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Introduction
ACWUA Working Group on Water and Health
Outcomes of a regional survey on wastewater reuse
Compilation of various publicly available studies from the Arab Regions
Work in Progress ....
... Much more information is available but not easily accessible.
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ACWUA Surveys EIB and other studies
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ConceptLaws – Regulations – Standards – Risk Monitoring - EnforcementLaws – Regulations – Standards – Risk Monitoring - Enforcement
Water Reuse
Industry
Domestic
Nature Agriculture
GroundwaterRecharge
Rural
Urban
Internal Reuse
Tourism
Final stageof reuse
Water qualityis determinant
Drinking Water
Service Water
Greywater
Wastewater
Rainwater
Green spaceirrigation
Quality ControlAt Source
RiskManagement
Technologies
Water Reuse
Industry
Domestic
Nature Agriculture
GroundwaterRecharge
Rural
Urban
Internal Reuse
Tourism
Final stageof reuse
Water qualityis determinant
Drinking Water
Service Water
Greywater
Wastewater
Rainwater
Green spaceirrigation
Quality ControlAt Source
RiskManagement
Technologies
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Facts and FiguresThe information was strucured into the following categories:
� General country information� Water budget and wastewater indicators� Strategies, Laws and Actors� Wastewater treatment technologies� Wastewater reuse� Economic and financial aspects� Safety Control and Risk Management
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Poplulation and Urbanisation
020406080
100
Egypt
Jordan
Lebanon
Morocco
Westbank Syria
Tunisia
Yemen UEA
Population (Mio) Urbanisation (%)
UAE
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Rainfall and Water Availability
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Egypt
Jordan
Lebanon
Morocco
Westbank Syria
Tunisia
Yemen UEA
max. Annual Rainfall (mm) Water availability (m3/inh)
UAE
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WW Generation and Treatment
0
500
1000
1500
Egypt
Jordan
Lebanon
Morocco
Westbank Syria
Tunisia
Yemen UEA
Generated WW (MCM) Wastew ater Treated (MCM)
WW generation 54000 MCMWW treatment: 48000 MCM
WW generation 3000
UAE
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Wastewater Treatment SystemsNumber ofsystems
Type
Egypt 240 stabilisation ponds, aerated lagoons and AS systemsJordan 22 stabilisation ponds and AS systems (80 % As Samra)Lebanon 3 primary treatmentMorocco 31 lagoon systemsWestbank 3 stabilisation ponds and 1 AS systemSyria 40 stabilisation ponds and 3 large AS systems
Tunisia 98stabilisation ponds and AS systems (5 with tertiarytreatment)
Yemen 20 stabilisation ponds and 4 AS systemsUAE 26 2 centralised AS systems, 24 package systems
AS – Activated Sludge Systems (mostly only secondary treatment)
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EgyptJordanLebanonMoroccoWestbankSyriaTunisiaYemenUAE Green space irrigation
Type of Reuse
Agriculture and Greywater reuseAgriculture - all cropsIrrigation of green areas, Agriculture, WetlandsAgriculture - all crops
Agriculture (direct forage and trees, indirect vegetables)Agriculture (direct forage and trees, indirect vegetables), Greywater reuseAgriculture (limited)Research and Pilot
Standards exist in most countries – focus on effluent quality and notirrigation water quality – most WWTP do not meet the set requirements
Safety control and risk management system is only available in Jordan (CropMonitoring System)
Type of WW Reuse
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Uncontrolled Reuse - Yemen
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Controlled Reuse – Jordan Valley
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Underfinance of sanitation and reuse projects –A vicious circle
Low water tariffsdo not cover
sanitation costs WWTP and staffare
underfinanced
Unskilled staffLack of maintenance
Lack of funds fornew reuse projects
Insufficient treatmentperformance
Low acceptance forWW reuse
Users are unwillingto pay
Fast deterioration ofWWTP
Dependence onexternal funds
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Two Planning Approaches
Adapted from EIB studies
Available water qualityof existing treatment plant
Intended (viable)reuse option
Possible reuse options
Water quality andtreatment technology
determines
determines
� Status oriented and restrictive
� Future oriented and flexible
ا����� ا��� ��� ا� �� ����)أآ�ا(ا��� ������ ���� ������ � ������ �������
Summary� Most countries are under water stress – reuse is a must� Wastewater reuse strategies are missing in most countries� Huge potential for wastewater reuse in all countries� Treatment technology is availabe, but bad performance� Effluent quality hardly meets set national standards� Underfinanced sanitation� Agriculture and Green Space Irrigation are major reuse forms� Overlaps and gaps in tasks and responsibilities are common.� For most countries, comprehensive reuse studies exist, however are
not available to the „reuse community“ for mutual exchange
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Driving forces for wastewater reuse� Political will and promotion� Clear sector policy� Clearly defined tasks and responsibilities among stakeholders� Clear regulatory framework – and enforcement� Water scarcity and availability of non-conventional sources� Advanced state of sanitation and treatment infrastructure� Tariff structure that covers sanitation cost� Profitability of wastewater reuse schemes� Willingness and capacity to pay� Availability of research results and know-how
Adapted from EIB studies
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Recommendations� There is no „one fits all“ solution� Know-how exchange is crucial and beneficial� Masterplans for Reuse (technical, institutional, legislative, social)� Provide budget for rehabilitation of existing WWTP� Consider Reuse in the planning phase (urban planning, WWTP)� Decentralised solutions for rural areas� Pollution reduction at the source (Pre-treatment of industrial WW)� Assistance to water users and farmers� Make use of exisiting studies in the countries (knowledge is available)� Arab Countries should get involved in the currently launched ISO
standardisation for wastewater reuse in agriculture.(ISO PC 253 – 1st Meeting in October)
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The ACWUA Reuse group invites interested experts toparticipate in the group.
Future plans are:
• Update of existing information• Develop commonly accepted indicators• Extension to other arab countries.• Regional Workshops• Training Courses on Reuse• Collection of Success Stories• Publications on various reuse topics
Thank you for your attention.