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g]kfnsf] r'/] z[ª\vnfeGbf blIft0flt/ km}lnPsf] ljzfn d}bfgL e"If]qcyf{t t/fO{df x/]s jif{ dª\l;/b]lv df3sf] bf];|f] ;ftf;dd zLtnx/rNb5 . t/fO{df u[id Ct'df a]hf]8sf] udL{ x'g] / hf8f] df};dfg ;d]tkfl/nf] 3fd nfu]/ pkf]i0f ¿kdf Gofgf] x'G5 . kxf8L / dWolxdfnL If]qdfklg jif{sf] cfwfeGbf a9L ;do Gofgf] hnjfo' g} x'G5 . o; If]qdfsflQsb]lv kmfu'g;Dd lgs} hf8f] x'G5 . afx|}df; lxpF kl//xg] pRrlxdfnLIf]qdf l;/{l;/{ xfjf rn]/ nueu jif}{el/ hf8f] x'G5 . o; cj:yfdf afx|}dlxgf lxpF hld/xg] 708Ldf lxdjiff{ x'g] lxdfnL If]qdf rL;f]n] dfG5]dg]{ 36gf :jfefljs b]lvP klg hf8f]sf] ofddf ;d]t t'ngfTds¿kn]Gofgf] x'g] t/fO{If]qdf rL;f]n] dflg; dg]{ 36gf ckTofl/nf] nfUg;S5 .

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jgohgt' dg]{ / lxpFb} afnL gi6 x'g] 36gfdf s]xL bzsb]lv j[l4 x'Fb}cfPsf] 5 . rL;f]sf sf/0f x'g] dxfdf/L / afSnf] x':;'sf sf/0f x'g]oftfoft b'3{6gfaf6 hgwgsf] y'k|} Iflt x'g] u/]sf] 5 .

k|sf]ksf cGo 36gfsf t'ngfdf zLtnx/af6 kg]{ k|efj / Iflt ;':t x'g]x'Fbf o;tkm{ dflg;sf] Wofg hfg ;s]sf] 5}g . t/ zLtnx/n] k'¥ofpg]Ifltsf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ kl/df0f lgs} eofjx b]lvG5 .

zLtnx/sf] kl/rozLtnx/ jfo'd08n / e"d08naLrsf] cglqm{ofaf6 pTkGg x'g] jfojLok|sf]k xf] . o;nfO{ s;}s;}n] hnjfo';Fu ;DalGwt k|sf]ksf ¿kdf klglng] u/]sf] kfOG5 . lxpFb dlxgfdf x'g] jiff{kl5 / slxn]sfxLF jiff{ gePklg ;dy/ kmfF6sf ¿kdf km}lnPsf] t/fO{If]qnfO{ s'lx/f]sf] ¿kdf /x]sf]afSnf] x':;'n] 9fS5 . o;/L afSnf] s'lx/f]n] lbgel/ 9fls/xg] qmd xKtf/ ;f]eGbf a9L nfdf] x'g;S5 . o:tf] afbn?kL x':;' slxn]sfxLF Ps–b'O{lbg x6\g] t/ km]l/ nfdf] ;do;Dd nfUg] qmd klg ljsl;t x'g ;S5 .o;/L x':;' nfUbf lbge/ 3fd nfUb}g / of] qmd x':;' nfu];Dd sfod/xG5 . o:tf] x':;';Fu} klZrdaf6 k"j{tkm{ rL;f] l;/]7f] rN5 . afSnf]afbn tyf x':;' nfu]/ klZrdL l;/]7f] lg/Gt/ rn]sf] o; cj:yfdftfkqmd ;fdfGoeGbf lgs} sd x'G5 / hf8f] w]/} a9\5 . e"ld / jfo'd08nsf]oxL c;fdfGo ;+of]hgnfO{ g} zLtnx/ eg]/ lrlgG5 .

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zLtnx/ rn]sf] ;dodf lbpF;f] cfSsn–e'mSsn dw'/f] 3fd nfu]/;fdfGo tfkqmd a9]sf] cg'ej eP klg laxfg, a]n'sf / /flt tfkqmd


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o; ;dodf t/fO{df rL;f] w]/} a9]/ tfkqmd PsfPs tn em5{ / Go"gtd/ clwstd tfkqmdsf] km/s s]jn ! b]lv # l8u|L ;]lG6u|]8aLr /xG5 .zLtnx/ rn]sf] ;dodf t'ngfTds ¿kdf udL{ x'g] t/fO{sf] tfkqmdklg # b]lv & l8u|L ;]lG6u|]8df l:y/ /x]sf] x'G5 .

zLtnx/sf] k|efjIf]qu|Lid Ct'df cTolws udL{ / lzlz/ Ct'df klg w]/} rL;f] gx'g]kfls:tfg, ef/tsf] pQ/L If]q / g]kfnsf] blIf0fL efu x'Fb} aª\unfb]z;Ddkm}lnPsf] ljzfn d}bfgdf zLtnx/ rNg] u/]sf] 5 . zLtnx/ slxn]b]lvrln/x]sf] 5 eGg] cflwsfl/s clen]v geP klg o;n] k|frLg sfnb]lvg} cl:tTj sfod /fv]sf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . t/ klg zLtnx/n]k|sf]khGo ?kdf b]vf k/]sf] w]/} nfdf] ;do ePsf] 5}g eGg] cg'dfg klgul/Psf] 5 . ljut tLg bzsb]lv zLtnx/sf] k|efj t'ngfTds ?kdfa9\b} uPsf] cg'ej t/fO{af;Ln] ub}{ cfPsf] kfOG5 . otfsf s]xL jif{dft zLtnx/af6 lxpFb} afnL dfq gi6 ePsf] 5}g, dflg;sf] Hofg g} hfg]u/]sf] 5 .

b'O{ bzsotf zLtnx/af6 g]kfndf dfq k|To]s jif{ bh{eGbf a9Ldflg;sf] d[To' x'g] u/]sf] 5 . kfls:tfg, ef/t / aª\unfb]zdf klg ;of}Fdflg;sf] d[To' x'g] u5{ . zLtnx/sf] k|efj ef}uf]lns ¿kdf kfls:tfgb]lvef/tsf] pQ/k|b]z, lxdf~rn, aª\ufn x'Fb} aª\unfb]z / Dofgdf/;Ddkm}lnG5 . To;}u/L o;sf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s If]qdf kg]{ k|efj klgJofks b]lvPsf] 5 . zLtnx/ rn]sf ;dodf ljz]ifu/L s'kf]if0fsf]


df/df k/]sf, sdhf]/ zfl//Ls cj:yf ePsf, lj/fdL / Gofgf] n'ufkmf6f]sf]aGbf]j:t ug{ g;Sg] ul/a ;d'bfosf dflg;sf] Hofg Hofg hfg] u/]sf]5 . o;af6 t]nxg, t/sf/Lh:tf lxpFb] afnL gi6 x'g], ;8s tyf xjfOoftfoft ;~rfngdf afwf k'Ug] / t/fO{sf] hghLjgdf k|lts"n k|efjkfg]{ u5{ . o;sf ;fy} zLtnx/n] jfg:klt hutdf ;d]t k|efj kf/]/jftfj/0fLo Iflt u5{ . ;"o{sf] k|sfz / tfksf] cefjdf k|sfz;+Zn]if0fk|lqmof ca?4 dfq x'Fb}g, rL;f] ;xg ug]{ Ifdtf gePsf t/fO{ If]qsfjg:kltsf] j[l4 / k'g?Tkfbg Ifdtf ;d]t gi6 x'G5 . zLtnx/sf]sf/0f lxpFbdf nufOPsf vfBfGg / gub]afnLdWo] cfn', cGo t/sf/L /tf]/Lsf] pTkfbg (% k|ltzt;Dd 36\g] u/]sf] kfOG5 .

gkTofpFbf], t/ ljgfzsf/L ¿kdf rNg] zLtnx/n] g]kfnnufot blIf0fPl;ofnL d'n's kfls:tfg, ef/t / aª\unfb]z tyf Dofgdf/df dfqIflt k'¥ofpg] u/]sf] 5}g . o;sf] k|efj ljZjs} ;jf{lws ljsl;t /wgL d'n's cd]l/sfdf klg b]vf kg]{ u/]sf] . cd]l/sfsf ljleGg /fHodfzLtnx/af6 jif]{gL xhf/f}F dflg; kLl8t x'g] u/]sf] tYofª\s kfOG5 . t/cd]l/sf / ljZjsf cGo d'n'sdf rNg] zLtnx/sf] t'ngfdf blIf0fPl;ofdf rNg] zLtnx/, To;sf] sf/0f / k|s[lt leGg k|sf/sf] /x]sf]lj1x¿sf] egfO 5 . cd]l/sfdf c:jfefljs rL;f]nfO{ zLtnx/sf¿kdf lng] ul/G5 eg] g]kfnnufot kfls:tfg, ef/t / aª\unfb]zsf]d}bfgL efudf xKtf}F afSnf] s'lx/f]n] cfsfz 9fSgfn] c:jfefljs ¿kdfa9\g] rL;f]nfO{ zLtnx/ dflgPsf] 5 .

Pltxfl;s k[i7e"ldzLtnx/n] Ps bzscl3;Dd vf;} rrf{ kfPsf] lyPg . laxfg /slxn]sfxLF lbpf;f] x':;' nfu] klg hgwgsf] Iflt TolQ w]/} ePsf]cg'dfg gul/gfn] klg dflg;df o; ;d:ofk|lt TolQ rf;f] ga9]sf]x'g;S5 jf hfgsf/L g} lyPg eGbf klg x'G5 . o;sf] tfTko{ klxn]–klxn] zLtnx/ rNb}gYof] eGg] rfxLF xf]Og . udL{ w]/} x'g] If]qdf sd hf8f]x'Fbf klg rL;f]sf] cg'e"lt a9L x'G5 . hf8f]ofddf cTolws rL;f] a9\bfdfG5]sf] d[To' x'g'nfO{ ;fdfGo ¿kdf lnOPsf] klg x'g ;S5 . lzlz/Ct'df To;} klg hf8f] a9\g] x'Fbf dflg;sf] Wofg zLtnx/sf] c;fdfGocj:yfk|lt guPsf] x'g ;S5 . dflg;df r]tgf a9\b} uPkl5 zLtnx/klg Ps k|sf/sf] k|sf]k g} xf] eGg] 1fg a9]sf] kfOG5 . PsfPs a9\g]rL;f], 3fd gnfUg] / xKtf}F;Dd l:y/ /xg] x':;'sf sf/0f dflg;sf] Hofg


hfg], 3/kfn'jf kz'sf] dg]{, lxpFb} v]tL gi6 x'g] / k|fs[lts Pj+ dfgjLolqmofsnfknfO{ ;d]t k|efljt kfg]{ qmd a9]kl5 dflg;sf] rf;f] o;tkm{a9sf] x'g' k5{ .

P]ltxfl;s sfnb]lv g} zLtnx/n] w]/yf]/ gf]S;fg ub}{ cfPsf] eP klg;g\ !(() sf] bzsb]lv dfq zLtnx/n] hgwgsf] Iflt ug]{ ljifonfO{dxŒjsf ;fy x]g{ yflnPsf] kfOG5 . k|sf]ksf ljleGg k|sf/dWo] zLtnx/cln gf}nf] ePsf]n] o; ;DaGwdf vf;} cg';Gwfg ePsf] klg kfOFb}g .oltv]/ eg] zLtnx/nfO{ ljZj kof{j/0f / hnjfo'' kl/jt{g;Fu ufFl;P/cfPsf] k|sf]ksf] ¿kdf klg lng] u/]sf] kfOG5 .

lxdkft zLtnx/ xf]OgpRr lxdfnL If]qdf jif{el/ g} lxpF kl//xG5 . To:t} tNnf] lxdfnLv08df eg] lxpFbdf dfq lxdkft x'G5 . lxdkftsf sf/0f lxdfnL If]qdf;d]t rL;f] lgs} a9]/ hghLjg k|efljt x'G5 tfklg To;nfO{ zLtnx/elgPsf] 5}g .

udL{ ofddf ;d]t hf8f] g} x'g] lxdfn / Gofgf] x'g] kxf8sf dflg;nfO{rL;f] ofddf w]/} hf8f] x'G5 eGg] 1fg /x]sf] x'G5 . To;}sf/0f pgLx¿rL;f]af6 aRg cfˆgf] ef}uflns cj:yf / ljutdf ePsf] rL;f]sf]cg'ejsf cfwf/df ;dod} Gofgf] n'ufsf] Joj:yf u5{g\ . pgLx¿ cfˆgf]3/ dfq geP/ 3/kfn'jf kz'sf uf]7nfO{ klg tftf] agfpg] ljlwx¿sf]k|of]u u5{g\ . tftf] 3/–uf]7sf] Joj:yf, kf]lifnf] vfgf, cfuf] tyfGofgf]sf nflu OGwgsf] Joj:yf ;dod} u5{g\\ . hf8f]af6 aRg k|z:ttftf] k]okbfy{ lkpg] / z/L/nfO{ Gofgf] agfO/fVg] s'/fdf klg lxdfnLIf]qsf dflg; ;r]t /x]sf] kfOG5 . To;}u/L lxpFbdf rL;f] x'g' lgoldtk|lqmof ePsfn] pgLx¿nfO{ w]/} hf8f] eP klg c:jfefljs nfUb}g .pgLx¿df rL;f] ;xg ug]{ zf/Ll/s Ifdtfsf] ljsf; klg ePsf] x'G5 .To;}sf/0f pgLx¿ rL;f]sf] ;fdgf ug{ t'ngfTds ¿kn] ;Ifd x'G5g\ .lxdfnL If]qdf hf8f]af6 aRg] k/Dk/fut pkfosf] cjnDag g} pko'Qmx'g] ePsfn] clwsf+z dflg; :yfgLo tyf k/dk/fut ljlw g} k|of]uug{ cEo:t eO;s]sf x'G5g\ . o;sf/0f klg kxf8L / lxdfnL If]qdfrL;f]af6 ;fdfGo k|efj k/] klg c:jfefljs Iflt ePsf] ;'Gg kfOFb}g .obfsbf cTolws lxdkft eP/, lxdklx/f] uP/ / lxdtfn ljikmf]6 eP/eg] Iflt x'g] u/]sf] 5 .


zLtnx/ rNg] sf/0f

zLtnx/ jfo'd08df x'g] cGtlqm{ofsf] kl/0ffd xf] . o;df jftfj/0fsfef}lts / h}ljs tTjsf] klg ;xeflutf /x]sf] x'G5 . zLtnx/ rn]sf]a]nf afSnf] s'lx/f]n] cfsfzsf] tNnf] efu / hldg 9flsPsf] x'G5 .afSnf] s'lx/f]h:tf] x':;' nfu]sf] To; ;dodf dflg;n] b]Vg ;Sg] b"/Ldf;d]t ;ª\s'rg cfpF5 . cfk"meGbf s]xL ld6/ 6f9f /x]sf] 7f]; a:t',dflg;, hgfj/;d]t b]Vg sl7g x'G5 . lxpFb dlxgfdf o:tf] 36gf lsgx'G5 jf zLtnx/ lsg rN5 eGg] hfgsf/L lnPdf o;af6 ;'/lIft /x]g]pkfo kQf nufpg ;lsG5 .

zLtnx/af/] hfgsf/L lng g]kfnsf] t/fO{ If]qsf] dfq j0f{g u/]/ k'Ub}g .o;sf nflu zLtnx/n] k|efj kfg]{ kfls:tfgsf] e"–efu, pQ/L ef/t,aª\unfb]z / g]kfnsf] t/fO{nfO{ ;d]t ;d]6]/ x]g'{ cfjZos b]lvG5 .

ef}uf]lns cj:yfkfls:tfg x'Fb} ef/tsf] pQ/L laxf/, l;lnu'8L, cf;fd tyf g]kfnsf]t/fO{ / aª\unfb]zsf] d}bfgL e"efudf dfq c;fdfGo rL;f] a9]/ zLtnx/rNg] u/]sf] cWoogn] b]vfPsf] 5 . To;f] eP kxf8L If]qdf lsgzLtnx/ rNb}g eGg] k|Zg p7\g klg ;S5 . t/ l:y/ ¿kdf afSnf]s'lx/f] nfUg ef}uf]lns cj:yf / jfo'sf] rfkn] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{xug]{ x'Fbf kxf8L If]qdf zLtnx/ rNb}g eGg] lj1x¿sf] egfO 5 . oBlkkxf8L If]qsf pkTosf / a]F;Lx¿df afSnf] x':;' nfUg] u/]sf] 5 . To:tf]x':;' nfUbf t'ngfTds ¿kdf rL;f] x'g] eP klg t/fO{s} h:tf] zLtnx/eg] rNg] u/]sf] 5}g .

cToGt rL;f] x'g] ;fOa]l/osf] d?e"ldaf6 lxpFbdf rL;f] xfjf k"j{tkm{axG5 . Tof] rL;f] xfjf kfls:tfg x'Fb} ef/tsf] pQ/L If]qdf k|j]z u5{ .k"j{lt/ axg] qmddf klZrdL jfo' g]kfnsf] r'/] kj{t z[ª\vnfdf 7f]lSsG5 .To;/L cfˆgf]] axfadfu{df cj/f]w cfPkl5 To;n] cfˆgf] af6f] kl/jt{gu5{ / t/fO{sf] tNnf] jfo'd08nLo efudf km}lng yfN5 / lj:tf/} afSnf]s'lx/f]sf] ¿kdf x':;' ag]/ l:y/ /xG5 . r'/] kj{tdfnfn] klZrdaf6cfPsf] jfo'sf] axfadfu{ cj?4 u/]kl5 rL;f] jfo';Fu} cfPsf]] s'lx/f];d]t


To; kj{tdfnfeGbf tNnf] efud} hDdf x'G5 . o;/L w]/} rL;f] xfjfk"j{tkm{ ax]sf] cj:yfdf zLtnx/ w]/} If]qdf km}lnG5 eg] yf]/} rL;f] jfo'ax]sf] ;dodf ;Lldt If]qdf dfq /xG5 . ctM t/fO{sf] pQ/L l;dfgfdfkvf{nh:t} ag]/ k"j{–klZrd km}lnPsf] r'/] kj{t z[ª\vnfdf ;fOa]l/ogd?e"ldaf6 cfPsf] rL;f] jfo' 7f]lSsO{ blIf0fsf] t/fO{tkm{ y'lk|Fbf zLtnx/rNg ;'? u5{ .

jfo'd08nLo rfkjfo'sf] rfk sd ePsf] If]qdf s'lx/f] nfUb}g . jfo'sf] rfk sd ePsf]cj:yfdf afbndf bafa kb}{g / tnlt/ lylrg kfpFb}g . To:tf] jfo'cfsfzdf km}lnP/ kftlnG5 / cfsfz v'nf / ;kmf b]lvG5 . kxf8LIf]qdf jfo'sf] rfk sd x'g] ePsfn] / lxpFb] afbndf hnjfik sd x'g]x'Fbf afSnf] s'lx/f] l:y/ eP/ Ps} :yfgdf /xg] cj:yf pTkGg x'Fb}g .To;}n] hf8f] df};ddf kxf8lt/ obfsbf s'lx/f] nfluxfn] klg 5f]6f];dod} kftlng] / cfsfz pl3|P/ / 3fd nfUg] ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 .jfo'sf] rfk a9L x'g] kxf8sf a];L / vf]Fr / pkTosfdf eg] x':;' nfU5 .To:tf] If]qdf s]xL ;do x':;' nfu] klg t/fO{sf] h:tf] nfdf] ;do nfUb}g/ zLtnx/ klg rNb}g .

kxf8L If]qsf] t'ngfdf t/fO{sf] jfo'df cfb|{tf klg a9L x'g] rfk klg w]/}x'g] ljz]if1x¿sf] egfO /x]sf] 5 . r'/] kj{t z[ª\vnfeGbf tNnf] If]qsf]d}bfgL e"If]qdf jfo'sf] rfk w]/} x'g] x'Fbf klZrd ;fOa]l/ofb]lv axFb}cfPsf] rL;f] xfjf dflyNnf] txsf] jfo'sf] rfkaf6 lylrP/ afSnf] x'Fb}e";txlt/ em5{ . o:tf] cj:yfdf afXo If]qsf] jfo' ToxfF k:g] jf lelqg];Defjgf klg go"g x'G5, g tNnf] efusf] jfo' dflylt/ p7]/ km}lng g}g} kfpF5 . cTolws rfkdf k/]sf] tNnf] e";tx glhs}sf] xfjfsf] axfaultklg sd x'G5 . To;}n] x':;' l:y/ /xG5 o;/L jfo'sf] pRrrfk /x]sf]t/fO{If]qdf Pslqt eP/ afSnf] ag]sf] s'lx/f] ;Fu} klZrdaf6 axg]rL;f] xfjfn] zLtnx/ pTkGg u5{ .

xfjfsf] axfag]kfndf k"j{tkm{af6 rNg] xfjf tftf] x'g] ePsfn] hf8f] dlxgfdf klg k"jL{xfjf rNbf Gofgf] cg'ej x'G5 . zLtnx/sf] cj:yf pTkGg x'g s7ofª\lu|g]rL;f] xfjf rNg' k5{ h'g hf8f] dlxgfdf klZrdaf6 k"j{lt/ axG5 .


vf;u/L lxpFbdf rL;f] ag]sf] ;fOa]l/ofaf6 k"j{lt/ rNg] rL;f] xfjfkfls:tfg / ef/tsf] pQ/L v08 x'Fb} g]kfnsf] r'/] z[ª\vnfdf 7f]lSsP/t/fO{lt/ df]l8G5 . o; cj:yfdf cfoftg lng] jfo'sf] cˆgf] u'0fcg';f/a9L 3gTj ePsf] :yfgsf] jfo' sd 3gTj ePsf] :yfgtkm{ axG5 .To;}u/L pRrrfk ePsf] If]qsf] rL;f] jfo' g dflylt/ axg kfpF5, gt zfXo If]qdf g} km}lng kfpF5 . cfb|{tf tyf hnjfik ;lxtsf] rL;f]klZrdL jfo' ux|f}F x'g] ePsf]n] r'/]sf] sfF7df 7f]lSsP/ tnlt/ emg{ afWox'G5 . To;/L af6f] kl/jt{g u/]sf] jfo'nfO{ qmlds ¿kdf cfpg] klZrdLjfo'n] k5fl8af6 lg/Gt/ ws]N5 / la:tf/} k"j{lt/ g} axG5 . o;/LklZrdL If]qaf6 g]kfn k;]sf] zLtnx/ lj:tf/} ef/tsf] l;nLu'8L,cf;fd, aª\unfb]z x'Fb} Dofgdf/sf] ;LdfIf]q;Dd k'Ug] u/]sf] 5 .

jfo'd08nLo tfk ljkl/t cj:yfk[YjLsf] ;txaf6 hlt prfO a9\5 jfo'sf] tfkqmd / rfk klg To;}cg'kftdf sd x'Fb} hfG5 . ;fdfGotof jfo'd08nsf] tfkqmd 36\g] dfqfk|ltlsnf]ld6/ sl/a Ps l8u|L ;]lN;o; x'G5 . jfo'd08nsf] prfO;Fu}tfkqmd 36\g] oxL qmdn] jfo'd08ndf $) lsnf]ld6/eGbf dflysf]tfkqmd z"GoeGbf ^) l8u|L ;]lG6u|]8;Dd tn cyf{t dfOg; ^) l8u|Ltn em/]sf] x'G5 .

o;sf] 7Ls ljkl/t zLtnx/ rn]sf] ;dodf e";txsf] jfo'sf] tfkqmdw]/} tn em/]sf] x'G5 . afSnf] s'lx/f] nfu]sf] ;dodf To; s'lx/f]sf]dflyNnf] efusf]] tfkqmd tNnf] efusf] tfkqmds} xf/fxf/Ldf /x]sf] x'G5/ To;eGbf dflysf] jfo'd08ndf s'lx/f] jf x':;' gnfu]/ ;kmf cfsfzb]lvg] x'Fbf ToxfF 3fd nfu]sf] x'G5 hxfF /flknf] 3fdsf sf/0f tfkqmdtnsf] eGbf a9L /x]sf] x'G5 . o;af6 :ki6 x'G5, e";txb]lv hlt dflyuof] TolQ g} tfkqmd Go"g x'g' kg]{df dflyNnf] jfo'd08nsf] tfkqmd eg]tftf] x'G5 . o:tf] c;fdfGo cj:yfsf sf/0f jfo'd08nsf] ;fdfGol;4fGtsf] ljk/Lt afSnf] s'lx/f] dflysf] jfo'd08sf] tfkqmd a9L x'G5 .s'lx/f] nfu]sf] :yfgsf] jfo' To;eGbf dflysf] jfo'eGbf rL;f] ePsf] x'g]x'Fbf g dflylt/ p7\g ;S5 g t x':;'n] 3fdsf] k|sfz / tfknfO{ tnlt/l5g{ lbG5 . o;/L s'lx/f] nfu]sf] dflyNnf] If]qsf] jfo' jfo'd08nsf]tNnf] If]q xF'b} k[YjLsf] ;txtkm{ rL;f] nx/ pTkGg ub{} emb{5 . dflyaf6tnlt/ emb}{ k"jL{lbzftkm{ axg] rL;f] jfo'sf] l;/{l;/{ nx/n] zLtnx/sf]¿k lnP/ c;fdfGo rL;f] pTkGg u5{ .


hnjfo' kl/jt{gljZjJofkL pi0fLs/0fsf sf/0f eO/x]sf] hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] klgzLtnx/sf] ¿kdf kl/jt{g u/]sf] lj1x¿sf] wf/0ff 5 . ljZjJofkL¿kdf ePsf] cf}Bf]lus ljsf; / k|fs[lts ;|f]tdflysf] rfkn] jfo'k|b"if0fdfJofks j[l4 ePsf] 5 . o;n] k[YjLsf] pi0fLs/0fnfO{ tLj| dfq agfPsf]5}g jfo'd08nLo ultljlwdf ;d]t c;fdfGo kl/jt{g cfpg yfn]sf]5 . pBf]u / cGo dfgjLo ultljlwn] sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8, sfa{gdf]gf]cS;fO8, Snf]/f]̂ n'/f] sfa{gh:tf k|b"lift Uof;sf] pT;h{g lg/Gt/al9/x]sf] 5 . Pslt/, Snf]/f]̂ n'/f] sfa{gsf] pTkfbg / jfo'd08ndf x'g]lj;h{gn] cf]hf]gtx kftlnFb} uP/ k/fa}hgL ljls/0f l;w} k[YjLdf cfpg]qmd a9]sf] 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ jfo'd08ndf xl/tu[x Uof;sf] dfqf a9]/k[YjLaf6 tfk jfo'd08naflx/ hfg glbP/ tfkqmd j[l4 x'g] qmd al9/x]sf]5 . jfo'k|b"if0fsf] o; ljs/fn ;d:ofn] cltj[li6, cgfj[li6, v8]/Lh:tfljleGg k|sf]k a9fpg] / ltgsf] k|efjaf6 pTkGg x'g] cGo k|sf]ksf]z [ª \vnf r/0fa4¿kdf cfpg] s'/f lglj {jfb 5 . lgoldtcfsl:dstfcGtu{t x'g] jftfj/0fLo tTjx¿sf] lqmof–k|ltlqmofsf sf/0fe";txdf k|b"lift jfo'sf] rfk a9]/ zLtnx/ rn]sf] wf/0ff klgdf};dlab\x¿n] /fv]sf 5g\ . oBlk zLtnx/k|efljt kfls:tfg, ef/t,g]kfn / aª\unfb]zn] o; ljifodf cWoog eg] ug{ ;s]sf 5g}gg\ .

lxpFb]jiff{aª\unfb]z, ef/t / g]kfndf rNg] dg;'gL jiff{ k"jL{ jfo'af6 k|efljtx'g] u/]sf] 5 . aª\ufnsf] vf8Laf6 dg;'gL jfo' klZrdlt/ axFbfg]kfndf jiff{ x'G5 . t/ dª\l;/kl5sf] lxpb dlxgfdf klZrdL jfo'sf]k|efjaf6 dfq jiff{ x'g] u/]sf] 5 .

;fOa]l/og d?e"ldaf6 k"j{ axg] jfo'sf sf/0f g} zLtnz/ rNg] / ToxLjfo'sf sf/0f lxpFb] jiff{ klg x'g] ePsfn] zLtnx/ / lxpFb} jiff{aLr;DaGw /x]sf] dfGg ;lsG5 . o;sf ;fy} lxpFb} jiff{ ePkl5 nfdf] ;dozLtnx/ rNg] / jiff{ gePdf zLtnx/ 5f]6f] ;do dfq rNg] ljutsf]tYon] oL b'O{ 36gfaLr ;DaGw /x]sf] k'li6 u5{ . ljutsf jif{df rn]sf]zLtnx/sf] tYofª\ cg';f w]/} kfgL k/]sf] jif{ nfdf] ;do;Dd zLtnx/rn]sf] kfOPsf] 5 tfklg @)%( ;fndf lxpFb]jiff{ geO{ dlxgfF} nfdf];do;Dd zLtnx/ rn]sf] lyof] .


zLtnx/sf] k|efjtLg bzscl3;Dd klg zLtnx/sf] k|efjaf/] dflg; cgle1h:t}lyof] . s'g} s'g} jif{sf] hf8f] df};ddf afSnf] x':;' nfUg] s]xL dflg;lj/fdL x'g] tyf lxpFb]afnLsf] pTkfbg 36\g] cj:yf /x] klg To;k|ltdflg;sf] rf;f] sd ePsf] /xGYof] . ljut s]xL bzs otfaf6 dflg;dfo;;DaGwL hfgsf/L x'g yfn]sf] eP klg zLtnx/ klg Ps k|sf/sf]k|sf]khGo 36gf xf] eGg] 1fg eg] uPsf] rf/ jif{af6 dfq k|sfzdfcfPsf] 5 . zLtnx/af6 bh{gf}F dflg; d/] klg jf s/f]8f}Fsf] afnLpTkfbgdf c;/ kf/] klg ;/sf/n] ;d]t o;nfO{ ;fdfGo ?kdf lng]u/]sf] lyof] .

k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf If]qdf sfd ug]{ u};/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] zLtnx/ klgk|sf]khGo 36gf ePsfn] o;af/]sf] ax; cufl8 a9fpg' kg]{ tyfkLl8tnfO{ ;xof]u ug'{ kg]{ ljifo p7fpg yfn]kl5 cxn] zLtnx/nfO{klg ;/sf/n] k|sf]khGo 36gf dfg]sf] 5 . jf:tjdf zLtnx/n] gkTofpg]lsl;dn] hghLjg 7Kk agfpg] qmd a9\b} uPsf] 5 .

zLtnx/ rn]sf] ;dodf c;fdfGo rL;f] x'g] x'Fbf o;sf] k|efjaf6;Dk"0f{ hghLjg c;fdfGo ¿kdf k|efljt x'G5 . nfdf] ;do;Dd Ps}:t/sf] rL;f] lg/Gt/ /xg] ePsf sf/0f zfl//Ls ?kdf sdhf]/ dflg;a]xf]; x'g] / cGtdf d[To';d]t x'g] ;Defjgf /xG5 . zLtnx/sf] k|lts"nk|efj hghLjgsf] Ps kIfdf dfq kb}{g, o;af6 w]/} If]qdf Jofks c;/k5{, h;nfO{ lgDg cg';f/ lng ;lsG5 M

;fdflhs k|efjzLtnx/ t/fO{df rNg] ePsfn] o;sf] jf:tljs k|efj t/fO{af;Ldfk5{ . jif{sf] clwsf+z ;do udL{ x'g] / ;fdfGotof k'; tyf df3dfGofgf] xfjfkfgL x'g] o; If]qdf rL;f]af6 ;'/lIft /xg] pkfo ckgfpg'h?/L 7fGg] u/]sf] kfOFb}g . t/fO{af;Ln] hf8f] dlxgfsf nflu ;fdfGoGofgf] sk8fsf] hf]xf] ug]{ u/] klg clwsf+z dflg; To;k|lt ;r]t /x]sfx'Fb}gg\ . dWo lxpFbdf klg zLtnx/ grn]df ;fdfGo s'yf{, wf]tL, ;6,


KofG6h:tf ;'tL sk8fn] wfGg] ePsfn] afSnf] / w]/} Gofgf] sk8fsf]hf]xf] ug'{ cfjZos 7flgFb}g . t/ w]/} ;d'bfodf ul/aLsf sf/0f Gofgf]sk8f / zLtnx/af6 aRg] cGo pkfo cjnDag ug]{ Ifdtf geP/ klgdflg;df k|ToIf k|efj kg]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 .

x/]s jif{ d'n'sdf hfg] af9L / klx/f]af6 xhf/f}F dflg; 3/af/ljxLg x'g]u/]sf 5g\ . ljz]ifu/L t/fO{df a9Laf6 xhf/f}F kl/jf/ lj:yflkt eO/x]sfx'G5g\ . @)^$ ;fnsf] ;fpgsf] !$ ut];Dddf d'n'ssf #& xhf/kl/jf/sf ;jfnfv dflg; a9Laf6 lj:yflkt ePsf] cg'dfg ul/Psf]5 . af9Lsf] of] kL8f ;lsg gkfpFb} t/fO{df rNg] zLtnx/af6 tLlj:yflkt g} a9L k|efljt x'g] u/]sf] oyfy{nfO{ ljutsf] Oltxf;n] k'li6u5{ . o;y{ af9Lk|efljt ;d'bfosf] ;'/Iffsf ;Gbe{df ul/g] sfo{qmddfs]xL dlxgfkl5 x'g] csf]{ k|sf]khGo 36gfk|lt klg ;+j]bgzLn x'g'cfjZos 5 .

dfgjLo IfltGofgf] sk8fsf] hf]xf] ug{ g;Sg] ul/a kl/jf/sf w]/} ;b:o zLtnx/sf]k|ToIf k|efjdf kg]{ u/]sf 5g\ . x'g t h'g;'s} k|sf]ksf 36gfaf6 klgul/a ;LdfGt ;d'bfo g} kLl8t x'g] u/]sf 5g\, oBlk o;af6 klg ul/a;d'bfo g} a9L k|efljt x'g] u5{g\ . kf]if0fo'Qm vfgfsf] cefj / Gofgf]sk8f tyf tftf]sf nflu OGwgsf] sdLsf sf/0f clwsf+z dflg;n]d[To'sf] k~hfdf kg'{ k/]sf] 5 .

zLtnx/af6 g]kfndf olt dflg;sf] d[To' x'g] u/]sf] 5 eg]/ s'g} 7fpFdfcflwsfl/s tYofª\s /fVg] Joj:yf gePsfn] To:tf] tYofª\s pknAw5}g . pknAw s]xL cgf}krfl/s tYofª\scg';f/ @)^) ;fndf g]kfn,ef/t / aª\unfb]zdf rn]sf] zLtnx/df k/L] Hofg u'dfPsf nueu b'O{xhf/ dflg;dWo] *) hgf g]kfnsf lyP . ;f] jif{ g]kfndf sl/a Psdlxgf zLtnx/ rn]sf] lyof] . To;}u/L sl/a !% lbg rn]sf] @)^@;fnsf] zLtnx/sf sf/0f sl/a &) hgfsf] d[To' ePsf] cg'dfgul/Psf] 5 .

hg:jf:Yodf ;d:ofzLtnx/ rn]sf] a]nf rL;f]sf sf/0f x'g] /f]udf cTolws j[l4 x'G5 .rL;f] ;xg] Ifdtfsf] cefj ePsf ;fdfGo /f]uL JolQmsf] Hofg klg


rL;f]s} sf/0f hfG5 . hf8f]sf sf/0f aflx/ lxF88'n ug{ sl7g x'g] x'Fbf3/af/Ldf ug'{ kg]{ b}lgs sfo{df klg cj/f]w l;h{gf x'G5 . lgDg:t/sf]cfly{s cj:yf ePsf dflg;n] cfˆgf] b}lgs /f]huf/L;d]t ug{ g;Sgfn]ef]sd/Lsf] kL8f ;xg'kg]{ cj:yf pTkGg x'G5 g}, nfdf] ;do;DdzLtnx/ rNbf vfg} gkfP/ k|f0f TofUg] cj:yf klg cfPsf] kfOG5 . s}of}Fa"9f–a"9L / s]6fs]6L vfBfGgsf] cefjsf sf/0f k|tfl8t x'G5g\ /s'kf]if0fsf] l;sf/ aG5g\ .

zLtnx/sf] ;d:of;Fu} hg:jf:Yo;DaGwL b]lvg] ljleGg ;d:of;Fuclwsf+z ;/sf/L lgsfo cgle1h:t} /x]sf] 5 . zLtnx/ rn]sf];dodf t/fO{ If]qdf lgdf]lgof, sf]N8 8fOl/of, bdnufotsfZjf;k|Zjf;;DaGwL ;d:ofn] lgs} hl6n ;d:of pTkGg u/]sf] x'G5 .oBlk o:tf ;d:ofnfO{ st} klg clen]vsf ¿kdf /fVg] k|rng 5}g /cfkTsfnLg pkrf/sf] Joj:yf x'g ;s]sf] klg b]lvFb}g .

zLtnx/sf ;dodf k|efljt If]qsf afnaflnsf / a"9fa"9L / lj/fdLn]:jf:Yo;DaGwL ;d:ofsf] ;fdgf ug'{ k5{ . hf8f]n] s]6fs]6Ldf lgdf]lgof/ j[¢x¿df bd, Zjf;k|Zjf;sf] ;d:of a9L b]lvg] u5{ . ljutsft'ngfdf zLtnx/sf] rfk a9\b} uPsf] / ;d:of klg lg/Gt/ a9\b} uPsf];Gbe{df ;/sf/, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / gful/s ;dfhn] rgfvf] x'g' h?/Lb]lvPsf] 5 .

cfly{s If]qdf IfltzLtnx/n] b}lgs dfgj hLjgdf kfg]{ k|efj t 5Fb}5, o;sf] k|lts"nk|efjsf] ;fdgf ;du| cy{tGqn] ;d]t ug'{ kg]{ l:ylt pTkGg x'G5 .zLtnx/n] vf;u/L lxpFbdf nufOg] t/sf/L, t]nxg / cGo gub]afnL/ vfBfGgdf k|lts"n k|efj kf5{ . o;af6 kz'kfng Joj;fo, cf}Bf]lusIf]q, :yn tyf xjfO oftfoft, Jofkf/–Jojf;fodf ;d]t k|lts"n k|efjkg]{ u5{ . o;/L zLtnx/n] ax'cfoflds ¿kdf cfly{s Iflt k'¥ofpg]x'Fbf b]zsf] cy{tGq;d]t k|efljt ePsf] 5 .

s[lif If]q

ux'F lxpFbdf nufOg] k|d'v vfBfGg afnL xf] . tf]/LnfO{ d'n'sdf t]nsf]


dfu k"lt{ ug]{ dxŒjk"0f{ gub]afnLsf ¿kdf lnOG5 . d'n'ssf ljleGg;x/L If]q / ef/t;Dd lgof{t x'g] ljleGg hftsf t/sf/Lsf] v]tL klglxpFbd} x'g] u5{ .

hf8f]df pTkfbg x'g] ux'F, tf]/L, cfn', km"n uf]eL, aGbf uf]eL, a|f]sfpnL,v';f{gL, n;'g, Kofhh:tf afnLn] nfdf] ;do rNg] zLtnx/sf] ;fdgfug{ ;Sb}gg\ . To;df klg tf]/L / cfn', uf]eLh:tf t/sf/L zLtnx/af6cTolws k|efljt eP/ ltgsf] pTkfbgdf *) b]lv () k|ltzt;Ddx|f; cfpg] u/]sf] 5 . nuftf/ t';f/f]h:tf] jiff{ x'g] zLtnx/ nfdf];do;Dd sfod /x]df rL;f] ;xg;Sg] ux'Fsf] pTkfbg;d]t &) k|ltzteGbfw]/} x|f; x'g] u5{ .

nfdf] ;do;Dd w'Dd k/]/ x':;' nfUg] x'Fbf jg:kltsf] k|sfz;+Zn]if0fk|lqmof ca?4 x'G5 . kl/0ffd:j?k nufOPsf afnLsf la?jfn] df6f]af6kf]ifstŒj u|x0f ug{ ;Sb}g . To:t} lxpFb] afnLsf kft cToGt} sf]dnx'G5g\, hf] rL;f] ;xg g;s]/ v'd|L k/]/ / cf]OnfP/ dg{ yfN5 . df};dLlx;fan] lxpFb dlxgf t/fO{df cfn', tf]/L, ux'F / w]/} k|sf/sf t/sf/Lv]tL nufpg] ;do eP klg ToxL ;dodf zLtnx/ rNg] x'Fbf tL anLk"/} gi6 eP/ pTkfbg g} z"Go x'g] u/]sf] 5 . zLtnx/af6 lxpFb] afnLdfcTolws k|efj kg]{ eP klg o;n] slt cGgafnL gi6 kf5{ / To;af6cy{tGqdf s:tf] c;/ kg]{ u/]sf] 5 eGg] ljifodf xfn;Dd s'g} cWoogx'g g;s]sf] sf/0f Iflt jf:tljs tYofª\s ;d]t pknAw 5}g .

kz'kfng Joj;foxKtf}F;Dd x':;' nfUbf 3/kfn'jf kz'sf] ;d]t x]/rfx ug{ sl7gfO{ pTkGgx'G5 . hf8f]sf sf/0f b'Anf / sdhf]/ zfl//Ls cj:yf ePsf kz' dg{klg ;S5g\ . kz'sf nflu Gofgf] uf]7, kf]lifnf] vfg]s'/f / tftf] v]n]Vjfpg ;Sg] cj:yf gePsf kl/jf/ jf ;d'bfosf 3/kfn'jf kz' dg]{;Defjgf x'G5 .

cTolws rL;f]sf] ;fdgf ug{ ufO{j:t'nfO{ klg dflg;nfO{ h:t} tftf] /kf]if0fo'Qm vfg]s'/fsf] cfjZostf k5{ eGg] hfgsf/L clwsf+z dflg;dfx'Fb}g . kl/0ffd:j?k zLtnx/ rNg] ;dodf ufOuf]?sf] uf]7, afv|f,s'v'/f, aª\u'/ cflb kz'sf] vf]/nfO{ af/a]/ u/]/ Gofgf] agfpg] rngHofb} sd 5 . To;}n] zLtnx/ rn]sf] ;dodf ;Dk"0f{ hghLjg c:tJo:t


x'g] / ;fdfGo cj:yfdf h:t} 3/kfn'jf kz'sf] plrt x]/rfx x'g g;Sg]x'Fbf sltko kz'wgsf] gf]s;fg x'g] u/]sf] 5 . u|fdL0f If]qdf v]tLsf];xfos Joj;fosf ¿kdf kflng] kz'sf nflu plrt / Gofgf]] uf]7sf]Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] la/n} dfq b]Vg kfOG5 . w]/}h;f] v'nf 7fpFdf uf]7x'g] x'Fbf klg rL;f] / vfg]s'/fsf] cefjaf6 w]/} 3/kfn'jf hgfj/ d5{g\ .o;/L s[lifIf]q;Fu cfa4 kz'kfng Joj;fo klg zLtnx/sf] k|lts"nk|efjaf6 d'Qm /xg ;Sg] cj:yf b]lvFb}g .

snsf/vfgf tyf cGo Joj;fozLtnx/ rn]/ rL;f] a9]kl5 dflg;sf] b}lgs hLjgk4ltdf c;/ kg]{x'Fbf sfdsf nflu aflx/ lg:sg c;dy{ x'g' c:jefljs xf]Og . sltkocf}Bf]lus k|lti7fgdf rL;f]sf] ;fdgfsf nflu Gofgf] jftfj/0f agfpg]Joj:yf gx'g ;S5 . To; cj:yfdf sfdbf/ tyf sd{rf/L sfddfpkl:yt x'g ;Sb}gg\ . o; cj:yfdf pBf]u, snsf/vfgf tyf Jofkf/–Joj;fo 7Kk x'g] jf dGb x'g] ;Defjgf x'G5 . w]/} rL;f]df pBf]u tyfsf/vfgfsf d]l;g rnfpg klg sl7g x'G5 . ctM pBf]usf d]l;g rNgtftf] jftfj/0f agfpg yk cfly{s nufgL a9fpg' kg]{ x'G5 . kl/0ffd:j?kpTkflbt j:t'sf] nfut a9]/ dxFuLsf] ;Defjgf a9fpF5 . o;/L Pstkm{pBf]u ;~rfng x'g g;s]/ jf sd rn]/ pTkfbg 36\5 eg] csf]{tkm{pTkflbt j:t'sf] d"No a9]/ gful/s ;dfhn] dxFuLsf] ;fdgf ug'{ kg]{cj:yf pTkGg x'G5 .

oftfoft If]sf] k|efj

:ynoftfoftzLtnx/ rn]sf] ;dodf k[YjLsf] ;txb]lv g} afSnf] s'lx/f]n] 9fs]/glhs}sf] j:t' klg b]Vg g;lsg] cfj:yf pTkGg x'G5 . o; cj:yfdf/fhdfu{df rNg] nfdf] b"/Lsf ;jf/L;fwg dfq xf]Og ;x/L If]qdf rNg]5f]6f] b"/Lsf ;jf/L ;fwg klg b3{6gfdf k5{g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf:ynoftfoftsf ;fwg clt sd ultdf rnfpFbf;d]t af6f] b]Vg sl7gx'G5 . zLtnx/ grNg] t/ afSnf] s'lx/f] nfUg] g]kfnsf cGo If]qdf klgw]/} oftfoft b'3{6gf x'g] u/]sf ;dfrf/ k|sfzdf cfpF5g\ . oBlk,zLtnx/sf] afSnf] s'lx/f] nfu]sf a]nf b'3{6gfsf] ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 .


o;af6 hgwgsf] 7"nf] Iflt x'g ;S5 .

xjfOoftfoftxjfOhxfhsf] p8fg / cjt/0f ug]{ sfo{df zLtnx/n] w]/} ;d:ofpTkGg ub{5 . afSnf] s'lx/f] nfUbf xjfOhxfhsf] p8fg eg{ / cjt/0fug{ gldNg] cj:yf cfpF5 . jfo'sf] rfk, jfo'sf] tfkqmd, jfo'df hnjfiksf]dfqfh:tf hnjfo'sf ultljlwsf sf/0f ;+j]bgzLn oftfoft dflgg]xjfO oftfoft klg k|efljt x'G5 . xjfO{ oftfoftdf ptkGg cj/f]wn]o; ;]jf pbf]un] klg 7"nf] cfly{s Ifltsf] ;fdgf ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .

jftfj/0f cksif{0fzLtnx/af6 k|efljt x'g] g]kfnsf] t/fO{If]qdf ul/a tyf ljkGg ju{sf]cTolws a;f]]af; /x]sf] 5 . To; If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{ ;a} ju{sfkl/jf/n] c;fdfGo rL;f]sf] cj:yf pTkGg xf]nf eg]/ Gofgf] n'uf,pko'Qm a;f]af; / kf]if0fo'Qm vfgfsf] Joj:yf ldnfPsf x'Fb}gg\ . PsfPszLtnx/ rn]/ rL;f] a9]kl5 u|fdL0f afl;Gbf s[lifpTkfbgaf6 pT;lh{t3'¥ofg, bfp/f, 6fo/ / cTolws jfo'k|b"if0f ug]{ Knfl:6s / l;Gy]l6skbfy{;d]t afn]/ cfuf] tfKg ljjz x'G5g\ . o:tf k|b"if0fhGo j:t' afn]/cfuf] tfKbf lg:sg] xflgsf/s w"jfF / Uof;sf sf/0f Zjf;k|Zjf;;DaGwL/f]usf] ;ª\qmd0f a9\5 . zLtnx/n] k|efljt ug]{ jfo'sf] pRrrfkLo If]qx'g] x'Fbf of] k|b"lift w"jfFnfO{ jfo'n] lyr]/ tnlt/} /fVb5 / o;af6 /f]udfj[l4 x'G5 .

zLtnx/ rn]sf] ;dodf jg:kltsf] k|sfz;+zn]if0f k|lqmofdf cj/f]wptkGg eP/ jg:kltsf] j[l4b/ jf k'g?Tkfbgdf x|f; cfpF5 . 3fF;sf]cefj eP/ clwsf+z zfsfxf/L hLj ;ª\s6df k5{g\ . To;sf] k|ToIf jfck|ToIf k|efj cGo df+;fxf/L hgfj/df klg k5{ . To;}u/L rL;f]sf]lg/Gt/tfn] sltko jGohGt'df ;d]t k|lts"n k|efj k/]/ ;du| h}ljsljljwtf ;ª\s6fkGg x'g] ;defjgf /xG5 .


zLtnx/sf] ;fdgf tyfJoj:yfkg

zLtnx/ hf8f] dlxgfdf k|fs[lts sf/0faf6 pTkGg x'g] jfojLo k|sf]kxf] . ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt, jfo'sf] axfa, jfo'sf] rfk, jfo'd08nLo tfkqmdsf]cj:yf, ljZj jftfj/0fdf eO/x]sf] kl/jt{g tyf hnfjo' kl/jt{gsf]k|efjsf sf/0f zLtnx/ rNg] ePsfn] o;nfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ ;fdYo{dflg;;Fu 5}g tfklg o;sf] k|sf]kaf6 aRg / Iflt Go"g ug{ eg];lsG5 . zLtnx/sf] k|sf]kaf6 x'g] Iflt Go"gLs/0f ug{ ljz]if rgfvf];fy sfd u/]df o;n] k'¥ofO/x]sf] Ifltdf w]/} xb;Dd sd u/pg;lsG5 . o;sf nflu k"j{tof/L ug'{ k5{ eg] zLtnx/ rn]sf] ;dodfs]xL zts{tf ckgfpg' k5{ .

k"j{tof/LzLtnx/ rNg] ;do cufj} o;af6 aRg s]–s:tf tof/L ug'{kb{5 eg]/hfgsf/L lnO{ c;fdfGo rL;f]af6 aRg / Iflt Go"gLs/0f ug{cfjZostfcg';f/ aGbf]a:t ldnfpg' g} o;af6 aRg] pQd pkfo xf] .x/]s jif{sf] dª\l;/sf] clgtd ;ftfaf6 k|f/de x'g] o; k|sf]kaf6 aRga]n}df Gofgf] n'ufsf] aGbf]a:t ug'{ k5{ . o;sf cltl/Qm cfk\mgf] 3/–sf]7f tftf] agfpg] aGbf]a:t ug'{ k5{ . o;/L 3/–sf]7f tftf] agfpg]Joj:yf ubf{ sd k|b"if0f gx'g] OGwgsf] k|of]u ug'{ jftfj/0fLo /hg:jf:Yosf b[li6n] klg /fd|f] x'G5 . hf8f]df cfuf] tfKg] nIon] Knfl:6s,6fo/, l;Gy]l6ssf] k|of]u ePsf j:t' afNg' /fd|f] x'Fb}g . zLtnx/ rNg'eGbfklxn] g} ;fdfGo bfp/fsf] agbf]a:t ug]{, ;f}o{pmhf{ tyf ljB'tLopmhf{sf] aGbf]j:t ug'{ k5{ . zLtnx/af6 aRg / kl/jf/ tyf 5/l5d]sf;b:onfO{ arfpg lgDcg';f/sf] k"j{tof/L ug'{ k5{ M

zLtnx/sf af/]df hfgsf/L lng] / 5/l5d]sdf ;d]t o;sf]k|efj tyf aRg] pkfosf af/]df cfjZos hfgsf/L lbO{ hgr]tgfa9fpg] .


zltnx/ rNg'eGbf cufj} Gofgf] sk8fsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

tftf]sf] Joj:yf ug{ w]/} k|b"if0f gug]{ OGwgsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

3/nfO{ /fd|/L af/a]/ u/]/ rL;f] xfjf l;w} leq k:g g;Sg]agfpg] .

kf]lifnf] vfBfGg, vf;u/L u]8fu'8L / k|f]l6go'Qm vfBj:t'sf] aGbf]j:tug]{ .

ufO{a:t' tyf 3/kfn'jf kz'sf] uf]7 / vf]/ rL;f] l;/]6f] l;w} l5g{g;Sg]u/L /fd|/L af/a]/ ug]{ .

gi6 x'g ;Sg] t/sf/L / cgo afnLnfO{ 5f]k]/ ;'/lIft /fVgKnfl:6s, ;'s]sf] k/fn jf ;f]Q/sf] aGbf]a:t ldnfO/fVg] .

zLtnx/ rn]sf] cj:yfdf

dfgjLo ;'/Iff

zLtnx/ rn]sf] ;dodf rL;f]af6 aRg zts{tf;fy sfd ug'{ k5{ . o;k|sf]kaf6 sdhf]/ jf ue{jtL tyf ;'ts]/L dlxnf, afnaflnsf, a"9fa"9L,czQm / lj/fdL a9L k|efljt x'g5g\ . To:tf sdhf]/ ;b:osf] ;'/Iffub}{ cfk\mg} klg ;'/Iffsf nflu lgDgs'/fdf Wofg lbg' k5{ M

zLtnx/ rNbf 3/sf] 5tdf /flvPsf] 6\ofª\sLsf] kfgL Hofb} rL;f]x'G5 . To;/L rL;f] ePsf] kfgLn] g'xfpFbf s;}–s;}sf] :gfo'k|0ffnLdfc;/ kg{ uO{ d[To';d]t x'g ;S5 . To;}n] ztnx/ rn]sf] jfrL;f] w]/} a9]sf] ;dodf tftf] kfgLn] g'xfpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg'k5{ . 6\ofª\sLdf hDdf ePsf] kfgLsf] t'ngfdf e"ldut kfgLck]Iffs[t tftf] x'G5 . To;}n] kfgL ttfP/ g'xfpg g;lsg] ePdf6\o'aj]naf6 kfgL tfg]/ g'xfpg ;lsG5 . t/ ue{jtL jf ;'Ts]/Ldlxnf, la/fdL, a"9fa"9L, afnaflnsfnfO{ kfgL ttfP/} g'xfpgnufpg' k5{ .

w]/} rL;f] a9]sf] cj:yfdf z/L/nfO{ tftf] agfpg] u/d jf Gofgf]x'g] sk8f nufpg' k5{ . To;sf ;fy} tftf] kfgL, u]8fu'8Lsf]emf]n, tfultnf] vfg]s'/f k|z:t dfqfdf vfg' / lkpg' k5{ .

w]/} rL;f] ;xg ug{ ug{ g;Sg] sdhf]/ dflg; zLtnx/sf] rL;f]n]


a]xf]; x'g] jf s7\ofª\lu|P/ dg]{ ;d]t ;Defjgf /xG5 . To:tfdflg;nfO{ Gofgf] n'uf nufOlbO{ tftf] emf]nkbfy{ lkpg lbg], cfuf]afn]/ Gofgf] ttfpg] / z/L/df t]n dfln; ul/lbP/ ;'/lIft /fVg;lsG5 . cfGtl/s jf 3/fo;L k|of;af6 lj/fdLnfO{ nfe gk'u]dfpkrf/sf nflu tTsfn} :jf:Yorf}sL tyf c:ktfn n}hfg' k5{ .

z/L/df t]n nufpgfn] rL;f] ufl8g] jf leq k;]/ s7\ofª\lu|g]hf]lvd lgoGq0f x'G5 . To;}n] ;'ts]/L jf ue{jtL dlxnf, sdhf]/,czQm, afnaflnsf / a"9fa"9L;lxt tGb'?:t dflg;n] klg z/L/dft]n dfln; ug'{ >]o:s/ x'G5 . t]nn] z/L/sf] tfkqmd l:y/ /fVg]tyf rL;f] leq k:gaf6 lgoGq0f u5{ .

rL;f]n] s]6fs]6L, /f]uL, ue{jtL dlxnf / zf/Ll/s ¿kn] sdhf]/dflg;nfO{ l56} / cTolws xflg ug]{ x'Fbf ltgLx¿sf] x]/rfxdfljz]if Wofg k'¥ofpg' k5{ .

3/kfn'jf hgfj/sf] x]/rfx

zLtnx/sf] k|efjaf6 3/kfn'jf hgfj/ klg hf]lvddf /x]sf x'G5g\ .t/fO{sf] xfjfkfgL pi0fk|b]zLo hnjfo'h:t} x'g] ePsfn] To; If]qdfkflnPsf kz'n] w]/} rL;f] ;xg ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . To;}n] zLtnx/ nfu]sf];dodf tftf] hnjfo'df x's{g] hftsf ufO{, e}F;L, uf]?, afv|f, s'v'/f /aª\u'/h:tf 3/kfn'jf hgfj/ klg dg]{ ;Defjgf /xG5 . To;af6 u|fdL0fs[ifsn] yk cfly{s Ifltsf] ;fdgf ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .

o:tf] gf]S;fgLaf6 aRg ;dod} ufO{a:t'sf] uf]7 tyf vf]/nfO{ :ofpnf,k/fn, ux'Fsf] 5\jfnL, ds}sf] 9f]8 cflbn] /fd|f];Fu af/a]/ u/]/ uf]7 /vf]/sf] ;'/Iff ug'{ k5{ . zLtnx/ rn]sf] ;dodf kz'nfO{ k/fn, kf]if0fo'Qmbfgf, tftf] vf]n] jf g'gkfgL v'jfpg' k5{ . zLtnx/sf ;dodf hldgklg rL;f] x'g] ePsfn] uf]7 / vf]/df k/fn, e"; jf s[lif3'¥ofgsf] ;f]Q/cf]5\ofpg' k5{ eg] lgoldt ¿kdf esf/f] ;f]/]/ uf]7 / vf]/nfO{ ;kmf/fVg' k5{ .

cGgafnLsf] ;+/If0f

zLtnx/ rn]sf] ;dodf ;"o{sf] k|sfz hldg;Dd cfpg ;Sb}g .o;af6 af]6la?jfsf] k|sfz;+Zn]if0f k|lqmof cj?4 x'G5 . o;sf cltl/Qm


sdnf] kft ePsf gub]afnL / t/sf/Lsf la?jfn] cTolw rL;f] ;xgug{ ;Sb}gg\ . rL;f]n] kft v'Olng], lhª\lu|ª\u kg]{ / h/f;d]t s'lxP/dg]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . ljz]ifu/L cfn' / tf]/Lsf] pTkfbg () k|ltzteGbfw]/} x|f; cfPsf] kfOG5 . cGo t/sf/L / ux'Fsf] pTkfbgdf klg %) b]lv*) k|ltzt x|f; cfpg] u/]sf] 5 . o;/L pTkfbg 36\g] qmdnfO{ k"0f{?kdf lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf sd eP klg zLtnx/af6 x'g]cGgafnLsf] IfltnfO{ w]/} xb;Dd Go"g ug{ eg] ;lsG5 . o;sf lgldQlgDg ljifodf Wofg lbg' h?/L x'G5 M

cfn', tf]/L / rL;f] ;xg g;Sg] hftsf t/sf/LnfO{ t/sf/LnfO{xn'sf Knfl:6sn] 5f]Kg]

;Dej eP;Dd zLtnx/sf] x':;'nfO{ aflx/} /f]Sg xl/tu[x agfpg] .o:tf] 3/ agfpFbf ufOa:t'sf] uf]7h:tf] agfP/ dfly / jl/kl/af6Knfl:6sn] a]g'{ k5{ . o:tf] 3/n] zLtnx/nfO{ leq k:g lbFb}g,a? 3fd nfluxfn]df tfknfO{ leq k:g lbP/ af]6la?jf x's{gof]Uotfk ;~ro u5{ . o:tf] uf]7nfO{ k/fn, 5\jfnL jf cGo s[lif3'¥ofgn] klg af/a]/ ug{ ;lsG5 .

e/v/} /f]lkPsf] aLpsf] pld|g] IfdtfnfO{ arfpg, ;'s]sf] k/fn,ux'Fsf] 5\jfFnL, kftkltª\u/h:tf s[lif 3'¥ofgn] 5f]lklbg' k5{ .

w]/} 7"nf] If]qdf nufOPsf] afnLsf] ;'/Iffsf nflu s[lif–k|fljlws;Fu;Nnfx lnP/ rL;f]af6 arfpg] cf}iflw 5g'{ k5{ . ljz]ifu/L tf]/L,cfn' / t/sf/L v]tLnfO{ zLtnx/af6 arfpg k|of]u x'g] cf}iflwahf/df kfpg ;lsG5 . o:tf] cf}iflwsf] u'0f:t/, k|of]usf] ljlw /;'/Iffsf pkfoaf/] k|fljlws;Fu ;Nnfx lng' h?/L x'G5 .

ljljw ;ts{tf

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x'Fb}g . To;}u/L ue{jtL tyf ;'Ts]/L / aRrfsf] x]/rfxdf ljz]if Wofglbg' h?/L x'G5 .

^= pk;+xf/g]kfnsf] t/fO{ If]qdf dª\l;/sf] clGtd ;ftf jf k';b]lv df3;DdzLtnx/ rN5 . o;sf] k|efjIf]q kfls:tfg, ef/tsf] pQ/L If]q, g]kfn,aª\unfb]z x'Fb} Dofgdf/sf] ;Ldf;Dd /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . o;nfO{ af9L,klx/f], x'/Latf;, cfunfuL, e'OFrfnf] /dxfdf/Ln] h:t} 7"nf] Iflt k'¥pg]k|sf]ksf ?kdf lng] ul/Psf] 5}g . t}klg o;n] sd gf]s;fgL ub}{g .Gofgf] n'uf / kf]lifnf] vfgfsf] cefj em]ln/x]sf ul/a ;d'bfosf] Hofgg} hfg] / t/fO{df pTkfbg x'g] lxpFb] afnLnfO{ o;n] k|ToIf ¿kdf Ifltk'¥ofpg] x'Fbf o;af6 x'g] IfltnfO{ sd cfFSg ldNb}g . s]xL jif{otfaf6zLtnx/nfO{ ;/sf/n] klg k|sf]ksf] >]0fLdf /fv]sf] x'Fbf o;k|lt ;/sf/sf];d]t Wofg uPsf] oyfy{nfO{ c:jLsf/ ug{ ;lsFb}g . oBlk clwsf+z:yfgLo lgsfon] o;k|lt ;+j]bgzLn eP/ rf;f] b]vfpg ;s]sf] kfOFb}g .

zLtnx/af6 dflg;sf] 3/af/ jf hldg g} gi6 x'g] xf]Og . o;sf]k|efjaf6 tTsfn nufOPsf afnLgfnL gi6 ug]{, 3/kfn'jf hgfj/ dg]{/ czQm, sdhf]/ tyf /f]uL dflg;sf] Hofg hfg] ;Defjgf /xG5 .zLtnx/n] k|ToIf bL3{sfnLg ;d:of pTkGg gu/] klg ck|ToIf ¿kdfTo;sf] k|efj bL3{sfn;Dd /lx/xG5 . w]/} vr{ nfUg] ePsfn] zLtnx/sf]k"j{;"rgf lbg]] /]l8of];f]G8 oGqsf] Joj:yf ;/sf/n] ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g .o;tkm{, ;/sf/n] Wofg k'¥ofpg' cfjZos 5 . hgwgsf] Iflt ug]{ Psk|sf]khGo 36gf ePsfn] o;af6 gful/snfO{ ;'/Iff k|bfg ug{ ;/sf/n]cu|ufdL sbd rfNg' kg]{ b]lvG5 eg] ;d'bfon] klg cfˆgf] :jf:Yo /v]tLkftLsf] ;'/Iffk|lt rgfvf] x'g' h?/L 5 .


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13. cold wave dks 13