro and micro fibers in various hybrid (single, binary, and ternary) combinations. Resultsindicated that fibers can have rheological and mechanical synergistic effect, and that optimized fibercombinations can increase toughness and flexural strength better while maintaining adequate flow propertiesfor fiber-reinforced SCC.

Chabib et al [33] investigated the confinement effect of glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) tubes on thestrength and ductility of short SCC cylindrical columns subjected to uniaxial compression and transverse

loading and reported that SCC filled GFRP tubes had a comparable behavior to that of NC filled GFRP tubesunder both uniaxial compression and transverse load.

4. Durability properties4.1. Sulfate ResistancePersson [34] carried out a laboratory study from 1999 to 2002 on sulfate resistance of self-compacting

concrete. Results of various studies indicated that the limestone particles are much more sensitive to sulfateattack than when the particles are mixed with cement and covered by the cement gel. SCC made with high-volume replacement binary, ternary and quaternary cements achieved very low sulfate expansion comparedto that of a reference SCC made with 100 % OPC (Nehdi, et al. [19]).

4.2. Internal frost resistance/ Salt frost scalingDifferent factors affecting frost resistance were increased amount of filler, different air content, and

dissimilar method of casting. Thus, the investigations were carried out for effects of normal and reversed orderof mixing (filler last), increased amount of filler, fineness of filler, limestone powder, increased air content, and

large hydrostatic concrete pressure. Less salt frosting was observed of SCC with limestone powder havinghigher fineness. SCC exhibited better internal frost resistance than NC. (Persson, B. [35]). 4.3. Resistance to freezing and thawing cyclesResistance to freezing and thawing was studied by Khayat, [11]; Corinaldesi, V., [16].Corinaldesi,V. [16]

reported that resistance to freezing and thawing was moderate and can be improved by the superficialapplication of a hydrophobic agent, which reduces water ingress into concrete.

4.4. Deicing Salt Surface Scaling Resistance.Nehdi et al. [19] observed that although HVFA-SCC had poor performance under deicing salt-surface

scaling in the laboratory, high volume replacement ternary and quaternary SCC can be designed to achievecomparable deicing salt surface scaling resistance to that of a reference SCC mixture made with 100% OPC.

5. ThixotropyExperimental investigations were carried out by Assaad [36, 37] to determine the influence of thixotropy, on

the development of formwork lateral pressure on an experimental column measuring 2100 mm in height and200 mm in diameter. Results show that the lateral pressure exerted by plastic SCC is directly related tothixotropy. With the increase in thixotropy, the initial lateral pressure registered following casting decreases,and the rate of drop in lateral pressure is accelerated. Thixotropy of fresh concrete was quantified byevaluating the variations in yield stress and the structural breakdown curves. Assaad and Khayat [38]evaluated the effect of the concentration and maximum size of aggregate on the variations of lateral pressureof SCC up to hardening, also the kinetics of the drop in pore water pressure were determined and interpretedwith respect to temperature rise.6. Inter Transitional Zone (ITZ)

The depth-sensing micro indentation technique was used (Zhu, W. et al. [39]) to study the elastic modulusand micro-strength of the ITZ around steel reinforcement in practical reinforced concrete. The results obtainedfor both the SCC and the reference mixes revealed the distribution of micro-mechanical properties within ITZwith a trough or a minimum occurring at 10 30m from the actual steel interface. Similar observations weremade by Kumar & Kaushik [40] regarding investigation of ITZ in SCC and conventional concretes.

7. Design Methods

Su,N. et al [13] proposed a new mix design method for SCC with principal consideration to fill the paste ofbinders into voids of the aggregate framework piled loosely. Using proposed method, selection of the qualifiedmaterials, calculations, mixing test and with some adjustments, SCC with good flowability and segregationresistance could be obtained with self compacting ability as specified by JSCE.

Sonebi,M. [21,22] investigated the feasibility of using a factorial design method to identify the relativesignificance of primary mix parameters and their coupled effects on the relevant properties of mediumstrength SCC (MS-SCC).The SCC responses modeled were slump flow, lose of fluidity, Orimet time, V-funneltime, height of L-box, L-box ratio, J-ring + Orimet, yield stress, plastic viscosity, segregation resistance and 7-,28- and 90-day compressive strengths. The models established using factorial design approach were valid fora wide range of mix proportioning and provided an efficient means to determine the influence of key variableson MS-SCC properties.

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A model based on the paste rheology criteria, which includes minimum apparent viscosity, minimum flow,and optimum flow viscosity ratio to achieve SCC with satisfactory segregation resistance and deformabilitywas developed (Bui, et al. [23]).

Nehdi et al. [41] used artificial neural networks (ANN) to predict the performance of SCC mixtureseffectively. A model was proposed for the acceptance/ rejection of SCC mixtures based on knowledge of theirmixture proportions. The model could predict slump flow, filling capacity, segregation, and 28-d compressivestrength values of SCC mixtures.

Saak, et al. [42] introduced a new segregation controlled design methodology for SCC. The theorysuggested that aggregate segregation is governed by the yield stress, viscosity and density of the cementpaste matrix. The test results showed that concrete will have its greatest fluidity at the lowest paste yieldstress and viscosity, where segregation is still avoided.

Ghezal, et al. [43] conducted an experimental program in which response surface methods are employedto optimize four-component concrete containing limestone filler subjected to eight performance criteria. Thiscriteria includes slump flow and its retention over time, V-funnel flow time, rheological parameters, surfacesettlement, and compressive strength at 1 and 28 days. The proposed models could be used to facilitate thetest protocol needed to optimize SCC.

Patel et al. [44] carried out the investigation of 21 statistically balanced concrete mixtures to minimize theuse of high range water-reducing admixtures (HRWRA) and to optimize the use of fly ash in SCC. Freshconcrete properties were determined from slump flow, V-funnel flow, filling capacity, bleeding, air content, andsegregation tests. The mechanical properties and durability characteristics of SCC such as compressivestrength, freezing- and thawing resistance, rapid chloride permeability, surface scaling resistance, and

drying shrinkage were determined to evaluate the performance of SCC.

8. Performance of SCC for various applications.Different applications of SCC were studied by different authors like under water applications (Sonebi and

Khayat, [45]) , basement and foundation walls ( Khayat et al. [46]), HighlyReinforced Columns(Khayat, et al.[47]), Reinforced Beams (Sonebi, M.et al. [49]).

9. ConclusionsBased on the literature reviewed and research findings it was observed that1. Workability parameters for initial mix design of SCC which need to be assessed can be

summarized as filling ability, passing ability and segregation resistance2. It is evident that the properties of SCC in hardened state are similar to those of conventional concrete.3. Different studies show that high strengths and adequate durability can be obtained using SCC.

Better internal frost resistance was exhibited by SCC as compared to normal concrete.4. Permeation properties like water sorptivity and oxygen permeability was lower for SCC. Also, SCC

had higher resistance against chloride penetration, frost freeze thaw and scaling, due to the increaseddispersion of cement and filler, and a denser ITZ compared to conventional concrete.5. Different design methodologies like ANN, factorial design method etc. for SCC have been suggestedto develop models that can be used as economical tools for optimized design of SCC mixtures withdesired properties.

REFERENCES1. EFNARC - Specification and Guidelines for self-compacting concrete, February 2002.2. Bapat, S.G., Kulkarni, S.B., Bandekar, K.S., Using SCC in nuclear power plants- Laboratory and mock-

up trials at Kaiga, The Indian Concrete Journal 78(6) 2004, 51 - 57.3. Rols, S., Ambroise, J., Pera, J.,Effects of different viscosity agents on the properties of self-leveling

concrete. Cement and Concrete Research 29(2) 1999, 261-266.4. Sari, M., Prat, E., Labastire, J.-F., High strength self-compacting concrete Original solutions associating

organic and inorganic admixtures. Cement and Concrete Research 29(6)1999, 813-818.

5. Lachemi, M., Hossain, K.M.A., Lambros, V., Bouzoubaa, N., Development of cost-effective self-consolidating concrete incorporating fly ash, slag cement, or viscosity-modifying admixtures. ACIMaterials Journal 100(5) 2003, 419-425.

6. Lachemi, M., Hossain, K.M.A., Lambros, V., Nkinamubanzi, P.C., Bouzoubaa, N., Performance of newviscosity modifying admixtures in enhancing the rheological properties of cement paste. Cement andConcrete Research 34(2) 2004, 189-193.

7. Pei, M., Wang, D., Hu, X., Xu, D., Synthesis of sodium sulfanilate-phenol-formaldehyde condensate andits application as a super plasticizer in concrete. Cement and Concrete Research 30(11) 2000, 1841-1845.

8. Vengala, J., Ranganath, R.V., Mixture proportioning procedures for self-compacting concrete. TheIndian Concrete Journal 78(8) 2004, 13-21.

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9. Subramanian, S., Chattopadhyay, D., Experiments for mix proportioning of self-compacting concrete.The Indian Concrete Journal 76(1) 2002, 13-20.

10. Vengala, J., Sudarshan, M.S., Ranganath, R.V., Experimental study for obtaining self-compactingconcrete. The Indian Concrete Journal, 77(8) 2003, 1261-1266.

11. Khayat, K.H., Optimization and performance of air-entrained, self-consolidating concrete. ACI MaterialsJournal, 97(5) 2000, 526-535.

12. Gruenwald, S., Walraven, J., Parameter study on the influence of steel fibres and coarse aggregate

content on the fresh properties of self-compacting concrete. Cement and Concrete Research 31(12)2001, 1793-1798.13. Su, N., Hsu, K.C., Chai, H.W., A simple mix design method for self-compacting concrete. Cement and

Concrete Research 31(12) 2001, 1799-1807.14. Khayat, K.H., Assaad, J., Air-Void stability in self-consolidating concrete. ACI Materials Journal, 99(4)

2002, 408-416.15. Bosiljkov, V.B., SCC mixes with poorly graded aggregate and high volume of limestone filler. Cement

and Concrete Research 33(9) 2003, 1279-1286.16. Corinaldesi, V., Morconi, G., Durable fibre reinforced self-compacting concrete. Cement and Concrete

Research 34(2) 2004, 249-254.17. Mahesh, Y.V.S.S.U., Santhanam, M., Simple test methods to characterize the rheology of self-

compacting concrete. The Indian Concrete Journal, 78(6) 2004, 39-43.18. Mittal, A., Kaisare, M.B., Shetti, R.G., Use of SCC in a pump house at TAPP 3 & 4, Tarapur. The Indian

Concrete Journal, 78(6) 2004, 30-34.

19. Nehdi, M., Pradhan, M., Koshowski, S., Durability of self-consolidating concrete incorporating high-volume replacement composite cements. Cement and Concrete Research (article in press) 200420. Nehdi, M., Ladanchuk, J.D., Fiber synergy in fiber-reinforced self-consolidating concrete. ACI Materials

Journal 101(6) 2004, 508-517.21. Sonebi, M., Applications of statistical models in proportioning medium-strength self-consolidation

concrete. ACI Materials Journal 101(5) 2004a, 339-346.22. Sonebi, M., Medium strength self-compacting concrete containing fly ash: Modeling using factorial

experimental plans. Cement and Concrete Research 34(7) 2004b, 1199-1208.23. Bui, V.K., Akkaya, Y., Shah, S.P., Rheological Model for self-consolidating concrete. ACI Materials

Journal 99(6) 2002, 549-559.24. Xie, Y., Liu, B., Yin,J., Zhou,S., Optimum mix parameters of high-strength self-compacting concrete with

ultrapulverised fly ash. Cement and Concrete Research 32(3) 2002, 477-480.25. Bui, V.K., Montgomery, D., Hinczak, I., Turner, K., Rapid testing method for segregation resistance of

self-compacting concrete. Cement and Concrete Research 32(9) 2002, 1489-149626. Persson, B., A comparison between mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete and the

corresponding properties of normal concrete. Cement and Concrete Research 31(2) 2001,193-198.27. Kumar, P., Haq, M.A., Kaushik, S.K., Early age strength of SCC with large volumes of fly ash. The

Indian Concrete Journal, 78(6) 2004, 25-29.28. Zhu, W., Gibbs, J.C., Bartos, P.J.M., Uniformity of in situ properties of self-compacting concrete in full-

scale structural elements. Cement and Concrete Composites 23(1) 2001, 57-64.29. Jooss, M., Reinhardt, H.W., Permeability and diffusivity of concrete as a function of temperature.

Cement and Concrete Research 32(9) 2002, 1497-1504.30. Zhu, W., Bartos, P.J.M., Permeation properties of self-compacting concrete. Cement and Concrete

Research, 33 (6) 2003, 921-926.31. Djelal, C., Vanhove, Y., Magnin, A., Tribological behaviour of self-compacting concrete. Cement and

Concrete Research 34(5) 2004, 821-828.32. Vanhove, Y., Djelal, C., Magnin, A., Prediction of lateral pressure exerted by self-compacting concrete

on formwork. Magazine of Concrete Research, 56(1) 2004, 55 6233. Chabib, H.E., Nehdi, M., Naggar, M., - H.E., Behavior of SCC confined in short GFRP tubes. Cement &

Concrete Composites 27(1) 2005, 55-64.34. Persson, B., Sulphate resistance of self-compacting concrete. Cement and Concrete Research 33(12)

2003, 1933-1938.35. Persson, B., Internal frost resistance and salt frost scaling of self-compacting concrete. Cement and

Concrete Research 33(3) 2003, 373-379.36. Assaad, J., Khayat, K.H., Mesbah, H., Variation of forwork pressure with thixotropy of self-consolidating

concrete. ACI Materials Journal, 100(1) 2003a, 29-37.37. Assaad, J., Khayat, K.H., Mesbah, H., Assessment of thixotropy of flowable and self-consolidation

concrete. ACI Materials Journal 100(2) 2003b, 99-107.38. Assaad, J., Khayat, K.H., Variations of lateral and pore water pressure of self-consolidation concrete at

early age. ACI Materials Journal 101(4) 2004, 310-317.

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39. Zhu, W., Bartos, P.J.M., Application of depth-sensing microindentation testing to study of interfacialtransition zone in reinforced concrete. Cement and Concrete Research 30(8) 2000, 1299-1304

40. Kumar, P., Kaushik, S.K., Transition Zone in self-compacting Concrete. The Indian Concrete Journal,78(6) 2004, 60-65.

41. Nehdi, M., Chabib, H.E., Naggar, M.H.E., Predicting performance of self-compacting concrete mixturesusing artificial neural networks. ACI Materials Journal 98(5) 2001, 394-401.

42. Saak, A.W., Jennings, J.M., Shah, S.P., New methodology for designing self-compacting concrete. ACI

Materials Journal, 98 (6) 2001, 429-439.43. Ghezal, A., Khayat, K.H., Optimizing self-consolidating concrete with limestone filler by using statisticalfactorial design methods. ACI Materials Journal 99(3) 2002, 264-268.

44. Patel, R., Hossain, K.M.A., Shehata, M., Bouzoubaa, N., Lachemi, M., Development of statisticalmodels for mixture design of high-volume fly ash self-consolidation concrete. ACI Materials Journal,101(4) 2004, 294-302.

45. Sonebi, M., Khayat, K.H., Effect of water velocity on performance of underwater selfconsolidatingconcrete. ACI Materials Journal, 96(5) 1999, 519-528.

46. Khayat, K.H., Bickley, J., Lessard, M., Performance of self-consolidating concrete for casting basementand foundation walls. ACI Materials Journal, 97(3) 2000, 374-380.

47. Khayat, K.H., Paultre, P., Tremblay, S., Structural performance and in-place properties of self-consolidating concrete used for casting highly reinforced columns. ACI Materials Journal, 98(5) 2001,371-378.

48. Han, L.H., Yao, G.H., Experimental behaviour of thin-walled hollow structural steel (HSS) columns filled

with self-consolidating concrete (SCC). Thin Walled Structures, 42(9) 2004, 1357-1377.49. Sonebi, M., Tamimi, A.K., Bartos, P.J.M., Performance and cracking behavior of reinforced beams castwith self-consolidating concrete. ACI Materials Journal 100(6) 2003, 492-500.

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Flowability

(mm)

fcu,28(OC)

fcu,28(SCC)

Slump

Slump flow

Fig: 1 Influence of SP content on the

properties of SCC from Xie et al. 2002

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 50 100 150 200

Curing time (days)

Mechanic

alstrengths(MPa)

Compressive Strength

Flexural Strength

Fig: 3 Compressive and Flexural Strengths

of the concrete as a function of curingtime from Corinaldesi et al. 2004

V-funnel L-Box

U-Box J-ring

Fig: 2 Schematic view of different apparatus used in various tests