15 Selected Units of English through the News …...Masami Takahashi Noriko Itoh Richard Powell Asahi Press 15 Selected Units of English through the News Media [égûu( g, ―2019

Masami TakahashiNoriko Itoh

Richard Powell

Asahi Press

15 Selected Units ofEnglish through the News Media

―2019 Edition―

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記事提供The New York Times

The Japan TimesAssociated Press

Kyodo

写真提供アフロ：The New York Times／ロイター／

AP／Redux／DeA Picture Library／Kyodo News

地図ヨシオカユリ

15 Selected Units of English through the News Media ―2019 Edition―Copyright © 2019 by Asahi Press

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from authors and the publisher.

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は　し　が　き

　本書は、世界のニュースを通して Reading, Listening, Speaking, Writing のバランスのとれた学習が効果的にできるように工夫してあります。2017年10月：日本は人口統計学的スイート・スポット；パキスタンで学校危機、11月：言語問題で北アイルランドが分裂、2018年１月：イェール大学の人気講義；ロヒンギャの若者には今も恐怖が；サッカーの元スター選手がリベリアの正当な新大統領に、２月：将棋の世界で「神様」対「天才」の頂上対決；ビットコインがキャンパスに、３月：「米国第一」経済の問題点；銃規制の実行を求めて数千人が教室から街頭行進へ；収拾が付かない多言語国家；ゴッホの日本熱；チートスの激辛味が食べられずに魚ばかりで喪失感を味わう；サウジアラビアで規制緩和；イスラム教についてのドイツのやり方は間違い；紛争でヨーロッパの時計が遅れている、４月：大谷選手が大リーグ初登板、６奪三振で勝利投手まで世界中のニュースを満載しております。　The New York Times, The New York Times International Edition, The Japan Times から社会・文化・政治経済・情報・言語・教育・科学・医学・環境・娯楽・スポーツなどのあらゆる分野を網羅しましたので、身近に世界中のニュースに触れ、読み、聞き、話し、書く楽しさを育みながら、多角的にそして複眼的に英語運用力が自然に培われるように意図しています。　15課より構成され、各課に新聞記事読解前にBefore you readを設けました。本文の内容が予想できる写真と、どこにあるかを示す地図と国の情報を参照しながら自由に意見交換をします。次の Words and Phrases では、記事に記載されている単語や熟語とそれに合致する英語の説明を選び、あらかじめ大事な語の理解を深めて行きます。Summaryでは記事の内容を予想しながら、５語を適当な箇所に記入して要約文を完成させます。記事読解前では難しいようであれば、読解後に活用しても良いと思います。さらに、記事に関連した裏話も載せました。記事の読解にあたり、わかり易い註釈を記事の右端に付け、理解度をチェックするための Multiple Choice, True or False, 記事に関連した語法を学ぶVocabularyと豊富に取り揃えました。Summaryと記事がそのまま音声化されたファイルをウェブ上にあげています。多方面に渡る記事やExercisesを活用して、英字新聞に慣れ親しみ、使っていただけることを望んでいます。　今回テキスト作成に際して、お世話になりました朝日出版社社長原雅久氏、編集部の日比野忠氏、小川洋一郎氏に心からお礼申し上げます。

　2018年10月高橋　優身伊藤　典子

Richard Powell

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CONTENTS

01.日本は人口統計学的スイート・スポット………………………………………………………………………·…2… Japan’s demographic sweet spot

02.… パキスタンで学校危機………………………………………………………………………………………………………·…8 The crisis in Pakistan’s schools

03.… 幸福になるよりも「幸福になる方法」の講義を受ける方が簡単か？… 学生殺到……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………·…·…14 Easier Taught Than Done? Yale’s Most Popular Class Tackles Happiness

04.… ｢米国第一」経済の問題点………………………………………………………………………………………………·…·…20 The Case for ‘America First’ Economics

05.… 銃規制の実行を求めて数千人が教室から街頭行進へ…………………………………………………··…26 Thousands Walk Out of Class, Urging Action on Gun Control

06.… 収拾が付かない多言語国家……………………………………………………………………………………………·…·…32 A Linguistic Melting Pot That Can Still Boil Over

… 言語問題で北アイルランドが分裂 Language issue divides Northern Ireland

07.… ゴッホの日本熱…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………·…·…38 Van Gogh’s obsession with Japan

08.… チートスの激辛味が食べられずに魚ばかりで喪失感を味わう…………………………………··…44 Fish Instead of Flamin’ Hot Cheetos, and Feeling Lost

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　 ii 　

09.… 大谷選手の大リーグ初登板　６奪三振で勝利投手……………………………………………………·…·…50 Ohtani fans six, earns victory in MLB pitching debut

… 将棋の世界で「神様」対「天才」の頂上対決… Shogi showdown pits game’s ‘god’ against its ‘genius’

10.… サウジアラビアで規制緩和……………………………………………………………………………………………·…·…56… Saudi Arabia lightens up

11.… ビットコインがキャンパスに…………………………………………………………………………………………·…·…62 Bitcoin comes to campus

12.… ロヒンギャの若者には今も恐怖が…………………………………………………………………………………·…·…68… Horrors still await young Rohingya

13.… サッカーの元スター選手がリベリアの正当な新大統領に…………………………………………·…·…74… Liberia Hails New President: A Soccer Star, Duly Elected

14.… イスラム教についてのドイツのやり方は間違い…………………………………………………………·…·…80… The wrong way for Germany to debate Islam

15.… 紛争でヨーロッパの時計が遅れている…………………………………………………………………………·…·…86… Dispute slows Europe’s clocks

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15 Selected Units of

English through the News Media

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2　English through the News Media

大手企業による面接が解禁され、受付に並ぶ学生たち。 Photo: Kyodo News

Unit 1●日本は人口統計学的スイート・スポット

Before you read

Japan　日本国面積　377,961.73km2

人口　126,530,000人　　　日本民族　98.5%　　　朝鮮人　0.5%　　　中国人　0.4%首都　東京都最大都市　大阪市　（昼間人口）　　　　　横浜市　（夜間人口）　　　　　東京都23区部GDP　４兆9,386億ドル（世界３位）公用語　なし、事実上日本語宗教　無宗教信者　52%　　　仏教　35%　/ 神道　４%　　　キリスト教　2.3%政治　立憲君主制識字率　99.8%

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Unit 1　3

1. doom （　　） a. encourage2. prognostication （　　） b. forecast3. drag （　　） c. harmony between job and personal life4. prompt （　　） d. face failure or disaster5. work-life balance （　　） e. brake

　次の１～５の語句の説明として最も近いものをａ～ｅから１つ選び、（　）内に記入しなさい。

　次の英文は記事の要約です。下の語群から最も適切な語を１つ選び、（　）内に記入しなさい。

Few people see a (　　　　　) economic future for rapidly aging Japan. But (　　　　　) the fall in the total population, the number of people entering the workforce is rising. Moreover, there is (　　　　　) for it to continue to grow. Faced with labor (　　　　　), employers are offering better-paid and more permanent jobs to (　　　　　) new employees.

attract　　bright　　capacity　　despite　　shortages

　2018年５月18日厚生労働省と文部科学省の発表によると、今春卒業した大学生の就職率

が98.0% で、３年連続で過去最高を更新した。また高校生の就職率も98.1% で、８年連続

増加している。この就職率の高水準は、景気回復で企業が採用意欲を高めているためであ

ると説明している。

　しかし、就職市場は就職したい学生である売り手が優位になっている。企業の求人数が

膨れ上がったが、就職希望学生数が変わらなければ、就職は広き門となる。学生は満足の

いく企業を選ぶことができる。逆に企業は優秀な入社予定者の確保に苦しみ、結果「就職

売り手優位市場」となるため、大学卒業者の採用枠が埋まらず、高校卒業者を採用する動

きも出てきている。

　2018年５月現在、１億2,653万人の日本の総人口は、2060年には約8,800万人に落ち込む

と推計されている。人口減少が進むにつれて、社会保障、経済、社会全体の活力が低下し

て行き、労働力が減ると、経済が停滞する。働き方の改革、若者の自立への支援、外国か

らの労働力の受け入れ等、人口減少に向け取り組む必要がある。

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Japan is in a demographic sweet spot. In fact, I predict Japan will emerge as the only advanced economy that achieves the ultimate goal sought by policymakers — a new middle class will rise in Japan over the coming three to five years. How so? Conventional wisdom suggests ＂demography is destiny.＂ On that basis, Japan＇s economic fortunes appear to be doomed: According to the latest official demographic forecasts, every hour Japan＇s population is dropping by about 50 people. As the baby boomer drag accelerates in coming decades, the official prognostications suggest that in about 300 years, fewer than 300 Japanese may be left. So how can we be bullish about Japan? Simply put, demographics is little more than arithmetic and not economics. Economic growth is not determined by population as such, but by the employment opportunities created for the people, by entrepreneurs and their companies. China＇s population has always been bigger than Japan＇s, but the Chinese economy only started growing and creating prosperity when the Communist Party relaxed its grip and allowed citizens to seek better opportunities. National income in general and domestic demand in particular goes up and down depending on how many people have a job and, more importantly, what kind of job they have or can realistically aspire to have. Here, Japan stands out among advanced industrial economies with the demographic forces now working to boost both the quantity and quality of employment. The numbers speak for themselves: Yes, the absolute number of people in the potential workforce — all people between 15 and 65 years old — has been falling by about half a percent over the past few years; but against this, actual

demographic：人口統計学的、人口動態の

employment opportunities：雇用機会

policymakers：為政者、政策立案者

Conventional wisdom：社会通念

demography：人口動態

drag：（社会にとって）足手まといになること

prognostications：予測、予想

bullish：強気である

Simply put：簡単に言うと

little more than 〜：～に過ぎない

as such：それ自体

entrepreneurs：起業家、企業家

relaxed its grip：締め付けを緩和した

National income：国民所得

domestic demand：国内需要

forces：影響力

speak for themselves：示す、表す

workforce：労働人口

by 〜：～の割合で

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Japan’s demographic sweet spot

Dynamic employment opportunities are leadingto the creation of a new middle class

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Unit 1　5

employment has been rising steadily at a rate of 1 to 1.5 percent. So the drag from falling absolute population numbers has been more than offset by an increase in the number of people actually participating in employment and economic life. More and more Japanese have come out of unemployment or have re-entered the labor market. Statistically speaking, Japan＇s total labor participation rate has risen by more than 2 percentage points over the past couple of years. From here, there is still plenty of upside to sweat Japan＇s human capital harder: Although now up to 77 percent, Japan＇s total labor participation rate is still 5 percentage points below that of Switzerland＇s 83 percent. As the absolute supply of labor shrinks, companies are offering better terms of employment and higher pay, which in term prompts a positive supply response. People who were not willing to work under the previous conditions are now willing and happy to re-engage with the economy under the new terms. Note that it is not just about higher wages. It is the total package of employment conditions that makes the difference between wanting to take a job or staying at home — job security, career development, work-life balance, etc.

The Japan Times, October 2, 2017

drag from 〜：～による前進の遅れ

total labor participation 　rate：総労働力参加率

2 percentage points：2％

upside：上昇傾向

to sweat 〜：～を過重に働かせれば、こき使えば

human capital：人的資本、人的資源

up to 〜：最高～まで

shrinks：縮小する

terms：条件

It is 〜 that：《強調構文》

job security：雇用保障《これ以下はconditionsの内容》

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　次の１～５の英文を完成させるために、ａ～ｄの中から最も適切なものを１つ選びなさい。

1. This article informs us that a. Japan lacks a middle class. b. a new Japanese middle class will rise in the next three to five years. c. Japan＇s economic fortunes are doomed. d. employment opportunities are decreasing in Japan.

2. Present day statistics show that Japan＇s population a. is decreasing by 300 people every day. b. has stayed the same. c. is increasing by 50 people a day. d. is dropping by 50 people every hour.

3. According to the author, economic growth is determined by the a. size of the population. b. tightening of laws against inflation. c. employment opportunities that are created for citizens. d. average age of the population.

4. Actual employment has been a. rising half a percent. b. staying the same because of the baby boomers. c. increasing at a rate of 1 to 1.5 percent. d. falling at a rate of 1 to 1.5 percent.

5. The author probably uses the phrase ＂demographic sweet spot＂ to express a. the appearance of a new Japanese middle class. b. Japan＇s overcrowded population. c. a lack of quality in Japanese employment. d. the appearance of an elite class in Japan.

Exercises

Multiple Choice

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Unit 1　7

　本文の内容に合致するものに T （ True ）、合致しないものに F （ False ）をつけなさい。

（　　） 1. Japan does not anticipate a new middle class in three to five years.

（　　） 2. Japan＇s total labor participation is 88%, while Switzerland＇s is 83%.

（　　） 3. Prospective employees are motivated by a total package that includes job stability, salaries, and work-life balance.

（　　） 4. More Japanese citizens are reentering the job environment.

（　　） 5. This article has a positive attitude to Japan＇s labor future.

True or False

Vocabulary

application　　comfortable　　hunt　　　interview　　positionpromote　　　 receive　　　　seller＇s　　sound　　　 unofficial

　次の１～７は、「就職」に関する英文です。日本文に合わせて（　　　）内に、適当な語を下の語群から１つ選び、必要があれば適当な形に直して記入しなさい。

1. 就職活動の方はどうですか。

How is the job - (　　　　　) going?

2. ８社に願書を出したが、何の返事もない。

I have already sent (　　　　　) letters to eight companies, but I haven＇t (　　　　　) any responses.

3. ２銀行から内定をとった。

I have (　　　　　) obtained a position in two banks.

4. 就職面接試験を金曜日に受けたい。

I＇d like to come in for a job (　　　　　) on Friday.

5. 就職は、売り手市場だ。

It is a (　　　　　) market for jobs.

6. 昇進よりも今のままの方が気楽で良い。

I would be more (　　　　　) staying in the present (　　　　　) than getting (　　　　　).

7. それはパワハラのようだ。

That (　　　　　) a little like power harassment.

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Unit 2●パキスタンで学校危機

Before you read

The Islamic Republic of Pakistanパキスタン・イスラム共和国イギリスより1947年８月14日独立現在イギリス連邦加盟

面積　796,000km2（日本の約２倍）人口　195,400,000人（世界６位）首都　イスラマバード最大都市　カラチ公用語　英語　ウルドゥー語（国語）民族　パンジャブ人　56%　　　シンド人　13％　　　パシュトゥーン人　16%　　　バローチ人　４％宗教　イスラム教（国教）　97%　　　ヒンドゥ教　1.5%　　　キリスト教　1.3%GDP　2,710億ドル通貨　パキスタン・ルピー政体　連邦共和制識字率　60%（10歳以上対象）

AbbottabadAbbottabad

Karachi

パキスタンのアボッタバードで登校前にお菓子を買う子供たち。Photo: The New York Times／ Redux／アフロ

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Unit 2　9

1. bewildered （　　） a. basic ability in math2. categorize （　　） b. confused3. plagiarism （　　） c. copying without permission4. numeracy （　　） d. citizens5. constituency （　　） e. judge



Most children in Pakistani (　　　　　) schools learn very little. Many parents (　　　　　) turn to private schools. These use English (　　　　　), but most teachers hardly know the language. So without understanding what they are studying, kids (　　　　　) to copying. The country needs investment in state schools so that Pakistanis can be educated (　　　　　) in local languages.

consequently　　curricula　　properly　　resort　　state

　1947年にインドは英国より独立を果たし、ヒンドゥ教地域はインド、イスラム教地域は

東西に分かれたパキスタンとして分離独立することとなったが、経済・文化・言語なども

大きく異なっていたため、東西パキスタンの内乱へと発展して行った。1971年に東パキス

タンがバングラディシュとして分離独立し、西パキスタンが現在のパキスタン・イスラム

共和国となった。

　1973年憲法251条はパキスタンの国語をウルドゥー語とし、1988年までに英語に代えて

ウルドゥー語を公用語とすることになっていたが、いまだに実現していない。法令、公文

書は英語で書かれ、高等教育機関では英語を教授言語としている。英語を自由に操る人は

あまりいず、またウルドゥー語を母語とする人も、全人口の８% 位しかいない。

　登山家の長谷川恒男さんの遺志を継いで、パキスタン北部のフンザに設立されたハセガ

ワメモリアルスクールを訪れたことがある。３歳から18歳までの生徒1,000人（女子600人男子400人）、教職員700人、10km 離れたところからも通学している生徒が沢山いる。３歳

からすべて英語で教育することで、私立で学費もかかるが、大変な人気がある。38歳の校

長は、女子教育の重要性、伝統とアイデンティティを守りつつ国際人を育てて行くと流ち

ょうな英語で力強く語った。

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ISLAMABAD, PAKISTAN　On a visit to a village school in the mountains near Abbottabad in northwestern Pakistan, I asked a group of third graders to spell ＂Pakistan.＂ They stared at me, silent and bewildered. The school had 20 students; only two have survived till the fifth grade. The two fifth graders were somewhat literate. One of them had learned to read and write at a private school, but even he struggled to write simple, misspelled sentences. Less than half of third graders in Pakistan can read a sentence in Urdu or local languages. Thirty-one percent can write a sentence using the word ＂school＂ in Urdu, and 11 percent can do it in English. Children in government schools report that teachers have them clean, cook, massage their feet and buy them desserts. Children are categorized as smart or stupid as soon as they start school. Corporal punishment is severe. Parents will send their kids to a private school if they can afford a few dollars a month, but they do not see government schools as worth it. A vast number of aspirational families in Pakistan invest a large proportion of their income in educating their children at low-cost private schools. They do not speak English at home but they demand English at school, because it is the language of the elite and the global marketplace. So Pakistan＇s private schools use English textbooks and tests, even though 94 percent of private-school teachers don＇t know English. A result is that the children are rote learning to get through tests in a language they don＇t understand. By the time these students get to a university, where the medium of instruction is English, they are copying their papers from the internet without consequence. Plagiarism is not just a norm; it is a necessity. Instead of English-language schooling, Pakistani schools

Abbottabad：アボッタバード《パキスタン北部のカイバル・バクトゥンクワ

州に位置》

third graders：小学３年生

literate：読み書きできる

Urdu：ウルドゥー語《インド・ヨーロッパ語族イン

ド語派に属する言語》

government schools：公立学校

have them 〜：生徒たちに～させる《have は使役》

Corporal punishment：体罰

worth it：それだけの価値がある

aspirational：向上心のある

demand 〜：～を必要とする

global marketplace：世界市場

rote learning：丸暗記の勉強

get through 〜：～に合格する

papers：レポート

Plagiarism：盗用

norm：規範

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Unit 2　11

need to figure out how to teach English as a second language and allow children to study in languages they know. The government also needs to measure literacy and numeracy for children in school instead of enrollment. Pakistan has made some progress in improving school infrastructure, hired teachers on merit and reduced an old problem of absentee rates among teachers through monthly checks by school monitors. But to turn schools into places that provide education will require a local constituency asking the right questions. Eighteen million of the 23 million out-of-school children in Pakistan are between 10 and 16 years old. Efforts to reach them have been negligible. These children opted out of a failing education system and now they have aged. They will not now go to school if it means starting in kindergarten. They need accelerated programs, or short crash courses in literacy and math to help them enroll with their age group. Even if these children do not go back to school — international evidence suggests they won＇t — they will, at least, become literate adults.

The New York Times International Edition, October 19, 2017

figure out 〜：～を理解する

numeracy：初歩的な計算能力

enrollment：入学させること

on merit：実績に基づいて

absentee rates：欠勤率

monitors：監視員

constituency：選挙民

out-of-school：非就学の

reach 〜：～に手を差し伸べる

opted out of 〜：～から身を引いた

failing：不合格点の

if it means 〜：～することになるとしても

accelerated：迅速制度

short crash courses：短期集中コース、速修講座

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1. The main language of Pakistan＇s economic and political elites is a. Arabic. c. English. b. Urdu. d. Sanskrit.

2. Teachers in government schools a. work hard to instruct students in Urdu and English. b. have students perform many tasks that are outside the norm for academic

instruction. c. are fluent in English, which assists the learning process for the students. d. are reluctant to punish children.

3. In private schools a. 94% of teachers are not fluent in English. b. most teachers are excellent English speakers. c. students are generally taught in Urdu. d. there are few students because the fees are too expensive.

4. A high percentage of older children will a. need specialized programs for instruction. b. be fluent in English. c. start their schooling at the kindergarten level. d. be interested in further education.

5. Children attend public schools because a. they are located closer to where they live. b. their family cannot afford the tuition for a private school. c. there are too few private schools for the large number of students. d. some of them are not considered intelligent enough for schooling.

Exercises

Multiple Choice

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Unit 2　13


（　　） 1. Pakistan is working on improving the structure of schools and the problem of teachers＇ absenteeism.

（　　） 2. Making older children literate is one of the current goals.

（　　） 3. When children start at a university they are able to write their own papers and participate in English-only instruction.

（　　） 4. Corporal punishment is not allowed in government schools.

（　　） 5. In public schools children stop attending around the 5th grade.

True or False

Vocabulary　次の１～７は、「学ぶ」に関することわざです。（　　　）内に最も適切な下のａ～ｇの和文、また［　］内に下の①～⑦の英文説明の中から１つずつ選び、記入しなさい。

1. There is no royal road to learning. （　　　）［　　　］2. Example is better than precept. （　　　）［　　　］3. Practice makes perfect. （　　　）［　　　］4. Seeing is believing. （　　　）［　　　］5. The pen is mightier than the sword. （　　　）［　　　］6. Where there＇s a will, there＇s a way. （　　　）［　　　］7. Work hard, play hard. （　　　）［　　　］

a. 習うより慣れよb. 良く学び良く遊べc. 百聞は一見にしかずd. 学問に王道なしe. 精神一到何事か成らざらんf. 文は武よりも強しg. 論より証拠

① If you try hard enough, you can do anything.② Education is more powerful than physical force.③ Hard work is the only way to succeed in your studies.④ Don＇t believe anything without proof.⑤ You not only study, but also play with your full effort.⑥ Rather than tell people you should show them by your behavior.⑦ Habit makes all things easy.

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1. What do you think the article will be about? この記事は何の話題についてだと思いますか？

2. Money, health, education or love - which is most important for happiness? お金、健康、教育、愛　幸福のために最も大切なことは何ですか？

Unit 3●幸福になるよりも「幸福になる方法」の講義を受ける

方が簡単か？学生殺到

Before you read

イェール大学で約1,200人の学生に「幸福になる方法」を講義するサントス教授。Photo: The New York Times／ Redux／アフロ

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Unit 3　15

1. procrastinate （　　） a. responsibility2. deprioritize （　　） b. changing thinking patterns3. numb （　　） c. delay or postpone4. accountability （　　） d. lacking feeling5. rewirement （　　） e. give less importance to


Many students (　　　　　) stress and anxiety to get into top schools. So when a course about happiness was (　　　　　) at Yale, a quarter of the undergraduates (　　　　　). For some it may seem an easy (　　　　　) as classes are too huge for teachers to check assignments. But learning how to deal with long-suppressed emotions could be extremely (　　　　　).

challenging　　enrolled　　offered　　option　　undergo

　1701年Yale University イェール大学は、コネティカット州ニュー・ヘイブンに創設された。

アメリカ東部にある Ivy League に属する Harvard, Princeton, Columbia, Brown, Dartmouth, Cornell, Pennsylvania, Yale の８大学の１校である。アメリカ最古の大学 Harvard, ２番目

が William and Mary で、イェール大学は３番目に古い。学生数は学部・大学院合わせて

約11,500人で、学部教育が中心である。クリントンやブッシュ元大統領らを輩出している。

蔵書数は1100万冊を超え、ハーヴァード大学に次いで２位である。しかし、創立268年目

の1969年に初めて女子学生を受け入れた。

　アメリカの大学に入学するには、the significant six 主な６要素を評価の際に考慮に入れる。

⑴高校４年間の成績　⑵自己紹介文などのエッセイ、個人的な経験や価値観、意欲、やる

気、目標など自分のユニークな点を言葉でアピールする。⑶２通の推薦状　⑷クラブ活動、

生徒会、課外活動、ボランティア、委員会活動、演劇活動、アルバイト、趣味などの課外

活動　⑸日本のセンター試験のような SAT（Scholastic Aptitude Test）か ACT のスコア　

⑹面接の６要素から責任感、リーダーシップ、協調性、忍耐力、根気などを評価して合否

を決める。

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NEW HAVEN —— On Jan. 12, a few days after registration opened at Yale for Psyc 157, Psychology and the Good Life, roughly 300 people had signed up. Within three days, the figure had more than doubled. After three more days, about 1,200 students, or nearly one-fourth of Yale undergraduates, were enrolled. The course, taught by Laurie Santos, 42, a psychology professor and the head of one of Ya1e＇s residential colleges, tries to teach students how to lead a happier, more satisfying life in twice-weekly lectures. ＂Students want to change to be happier themselves, and to change the culture here on campus,＂ Dr. Santos said in an interview. ＂With one in four students at Yale taking it, if we see good habits, things like students showing more gratitude, procrastinating less, increasing social connections, we＇re actually seeding change in the school＇s culture.＂ Dr. Santos speculated that Yale students are interested in the class because, in high school, they had to deprioritize their happiness to gain admission to the school, adopting harmful life habits that have led to what she called ＂the mental health crises we＇re seeing at places like Yale.＂ A 2013 report by the Yale College Council found that more than half of undergraduates sought mental health care from the university during their time there. ＂In reality, a lot of us are anxious, stressed, unhappy, numb,＂ said Alannah Maynez, 19, a freshman taking the course. ＂The fact that a class like this has such large interest speaks to how tired students are of numbing their emotions — both positive and negative — so they can focus on their work, the next step, the next accomplishment.＂ Psychology and the Good Life, with 1,182 undergraduates

Yale：イェール大学《米国コネチカット州南部のニューヘイブン市に本部を置く1701年創設の私立大学；

アイビーリーグに所属》

Tackles 〜：～に取り組む

Psyc 157：《科目コード》

undergraduates：学部生

residential colleges：全寮制学部

culture：行動様式

With one in four：４人に１人の割合で

procrastinating：問題を先延ばしにする

deprioritize 〜：～の優先度を下げる

mental health crises：精神衛生上の危機

Yale College Council：イェール大学評議会

numb：無感覚な

speaks to 〜：～を証明する

tired of 〜：～することに疲れている

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Easier Taught Than Done?Yale’s Most Popular Class Tackles Happiness

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Unit 3　17

currently enrolled, stands as the most popular course in Yale＇s 316-year history. Offering such a large class has come with challenges, from assembling lecture halls to hiring the 24 teaching fellows required. Students must take quizzes, complete a midterm exam and, as their final assessment, conduct what Dr. Santos calls a ＂Hack Yo＇Self Project,＂ a personal self-improvement project. Some students admit that they see the course as an opportunity to take a relaxed lecture with few requirements. ＂I wouldn＇t have known about the course if not for word of mouth, but it＇s low-pressure, and maybe I＇ll learn a few tricks to having a less stressful life,＂ said Riley Richmond, 22, a senior who enrolled in the class with several of his friends. Charlotte Emerson, 18, a freshman in the course, says she worries some students will take advantage of the lack of accountability that comes with a lecture of this size. For example, Dr. Santos is not monitoring whether students complete weekly ＂rewirement＂ assignments, like performing acts of kindness and forming new social connections, Ms. Emerson said. But while others might see easy credits, Dr. Santos refers to her course as the ＂hardest class at Yale＂: To see real change in their life habits, students have to hold themselves accountable each day, she said.

The New York Times, January 29, 2018

stands as 〜：～として存在する（トップに立っている）

come with challenges：課題を伴う

assembling 〜：～を集める、確保する

quizzes：小テスト

Hack Yo’Self Project：自分自身をめった打ちにす

る研究課題

relaxed lecture：楽勝講義

requirements：提出物

if not for 〜：《if it had not for ～》～がなかったら

word of mouth：口コミ

lack of accountability：義務履行能力の欠如

monitoring 〜：～についてチェックする

complete assignments：課題に記入する

rewirement：考え方を変えること

easy credits：単位が取りやすい（科目）

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1. The instructor believes this course is so popular because a. it is an ＂easy A＂. b. students went through great pressure just to get into Yale. c. the class meets only once a week. d. classes are large and require an unusual amount of interaction.

2. Dr. Santos feels that her class may a. raise stress levels among students. b. spread kindness and thoughtfulness around the school. c. allow students to ignore those existing around them. d. have all of the above effects.

3. Dr. Santos claims that her class is the most difficult at Yale because a. there are so many students attending the class. b. she is a very stiff grader and requires many assignments. c. students are completely accountable for themselves as they perform the

requirements of the class. d. she has many papers to grade from so many students.

4. Six days after registration opened, what percentage of Yale students had signed up for Psychology 157?

a. Under 20%. c. Over 30%. b. Nearly 25%. d. Almost 35%.

5. How many teaching fellows are required for this large class? a. One. c. Twenty-four. b. Ten. d. Twenty-six.

　次の１～３の英文を完成させ、４～５の英文の質問に答えるために、ａ～ｄの中から最も適切なものを 1 つ選びなさい。

Exercises

Multiple Choice

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Unit 3　19


（　　） 1. Psychology 157 is currently the most popular class on campus.

（　　） 2. Some students sign up for this class thinking it will be relaxing.

（　　） 3. Students do not want to be happy at Yale.

（　　） 4. Yale has been a university for 361 years.

（　　） 5. Dr. Santos would like to assist the students in changing the culture of Yale.

　次のａ～ｉの英文は、大学の教室での男子学生と女子学生の会話です。会話を順番に並べ、（　　）内に２～８までの番号を記入しなさい。

（　　） a. I think it＇s better than all the reading you must do for some majors.　What＇s your major, by the way?

（　　） b. You＇re a business major?　That must be pretty difficult. Do you have a lot of accounting classes?

（ 9 ） c. Anyway, let＇s try to pool my math skills with your history skills to ace this English class!

（　　） d. Me? My major is history.　I want to teach history after graduation.

（　　） e. No, I＇m not an English major, either. Business is my major.　I need to take an English elective to graduate.

（ 1 ） f. It looks like we＇re in the same English class this semester.

（　　） g. Yes, several, but I really enjoy them.

（　　） h. This class fits into my schedule perfectly, but I＇m not an English major.　How about you?

（　　） i. Anything with math really stresses me out.　I don＇t know how you can stand it.

True or False

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United States of Americaアメリカ合衆国面積　9,628,000km2（世界３位・日本の約25.5倍）人口　316,942,000人（世界３位）首都　ワシントン DC　　　最大都市　ニューヨーク公用語　なし、事実上は英語人種　白人　72.4%　/ ヒスパニック　18.5%　　　黒人　12.6%　/ アジア系　4.8%　　　ネイティブアメリカン　0.9%宗教　キリスト教・カトリック　21%　　　キリスト教・プロテスタント　58%　　　ユダヤ教　1.3%　/ イスラム教　0.9%　　　無宗教　22.8%GDP　18兆5691億ドル（世界１位）通貨　US ドル識字率　99%

Unit 4●「米国第一」経済の問題点

Before you read

Chicago

就労ビザ厳格化を求める大統領令署名に先立ち演説するトランプ米大統領。Photo: ロイター／アフロ

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Unit 4　21

1. languish （　　） a. emergency2. flirt with （　　） b. express an opinion3. editorialize （　　） c. show interest in4. exigency （　　） d. be neglected5. alternative （　　） e. new or different solution



For most politicians, both liberal and conservative, free trade is a (　　　　　). So when Trump started implementing promises to (　　　　　) imports, even some of his supporters were surprised. Yet (　　　　　) free trade has harmed many parts of the American economy. Economic nationalism might (　　　　　) national security and protect middle class jobs and (　　　　　).

businesses　　enhance　　given　　reduce　　unrestricted

　2017年６月に Pew Research が37か国を対象に Trump 新大統領の調査を行った。Trumpを「傲慢」と思う人が75％、「不寛容」65％、「危険」62％、「大統領に相応しい」26％だが、

55％は、Trump は強いリーダーだと信じている。

　さらに、国際問題について Trump が正しいことをすると信頼しているのは、わずか22％

である。逆に信頼されていないのが74％もいた。ドイツのアンゲラ・メルケルが42％で一

番信頼されている。習近平は28％、プーチンが27％であった。

　アメリカを好意的に見ているのは49％もいるが、国際問題に関して「米大統領が正しい

ことをすると信じられるか」という質問に対して、アメリカではわずか10％しかいない。

スウエーデンは－83％、ドイツ－75％、韓国－71％、日本ですら－54％とマイナスばかり

である。

　「America First」政策によりアメリカがより強くなり、世界中で一層尊敬されると信じて

いるが、調査は真逆の結果を示している。要因は、Trump 大統領のメキシコとの国境に壁

の建設、TPP からの撤退、パリ気候変動協定からの離脱、イスラム多数派国からのアメリ

カへの入国禁止、米大使館のエルサレムへの移設、イランとの核兵器合意の破棄の意図表

明等が挙げられる。

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In his campaign, Donald Trump stressed ＂America First＂ economic nationalism. But in his first year in office, the theme languished. So when he recently announced that he intended to impose steep tariffs on steel and aluminum, Republicans were as surprised as anyone. The director of the National Economic Council, Gary Cohn, resigned in protest. Conservatives and free-market theorists could forgive Mr. Trump many sins, but to actually flirt with economic nationalism was inexcusable. For 25 years, free-trade orthodoxy has been a bipartisan consensus among America＇s policy elite. Conservatives might editorialize about it more, but liberal presidents arguably advanced free trade the most, from Bill Clinton＇s signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement to Barack Obama＇s negotiation of the Trans-Pacific Partnership. With his signing on Thursday of a tariff order, Mr. Trump appears again to be setting himself against the mandarins of both parties. That has been a politically successful strategy for him in the past. But is economic nationalism any good for the country? In principle, it is. Economic nationalism differs from free-trade ideology in having three distinct goals rather than one. The first isn＇t discussed very often in a time of relative global peace: maintaining the industries necessary for prevailing in a large-scale war. The second goal of economic nationalism is no less important than being prepared for the exigency of war. From the time of the Constitution＇s drafting, American statesmen have seen a need to preserve a middle layer in the nation＇s economic order. Such a middle class is hard to imagine in a postindustrial nation consisting of a tiny capital-controlling elite and a vast

steep tariffs：高関税（措置）

Republicans：共和党員

as anyone：（誰よりも）一番

National Economic 　Council：国家経済会議

flirt with 〜：～を弄（もてあそ）ぶ、面白半分に～

に手を出す

bipartisan consensus：超党派の一致した意見

North American Free Trade Agreement：北米自由貿易協定（NAFTA）

Trans-Pacific Partnership：環太平洋経済連携協定

（TPP）

setting himself against 〜：～と対立する

mandarins：重要人物

prevailing：勝利を得る

no less 〜 than …：…と同様～

exigency of 〜：～という緊急事態

Constitution’s drafting：　憲法草案

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The Case for ‘America First’ Economics

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Unit 4　23

population of Amazon warehouse workers. The third objective of economic nationalism: fostering prosperity. Economic nationalists do not accept the claims made by extreme free-traders that any degree of industrial protection inevitably leads to less national wealth. But so what if it does? If the price of national security and a durable, free middle class is a modest reduction in gross domestic product, the economic nationalist is willing to pay it. To free-traders, economic nationalism is simply unnatural, an effort to artificially prolong the lives of aged industries. And since technology eliminates more jobs than trade does, the free traders ask, is the economic nationalist＇s next step Luddism? The fact that technology reduces well-paid industrial employment is no reason to reduce it further through open trade policies. To reduce public policy to a single dimension, as free-trade ideologues do, is foolish and dangerous. Yet it is attractive because it provides definite answers to difficult questions, even if those answers are less than complete. Economic nationalism, on the other hand, requires constant balancing and adjustment. Mr. Trump＇s steel and aluminum tariffs may not work. But they are a first attempt at finding an alternative to a free-trade system that has built up the People＇s Republic of China while hollowing out the factory towns that once made America great.

The New York Times, March 9, 2018

fostering prosperity：繁栄を発展、促進させる

claims：主張《that 以下が同格》

less national wealth：国富の減少

so what if 〜：もし～だとしても何か問題でもある

のか？

gross domestic product：国内総生産（GDP）

eliminates 〜：～を削減する

Luddism：機械化［技術革新］反対運動

reduce 〜 to …：～を…に単純化する

single dimension：一次元の問題

less than 〜：決して～でない

adjustment：修正

work：上手く行く

alternative to 〜：～に対する代案

hollowing out 〜：～を空洞化する

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1. Americans were surprised when a. Mr. Trump decided to impose tariffs on aluminum and steel. b. Mr. Trump made free trade his policy. c. Mr. Trump took the same view as liberal presidents who served before him. d. Mr. Trump did not indicate any shocking actions.

2. Free traders who complain that economic nationalism is not the perfect answer believe

a. economies need continual balancing and adjustment. b. Mr. Trump agrees with the elite of both parties. c. in prolonging the lives of aged industries. d. none of the above.

3. Economic nationalism is different from free trade ideology in that a. both try to make Americans happy. b. it has three main goals. c. it has one main goal. d. both need to establish goals.

4. For free-traders, economic nationalism is a. a clever way to keep aged industries alive. b. realistic. c. unnatural. d. something that Mr. Trump should support.

5. It seems that Mr. Trump a. has been following his campaign promise on trade. b. never utilized tweeting as a tool of communication. c. has taken a different view on tariffs than he had promised. d. has been damaged politically by his stance on trade.

Exercises

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Unit 4　25


（　　） 1. Both Bill Clinton and Barack Obama were considered liberals.

（　　） 2. America＇s factory towns are disappearing.

（　　） 3. The writer accepts that Mr. Trump＇s tariffs may not be successful.

（　　） 4. Technology excludes more jobs than trade does.

（　　） 5. The director of the National Economic Council forgave Mr. Trump for imposing tariffs.

True or False

Vocabulary　次の英文は、The New York Times に掲載された Trump: The Un-American President

『トランプ：非アメリカ人大統領』の記事の一部です。下の語群から最も適切なものを１つ選び、（　　　）内に記入しなさい。

We have no idea just how (　　　　 ) the American brand has become under Trump. The world is watching, and that includes the world ＇s children, some of whom will register him as their first (　　　　 ) president.　How will they regard this absence from world leadership that Trump is (　　　　 )? Will they grow up repulsed by it?　Most hopefully will.　But there will undoubtedly be others that draw a different lesson from the Trump philosophy: Create your own (　　　　 ); populate it with ＂facts＂ of your own creation; use (　　　　 ) as a tactic; remember that strict adherence to truth is a moral barrier and (　　　　 ) is a burden. This is what this man is projecting: A debauched character and a hollow place where integrity should exist. Rather than preserving the nobility of the presidency, he is debasing it. Rather than burnishing the image of America, he is (　　　　 ) it. It is an awful fact that the most powerful man in America may also (　　　　 ) the worst of America.　In a way, Trump is the un-American president.

American　　damaged　　enacting　　 lyingmorality　　 reality　　　 represent　　tarnishing

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2. What do you know about gun control in the USA? アメリカの銃規制について何か知ってますか？

Unit 5●銃規制の実行を求めて数千人が教室から街頭行進へ

Before you read

多発する校内銃乱射事件の後、銃規制を求める学生主導の抗議運動に参加した高校生。 Photo: The New York Times／ Redux／アフロ

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Unit 5　27

1. conviction （　　） a. unsure2. flummoxed （　　） b. string of messages3. inch （　　） c. stubborn or resistant4. feed （　　） d. belief5. defiant （　　） e. move cautiously


After yet another (　　　　　) shooting at a US high school, thousands of students across the country took part in (　　　　　). Gaining national attention through use of social media, the movement wants (　　　　　) gun controls. But so (　　　　　) there have been few changes to gun laws. Some pro-gun organizations prefer to (　　　　　) students who stay in class instead of protesting.

far　　mass　　　praise　　protests　　tighter

　2018年２月14日にアメリカ・フロリダ州パークランド市のダグラス高校で、銃乱射事

件が起こり、17名が亡くなった。この事件をきっかけに、ダグラス高校生たちが銃規制

を求める抗議デモを行った。また、ダグラス高校から数10マイル離れたサウスブロワード

高校の学生たちも授業をボイコットして、事件に抗議した。その後、全米で若者を中心に

銃規制強化を求める声が高まり、ワシントンの連邦議会議事堂前で手書きのプラカードに

「Protect Kids, Ban GUNS」「Promote Love, Not Guns」「It could have been your child.」を

掲げ、連呼して抗議し続けた。

　全米ライフル協会（NRA）の意向を受けて銃規制に取り組まない政治家に学生たちは

怒りをあらわにしている。連邦議会の上下両院議員535人中、NRA の献金を受ける議員は、

307人に上がり、うち８人は総額100万ドルを超える。学生たちの大半は、選挙権がない。

　トランプ大統領も銃規制には消極的だ。2016年の大統領選で、NRA はトランプ氏支持を

鮮明に打ち出し、1140万ドルもの献金を行った。さらに対立候補のヒラリー・クリントン

氏への批判キャンペーンにも1970万ドルを費やした。

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A month ago, hundreds of teenagers ran for their lives from the hallways and classrooms of Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School, where 17 students and staff had been shot to death. On Wednesday, driven by the conviction that they should never have to run from guns again, they walked. So did their peers. In New York City, in Chicago, in Atlanta and Santa Monica; at Columbine High School and in Newtown, Conn.; and in many more cities and towns, students left school by the hundreds and the thousands at 10 a.m., sometimes in defiance of school authorities, who seemed divided and even flummoxed about how to handle their emptying classrooms. The first major coordinated action of the student-led movement for gun control marshaled the same elements that had defined it ever since the Parkland shooting: eloquent young voices, equipped with symbolism and social media savvy, riding a resolve as yet untouched by cynicism. ＂We have grown up watching more tragedies occur and continuously asking: Why?＂ said Kaylee Tyner, a 16-year-old junior at Columbine High School outside Denver, where 13 people were killed in 1999, inaugurating, in the public consciousness, the era of school shootings. ＂Why does this keep happening?＂ Even after a year of near continuous protesting — for women, for the environment, for immigrants and more — the emergence of people not even old enough to drive as a political force has been particularly arresting, unsettling a gun control debate that had seemed impervious to other factors. In Florida, where students from Stoneman Douglas High and other schools had rallied in the state capital, the governor

ran for their lives：急いで逃げた

driven by the conviction 　that 〜：～という思いに

駆られて

Conn.：コネチカット州

by 〜：～という単位で

in defiance of 〜：～を無視して

marshaled 〜：～を集結させた

Parkland ：パークランド《銃乱射事件が起きた高校

の所在地》

savvy：知識

riding a resolve：ある決意を抱いて

cynicism：冷笑主義

inaugurating 〜：～の幕開けとなる《目的語は era》

school shootings：校内銃乱射（事件）

emergence：抗議活動への参入

arresting：人の注意を惹く

impervious to 〜：～に鈍感な

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Thousands Walk Out of Class,Urging Action on Gun Control

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Unit 5　29

signed a bill last week that raised the minimum age to purchase a firearm to 21 and extended the waiting period to three days. On a national level, the students have not had the same impact. This week, President Trump abandoned gun control proposals that the Republican-led Congress had never even inched toward supporting. But, for one day at least, the students commanded the country＇s airwaves, Twitter feeds and Snapchat stories.

From the N.R.A.

Shortly after the walkouts began, the National Rifle Association said on Twitter, ＂Let＇s work together to secure our schools and stop school violence.＂ But the next tweet left no doubt as to where the N.R.A. stood on the message of the protests. It said, ＂I＇ll control my own guns, thank you. #2A #NRA＂ atop a photo of an AR-15, the kind of high-powered rifle used at Stoneman Douglas High and in other mass shootings. The Gun Owners of America, a smaller organization often seen as more militant than the N.R.A., was more defiant. The group urged its supporters to call their elected officials to oppose gun control measures like Fix NICS, which is intended to improve reporting by state and federal agencies to the criminal background check system. It also celebrated ＂the pro-gun students who are not supporting their anti-gun counterparts.＂


signed a bill：法案に署名した

abandoned 〜：～を却下した

inched 〜 toward …： …に向けて～を前進させた

《目的語は proposals》

commanded 〜：～を支配した

airwaves：テレビ・ラジオの放送電波

feeds：フィード《配信されるコンテンツ》

Snapchat：スナップチャット《スマートフォン向け

の写真共有アプリ》

stories：（ニュース）ネタ

N.R.A.：全米ライフル協会《銃愛好家による市民団体で、事実上の圧力団体；

会員数約400万人》

#2A #NRA：《NRA の検証済みアカウント》

Gun Owners of America：米国銃所有者協会《市民団体で圧力団体 ; 会員数約

35万人》

elected officials：公選役職者

measures：（成立前の）法案

Fix NICS：米国即時犯歴照会システム修正法案

pro-gun：銃支持派の

counterparts：対応者《この場合は students》

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　次の１～４の英文を完成させ、５の英文の質問に答えるために、ａ～ｄの中から最も適切なものを１つ選びなさい。

1. The high school students mentioned in the article are afraid of a. ailing classes. b. being arrested. c. being shot at school. d. being bullied at school.

2. In Florida, the governor signed a bill that a. left all current laws on guns the same as before. b. took away all guns from citizens in the state. c. raised the age for hunting with a gun to 21 and extended the waiting period

after a sale to three days. d. avoided any controversy over gun use or possession with the public or

legislature.

3. The Gun Owners of America praised students who did not a. oppose current gun laws. b. call for new gun restrictions. c. join the protesting students. d. do any of the above.

4. The persons more commonly involved in school shootings are a. armed guards working at schools. b. community police officers. c. troubled students from the schools in question. d. school staff who have lost their jobs.

5. Were the students successful in getting Mr. Trump to change gun laws? a. Yes, very successful. b. No, the president did not want to get involved. c. No, the president is now believed to be supporting the NRA rather than the

students. d. Yes, the president wants to put armed guards in schools.

Exercises

Multiple Choice

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Unit 5　31

ACROSS

2 discussion or argument5 a city in the US state of Illinois7 one of the USA＇s two main political parties9 state in the south east of the USA10 leader of a prefecture or state

DOWN

1 buy3 well-argued or well-spoken4 local resident who was born in another country6 person aged between 13 and 198 long gun


（　　） 1. Small gun owners supported pro-gun counterparts in schools.

（　　） 2. Students totally controlled Twitter and Snapchat for three days.

（　　） 3. Students at Parkland High School showed awareness and media savvy.

（　　） 4. The students want to know why the shootings keep occurring.

（　　） 5. Students from schools around the U.S. walked out in protest against inadequate gun laws.

True or False

Vocabulary　次のクロスワードパズルを、下の Across 横、Down 縦の英文説明を読んで、Unit 7 の記事から最も適切な語を見つけ、□の中に１文字ずつ入れないさい。

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●収拾が付かない多言語国家●言語問題で北アイルランドが分裂

Unit 6

Before you read

Quebec　カナダ・ケベック州面積　1,542,056km2

人口　7,903,001人公用語　フランス語（ケベック・フランス語）GDP　3,628億4600万ドル　/ 通貨　カナダドル州都　ケベック・シティ　/ 最大都市　モントリオール州民　カナダ人　66.2%　/ フランス人　30.8%　　　アイルランド人　5.5%　/ イタリア人　4.0%宗教　キリスト教・カトリック　83%　　　プロテスタント・イスラム教・ユダヤ教・ヒンドゥ教

Belfast

Cardiff

Edinburgh

Northern Ireland　北アイルランド面積　14,139km2

人口　1,810,900人　/ 首都　ベルファスト公用語　英語，アイルランド語，アルスター・スコットランド語民族　（北）アイルランド人　181万人宗教　キリスト教・プロテスタント　45.5%　/ カトリック　40.3%GDP　332億ドル　/ 通貨　UK ポンド

カナダのモントリオール市内にある広場でパグ犬を抱き、ノートルダム聖堂を見下した態度で凝視するイギリス人男性のブロンズ像（広場の反対側には、それに対応するフランス人女性の像がある）。 Photo: The New York Times／ Redux／アフロ

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Unit 6　33

1. boil （　　） a. conflict2. sneer （　　） b. erupt3. dapper （　　） c. look disapprovingly4. condescendingly （　　） d. fashionable5. standoff （　　） e. arrogantly


The French- and English-speaking inhabitants of Quebec seem better (　　　　　) than they used to be. But below the surface, cultural and political (　　　　　) continue. Meanwhile an argument over the Irish language is (　　　　　) the (　　　　　) peace between Protestants and Catholics in Northern Ireland. Money, as well as culture and politics, is (　　　　　).

differences　　fragile　　integrated　　involved　　threatening

　カナダには、人口がアメリカの10分の１しかいないのに、国外で生まれた人が、20.1％

もいる。言語は、英語と仏語を公用語とし、国民の約58％が英語、約22％が仏語を第一言

語とし、英語のみが57.8％、仏語のみ13.3％、17.7％が英仏両言語を話す。ケベック州で

は公用語が仏語のみだが、８％の州民の母語が英語である。モントリオールとその周辺で

は英仏２か国語が話され、バイリンガルやトライリンガルが多くいる。それ以外の多くの

地域では仏語しか通じない。仏語を母語とする州民は5,877,660人で、その内3,770,910人

は仏語しか話さないが、残り2,105,815人は英仏語を話す。Loi 101 という仏語を守る法律

を巡って、英仏言語間の根深い問題をはらんでいて、独立問題の大きな原因ともなっている。

　2005年以前に生まれた全ての北アイルランドの住民には、アイルランドの市民権が自動

的にもらうことができる。結果、イギリス人とアイルランド人になる権利が与えられてい

る。言語も英語とアイルランド語、アルスター・スコットランド語が公用語である。アイ

ルランド語の多少の知識のある人は11％、読み書き可能なレベルでは、3.7％に留まってい

る。アルスター・スコットランド語の読み書き可能なレベルは0.9％しかいない。現在では

中国系移民の増加を反映して、中国語が英語に次ぐ２番目の母語集団となっている。

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MONTREAL — On one side of a grand square near the old Port of Montreal is a sculpture of a Frenchwoman in a Chanel suit, clasping a poodle and sneering at the Bank of Montreal, a former symbol of British colonial rule built in 1847. On the opposite end, a dapper Englishman, cast in bronze, holds a pug and stares condescendingly at Notre-Dame Basilica, an emblem of French Quebec＇s influence under the Roman Catholic Church. The sculptures are a powerful metaphor for this city, which has long been polarized by what the celebrated Canadian novelist Hugh MacLennan called the ＂Two Solitudes＂ — the perception, fairly or not, that French-and English-speaking Quebecers coexist uneasily. When I came of age in the 1980s around Westmount, a traditionally Anglophone enclave on the southwestern slope of Mount Royal that gave the world Leonard Cohen, Quebec had just been consumed by a referendum on independence, and thousands of English-speaking Quebecers were leaving the province. Fast-forward three decades, and separatism is largely in retreat. One in four Anglophones in Quebec marry French Quebecers. But ― a Berlin Wall of the mind lingers. Voters in all the districts west of St. Laurent Boulevard have supported the federalist Liberal party of Quebec over the past decade, according to voting data from Quebec＇s Director General of Elections. Half of the districts to the east, where a majority of Francophone Montrealers live, have been won by separatist parties like the Parti Quebecois or, more recently, the leftist Quebec Solidaire.


Melting Pot：坩堝（るつぼ）

Boil Over：沸騰して溢れこぼれる

MONTREAL：モントリオール《カナダのケベック州最大の都市》

Chanel：シャネル《1910年設立の高級ファッション

ブランド》

sneering at 〜：～を嘲笑う、冷笑する

Notre-Dame Basilica：ノートルダム聖堂

metaphor for 〜：～を表す隠喩

polarized：分裂した

“Two Solitudes”：『二人の孤独』

Anglophone：英語系

gave the world 〜：～を世に出した

Leonard Cohen：レナード・コーエン《（1934-2016）；シンガーソングラ

イター、詩人、小説家》

consumed：包み込まれた

referendum：住民投票

One in four 〜：～の４人中の１人

Berlin Wall：ベルリンの壁《第２次大戦後に東西に分割された敗戦国ドイツの首都ベルリンで、東ドイツにより1961年夏に突然、西ベルリンの周囲を取り囲む

形で建設された壁》

St. Laurent Boulevard：サンローラン大通り

Quebec’s Director General of Elections：ケベック州選挙事務局長

Parti Quebecois：ケベック党《独立派の左派》

Quebec Solidaire：ケベック連合

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A Linguistic Melting Pot That Can Still Boil Over

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Unit 6　35

With the power-sharing government that has kept the peace in the province for nearly 20 years in paralysis, Northern Ireland is in danger of coming once again under direct rule from London. The problems began 11 months ago with a scandal over public funds, but it is a bitter and emotionally charged argument over the role of language that has emerged as the biggest obstacle to ending the damaging standoff. Parties representing the Irish nationalist and republican community, which is mainly Catholic, want the government to pass legislation to ensure the rights of Irish speakers, a small minority. Politicians from the Democratic Unionist Party, whose constituency is mainly Protestant and favors union with Britain, where its lawmakers provide crucial votes for the government of Prime Minister Theresa May, have rejected that demand. ＂A language is the soul of a people,＂ said Mairtin O Muilleoir, a lawmaker from Sinn Fein, the main Irish republican party. ＂If you disrespect a language, you disrespect a people.＂ But many unionists see their side as the aggrieved party. Sammy Morrison, the spokesman for Traditional Unionist Voice, a conservative party that holds one of the 90 seats in the assembly, called the language proposal ＂part of the republican culture war.＂ Irish is one of the official languages of the Republic of Ireland, and students are required to study it in school for 13 years.

The New York Times International Edition, November 6, 2017

Northern Ireland：英統治領北アイルランド

standoff over 〜：～を巡って膠着状態

Gaelic：ゲール語（アイルランド語）《インド・ヨーロッパ語族ケルト語派に

属する言語》

power-sharing 　government：連立政権

emotionally charged：感情論に成りやすい

republican：アイルランド統一主義者《アイルランドを英国から分離し、アイルランド共和国に統一

させようと主張する人》

pass legislation：法案を可決する

Democratic Unionist 　Party：民主連合党《ユニ

オニスト強硬派》

Sinn Fein：シン・フェイン党《アイルランドとの統一を求める「ナショナリスト」を代表する政党 ; ナ

ショナリスト強硬派》

Traditional Unionist 　Voice：伝統的ユニオニス

トの声《ユニオニスト最強硬派》

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Language issue divides Northern Ireland

Bitter standoff over role of Gaelic imperilsefforts to end political paralysis

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　次の、１～４の英文を完成させ、５の英文の質問に答えるために、ａ～ｄの中から最も適切なものを１つ選びなさい。

1. The Bank of Montreal, a symbol of British Colonial rule, was built in a. 1867. b. 1847. c. 1838. d. 1829.

2. Westmount in the 1980s was a. home to a large number of Anglophones. b. unaffected by a referendum on Quebec independence. c. criticized by singer Leonard Cohen. d. being abandoned by French speakers.

3. Times have changed because a. one in four Anglophones in Quebec marry French Quebecers. b. separatism is getting worse. c. cultural differences between the French- and English-speaker remain. d. of all of the above.

4. The two languages being discussed in Northern Ireland are a. English and Welsh. b. Welsh and Gaelic. c. Gaelic and English. d. Gaelic and Scottish.

5. How long are Irish children required to study Gaelic? a. 3 years. b. 7 years. c. 12 years. d. 13 years.

Exercises

Multiple Choice

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Unit 6　37


（　　） 1. Hugh MacLennan is a famous Canadian novelist.

（　　） 2. A Berlin Wall was built in Montreal.

（　　） 3. Districts west of St. Laurent Boulevard always support the federalist Liberal Party of Quebec.

（　　） 4. Northern Ireland is not in a state of political paralysis.

（　　） 5. There was a scandal over public funds eleven months ago.

True or False

Vocabulary　次の英文は、the New York Times に掲載された Culture War Over Beloved Dish Grips Quebec 『最愛の料理を越えて文化戦争がケベックをしっかり掴んでいる』の記事の一部です。下の語群から最も適切なものを１つ選び、（　　　）内に記入しなさい。

＂Poutine is Quebecois; it is not Canadian,＂ said Zak Rosentzveig, 25, a poutine-obsessed economist from Montreal, recently describing his visit to the food stall and adding his voice to a simmering debate over poutine＇s true (　　　　 ). ＂Calling poutine ＇Canadian＇ makes me feel very (　　　　 ) because Quebec has a distinct culture and history from the rest of Canada, and poutine is a strong (　　　　 ) of that.＂ Identity politics are (　　　　 ) small matter in Quebec where concerns about the encroachment of outside forces on French Canadian culture remain deeply (　　　　 ) in the province＇s psyche. Even Quebec＇s license plates, which say ＂Je me souviens＂ I remember, have for decades been (　　　　 ) by some, fairly or not, as a reference to the British conquest of Quebec in 1759. Only this month, the Quebec legislature passed a resolution calling for merchants in the French-majority province to (　　　　 ) greeting customers with ＂Bonjour hi＂ – a hybrid expression popular in (　　　　 ) Montreal – and to say just ＂Bonjour＂ instead.

bilingual　　identity　　ingrained　　interpretedno　　　　 stop　　　 symbol　　 uncomfortable

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Kingdom of the Netherlands　オランダ王国面積　41,864km2（九州とほぼ同じ）人口　16,970,000人首都　アムステルダム　/ 公用語　オランダ語宗教　カトリック　24.4%　/ プロテスタント　15.8%　　　イスラム教　4.9%　/ ヒンドゥ教　0.6%　　　仏教　0.5%　/ 無宗教　53.8%識字率　99%　/ 政体　立憲君主制GDP　8,660億ドル　（世界17位）　/ 通貨　ユーロ

Antwerp

Arles

Marseille

Aix-en-ProvenceAix-en-Provence

French Republic　フランス共和国面積　551,500km2（日本の約1.5倍）人口　66,990,000人首都　パリ　/ 公用語　フランス語宗教　カトリック　62%　/ プロテスタント　２%　　　イスラム教　６%　/ ユダヤ教　１%　　　無宗教　　29%識字率　99%　/ 政体　共和制GDP　２兆4,632億ドル　（世界６位）　/ 通貨　ユーロ

Unit 7●ゴッホの日本熱

Before you read

ゴッホ作「花咲くアーモンドの枝」

提供: DeA Picture Library／アフロ

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Unit 7　39

1. gnarled （　　） a. be full of2. delusion （　　） b. twisted3. afflict （　　） c. false fantasy4. singular （　　） d. infect5. teem with （　　） e. unique

　次の１～５の語句の説明として最も近いものをａ～e から１つ選び、（　）内に記入しなさい。


An exhibition in Amsterdam (　　　　　) van Gogh ＇s Japanese obsession. The Dutch artist never (　　　　　) Japan, but he collected its woodblock prints. These influenced his style, and some of them (　　　　　) in his paintings. He even (　　　　　) himself to be in Japan when (　　　　　) the countryside or drinking in the cafes of southern France.

appeared　　highlights　　imagined　　viewing　　visited

　フィンセント・ヴィレム・ファン・ゴッホ（Vincent Willem van Gogh）は、1853年３月

30日にオランダ南部のズンデルトの牧師の家に生まれた。1866年に国立高等市民学校に進

学し、絵を習ったが、あと１年を残して学校をやめ、家に帰ってしまった。その後、画商

グーピル商会のハーグ、ロンドン、パリの支店で店員となった。1876年にこの商会から解

雇された。

　その後イギリスで教師になったり、オランダの書店で働いたが、1877年に聖職者をめざ

して神学部への受験を始めたが、挫折した。

　1878年以降は画家をめざし、オランダを転々とした。この時代は、暗い色調の絵が多か

った。1886年弟を頼ってパリへ移り、印象派の影響を受け、明るい色調の絵を描くように

なった。また日本の浮世絵にも関心を持ち、収集や模写を行っている。1888年２月に南フ

ランスのアルルへ移り、『ひまわり』や『夜のカフェテラス』などの名作を生み出した。10月末にポール・ゴーギャンを迎え、一緒に住んだが、すぐに共同生活は破綻した。その後、

発作に苦しみながらアルルの病院への入退院を繰り返した。1890年７月27日に銃で自らを

撃ち、29日に亡くなった。生前に売れた絵は１枚のみだったと言われている。

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In the soft, clear light of Provence, France, Vincent van Gogh saw the crisp skies of Japanese woodcut prints. The almond blossoms, gnarled trees and irises that dotted the French landscape reminded him of nature scenes painted in Kyoto. And in the locals who drank in cafes of Arles, he saw resonances with the geishas and Kabuki actors of a country he＇d never visited. ＂My dear brother, you know, I feel I＇m in Japan,＂ van Gogh wrote to his brother, Theo, on March 16, 1888, not long after he had settled in Arles, an ancient city built on Roman ruins by the Rhône River in France. By June he was urging Theo and other Impressionist artists in Paris to join him in there. ＂I＇d like you to spend some time here, you＇d feel it,＂ he wrote. ＂After some time your vision changes, you see with a more Japanese eye, you feel color differently.＂ For at least a year, van Gogh lived in Provence in a kind of Japanese dream. It was not a delusion, but rather an imaginative projection of an idealized vision of Japan onto the French landscape, said Nienke Bakker, curator of paintings for the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam. The painter had been bitten by the bug of ＂Japonisme,＂ a mania for Japanese aesthetics that swept Europe in the 19th century, and that also afflicted painters such as Claude Monet, Édouard Manet and Edgar Degas. The Van Gogh Museum in collaboration with three Japanese museums, has mounted the most comprehensive exhibition to date to explore that inspiration, ＂Van Gogh & Japan,＂ which runs through June 24. It tracks the Dutch artist＇s early fascination with imported Japanese ＂Ukiyo-e＂ prints —

Van Gogh：フィンセント・ファン・ゴッホ《オランダ出身 ; 後半生をフランスで送った後期印象派の画家（1853-90）；37歳で自

殺》

obsession：夢中

inspired：触発・感化される

aesthetics：美学

Provence：南仏プロバンス地方

irises：アヤメ

reminded 〜 of …：～に…のことを思い出させた

resonances with 〜：～と共鳴するもの

settled in 〜：～に移り住んだ

Rhône River：ローヌ川《地中海に注ぐ》

urging 〜 to …：～に…するよう勧める

delusion：妄想

projection of 〜 onto …：～を…に投影する

curator：学芸員

mania：熱狂

Claude Monet：モネ《（1840-1926）印象派を代表するフランスの画家；代表作『睡

蓮』》

Édouard Manet：マネ　《（1832-83）19世紀のフラ

ンスの画家；代表作『草

上の昼食』》

Edgar Degas：ドガ《（1834-1917）印象派の画家 ; 代表

作『舞台の踊り子』》

mounted 〜：～（展覧会）を開催した

to date：今までで

fascination with 〜：～に取り憑かれている様子

“Ukiyo-e”：浮世絵《江戸時代に成立した風俗画》

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Van Gogh’s obsession with Japan

Dutch painter never visited the country,but his art was inspired by its aesthetics

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colorful woodblock prints on handmade paper that were very popular in Europe in the late 19th century — and shows how, little by little, van Gogh integrated elements of Japanese art into his own style. The sprawling exhibition in Amsterdam — which is larger than a previous version that toured Tokyo, Sapporo and Kyoto — includes nearly all of the major van Gogh paintings that make either direct or indirect reference to Japanese art. Van Gogh first encountered Japanese prints in 1885 while he was working in the Belgian port city of Antwerp, whose docks he said were teeming with Japanese wares: They were ＂fantastic, singular, strange,＂ he wrote. The Van Gogh Museum exhibition begins about a year later, when he moved into his brother＇s apartment in Paris and discovered that the German art dealer Siegfried Bing — who sold Japanese artworks and decorative objects — had an attic full of Japanese woodcut prints at very reasonable prices. He immediately bought about 660 prints for just a few cents a piece. The Japanese art he pinned to the walls of his studio also appears in the backgrounds of a number of his portraits, such as his ＂Portrait of Père Tanguy,＂ who sits in front of a wall of prints.

The New York Times International Edition, March 31-April 1, 2018

integrated 〜 into …：～を…に融け込ませた

teeming with 〜：～で満ち溢れている

singular：並外れている

decorative objects：装飾品

attic：屋根裏部屋

reasonable：極めて手頃な

studio：アトリエ

“Portrait of Père Tanguy”：『タンギー爺さん』

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1. Vincent van Gogh＇s paintings were influenced by a. Japanese aesthetics. b. Kabuki theatre. c. geisha dancing. d. the beauty of nature he painted in Kyoto.

2. When van Gogh wrote to his brother, he suggested that a. he was moving to Japan. b. he was staying in France. c. some paintings from Kyoto remind him of the nature in Provence. d. he wanted to live with Claude Monet.

3. Van Gogh stayed in Provence for a. more than a year. b. the colors there that reminded him of Japanese art. c. the beautiful landscapes. d. all of the above.

4. ＂Japonisme＂ was a. a biting insect living in the countryside of France. b. a mania that affected most artists in Japan. c. influential on Claude Monet, Édouard Manet and Edgar Degas. d. important in all of the above ways.

5. The largest exhibition of van Gogh＇s art is in a museum in a. Tokyo. b. Sapporo. c. Amsterdam. d. Kyoto.

Exercises

Multiple Choice

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（　　） 1. Van Gogh bought more than 650 woodcut prints in Paris and used them as wallpaper.

（　　） 2. He first discovered Japanese art along the docks of Antwerp.（　　） 3. Van Gogh, while living in Provence, integrated elements of

Japanese art into his old style.（　　） 4. Van Gogh＇s heritage was French.（　　） 5. ＂Japonisme＂ is a wave that only affected Vincent van Gogh.

True or False

Vocabulary　次の１～７は、「絵画」に関する語句です。下のａ～ｇの説明文の中から最も適切なものを１つ選び、（　　）内に記入しなさい。

1. baroque （　　　）2. cubism （　　　）3. Fauvism （　　　）4. Impressionism （　　　）5. Japonisme （　　　）6. modernism （　　　）7. naturalism （　　　）

a. characterized by a deliberate rejection of the styles of the past, emphasizing innovation and experimentationb. characterized by strong colors and fierce brushwork, and produced by a

group of artists from around 1905 to 1910c. developed in France in the 19th century, and based on the practice of

painting out of doors and spontaneously ＇on the spot＇ rather than in a studio from sketches

d. a French term coined in the late 19th century to describe the craze for Japanese art and design in the West

e. the dominant style in art and architecture of the 17th century, characterized by self-confidence, dynamism and a realistic approach

f. represented things closer to the way we see themg. a revolutionary new approach to representing reality invented in around

1907-08 by Picasso and Braque

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Unit 8

Before you read

Kingdom of Cambodiaカンボジア王国1953年フランスより独立

面積　181,035km2（日本の約半分）人口　14,700,000人（世界68位）首都　プノンペン公用語　クメール語民族　クメール人　86%　　　ベトナム人　５%　/ 中国人　５%宗教　仏教　95%　/ イスラム教　４% GDP　177億ドル　/ 通貨　リエル識字率　男性　84.7%　/ 女性　64.1%政体　立憲君主制

●チートスの激辛味が食べられずに魚ばかりで

喪失感を味わう

カーン・ヒンさんは米国で罪を犯したためカンボジアに「本国送還」されたが、「ここは私の国ではない。アメリカが私の国だ」と疎外感を募らせている。 Photo: The New York Times／ Redux／アフロ

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1. vernacular （　　） a. have the right to2. spew （　　） b. returning to one＇s native land3. be entitled to （　　） c. informal language4. deport （　　） d. forcibly send to another country5. repatriation （　　） e. express without limit

　次の１〜５の語句の説明として最も近いものをａ〜ｅから１つ選び、（　）内に記入しなさい。


Many Cambodians spending most of their lives in America are not US (　　　　　). Their parents were often poor (　　　　　) who failed to apply for (　　　　　) for their children. Growing up in tough (　　　　　), some of these kids got involved in crime and now face being (　　　　　) to a country that they know almost nothing about.

citizens　　citizenship　　deported　　neighborhoods　　refugees

　1975年４月に、カンボジアでポル・ポト政権が樹立した。国家体制は毛沢東主義を基盤

にした「原始共産主義社会」であり、その実現のために国立銀行を閉鎖し、貨幣も廃止さ

れた。また、都市住民を農村に強制移住させたが、過酷な労働環境を強いられたため、飢

餓、栄養失調、過労による死へと追いやられた。ポル・ポトは、裏切者やスパイの政権内

への潜伏を疑って猜疑心を強め、知識階級を殺害するなど、国民に対する虐殺が横行した。

このときに、100万人以上の死者が出たと推計されている。1978年12月、ベトナム国内に

避難していたカンボジア人によって構成された「カンプチア救国民族統一戦線」がベトナ

ムの援助を得てカンボジア国内に侵攻し、カンボジア・ベトナム戦争が勃発した。このと

きに大量の難民が発生した。

　カンボジア・ベトナム・ラオスのインドシナ３国が、社会主義体制に移行したことによ

り、体制に馴染めないとか、迫害を受けたり、経済活動が制限されたりで自国外へ脱出し、

難民となった。カンボジアからは、約30万の難民がいた。アメリカは、80万人以上のイン

ドシナ難民を受け入れた。

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PHNOM PENH, Cambodia — It was fish for breakfast and fish for lunch and fish for dinner.　＂I hate fish,＂ Khan Hin said. Mr. Hin＇s palate is American. His vernacular, slang from the streets of Stockton, Calif., is American. And his family＇s experience is all too American. His older sister was at school in Stockton in 1989 when a man sprayed gunfire on the schoolyard. Five children ages 6 to 9, all of Cambodian or Vietnamese heritage, were killed. Nearly 30 others, including Mr. Hin＇s sister, were injured. The killer had repeatedly spewed hatred of Asian immigrants. At the hospital, Mr. Hin＇s sister got to meet Michael Jackson, which was an American dream of sorts, although it wasn＇t worth two bullets in her body. But Mr. Hin, 33, isn＇t American. Born in a Thai refugee camp, he came to the United States as a baby. His parents, refugees fleeing genocide in Cambodia, never claimed citizenship for their son, even though he was entitled to it. Until he was jailed at age 18 for auto theft, Mr. Hin had no idea he was only a legal permanent resident. American law is uncompromising: Deportation applies to legal permanent residents who commit an aggravated felony in the United States. Such crimes include failing to appear in court or filing a false tax return, as well as more serious offenses. Deportees are barred from returning to the United States. Mr. Hin had served five years and was holding down a job in California when Immigration and Customs Enforcement came for him. For 18 months, he shuffled through various detention centers across the United States. Three years ago, he was deported to Cambodia.

Cheetos：チートス《1948年米国で誕生したチーズ味のスナック菓子》

PHNOM PENH：プノンペン《記事の発信地、カンボジアの首都》

palate：味覚

Stockton：ストックトン《サンホアキン郡の郡庁所在

地で人口約28万人》

all too 〜：あまりにも～だ

spewed 〜：～を吐き出した

Michael Jackson：マイケル・ジャクソン《（1958-2009）米国の「キング・オブ・ポップ」と称される

歌手》

〜 of sorts：ある種の～、ちょっとした～

genocide：民族虐殺

legal permanent 　resident：合法的永住者

Deportation：国外退去、本国送還

aggravated felony：攻撃的な犯罪

tax return：（所得税の）納税申告書

served：服役した

Immigration and Customs Enforcement：移民税関捜査局

shuffled through 〜：～にたらい回しにされた

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Fish Instead of Flamin’ Hot Cheetos, and Feeling Lost

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It was his first time in the country. He did not speak Khmer, the local language. Citing human rights concerns, the Cambodian government suspended the repatriation agreement last year. But the United States responded by slapping visa restrictions on Cambodian officials, and a trickle of deportations began in December. In February, the two governments held talks on the repatriations, and 16 deportees have arrived this year. Many Cambodian refugees were farmers who fled the Khmer Rouge with no schooling or savings. Once in the United States, they scrambled to get menial jobs, like packing fruit or sewing clothes. Cambodian refugees, along with Vietnamese and Laotians, were often resettled in tough neighborhoods, like South Central Los Angeles or Long Beach. By the 1980s, their children had formed street gangs, like the notorious Tiny Rascal Gang. ＂We had to protect ourselves from homeboy shootouts,＂ said Ricky Kul, who was 15 when he joined the Oriental Lazy Boyz in Los Angeles and was later jailed for burglary. Mr. Kul, who was repatriated two years ago, now manages a bar in Phnom Penh that is popular with foreign visitors. If deportees lack the tattoos that mark them as gangbangers, they can find work as English teachers or tour guides.


Khmer：クメール語《オーストロアジア語族のモン・クメール語派に属する》

suspended 〜：～を一時停止した

repatriation agreement：　送還協定

visa restrictions：ビザの発給制限

a trickle of 〜：少しずつの～

Khmer Rouge：クメール・ルージュ《かつて存在し

た政治勢力、武装組織》

scrambled to 〜：先を争って～しようとした

menial：単調な、つまらない

tough neighborhoods：治安の悪い地域

South Central Los 　Angeles：サウス・ロサ

ンゼルス地域（旧サウス・セントラル）《犯罪発生率全米第２位の街ロサンゼルスのダウンタウンの

南に位置》

Long Beach：ロングビーチ《カリフォルニア州南部の

港湾都市で人口約47万人》

Tiny Rascal Gang：タイニー・ラスカル・ギャング

《カリフォルニア州を中心とした全米を拠点とし、主にカンボジア、タイ、ベトナムなどアジア系のメンバーから成るギャン

グ組織》

Oriental Lazy Boyz：オリエンタル・レイジー・ボーイズ《主にカンボジア人から成るストリートギ

ャング》

burglary：押し込み強盗

gangbangers：非行グループのメンバー、暴力団員

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　次の１〜５の英文を完成させるために、ａ〜ｄの中から最も適切なものを１つ選びなさい。

1. In California, it seems likely that Mr. Hin a. preferred not to eat American food. b. rarely ate fish. c. ate fish three times a day because it is plentiful. d. hated eating cheetos because they are flaming hot.

2. In Stockton, one of the worst things that happened was a. the death of Michael Jackson there. b. children getting killed and wounded in a classroom shooting. c. people leaving the city to go and live in Asia. d. the increased use of street slang.

3. Mr. Hin, who came to the U.S. with his parents, discovered his lack of citizenship when

a. he was arrested for the felony of auto theft. b. the Immigration and Customs came to deport him. c. he saw other Cambodians being deported to their home country. d. he went to prison after committing a crime.

4. When Mr. Hin was deported to Cambodia, a. he could speak Khmer. b. he had to leave a job he held for five years. c. he was familiar with the ways and customs of Cambodia. d. he was granted American citizenship.

5. Ricky Kul, who manages a bar in Phnom Penh, a. joined the Oriental Lazy Boyz gang to protect himself from other gangs. b. committed a robbery, causing his deportation. c. ended up running a bar in Cambodia. d. did all of the above.

Exercises

Multiple Choice

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（　　） 1. Asian gangs are found in many neighborhoods.

（　　） 2. Without some education jobs are difficult to find.

（　　） 3. Returning to your own country while not speaking its language is a hardship.

（　　） 4. The U.S. and Cambodia held meetings but no deportees have arrived this year.

（　　） 5. Mr. Hin＇s sister was wounded when a person who had hatred for Asians broke into her school.

True or False

Vocabulary　次の１〜10 は、食べ物に関することわざです。下のａ〜ｊの和文の中から最も適切なものを１つ選び、（　　）に記入しなさい。

1. An apple a day keeps the doctor away. （　　　）2. A good appetite is the best sauce. （　　　）3. All is fish that comes to his net. （　　　）4. Count one＇s chickens before they are hatched. （　　　）5. Their method is a combination of the carrot and the stick. （　　　）6. The pot calls the kettle black. （　　　）7. The proof of the pudding is in the eating. （　　　）8. You cannot have your cake and eat it. （　　　）9. Variety is the spice of life. （　　　）10. In wine there is truth. （　　　）

a. いろいろあってこそ人生は楽しい

b. １日にリンゴ１個で医者いらず

c. 酒に酔えば本音が出る

d. 自分のことを棚に上げて他人を非難する

e. とらぬ狸の皮算用

f. 転んでもただでは起きない

g. 論より証拠

h. 両方うまいことはできない

i. 空腹にまずいものなし

j. やり方はアメとムチだ

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Unit 9●大谷選手の大リーグ初登板　６奪三振で勝利投手●将棋の世界で「神様」対「天才」の頂上対決

Before you read

ナショナルリーグ ●東地区Atlanta Braves（ATL）Florida Marlins（FLA）New York Mets（NYM）Philadelphia Phillies（PHI）Washington Nationals（WSH）

中地区Chicago Cubs（CHC）Cincinnati Reds（CIN）Houston Astros（HOU）Milwaukee Brewers（MIL）Pittsburgh Pirates（PIT）St. Louis Cardinals（STL）

西地区Arizona Diamondbacks（ARI）Colorado Rockies（COL）Los Angeles Dodgers（LAD）San Diego Padres（SD）San Francisco Giants（SF）

アメリカンリーグ ★東地区Baltimore Orioles （BAL）Boston Red Sox （BOS）New York Yankees （NYY）Tampa Bay Rays （TB）Toronto Blue Jays （TOR）

中地区Chicago White Sox （CWS）Cleveland Indians （CLE）Detroit Tigers （DET）Kansas City Royals （KC）Minnesota Twins （MIN）

西地区Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim （LAA）Oakland Athletics （OAK）Seattle Mariners （SEA）Texas Rangers （TEX）

3 試合連続の19号本塁打を放つ大谷選手。 Photo: Kyodo News

王座戦本戦の準々決勝で勝利する藤井七段。 Photo: Kyodo News

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1. fan （　　） a. rise2. nifty （　　） b. stretch or cover3. span （　　） c. unequaled4. unparalleled （　　） d. clever or stylish5. ascent （　　） e. strike out


Two-way players are (　　　　　) in major league baseball. But soon after impressing as the Angels＇ designated hitter, Shohei Ohtani (　　　　　) fans with his fastball pitching. Another newcomer has been stirring up the (　　　　　) world of shogi. At just 15, Sota Fujii has made (　　　　　) as the youngest player to hold the record for (　　　　　) wins.

calmer　　consecutive　　history　　rare　　thrilled

　大谷翔平選手は、1994年７月５日に岩手県奥州市（旧水沢市）生まれの24歳だ。193cmの長身を生かして投手と打者を本格的に行う二刀流選手である。アマチュア時代、日本ハ

ム時代、そしてエンジェルスに入団後も投打に大活躍している。投手としては、右投げで、

最速165km/h を記録した。オーバースローから繰り出すストレート、フォークボール、ス

ライダーを投げる。また、野手としても左打ちの外野手で、抜群の長打力はメジャーリー

グ開幕後のエンジェルスの３試合連続本塁打を記録した。１塁まで3.8秒台の俊足で、強肩

も兼ね備えている。

　藤井聡太将棋棋士は、2002年７月19日に愛知県瀬戸市生まれの16歳の高校１年生であ

る。５歳のとき祖父母から将棋の手ほどきを受け、将棋教室に入会した。小学生のときか

ら天才ぶりを発揮し、14歳２か月の中学２年生時の第59回奨励会三段リーグ戦で４段に昇

段し、プロ入りを決め、最年少棋士記録を62年振りに更新した。2018年２月の中学３年生

の15歳６か月で一般棋戦優勝・全棋士参加棋戦優勝・六段昇段の３つの最年少記録を更新

した。結局五段であったのはわずか16日間だった。2018年５月、15歳９か月で七段に昇段

し、六段でいたのも３か月しかなく、まさしく破竹の勢いで連戦連勝している。

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Shohei Ohtani could exhale, at last having made it through a whirlwind week and not one, but two separate debuts in the big leagues. He got his first career hit, then three days later earned his first win on the mound. Souvenir balls for each occasion. Impressing manager Mike Scioscia with both his poise and repertoire, the two-way star from Oshu, Iwate Prefecture, won his major league pitching debut Sunday. He threw three-hit ball over six innings and led the Los Angeles Angels past the Oakland Athletics 7-4. After being the designated hitter in the opener, he expected to be far more nervous to pitch. It didn＇t show. Reaching the upper 90s in mph (153 and above in kph) with his fastball and keeping the A＇s guessing with a nifty splitter, Ohtani struck out six and retired 14 of his final 15 batters. Ohtani signed a minor league contract with the Angels in December after five seasons with the Hokkaido Nippon Ham Fighters in NPB. According to MLB.com, Ohtani is the first major league player since Babe Ruth in 1919 to start as a non-pitcher on opening day then start as a pitcher within his team＇s first 10 games. In all, Ohtani threw 92 pitches, 63 of them strikes.

The Japan Times, April 3, 2018

MLB：メジャーリーグベースボール《30球団により

編成されるプロ野球リーグ》

Two-way：（投手と打者の）二刀流

phenom：非凡な人

exhale：ホットして息を吐き出す

made it through 〜：～を乗り切った

manager Mike Scioscia：　マイク・ソーシア監督

poise and repertoire：安定性と球種のレパートリー

Oshu：奥州市

threw three-hit ball：３安打を許した

designated hitter：指名打者（DH）

opener：開幕戦

mph：マイル毎時

keeping 〜 guessing：～を悩ませる

A’s：《アスレチックスの略称》

retired 〜：～を凡退させた、アウトにした

NPB：日本野球機構

Babe Ruth：ベーブ・ルース《(1895-1948) 最初にアメリカ野球殿堂入りした選手》

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Two-way phenom impresses in first turn on MLB mound

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Shogi showdown pits game’s ‘god’ against its ‘genius’

＂Many people are closely watching what will be the first official match between the longtime champion and the champion to be＂ at the 11th Asahi Cup tournament in Tokyo, Taku Morishita, executive director of the Japan Shogi Association, told The Japan Times. Habu, 47, and Fujii, 15, have played each other twice in unofficial matches. Fujii won the first one and Habu the second. With a career spanning over three decades, Habu has achieved unparalleled feats. He is the first professional player to win seven eisei (lifetime) titles and the first to receive the government＇s prestigious People＇s Honor Award. Fujii has meanwhile made history by becoming the youngest player to hold the record for most consecutive wins. The teen prodigy was just 14 when he earned the rank of fourth dan — the entry level for pro players — in 2016 while chalking up a 29-game winning streak in 2017. Habu, who has achieved the highest rank of ninth dan, is well aware of Fujii＇s potential. At a joint news conference in January after Saturday＇s match date was fixed, he praised the teen＇s rapid ascent up the ranks, calling him ＂formidable.＂ Fujii said he was happy to have reached the stage where he could play Habu, noting that the legend ＂was on the front lines way before I started shogi.＂ The tournament also has extra significance for Fujii: If he wins, he will become sixth dan just 16 days after making fifth dan. He will also be the youngest, at 15 years and 6 months, to become champion at an official shogi competition, rewriting the record of 78-year-old retired ninth dan Hifumi Kato, who did it at the age of 15 and 10 months, in 1955.

The Japan Times, February 16, 2018

showdown：決戦

pits 〜：～を対戦させる

〜 to be：未来の～

Asahi Cup tournament：朝日杯将棋オープン戦

executive director：常務理事

Japan Shogi Association：日本将棋連盟

People’s Honor Award：国民栄誉賞

most consecutive wins：最多連勝記録

prodigy：天才、神童

chalking up 〜：～を記録する

winning streak：連勝記録

ascent up the ranks：昇段

formidable：手強い

way before 〜：～よりずっと前に

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1. Shohei Ohtani had a wonderful week because he a. demonstrated amazing poise and a rich repertoire. b. received his first career hit in MLB. c. earned his first win on the mound and threw a three hit ball over six

innings. d. made news showing all of the above.

2. Ohtani signed a minor league contract with a. the Dodgers. b. the Angels. c. the Yankees. d. the Mets.

3. Ohtani is known for a. being the first major league since Babe Ruth to start as a non-pitcher on

opening day and switch to pitcher within his team＇s first ten games. b. his pitches of up to 90 kph and great fastball. c. not being nervous to pitch. d. not throwing many pitches.

4. Taku Morishita a. is one of the long-time players of Shogi. b. has had a career that has lasted for three decades. c. is the executive director of the Japan Shogi Association. d. is the youngest shogi champion.

5. If Fujii wins at this championship, he will a. be the youngest player to play in a shogi championship at fifteen years and

six months old. b. still maintain his 29 game winning streak in 2017. c. become sixth dan, just 16 days after making fifth dan. d. achieve all of the above exciting goals.

Exercises

Multiple Choice

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（　　） 1. Habu and Fujii have complimentary comments about each other.

（　　） 2. Ohtani seems to have a very promising career ahead of him.

（　　） 3. It is not unusual for a player to start as a non-pitcher and become a pitcher quickly.

（　　） 4. Ohtani, with his fast ball, struck out six and retired 14 of his final 15 batters.

（　　） 5. The game of Shogi seems to be interesting for all ages.

True or False

Vocabulary　次の英文は、The Japan Times に掲載された Ohtani hits first MLB homer in first at-bat at Angels’ home『大谷、エンジェルスの本拠地で初ホームランを打つ』の一部です。また、The Japan Times on Sunday に掲載された Fujii topples shogi master Habu 『藤井、羽生竜王を破る』の一部です。下の語群から最も適切なものを１つ選び、（　　　）内に記入しなさい。

Shohei Ohtani got his first (　　　　 ) league home run and his first celebratory ice bath. There could be more on the way for the Japanese sensation. Ohtani hit a three-run (　　　　 ) in his first Angel Stadium at-(　　　　 ) to help the Los Angels beat the Cleveland Indians 13 – 2 on Tuesday night. ＂Shohei put on a display of the type of talent he has tonight,＂ manager Mike Scioscia said.　＂He showed the ability to just (　　　　 ) up a baseball, and he had a great night for us.＂ Sota Fujii toppled 47-year-old Habu during the semifinals, bringing down one of the most talented players in the game＇s history. Before Saturday＇s match commenced, Fujii said Habu was a player he has (　　　　 ) since he first began playing.　＂I did my utmost to (　　　　 ) the game and now I＇m very happy,＂ Fujii said after (　　　　 ) the ninth-dan master.　＂It was a (　　　　 ) game and I couldn＇t tell if I could win＂ until near the end of the match, Fujii told reporters.

admired　　bat　　　 besting　　difficulthomer　　 major　　square　　 win

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Kingdom of Saudi Arabiaサウジアラビア王国面積　2,150,000km2（日本の約5.7倍）人口　32,280,000人首都　リアド公用語　アラビア語民族　サウジアラビア人　73%　　　ヨーロッパ系　１% 以下　　　アラブ系　６%　　　アフリカ系　１%　/ アジア系　20%宗教　イスラム教スンニ派　85〜90%　　　　　　　　シーア派　10〜15%GDP　6,396億ドル（世界20位）通貨　サウジアラビア・リヤル政治　君主制識字率　94.8%

Unit 10●サウジアラビアで規制緩和

Before you read

サウジアラビアのリアドで開催されたイベント会場で携帯電話を使う女性たち。どこまで「規制緩和」なるのか？ Photo: The New York Times／ Redux／アフロ

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Unit 10　57

1. court （　　） a. approach, befriend2. frown upon （　　） b. erode slowly3. brash （　　） c. bold4. chip away （　　） d. disapprove of5. hassle （　　） e. confront or disturb



Long known as a country (　　　　　) public entertainment, Saudi Arabia is (　　　　　) to promote fun events. (　　　　　) that oil money will run out, the young heir to the throne is (　　　　　) concerts, theater, dance and sport to boost the economy. His policies are also popular with young Saudis (　　　　　) to enjoy a freer life.

encouraging　　lacking　　realizing　　starting　　wishing

　サウジアラビアは、ベネズエラに次ぐ世界２位の石油埋蔵量・生産量・輸出量を誇るエ

ネルギー大国である。輸出総額の約９割、財政収入の約８割を石油に依存している。さら

に、OPEC 石油輸出国機構の指導国として国際石油市場に強い影響力を有している。世界

銀行の定義では高所得国に分類され、アラブ諸国で唯一の G20メンバー国である。イスラ

ム教最大の聖地メッカと第２のメディナの二大聖地を擁するイスラム世界の中心的存在で、

湾岸協力理事会・アラブ連盟等において主導的役割を果たしている。

　2016年12月の第３回地方評議会選挙で、初めて女性の選挙権・被選挙権が認められ、女

性20名が当選した。若年層への雇用機会の増大、石油依存からの脱却が最重要課題である。

サウジ人労働力の積極的利用、石油部門以外の発展に力を注ぎ、人材育成・民営化・外資

導入・市場開放など諸改革に努めている。

　2017年６月にサルマン国王の３番目の妻との間の副皇太子ムハンマドを皇太子に昇格した。

　皇太子は脱石油依存の経済改革を主導しているが、中東におけるイランの覇権阻止を外

交戦略の基本としている。イランと親密な関係にあるカタールと断交したり、レバノン内

政に介入した。地域大国同士の緊張を高め、国際社会の懸念を増幅させる結果を招いてい

る。

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The lights dimmed, the conductor emerged and the nearly full house applauded as he stood before the orchestra. Then the lights went up and the cast appeared on stage in historical Arab garb. It was remarkable not for the show itself, but for the fact that it was happening at all, on a public stage, in the conservative capital of Saudi Arabia. The recent production of ＂Antar and Abla＂ was part of a new, large-scale push by the Saudi government to create — virtually from scratch — a vibrant entertainment sector for its population of about 30 million. Saudi Arabia has long been known as one of the world＇s most conservative places, where bearded religious police enforced strict social codes and women cloaked their bodies and often covered their faces in public. Concerts and theater were largely banned, and even the notion of fun was often frowned upon as un-Islamic. Now the kingdom is lightening up with comic book festivals, dance performances, concerts and monster truck rallies. The New Age musician Yanni performed there in December, as did the American rapper Nelly (for an all-male audience). Cirque du Soleil will make its Saudi debut this year (with less racy outfits than it uses elsewhere). Prince Mohammed, the brash, 32-year-old heir to the Saudi throne, is seeking to reorient his country＇s economy away from oil while making life more enjoyable for Saudis. The thinking is that Saudis who spend billions of dollars each year on entertainment abroad will instead stay in the kingdom to have fun, creating much-needed jobs.

lightens up：規制緩和する

building 〜：～を育成中

conductor：指揮者

house：劇場

garb：服装

at all：とにかく

“Antar and Abla”：『アンタルとアブラ』《ロマンス

物語のオペラ作品》

from scratch：ゼロから

enforced 〜：～を強制執行した

social codes：社会のルール

notion of 〜：～という概念

Yanni：ヤニー《ギリシャ出身のシンセサイザー奏

者、ピアニスト》

Cirque du Soleil：シルク・ドゥ・ソレイユ《1984年にカナダで設立されたエ

ンターテインメント集団》

racy outfits：嫌らしい衣服

brash：向こう見ずな

heir to 〜：～の継承者、皇太子

reorient 〜：～を再構築する

much-needed：切望していた

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Kingdom is building entertainment industryin push to help its economy

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Unit 10　59

Since emerging into the public eye three years ago, Prince Mohammed has rocketed to the top of the Saudi power structure while chipping away at the traditional pillars of society. He has cut down the religious establishment by stripping the religious police of the power to arrest people, and by silencing clerics who oppose his social reforms. At the same time, Prince Mohammed has actively courted youth as a new constituency to support his programs. About two-thirds of Saudis are under 30 and many have enthusiastically endorsed the changes. ＂I love him,＂ said Ibtihal Shogair, 25, who was eating mini-burgers with a friend at a food fair supported by the government＇s entertainment arm on the lawn of a luxury hotel in Riyadh. ＂He came and he was a young man who thought more like us.＂ A few years ago, there was little for women their age to do on the weekends, said Ms. Shogair and her friend. So they mostly gathered in homes or went to restaurants. When they did go out, the religious police hassled them even though both women dressed modestly and covered their hair. Now, the women rarely see the religious polices and often check the calendar of the government＇s General Entertainment Authority to plan their weekends. They both plan to get their driver＇s licenses in June, when the government has promised to lift its longstanding ban on women driving.

The New York Times International Edition, March 20, 2018

power structure：権力機構

chipping away at 〜：～を少しずつ削り取る

stripping 〜 of …：～から…を奪い取る

clerics：聖職者

courted 〜：～を誘った

endorsed 〜：～を支持した

arm：部門

came：いきなり出現した

women their age：同じ年頃の女性たち

did go out：《went out の強調》

hassled 〜：～をイライラさせた

General Entertainment 　Authority：総合娯楽局

lift 〜 ban：禁止令を撤廃する

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1. Saudi Arabia seems to be a. changing many rules, like allowing drivers＇ licenses for women. b. producing shows for millions around the world to enjoy. c. making citizens enjoy entertainment in their own homes. d. doing all of the above activities.

2. Some of the shows on the agenda are a. Ibtihal Shogair. b. Cirque du Soleil. c. Prince Mohammed. d. the British rapper Nelly.

3. Prince Mohammed wants to a. invite many entertainers from overseas. b. bring jobs as well as joy to the people. c. encourage Saudi citizens to have fun. d. achieve all of the above.

4. The major group of citizens that Prince Mohammed is targeting first are a. the youth of the country. b. the middle aged portion of the country. c. the older population entering retirement. d. young families in Saudi Arabia.

5. Prince Mohammed seems to have focused on youth because they a. love their new freedom and the concerts, clubs and games that are now

available. b. are the future of Saudi Arabia and these activities will encourage them to

stay in the country. c. form a large part of the population. d. are important to the country in all of the above ways.

Exercises

Multiple Choice

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Unit 10　61


（　　） 1. Prince Mohammed is the 23-year-old heir to the throne.

（　　） 2. Prince Mohammed is admired by youth for giving them activities for their free time.

（　　） 3. Some people are demonstrating against new laws and plans.

（　　） 4. Prince Mohammed wants the people to see a Monster Truck Rally.

（　　） 5. The youth of the country used to be banned from driving.

True or False

Vocabulary　次の英文は、The New York Times に掲載された The prince and the Saudi economy

『皇太子とサウジの経済』の一部です。下の語群から最も適切なものを１つ選び、（　　　）内に記入しなさい。

Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman has to rule like a (　　　　 ) if he wants to transform the kingdom into a (　　　　 )-oriented market economy. When Prince Mohammed announced his highly ambitious national transformation plan in 2016, he promised to (　　　　 ) state assets, create 1.2 million jobs in the private sector and cut (　　　　 ) to 9 percent by 2020. It was rehashing an old panacea – weaning the kingdom off its addiction to (　　　　 ). Prince Mohammed has made progress. He has lowered obstacles to (　　　　 ) participation in the work force, cut subsidies on utilities and raised indirect taxes. On January 1, he increased fuel prices by over 80% and imposed a new 5 % (　　　　 ) tax. But his outreach to the private sector, on which his plan depends, has been stymied by a lack of capacity and institutional experience, and increasingly, his hubris. His oppressive conduct is (　　　　 ) the very sources he should be trying to attract.

alienating 　　oil　　　　　　　 privatize　　reformersales　　　　 unemployment　　Western　　 women＇s

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2. Do you know what Bitcoin is? ビットコインが何だか知ってますか？

Unit 11●ビットコインがキャンパスに

Before you read

ビットコインやブロックチェーンに関する授業を受講するニューヨーク大学の学生たち。 Photo: The New York Times／ Redux／アフロ

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Unit 11　63

1. cryptocurrency （　　） a. virtual money supported by online security2. precinct （　　） b. carrying grade points3. speculative （　　） c. lack of clarity4. for-credit （　　） d. area5. fuzziness （　　） e. adventurous and risky


Some economists thought Bitcoin was a fad, especially when the (　　　　　) lost value. But academic (　　　　　) continues to grow. Courses on (　　　　　) currencies have been popular at several American universities. People are fascinated not only by the possibility of making money, but also by changing (　　　　　) about money and new security (　　　　　).

concepts　　cryptocurrency　　interest　　technology　　virtual

　仮想通貨とは、インターネット上で取引される架空のお金で、1500種類以上あるとされ

ている。「ブロックチェーン」と呼ばれるネット上の台帳に取引履歴が記録され、世界中の

コンピューターが共同で管理する。代表的なのがビットコイン、イーサリアム、リップル、

ネオ、イオス、ネムなどがある。現金に交換でき、一部の店舗で支払いに使えるが、投機

目的の利用が多い。2017年度の国内取引額は、約69兆円で、2016年度の約20倍に上った。

　日本各地の大学で仮想通貨の投資サークルが発足している。中には資産が億単位になっ

た「億り人」と言われる人もいる。現物取引だと、20歳代以下の若者が約３割も占めてい

るそうだ。

　仮想通貨は、政府や中央銀行が価値を一切保証していない。責任のある管理者が存在せ

ず、多くの仮想通貨は企業収益などの裏付けがなく、適正価格がない。価値が乱高下する

ことがよくある。2018年１月に大手交換業者「コインチェック」から巨額の仮想通貨が流

出したが、これはサイバー攻撃へのもろさを露呈した。顧客が保有する仮想通貨をコンピ

ューターにある

「ウォレット」と呼ばれる口座で管理している。ネットにつながる状態で保管する「ホッ

トウォレット」と、ネットから切り離された状態で保管する「コールドウォレット」がある。

コインチェックは、今回流出した約580億円に相当する仮想通貨ネムをホットで管理していた。

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　While the price of Bitcoin has dropped since the end of last year, the virtual-currency boom has shown no signs of cooling off in the more august precincts of America＇s elite universities.　Several top schools have added or are rushing to add classes about Bitcoin and the record-keeping technology that it introduced, known as the blockchain.　Graduate-level classes this academic term at Carnegie Mellon, Cornell, Duke, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the University of Maryland, among other places, illustrate the fascination with the technology across several academic fields, and the assumption that it will outlast the current speculative price bubble.　＂There was some gentle ribbing from my colleagues when I began giving talks on Bitcoin,＂ said David Yermack, a business and law professor at New York University who offered one of the first for credit courses on the topic back in 2014. ＂But within a few months, I was being invited to Basel to talk with central bankers, and the joking from my colleagues stopped after that.＂ For a class this semester, Mr. Yermack originally booked a lecture hall that could fit 180 students, but he had to move the course to the largest lecture hall at N.Y.U. when enrollment kept going up. He now has 225 people signed up for the class. A course about virtual currencies created by a Princeton computer science professor, Arvind Narayanan, has been the fifth-most-popular class on Coursera, an online learning site. And last month at the University of California, Berkeley, students were lining the walls and sitting in the aisles for the first lecture of ＂Blockchain, Cryptoeconomics and the Future

Bitcoin：ビットコイン《インターネット上の仮想通

貨の一種》

cryptocurrency：（暗号化技術に基づく）仮想通貨

virtual-currency：仮想通貨

august precincts：堂々とした構内

added 〜：～を新設済み

blockchain：ブロックチェーン《仮想通貨などの取引を、ユーザー同士で共有する分散型台帳。取引情報を一定量 ( ブロック )ごとにまとめて記帳し、鎖（チェーン）のように

連結して管理する》

assumption：前提

speculative：投機的な

ribbing：からかい、冷笑

talks：講義

for-credit courses：単位認定科目

Basel：バーゼル《スイスの都市名》

Coursera：コーセラ《教育技術の営利団体；世界の多くの大学と協力し、それらの大学のコースの幾つかを無償でオンライン上に提供》

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Bitcoin comes to campus

As universities offer classes on cryptocurrency,students rush to sign up

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Unit 11　65

of Technology, Business and Law.＂ The interest is fueled by the rising price of virtual currencies over the last year. But there are a host of issues that are worthy of study, even apart from the price, professors in a variety of fields said. For lawyers, virtual currency projects have challenged traditional legal categories and definitions of what constitutes a security or a commodity. Regulators have been caught flatfooted as entrepreneurs have raised billions of dollars by selling virtual currencies without going through the traditional fund-raising channels, taking advantage of the legal fuzziness surrounding them.＂ For economists and business school professors, Bitcoin and other digital tokens have raised questions about the nature of money. The first lecture in the Berkeley class, for example, considered the development of Bitcoin against the history of money. Several business school classes are also focusing on the decentralized methods of record keeping and decision making introduced by Bitcoin. Bitcoin is given credit for creating the first blockchain, a ledger of transactions that is updated by a network of computers without relying on any central company or government. Many big companies are now looking at how blockchains independent of Bitcoin might be used to do things like track music royalties or cargo containers with input from the many parties involved.

The New York Times International Edition, February 10-11, 2018

security：担保（物件）

commodity：商品

caught flatfooted：呆（ぼう）然とした

raised 〜：～を集めた

fuzziness：不明瞭さ

business school：経営学大学院

tokens：代用貨幣

raised 〜：～を引き起こした

against 〜：～対比させて

decentralized：分散的

given credit for 〜：～の功績を認められる

ledger：台帳

transactions：商取引

do things with 〜：～で物事を行う、進める

track music royalties：音楽一曲分の特許使用料

input：入力データ

parties involved：関係者

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1. Despite the fall in the price of Bitcoin last year a. Bitcoin and blockchain remain hot topics in universities. b. several top schools have added classes about Bitcoin and blockchain. c. graduate level scholars are examining the technology they employ. d. all the above situations are happening.

2. The developer of virtual currencies was a. David Yermack. b. Arvirid Narayanan. c. graduate students at M.I.T. d. scholars at N.Y.U.

3. Interest in Bitcoin is driven by a. the plunge in the value of virtual currencies. b. the clear distinction between securities and commodities. c. the possibility of raising billions of dollars while bypassing the usual

channels. d. traditional fundraising channels.

4. Because of techniques pioneered by Bitcoin, a. all computers will be updated by a central company. b. centralized methods of record keeping may be abandoned. c. blockchains may be used to track music royalties or cargo containers. d. University of Berkeley students have been demonstrating outside the walls.

5. One class handles a. the development of Bitcoin in relation to the history of money. b. actual calculations by student investors. c. the topic of futurism. d. peer groups teaching a virtual class.

Exercises

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Unit 11　67


（　　） 1. Blockchain is a technology that can be updated without a central company.

（　　） 2. Economists and professors seem to have no use for Bitcoin or blockchain.

（　　） 3. Schools are rushing to enlarge classes on Bitcoin as students request entry into such classes.

（　　） 4. On the Coursera site, Bitcoin is the second most popular course.

（　　） 5. Bitcoin prices may be falling but interest in them is not.

True or False

Vocabulary　次の英文は、読売新聞の The Japan News「えいご工房」に掲載された Weak measures led to NEM hack 『コインチェックのずさんな管理　仮想通貨流出招く』の記事の一部です。下の語群から最も適切なものを１つ選び、（　　　）内に記入しなさい。

An exchange for (　　　　 ) currencies, which have been extremely popular lately, has been the (　　　　 ) of fraudulent access. Coincheck, one of the larger exchanges, announced on January 26 that the equivalent of $58 billion worth of the virtual currency NEM had been (　　　　 ).　The company, which is based in Shibuya Ward, Tokyo, appears to have used a vulnerable system to manage the assets it held. Virtual currencies are managed on computers using what are called ＂wallets.＂　The exchanges that broker transactions on the (　　　　 ) are vulnerable to a risk of fraudulent (　　　　 ) access, so most exchanges (　　　　 ) their data in ＂cold wallets＂ that are (　　　　 ) connected to the internet. However, Coincheck did not use this method to manage its NEM, instead keeping the currency in ＂(　　　　 ) wallets＂ that were connected to external networks.

external　　hot　　 internet　　notstolen　　 store　　victim　　 virtual

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Unit 12●ロヒンギャの若者には今も恐怖が

Before you read

Republic of the Union of Myanmarミャンマー連邦共和国面積　680,000km2（日本の約1.8倍）人口　51,410,000人民族　ビルマ族　68%　/ シャン族　９%　/ カレン族　７%首都　ネーピードー　/ 最大都市　ヤンゴン公用語　ミャンマー語宗教　仏教　90%　/ イスラム教　４%　/ ヒンドゥ教　１%　　　カトリック　１%　/ プロテスタント　３%識字率　93.1%　/ 政体　共和制GDP　683億ドル　/ 通貨　チャット

People’s Republic of Bangladeshバングラディシュ人民共和国面積　147,000km2（日本の本州を除いたのと同じ）首都・最大都市　ダッカ公用語　ベンガル語、英語（事実上）人口　159,400,000人民族　ベンガル人　98%宗教　イスラム教　89.7%　/ ヒンドゥ教　9.2%　　　仏教・キリスト教　各１%識字率　59.1%GDP　3,251億ドル　/ 通貨　タカ政体　共和制

ミャンマー政府によって「難民」にされたロヒンギャの子供たちに「明日」があるのか？難民キャンプで食糧配給を待つ子供たち。 Photo: The New York Times／ Redux／アフロ

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Unit 12　69

1. outrun （　　） a. walk through water or mud2. wade （　　） b. offensive3. lodge （　　） c. destroy physical or mentally4. crackdown （　　） d. escape5. devastate （　　） e. settle or become stuck


Myanmar considers its Rohingya (　　　　　) to be illegal immigrants. Its military have (　　　　　) many of them in trying to push them across the border into Bangladesh. A (　　　　　) of those living in refugee camps are young children. As well as (　　　　　) they struggle with mental problems, having (　　　　　) killings and experienced trauma.

disease　　massacred　　minority　　third　　witnessed

　ロヒンギャとは、ミャンマー西部ラカイン州を中心に居住するイスラム系の少数民族で

ある。

　多くは英国の植民地時代に現在のバングラディシュにあたる地域から移住したとされる。

約100万人位いると言われているが、1970年代と90年代にそれぞれ20万人から30万人がバ

ングラディシュに難民として逃れた。2017年８月に、ロヒンギャ過激派の武装集団とミャ

ンマー治安部隊との戦闘が始まり、約38万人がバングラディシュに避難したとされる。

　ミャンマーには、ビルマ族が７割を占め、その他134の民族が存在する。宗教では、上座

部仏教徒が９割もいる。ロヒンギャはイスラム教徒で、不法移民とみなされ、差別されて

きた。軍事政権下の1982年に施行された新国籍法では、ロヒンギャには国籍が付与されず、

移動や結婚などの自由が制限された。ミャンマー政府は、ロヒンギャをバングラディシュ

人と同じベンガル人と呼び、自国民と認めていない。

　国連のグテレス事務総長は、「軍事行動を停止し、国外に逃れざるをえなかった人たちの

帰国する権利を認めるべきだ」と述べて、ミャンマー政府を批判した。

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Jehora Begum was a fast runner, racing through rice paddies and splashing through canals. But how can a 12-year-old girl outrun a bullet? When Myanmar＇s military and Buddhist vigilantes descended on Rohingya Muslim villages in late August, burning homes and spraying gunfire, 14 members of Jehora＇s family — including her mother, her father and four of her siblings — couldn＇t run quickly enough. They all died, according to witnesses and human rights groups investigating the massacre in Maungdaw Township. Jehora was shot as she waded through a canal, the bullet lodging near her pelvis. Still, she and her younger brother, Khairul Amin, made it to safety in southeastern Bangladesh, where refugee camps now house far more Rohingya than remain in their homeland in Rakhine State in Myanmar. ＂I have nightmares that the military is chasing me,＂ Jehora said. ＂I wake up, and I think of my parents, and then I stay awake for a long time.＂ Of the more than 655,000 Rohingya who have fled to Bangladesh since the Myanmar military began its crackdown in late August, around 380,000 are minors, according to Save the Children, the international aid organization. At least 30 percent of the refugee population is younger than 5. Children are everywhere in the camps, fighting for aid handouts, wading through sewage and balancing jugs of water or bundles of firewood on their heads. Some are dressed in improbable combinations of donated clothes: a tiny tuxedo jacket paired with basketball shorts. Many wear nothing but dust. More than anything, the soundtrack of the Rohingya refugee camps is a child＇s wheezing cough, followed by a prolonged sniffle.

Rohingya：ロヒンギャ《ミャンマーに住む少数民族

のイスラム教徒》

rice paddies：水田

canals：用水路

outrun 〜：～より速く走る

vigilantes：自警団

descended on 〜：～を襲いかかった

siblings：兄弟姉妹

massacre：大虐殺

Maungdaw Township：マンドー《バングラデシュとの国境に近い都市 ;Township

は［行政区］を表す》

pelvis：骨盤

made it to safety：安全な場所まで何とかたどり着

いた

house 〜：～に家を提供する

Rakhine State：ラカイン州《ミャンマー西部の州名 ;

旧アラカン州》

nightmares：恐ろしい夢

crackdown：弾圧

minors：未成年者

Save the Children：セーブ・ザ・チルドレン《1919年

設立の国際 NGO》

aid handouts：援助物資

sewage：汚水

wear nothing but dust：裸で埃（ほこり）まみれ

wheezing cough：苦しそうな咳

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Unit 12　71

The prospects for these young refugees, say child development experts, are grim. ＂What we＇re seeing is the perfect breeding ground for a massive mental health crisis for children,＂ said Lalou Rostrup Holdt, a mental health adviser for Save the Children. ＂You have trauma on a huge scale, children seeing brutal killings and being forced to leave home with nothing,＂ Ms. Holdt said. ＂You have hunger. You also have significant developmental delays due to malnutrition and understimulation that predate the recent trauma. It＇s absolutely devastating for an entire community.＂ Ms. Holdt, who has been working in the camps for two months, said that many Rohingya children are living in a state of near constant ＂fight or flight＂ arousal, a hyperstressed condition that can change the architecture of their brains. Yet the children who made it to the camps are the lucky ones. Doctors Without Borders estimates that at least 730 Rohingya children younger than 5 were killed in Myanmar from late August to late September, mostly by gunshot, according to a survey released in December. Nearly 10 percent of those children were burned in their homes, while 5 percent were beaten to death. The Myanmar government has stripped most Rohingya of citizenship and considers them to be illegal immigrants from Bangladesh. For now, aid workers in the camps in Bangladesh are preoccupied with more immediate matters of life and death.

The New York Times International Edition, January 13-14, 2018

child development：子供の発育

breeding ground：温床

You：子供たち

malnutrition：栄養不良

understimulation：刺激不足

devastating for 〜：～にとって致命的

“fight or flight” arousal：「闘争・逃走」覚醒

hyperstressed：ストレスを過剰に受けている

Doctors Without Borders：国境なき医師団《1991年設立の NGO;1999年にノー

ベル平和賞受賞》

stripped 〜 of …：～から…を剥奪した

For now：今のところ

preoccupied with 〜：～のことで頭がいっぱいだ

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　次の１の英文の質問に答え、２〜５の英文を完成させるために、ａ〜ｄの中から最も適切なものを１つ選びなさい。

1. About how many Rohingya have fled to Bangladesh? a. Slightly more than 650,000 people. b. Slightly more than 350,000 people. c. Thirty percent of the population of the Rohingya Muslim villages. d. Over half of the population in camps in Myanmar.

2. Military and Buddhist vigilantes a. burned homes in Muslim villages.

b. killed all of Jehora＇s family. c. sprayed bullets around a refugee camp in Bangladesh. d. committed all of the above violence.

3. Child development specialists say the prospects for the children are a. good in the future. b. very pessimistic. c. okay if their parents are alive. d. bright in the near future.

4. Possible dangers awaiting the children include a. trauma, both physical from the soldiers and mental from losing their homes

and parents. b. hunger from lack of food provisions. c. developmental delays from malnutrition. d. all of the above experiences.

5. The Myanmar government has a. stripped most Myanmar people of their citizenship. b. donated clothes to most of the refugees. c. killed huge numbers of children. d. committed all of the above actions.

Exercises

Multiple Choice

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（　　） 1. It is estimated that almost 1000 children were burned in their homes or beaten to death.

（　　） 2. The Myanmar government considers the Rohingya people to be Myanmar citizens.

（　　） 3. Jehora and her brother Khairul escaped through the canals to Bangladesh.

（　　） 4. Jehora does not remember her parents.

（　　） 5. The horror that the Rohingya people have endured is almost unbelievable.

True or False

Vocabulary　次の英文は、The New York Times International Edition に掲載された Rohingya find nowhere left to turn『ロヒンギャには戻るところがどこも残っていない』の記事の一部です。下の語群から最も適切なものを１つ選び、（　　　）内に記入しなさい。

A skinny finger of water (　　　　 ) Bangladesh from Myanmar, and the other night a group of men sat on the Bangladeshi side, peering into the darkness, wondering what was left for them. For these men, ethnic Rohingya (　　　　 ) from Myanmar, there is certainly nothing back across the water. Home does not exist anymore. Myanmar＇s army (　　　　 ) out their villages in August, turning their houses, their mosques, their corrals, their grain stores, their fields, even their trees into dunes of (　　　　 ). The muddy camps just inside Bangladesh, where more than 600,000 Rohingya have since (　　　　 ), provide no solution, either. Officials from Bangladesh, a very crowded country, insist that Myanmar must take back the Rohingya, who are mainly (　　　　 ).　But Myanmar＇s (　　　　 ) majority drove them out in the first place, creating a climate of hate that vilified the Rohingya as subhuman. Many people in Myanmar insist the Rohingya are (　　　　 ) immigrants from Bangladesh, even though Rohingya have lived in Myanmar for hundreds of years.

ash　　　 Buddhist　　fled 　　　　illegalMuslim　　refugees　　 separates　　wiped

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Unit 13●サッカーの元スター選手がリベリアの正当な新大統領に

Republic of Liberiaリベリア共和国面積　111,370km2（日本の約⅓）首都・最大都市　モンロビア公用語　英語人口　4,610,000人民族　クペレ族　20％　/ バサ族　13％　　　ギオ族　10％　/ グレボ族　８％宗教　キリスト教　85%　　　イスラム教　12%識字率　47.6%GDP　23億ドル　/ 通貨　リベリア・ドル政体　共和制

Before you read

Republic ofLiberiaMonrovia

Côte d'Ivoire

Sierra LeoneGuinea

リベリアの新大統領に元国際的サッカー選手のウェア氏が就任。ゴールまで前途多難。 Photo: The New York Times／ Redux／アフロ

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Unit 13　75

1. bound （　　） a. wearing glasses2. be sworn in （　　） b. take over power in a ceremony3. tumult （　　） c. move energetically4. bespectacled （　　） d. chaos5. endemic （　　） e. locally widespread and deep-rooted


Once a star in the national soccer team, Liberia＇s new president (　　　　　) huge challenges. The economy is weak, education is (　　　　　) and corruption is everywhere. He is popular with the poor, especially in the (　　　　　) where he grew up. But he lacks the (　　　　　) and international profile of his (　　　　　), a Nobel prizewinner.

collapsing　　experience　　faces　　predecessor　　slums

　アフリカ54カ国中エチオピアとリベリアの２か国だけが一度も植民地化されたことがな

い。リベリアは、アメリカ合衆国で解放された黒人奴隷によって建国され、1847年に独立

したが、1989年から2003年にかけて２度も内戦が起き、戦禍の影響で世界最貧国の１つと

なっている。

　2006年１月サーリーフが、アフリカ初の民選女性大統領に就任した。「暫定貧困削減戦

略」と「貧困削減戦略」が策定され、貧困削減、インフラ整備、治安強化、ガバナンス強

化などを中心に復興への取り組みが進められた。2011年には、サーリーフが再選され、中

所得国を目指した「長期開発計画」を発足させた。この年のノーベル平和賞にサーリーフ

大統領が受賞した。リベリアの平和構築、社会・経済開発の促進、女性の地位向上への貢

献が認められた。

　ところが、2014年以降、隣国ギニアからエボラ出血熱の流行が拡大し、リベリアも社会

的・経済的被害を受けた。2015年にエボラ出血熱終息を宣言したが、10,675名が感染し、

4,809名が死亡した。2017年12月の決選投票で、サッカーの元国際的スター選手で野党候

補のジョージ・ウェアが大統領に選出された。AC ミランなどで活躍したウェアは、「リベ

リアの怪人」と呼ばれ、1995年に FIFA 最優秀選手に輝いた。J リーグ入りを目指して2008年に発足した福島県のサッカーチーム「バリエンテ郡山」の総監督に就任したこともある。

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MONROVIA, Liberia — George Weah, a former international soccer star, bounded onto the field in a stadium filled with tens of thousands of roaring fans on Monday. He had been there before. But this time, instead of playing a match, Mr. Weah was there to be sworn in as president of Liberia. Mr. Weah was elected in a milestone race for Liberia. It was the first peaceful democratic transition of power in more than seven decades. On Monday in his first official address to the nation, Mr. Weah promised to prosecute corrupt government officials and ensure that Liberian businesses played a bigger role in the national economy. Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, the departing president, and her vice president, Joseph Boakai, who ran unsuccessfully against Mr. Weah, sat next to one another at the ceremony without making eye contact. Earlier this month Mr. Boakai＇s party expelled Mrs. Sirleaf, a Nobel laureate, accusing her of supporting Mr. Weah instead of her fellow party member. Despite the recent political tumult, Liberians were euphoric on Monday at the prospect of change and the chance to leave behind the rocky history of politics in a nation founded in the early 19th century by freed American slaves. Two of its past presidents were assassinated, and the nation has endured two civil wars that left scores dead. Mr. Weah＇s rise to the presidency resonated with the poorest citizens in a country where more than half of the population lives below the poverty line. Mr. Weah himself came from poverty. During his teenage years in the 1980s, he shared a bedroom with 10 other boys in West Point, Monrovia＇s largest slum.

Liberia：リベリア《米国の解放奴隷たちがアフリカに「戻って」建国した国家 ; 他に16の部族から成る ; 国名は「自由」; 首都

モンロビア》

Duly：適法に

George Weah：ジョージ・ウェア《（1966-）サッカー選手として主に AC ミランで活躍し、1995年にFIFA 最優秀選手賞と欧州

最優秀選手賞を受賞》

be sworn in：就任の宣誓をする

democratic transition：民主主義への移行

prosecute 〜：～を告訴する

ran against 〜：～と対立した

Nobel laureate：ノーベル賞受賞者

accusing 〜 of …：～を…したと非難する

tumult：混乱

euphoric at 〜：～に対してとても嬉しくて、興奮

状態にある

leave behind 〜：～を投げ捨てる

assassinated：暗殺された

resonated with 〜：～の間で共感を呼んだ

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Support for him in West Point is evident in a painting of the former soccer star, bespectacled and solemn looking, that hangs outside a corner shop. ＂Liberia＇s Hope＂ is written underneath. Mr. Weah rode a wave of disappointment into office, propelled by voters upset that Mrs. Sirleaf ＇s government never managed to tackle endemic poverty or successfully fight corruption. His challenges are formidable. He must govern a nation with a broken education system, high levels of unemployment and an economy hit hard by falling rubber and iron ore prices. Mr. Weah must also maintain security and stability in a postwar society without the support of peacekeepers. The United Nations mission in Liberia is sending the last of its troops back home. Like his predecessor, Mr. Weah has vowed to fight corruption. He has pledged to promote free education and health care, while also providing tax breaks for investors. But his critics say he is too inexperienced to address the mammoth problems the nation faces. And he must operate in the shadow of Mrs. Sirleaf, who despite being criticized for nepotism and failing to address endemic corruption, is often credited with Liberia＇s postwar turnaround. Mr. Weah is not expected to enjoy the same levels of foreign donations, and he has focused on Liberia＇s business potential, saying he wants to relax constraints on companies in hopes of creating jobs.

The New York Times, January 23, 2018

bespectacled：メガネを掛けた

upset that 〜：～に憤慨した

endemic：広がりつつある

challenges：課題

formidable：骨の折れる

hit hard：大きな打撃を受けた

mission：派遣軍

predecessor：前任者

tax breaks：優遇税制措置

address：～に対処する

in the shadow of 〜：～の保護を受けて

nepotism：縁故主義

credited with 〜：～で高い評価を得る

turnaround：劇的改善、好転

relax constraints on 〜：～への制約を緩和する

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　次の１の英文の質問に答え、２〜５の英文を完成させるために、ａ〜ｄの中から最も適切なものを１つ選びなさい。

1. How did Liberians react to the new president? a. They were overwhelmed by the prospect of change. b. They were depressed that he came from a wealthy family. c. They did not want any more fighting. d. They realized the animosity that their new president and the former

president had for each other.

2. The current president of Liberia is a. Ellen Johnson Sirleaf. b. Joseph Boakai. c. George Weah. d. Zinedine Yazid Zidane.

3. The new president was formerly a. a baseball star. b. a soccer star. c. a famous pole vaulter. d. a track runner.

4. Some of Mr. Weah＇s critics are unhappy with his a. relative inexperience. b. inability to understand ordinary people. c. costly plans for the future of Liberia. d. survival, after 2 previous presidents were assassinated.

5. Liberia was founded in the early 19th century by a. the British. b. freed American slaves. c. French refugees. d. the Dutch.

Exercises

Multiple Choice

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Unit 13　79


（　　） 1. In his inaugural speech, Mr. Weah promised that Liberia businesses would play a bigger role in the national economy.（　　） 2. Apparently Mrs. Sirleaf and Mr. Weah are on friendly terms.（　　） 3. Weah＇s election was the first peaceful democratic transition in

seven decades.（　　） 4. Without the U.N. troops, the president must keep the security

tight.（　　） 5. Mr. Weah expects to enjoy the same level of foreign donations as

his predecessor.

True or False

Vocabulary

breed　　care　　　everything　　fliesfree　　 leisure　　quarrels　　　straw

　次の１〜８の英文は、「貧富」に関することわざです。下の語群の中から最も適切な語を１つ選び、（　　　）内に記入しなさい。

1. 金がものを言う世の中だ。

Money is (　　　　　) in this world of ours.2. 貧乏くじをひいてしまった。

He drew the short (　　　　　).3. 金に糸目をつけない。

He is (　　　　　) with his money.4. 金持ち苦労多し。

Much coin, much (　　　　　).5. 金の切れ目が縁の切れ目。

When poverty comes in, love (　　　　　) out of the windows.6. 金持ちの食道楽、貧乏人の子沢山。

Rich men feed, poor men (　　　　　).7. 金持ち喧嘩せず。

A rich man never (　　　　　).8. 貧乏暇なし。

Poor men have no (　　　　　).

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Unit 14●イスラム教についてのドイツのやり方は間違い

Before you read

Federal Republic of Germanyドイツ連邦共和国面積　357,000km2（日本の約94%）首都・最大都市　ベルリン公用語　ドイツ語人口　82,450,000人　　　ドイツ人　80.8％　/ ヨーロッパ人　11.7％　　　西アジア人　4.9％　/ トルコ系　3.4％　　　アラブ系　1.3％宗教　キリスト教・カトリック　29.9%　　　キリスト教・プロテスタント　28.9%　　　イスラム教　2.6%識字率　99%GDP　３兆4,666億ドル（世界４位）通貨　ユーロ政体　連邦共和制

PolandNetherlands

CzechRepublic

Netherlands

Belgium

France

SwitzerlandAustria

Frankfurt

Munich

Berlin

GermanyCologneBonn

Hamburg

LuxembourgLuxembourg

DenmarkDenmark

「良いコミュニケーション、より良い社会」をスローガンに掲げる「一般開放日」での、ドイツのケルン市内にあるモスク内風景。だが女性は？ Photo: AP／アフロ

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1. reconcile with （　　） a. one-sided, unbalanced2. rhetoric （　　） b. able to co-exist3. compatible （　　） c. follow or obey4. abide by （　　） d. exaggerated speech5. unilateral （　　） e. integrate, harmonize


Although large numbers of Muslims have lived in Germany since the 1960s, they are often (　　　　　). To some extent this may be their own (　　　　　). Many (　　　　　) their religion over their country and some are not very (　　　　　). But there are also liberal German Muslims. And they need support, not (　　　　　), from non-Muslim Germans.

democratic　　distrusted　　fault　　hostility　　prioritize

　ドイツは、1999年に国籍法を改正し、二重国籍を認めた。ただし、23歳までに１つだけ

国籍を選ぶ「選択義務」を課したが、2014年の改正でその条件も削除された。1960年代に

西ドイツが労働力不足を補うためにトルコからの大量の労働者を受け入れた。ドイツで生

まれ育った世代にとってはドイツが母国だが、しかし親のルーツであるトルコの国籍を捨

てることも心理的に抵抗があったため、二重国籍を認めた。

　二重国籍の容認は、ドイツ社会への同化の促進になるであろうという期待もあったが、

逆にトルコのエルドアン大統領が「トルコ系は独自性と文化を保てるか挑戦を受けている。

ドイツ社会に吸収されてはならない」と演説した。トルコ系のドイツ社会への同化を阻害

しているとの批判が出始め、二重国籍を見直す議論が起きている。

　2009年時点でドイツには外国人居住者が約700万人もいる。移民の総数はドイツ国民の

約２割に達し、2010年代には中東の政情不安によってドイツへの難民申請が続き、シリア

人を筆頭とするアラブ系移民が100万人以上に膨れ上がっている。ドイツ政府は、ドイツ語

習得、ブルカを着用しない、教育の意義を認める、など習慣・教育・歴史・文化に踏み込

んだ共生の規則を列挙した。

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HAMBURG, GERMANY　It was a warm June day in a northern German village, and I was talking to a Syrian friend outside a local shop. I had just bought some ice cream and offered to share it, but my friend refused. He was observing Ramadan: no food or drink until after sunset. To many non-Muslim Germans, the comparatively high significance that many Muslims attach to divine laws raises the question of to whom all the immigrants and refugees who have come to us in recent years would rather pledge allegiance and loyalty: the state that took them in, or Allah? The new German minister for the interior, Horst Seehofer, recently addressed this fear with a sentence that was meant as a reassurance to voters: ＂Islam does not belong to Germany.＂ Muslims have been living here in large numbers since the 1960s, and now Germany＇s six million Muslims make up roughly 6 percent of the population. The problem is that the way Germany has dealt with them is a history of mistakes. The first mistake, the one conservatives made, was to believe that the early ＂guest workers＂ brought from Turkey in the 1960s, to make up for a labor shortage, would eventually go home again. The second mistake, the one the left made, was to embrace all foreigners, whatever their values. After Sept. 11, more or less all sides have made a third mistake, the failure to ask painful questions about how to reconcile Islam with a pluralist, secular democracy. Many Germans just don＇t believe that Islam is compatible with Western values. And yet the fact that there are many liberal observant Muslims living in Germany suggests the opposite. These are the people who speak out against false dogma, the overly literal reading of the Quran, and anti-Western teachings. The problem is their small number and the hostility they encounter

HAMBURG：ハンブルク

observing 〜：～を遵守する

Ramadan：ラマダン《イスラム暦９月の断食月》

To 〜：raises the question to～の倒置。～に疑問を生じさせる《significance が

主語で raises が動詞》

allegiance：忠誠

Allah：アラー《イスラム教の唯一絶対の神》

minister for the interior：内務大臣

addressed 〜：～を表明した

reassurance to 〜：～を安心させる言葉

dealt with 〜：～に対応してきた

“guest workers”：（ドイツ語で Gastarbeiter）「外国人労

働者」

make up for 〜：～を補う

whatever their values：　（ドイツにとって）有用性

があればどんな人でも

more or less：程度の差はあるが

pluralist：多元的な

secular democracy：世俗主義の民主国家

just don’t 〜：全く～でない

speak out against 〜：～を非難する

literal reading：文字通りの解釈

Quran：コーラン《イスラム教の聖典》

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Unit 14　83

from fellow Muslims here in Germany. In a representative survey conducted by the University of Munster in 2016, 47 percent of Turkish immigrants and their descendants said that it was more important for them ＂to abide by religious commands than by the laws of the country I live in.＂ Some 32 percent said that Muslims should try to re-erect a social order like the one during the lifetime of the Prophet Muhammad. While giving divine laws priority over worldly laws does not necessarily mean rejecting democracy (many Christians and Jews would subscribe to the same statement), the apparent longing of so many Muslims for an authoritarian rather than an open society is shocking. Their intolerance for those of other beliefs matches a political attitude that surprised this country one year ago: Of the roughly 700,000 Turkish Muslims in Germany who participated in the constitutional referendum in Turkey last April, 63 percent voted in favor of granting President Recep Tayyip Erdogan unilateral powers. This contempt for liberalism is a real problem, but rhetoric like Mr. Seehofer＇s will only make things worse.

The New York Times International Edition, March 30, 2018

abide by 〜：～に従う

Prophet Muhammad：預言者ムハンマド《イスラム教開祖》

giving 〜 priority over …：…よりも～の方を優先する

worldly：世俗の

subscribe to 〜：～に同意する

longing of 〜 for …：～が心から…を望むこと

authoritarian：権威主義者

intolerance for 〜：～への不寛容

constitutional referendum：憲法改正を巡る国民投票

Recep Tayyip Erdogan：レジェップ・タイイップ・エルドアン《トルコの政

治家》

unilateral powers：決定権

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　次の１〜２の英文の質問に答え、３〜５の英文を完成させるために、ａ〜ｄの中から最も適切なものを１つ選びなさい。

1. When did Muslims first begin coming to Germany in large numbers? a. In the 1960s. b. In the 1970s. c. In the early 1980s. d. In the early 1990s.

2. According to the University of Munster, what information was revealed? a. In 2016, 47% of Turkish immigrants said it was more important to abide by

their religious laws than the laws of the country they are living in currently. b. Some 32% said that the Muslims need a social order like the one during

the lifetime of the Prophet Muhammad. c. Many Muslims are looking for an authoritarian society. d. All of the above was revealed by its research.

3. The author is confused by the a. stubborn continuation of Islamic religious practices. b. allegiance of Muslims to their host country. c. flexibility of Muslims living in Germany. d. tendency of Turks to leave Germany and return home.

4. The first mistake made by conservatives was to a. expect early guest workers would return to Turkey. b. embrace all foreigners. c. fail to question if Islam could be reconciled with a pluralist democracy. d. have all of the above misconceptions.

5. Mr. Seehofer＇s statement ＂Islam does not belong to Germany＂ a. served to reassure both Muslim and non-Muslim voters. b. will not bring a solution to the problems in Germany now. c. gave a new modern way of thinking for the future. d. gave a good impression to Germany＇s 6 million Muslims.

Exercises

Multiple Choice

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Unit 14　85


（　　） 1. Many Germans don＇t believe that Islam is compatible with Western values.

（　　） 2. Some citizens believe that Divine Law over worldly laws does not necessarily mean rejecting democracy.

（　　） 3. There are not many liberal observant Muslims living in Germany.

（　　） 4. 700,000 Turkish Muslims in Germany participated in the Constitutional Referendum.

（　　） 5. The new German Minister for the Interior is Horst Seehofer.

True or False

Vocabulary　次の１〜７は、イスラム教とキリスト教に関する語です。下のａ〜ｇの説明文の中から最も適切なものを１つ選び、（　　　　）に記入しなさい。

1. Bible （　　　）2. Christmas （　　　）3. Islam （　　　）4. Koran （　　　）5. Lutheran （　　　）6. Muslim （　　　）7. Ramadan （　　　）

a. a follower of the religion started by Muhammadb. the ninth month of the Muslim year, during which no food or drink may be

taken between sunrise and sunsetc. a member of a Church which is based on the work and ideas of Martin

Lutherd. the holy book of the Muslimse. the holy book of the Christiansf. the Muslim religion, and the people and countries that practice this

religiong. a Christian holy day in honor of the birth of Christ

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●紛争でヨーロッパの時計が遅れている

Unit 15

Before you read

Republic of Kosovoコソボ共和国2008年セルビアより独立

面積　10,908km2（岐阜県とほぼ同じ）首都　プリシュティナ公用語　アルバニア語、セルビア語人口　1,805,000人民族　アルバニア人　92%　　　セルビア人　５%　　　トルコ人　３%宗教　イスラム教（アルバニア人）95%　　　セルビア正教（セルビア人）５%GDP　66.5億ドル　/ 通貨　ユーロ政体　共和制

Italy

Croatia

AlbaniaAlbania

Greece

Serbia

KosovoKosovoPristinaPristina

SloveniaSlovenia

Bosnia-HerzegovinaBosnia andHerzegovina

MontenegroMontenegro

MacedoniaMacedonia

セルビア国会議事堂正面前の横断幕は「コソボの EU加盟反対」を表明。 Photo: ロイター／アフロ

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Unit 15　87

1. bind together （　　） a. change, instability2. fluctuation （　　） b. tiny or trivial3. infinitesimal （　　） c. network4. grid （　　） d. mediate or manage5. broker （　　） e. link


Much of Europe is linked to an electrical grid (　　　　　) at 50 hertz. But because of Serbia＇s (　　　　　) to support power generation in Kosovo, the whole grid (　　　　　) to 49.996 hertz. This small difference has started to (　　　　　) clocks in machines all over the continent. The problem shows how military and political conflicts can have far-reaching (　　　　　).

affect　　consequences　　refusal　　running　　slowed

　セルビア南部にあったコソボ自治州は、2008年２月17日に独立を宣言した。９割を占め

るアルバニア系住民とセルビア人の民族紛争が1990年代末に激化し、NATO による空爆を

経て、国連暫定統治下に置かれた。コソボの最終地位を決める協議は、セルビアやロシア

の強い反対で決裂したが、他方アメリカや EU の支援を得て、独立に至ったのである。

　2018年２月17日にコソボの独立宣言以来10年が経った。世界111カ国からコソボの独立

が承認されているが、多数派のアルバニア系住民と少数派のセルビア系住民の対立は、残

ったままである。またセルビアとの関係改善も進まず、経済状況を改良させるきっかけも

ほとんどつかめていない。

　コソボの内政の課題は、法の支配の確立、コソボ独立に反対するセルビア系住民との融

和などが問題とされている。さらにコソボの法は、EU による支援を受けて、汚職・組織犯

罪などの対策に取り組んでいる。コソボの経済は、もともと最も開発の遅れた地域であり、

セルビアからの援助に依存していたため、自立的な経済構造を有していない。恒常的な貿

易赤字・税収の不備・電力不足・若年層の大量の失業など課題が山積みだ。

Words and Phrases

Summary

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A dispute between Serbia and Kosovo has disrupted the electric power grid for most of the Continent, making certain kinds of clocks — many of those on ovens, in heating systems and on radios — run up to six minutes slow. It is one of the stranger examples of the way technology binds together far-flung parts of the world, and one quirky effect of more than two decades of conflict in the former Yugoslavia. The slowdown began in mid-January, and since then clocks in 25 countries, from Poland to Portugal and Denmark to Turkey, have lost time. The fluctuation in the power supply is infinitesimally small — not nearly enough to make a meaningful difference for most powered devices — and if it were a brief disturbance, the effect on clocks might be too little to worry about. But millions of people run the risk of showing up late for work or missing appointments. The organization that runs the continental grid, the European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity, disclosed the problem on Tuesday, saying that it had never seen anything like it before. It announced on Thursday that it had reached an agreement with Serb and Kosovar authorities to end the disruption, for now. But the group cautioned that it would take some time to fully stabilize the grid after seven weeks of volatility, and that a long-term solution was still needed. In technical terms, power systems in Europe, and much of Asia and Africa, run on alternating current at 50 hertz, meaning that the flow of electricity changes directions 50 times per second. (In the United States and most of the Americas, the standard is 60 hertz.) Because of the disruption in the Balkans, the grid for most of Europe has run since January at an average of 49.996

Dispute：紛争

Serbia：セルビア《2006年に「セルビア・モンテネグロ」が分裂して出来た

バルカン半島中央部の国》

Kosovo：コソボ《セルビアの自治州だったが、コソボ紛争でユーゴスラビア軍が撤退してからは国連統治下に置かれ、2008年に独立を宣言したが、セルビア側は「国家」とし

ては認めない》

disrupted 〜：～を混乱させた

electric power grid：送電網

Continent：ヨーロッパ大陸

radios：目覚まし機能付きラジオ

quirky：予想できない

former Yugoslavia：旧ユーゴスラビア《1991年からのユーゴスラビア戦争

で分裂が始まり、消滅》

slowdown：減速、遅れ

fluctuation：周波数の偏差・変動

not nearly 〜：～どころではない

make a meaningful 　difference for 〜：～に

意味のある変化をもたらす

missing appointments：約束をすっぽかす

runs 〜：～を運用する

European Network of 　Transmission System 　Operators for 　Electricity：欧州送電　系統運用者ネットワーク（ENTSO-E）《事務局はブリュッセルにあり、2009年

に運営を開始》

volatility：不安定さ

In technical terms：専門用語を使うと

alternating current：交流電流（AC）

Balkans：バルカン半島諸国

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Dispute slows Europe’s clocks

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Unit 15　89

hertz. (Britain, Ireland, Norway, Sweden and the nations of the former Soviet Union, which are not as tightly linked to the continental system, have not been affected.) Most clocks tell time using internal mechanisms or, like cellphones, get the time from a radio signal, and those have been fine. But clocks that measure time by that alternating current have been fooled by the drop in frequency. The problem began when a power plant in Kosovo, a former part of Serbia, shut for repairs, causing a shortfall in the power supply. Serbia, which still controls Kosovo＇s transmission system, has refused to make up the difference, despite an agreement to do so. But the roots of their dispute run much deeper. They fought a war in Kosovo, whose population is mostly ethnic Albanian and Muslim, in 1998 and 1999; it ended only after a NATO bombing campaign forced Serbia to withdraw its forces. Kosovo became largely autonomous, and it declared independence in 2008. The European Union has brokered negotiations for years to normalize relations between the two countries, but many ethnic Serbs in the northern part of the country — and many of their allies in Serbia — do not recognize the authority of the Kosovo government.

The New York Times International Edition, March 10-11, 2018

internal mechanisms：内部機構

radio signal：無線信号

drop in frequency：周波数の低下

shortfall：不足

ethnic Albanian：アルバニア系

NATO：北大西洋条約機構《米国を中心とした、北米および欧州諸国により結成された軍事同盟 ; 反対陣

営はワルシャワ条約機構》

bombing campaign：空爆（作戦）

autonomous：自治の、自立した

authority：支配権

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　次の１〜２の英文の質問に答え、３〜５の英文を完成させるために、ａ〜ｄの中から最も適切なものを１つ選びなさい。

1. How are the clocks running? a. Over eight minutes slow. b. Up to six minutes slow. c. Over ten minutes fast. d. Up to six minutes fast.

2. Has the power company found a solution to this problem? a. No, there＇s a temporary fix but a proper solution needs more time. b. Yes, it＇s permanently ＂on time＂ now. c. Yes, it is going to be repaired by Serbia. d. No, it does not want any repairs.

3. The power grid problems have not yet affected a. Poland. b. Britain. c. Portugal. d. Denmark.

4. This problem is caused by a. faulty clocks that are broken. b. small changes in the power supply. c. a huge turnover of control within the network running the grid. d. overuse of ovens and heating systems.

5. The ＂time problem＂ is the result of something more than a technical issue because

a. Serbia and Kosovo have never settled their battles. b. Kosovo became autonomous after the war with Serbia. c. many ethnic Serbs in the northern part of the country and many of their

allies in the south don＇t recognize the authority of the Kosovo government. d. all of the above political difficulties have contributed to it.

Exercises

Multiple Choice

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Unit 15　91


（　　） 1. The clocks slowed down in mid-January.

（　　） 2. Clocks only on large appliances are affected by the decrease in voltage.

（　　） 3. Citizens worry about showing up late for work and for appointments because of their slow-running clocks.

（　　） 4. The operators cannot find even a temporary solution.

（　　） 5. Kosovo and Serbia should work to permanently solve their problems.

True or False

1. （） has borders with Croatia, Serbia, and Montenegro and its capital is Sarajevo. ［　　］2. （） is a country in southeastern Europe and its capital is Zagreb. ［　　］3. （）＇s capital is Belgrade and its main language is Serbian. ［　　］4. （） joined the E.U. in 2004 and has a border with Austria. ［　　］5. （） is a republic in the southwest with some Adriatic coastline. ［　　］6. （）＇s people are called Macedonian. ［　　］7. （） is a country on the Adriatic and its capital is Tirana. ［　　］8. （） has borders with Serbia, Macedonia, Albania and Montenegro. ［　　］

Vocabulary　次の１〜８は、バルカン半島の国々に関する英文です。下記の国名から１つ選び（　　）内に、ａ〜ｈを地図から選び、［　　］内に記入しなさい。

Albania　　　 Bosnia-Herzegovina　　Croatia　　KosovoMacedonia　　Montenegro　　　　　 Serbia　　 Slovenia

Romania

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15章版：ニュースメディアの英語｜演習と解説2019年度版｜

Ⓒ2019年 1 月31日　　初版発行

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発行者

発行所

高橋　優身伊藤　典子

Richard Powell原　　雅　久

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15 Selected Units of English through the News …...Masami Takahashi Noriko Itoh Richard Powell Asahi Press 15 Selected Units of English through the News Media [égûu( g, ―2019