18Sept2013 2142109 Auto Studies Wk6to7 Powertrain NNW.pdf

2142109 Automotive Studies

Powertrain Basic 19, 26 September 2013

By Dr. Nuksit Noomwongs

PresenterPresentation NotesWhat is a powertrain?

Overview

How 4 strokes SI engine work (4)

Torque () and Power () Engine technology Future trend Transmission () The Veyron

Objectives Understand how SI engine ()

work Basic concepts of transmission system Aware of the future trend in powertrain

technology Prepare knowledge for vehicle routine

maintenance

VDO CLip

http://www.metacafe.com/watch/689942/how_a_car_engine_works_3d_animation/

Engine 3D Animation

What and Why?

What? Powertrain = propulsion unit Powertrain = engine + transmission

Why?

PresenterPresentation NotesWhy? = For convenience

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.angelfire.com/oh/daman70/images/flintstones.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.angelfire.com/oh/daman70/cartoon.html&h=600&w=800&sz=168&tbnid=QNuI2IpZ46-j9M:&tbnh=106&tbnw=142&hl=th&start=5&prev=/images%3Fq%3DFlintstones%2Bcar%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Dth%26lr%3D%26rls%3DRNWE,RNWE:2004-37,RNWE:en%26sa%3DN

Steam engine ()

Use in the past Big and heavy (require boiler and separate

piston unit)

PresenterPresentation NotesSteam is an external combustion engine

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_enginehttp://www.astbury.org/photos/steam/engine.jpg

Current engine Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) (

) Spark ignition engine (SI engine

) 4 strokes 2 strokes

Compression ignition (CI engine )

4 strokes 2 strokes

PresenterPresentation NotesWhy call ICE?

http://www.isuzu.co.jp/world/press/2004/image/p_1012_2.jpghttp://www.fortunecity.co.uk/pitstop/demolition/142/images/bar_11.jpg

Explain how 4 strokes engine work How does the engine work?

PresenterPresentation NotesHow does the engine work?

http://www.todaracing.com/images/engine_mugen_formula4.jpg

Combustion?

Enclosed container Filled with fuel Combustion? ()

PresenterPresentation Notes

Combust???

http://www.rivervalleycoop.com/images/E0057801/FuelTruck.jpghttp://hcpc.uth.tmc.edu/pihome/images/match.jpg

Combustion?

Enclosed container Filled with air (O2) Combustion?


Combust???

http://www.carolinaapothecary.com/i/o2.gifhttp://hcpc.uth.tmc.edu/pihome/images/match.jpg

Combustion?

No heat source Combustion?

PresenterPresentation NotesCombust???

http://www.carolinaapothecary.com/i/o2.gifhttp://hcpc.uth.tmc.edu/pihome/images/match.jpg

Combustion?

Fuel + air (Oxygen) + energy Combustion?

PresenterPresentation NotesEnergy could come in different format

Air fuel mixture

Fuel in open container Explode?

PresenterPresentation NotesExplosion, definition, rapid burning for all the fuel at once?

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Fuel_Barrels.JPG/250px-Fuel_Barrels.JPG

Air fuel mixture ()

Maximize contacting surface between fuel and air

Injector


http://www.injectorcleaning.co.uk/pic/spray.jpg

Air fuel mixture Air/Fuel ratio (A/F ratio)

Ratio of Weight Weight of Air Weight of Fuel

14.7:1 = stoicheometric

Combustible range 8:1-22:1

Theoretical complete combustion

PresenterPresentation NotesStoicheometric, in chemical equation, perfect burning

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Fuel_Barrels.JPG/250px-Fuel_Barrels.JPG

Input energy

Spark

Spark plug ()


http://www.ted-kyte.com/3D/Pictures/Spark%20Plug.jpghttp://www.workdance.com/Gallery_Pages/boschplug.html

Compression

How does the engine create compression?

Reducing in volume will increase in pressure.

Compression

PresenterPresentation NotesDraw

4 strokes engine in short Engine needs these factors in order to

operate Right air fuel mixture Heat (Spark Ignition) Compression

Air + Fuel combustion

compression

Energy (To fire Air + Fuel) EFI: Electronic Fuel

Injection system ECU: Electronic Control Unit

PresenterPresentation Noteshttp://www.sdsefi.com/features/july02civic.htm

ECU Sensor Actuator

EFI: Electronic Fuel Injection System

Fuel injector

Air/Fuel Ratio

4 Strokes engine Animation

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V-z-R8Mv_HM How a car engine works

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OXd1PlGur8M Engine 3D components

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QXLsna21FWo Engine 3D components

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ep1NhANcCL4 Combustion engine animation

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfemRjclAvk Combustion animation

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-xRKZPXHXd4&feature=related EcoBoost

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pj6DZjCQ6zo Diesel Combustion

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6BCgl2uumlI Rotary engine

4 strokes engine in short Intake stroke () To get air+fuel mixture

in the combustion chamber ()

Piston () is moving down

Air+fuel () is coming in Intake valve () is

opened Exhaust valve () is

closed

PresenterPresentation NotesHow did the system know when to open the valve and when to close the valve???

4 strokes engine in short Compression stroke

() Create compression

Piston is moving up Both intake and

exhaust valves are closed

Gas is compressed

4 strokes engine in short Power stroke () The only stroke that

produce power Both intake and exhaust

valves are closed Spark plug () ignite

the air fuel mixture Piston is moving down

from the explosion

4 strokes engine in short Exhaust stroke () Remove burned gas,

get ready for repeating the intake stroke Piston is moving up Intake valve is closed Exhaust valve is opened

4 strokes Flash from howstuffworks.com

Fuel type at Gasoline station

Regular 91 (Octane No. = 91) 95 super (Octane No. = 95) Gasohol (% of alcohol in fuel)

E10 (E10 91, E10 95) E20 E85

Diesel Bio diesel

B2, B5

Octane No. ? Ability to resist to

Pre-ignition (knock) Compression ratio

Fuel consumption

Overview

How 4 strokes SI engine work Torque and Power Engine technology Future trend Transmission The Veyron

Basic theory

Torque VS power? Towing vehicle up the hill

Torque or power? Top speed

Torque or power?

PresenterPresentation NotesWhat is the different between torque and power

Basic Theory

Torque VS. Power Torque ability to do work

PresenterPresentation NotesTorque, similar to strength

http://www.weight-lifting-exercise.com/woman2.jpghttp://www.weight-lifting-world.com/images/lifting-weights.jpghttp://clubs.hemmings.com/clubsites/fiat500canada/img/500-d-solalg.jpghttp://www.photobyjohn.com/images/botw/mt.jpg

Basic Theory

Torque VS. Power Power = rate of work

Low torque could still achieve high

power

While high torque could have lower

power

PresenterPresentation NotesConcept of moving brick

http://www.popartuk.com/g/l/lg8528.jpghttp://www.fotosearch.com/comp/IMZ/IMZ140/pgi0117.jpghttp://www.motordesktop.com/wallpaper/sportscars/Honda%20Civic%20Type%20R%20-%201024x768.jpghttp://www.shieldmotorcompany.com/Toyota%20Vigo%20in%20silver.jpg

Basic Theory

Torque VS. Power Torque ability to do work

to pull itself (acceleration, uphill, towing, etc.)

PresenterPresentation NotesLuigi

http://www.weight-lifting-exercise.com/woman2.jpghttp://www.weight-lifting-world.com/images/lifting-weights.jpghttp://clubs.hemmings.com/clubsites/fiat500canada/img/500-d-solalg.jpghttp://www.photobyjohn.com/images/botw/mt.jpghttp://www.ruhr-guide.de/artikel_pix/Cars_Bild_luigi.jpg

Basic Theory Torque () VS. Power () Power = rate of work ()

Low torque could achieve high power While high torque

could have lower power



Basic Theory Generally High torque high acceleration High power high top speed



Basic Theory Power

Rate of work Work (energy) Power energy/time

Torque x angular velocity Unit

hp (horse power) kW (1hp = 0.746 kW)

PresenterPresentation NotesHorse power come from James Watt, amount of work that the horse can do in one minute

http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/horsepower1.gif

Car A: 1000kg weight 100 Hp

Car B: 1100kg weight 110 Hp

Car C: 900kg weight 100 Hp

Weight/Hp 10 10 9

Other related factor to acceleration performance

Aerodynamics performance

Weight per HP

Overview


Basic Theory

Number of cylinders More number of cylinders, generally = faster

engine speed, why?

PresenterPresentation NotesMore power during 2 crank revolutionSmaller inertia

http://www.yosino.ru/dvs/img/3s-ge.jpghttp://www.mitsubishi-fto.org/dawn-spec/gpx/i/engine_bay02.jpg

Engine specification

Capacity (cc) performance, fuel consumption

Number of cylinder Engine layout Power Torque

Basic Theory

Cylinder layout Inline V Boxer

PresenterPresentation NotesDraw the layout on the board, show the benefit of each system

http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/engine-inline-4.jpghttp://library.thinkquest.org/19199/java/advanced/engine/images/v8.gifhttp://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/engine-v-6.jpghttp://www.subaru.co.uk/IMGGB/WWW/Subaru_co_uk.nsf/NULL/9DF2774F293F2DC680256F5000540A6A/$FILE/boxerengine.jpg

Engine Technology

Turbo charge More air +fuel =

more power

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vGhlgphrBxA


http://www.streettuners.com/curve/turbo/e_greddy_turbo_engine_thmb.jpghttp://www.ys-garage.net/sumitani-eg2.jpg

Engine Technology

Super charge: It uses engine mechanical power to drive supercharge (pump) to increase air flow into an engine.

Engine Technology

NOS Nitrous oxide (N2O)

Injected N2O (oxygen) + Fuel into the engine

More air +fuel = more power

PresenterPresentation Noteshttp://www.aperaceparts.com/resources/nos/noskit.gifhttp://www.jesper.nu/community/upload/users/28945/images/606832184-(Pic)z-cars-The_20Fast_20and_20the_20Furious_20Mitsubishi_20Eclipse(1)(1)_20(2)%5B1%5D.jpg

Engine Technology Alternative fuel

LPG (Liquid Petroleum Gas) NGV (Actually it is called CNG, Compressed

Natural Gas, worldwide) Other type of fuel

Bio-diesel (CI) Diesel + Vet oil

Gasohol (SI) (Gasoline + Alcohol )

LPG

CNG

Lower pressure

Higher pressure

Lighter

Heavier

Hot Temp

Hotter Temp

Life time of Seal (Gasket) and rubber tubes

Engine Oil: More viscosity is needed

Lubrication Level of coolant

Common Rail

For diesel engine Common Rail = electronic direct fuel

injection Use very high injection pressure

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6R0aMPZ8Np0


http://www.channel4.com/4car/media/T/toyota/avensis/03-large/05-d4d-engine.jpghttp://www.saedayton.org/meetings/dmax-02/dmax.jpg

Advance engine technology Hybrid ?


http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2002/10/28/149613.1-lg.jpg

Advance engine technology Hybrid

Toyota Prius, Honda Insight, etc. Mild hybrid (Insight, Jazz: 16km/l, Civic: 18 km/l) Full hybrid (Prius: 25km/l, Camry: 15-18 km/l)

Advance engine technology Hybrid

Insight mild hybrid engine


http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/hybrid-car-insight-front.jpghttp://www.metrokc.gov/procure/green/Prius%20hood.JPGhttp://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/hybrid-car-insight-engine.jpg

Overview


The future Fuel cell Hydrogen

Infrastructure H2 container

PresenterPresentation NotesElectrochemical energy conversion device, similar to battery

Overview


What and Why? What is a transmission?

A mechanical system which transfer or convert torque and speed from the engine to the wheels

Why does a car need one? Different speed and torque requirements

for various driving condition

Lower gear: higher acc. Lower gear: lower limit speed

Engine has speed limit: Ex. 6000 rpm (rpm: round per minute)

Road load Road load = force that against the

motion of the vehicle Torque @ wheels > road load move

PresenterPresentation NotesTorque at the wheel must overcome the road load in order for the vehicle to move

http://www.travellerspoint.com/photos/43559/PICT1232.JPG

Road load

At constant vehicle speed Road load = ? Aerodynamics drag, tire

rolling resistance, Slope (road grade) Road load = Driving effort

Acc.

PresenterPresentation NotesRolling resistance (Michelin Energy, tyre pressure), wind, towing, moving up the hill

http://www.et4wd.org/rides/harlanky/2006-01-15/Joe%20Tow.jpg

Road load

At constant vehicle acceleration Road load = ? Driving effort > road load

Dcc. Brake

PresenterPresentation NotesTorque must overcome the road load in order for the vehicle to move, at same engine speed, WOT, engine produce same torque, how do you cope with changing road load requirement

http://www.et4wd.org/rides/harlanky/2006-01-15/Joe%20Tow.jpg

Road load

How it relates to the gear ratio?

PresenterPresentation NotesWhy does the mountain bike has gear? Which gear do you use when you climb up the hill??? Why? Speed and torque relation?

http://www.shop72.com/mountainbike/images/mountain%20bike%20SM900.jpghttp://www.fassanews.com/foto/1024/mountain-bike.jpg

Purpose of the gearbox

Gears types

PresenterPresentation NotesMerits of each one

http://www.arrowgear.com/images/helical_gears.JPGhttp://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/gear-spur.jpghttp://kmoddl.library.cornell.edu/stillImages/Chicago/small/010.jpg

Gear concept From the picture, speed

relation between input and output?

Power = constant Power = Torque x angular speed Torque relation between

input and output?

PresenterPresentation NotesExplain why power is always constant?

Where N= number of teeth d=diameter T= torque w=angular velocity

Gear concept (summary) Gears

Ratio Without any friction loss

Pin = Pout

in

out

NNratio =

in

out

in

out

in

out

dd

dd

NNratio =

==

in

out

out

in

TTratio ==

1212 :ratio ==

Large to small Small to large

outoutinin TT =

PresenterPresentation NotesProve the equation to the students

Gearbox

In a vehicle


http://auto.howstuffworks.com/transmission.htm

Transmission type

Manual (5 gears or 6 gears) Automatic (4 or 5 gears) CVT (Continuous Variable Transmission) Dual Clutch (Manual + Automatic or

Automate Manual transmission)

Five speed manual transmission

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aAWxZRuBXtw

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CV0ezQYa6OA

Automatic Transmission

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MeyAR8qAOwo

CVT

Continuous Variable Transmission (CVT) consists of two pulleys (gears) that can change diameter, with a belt connecting the two. The diameters of the pulleys are changed in unison to move from low (left picture) to high (right). Power from the engine is delivered to the top pulley, while the bottom drives the wheels.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2OMqmpjOHWM

Dual Clutch Transmission

http://drivelinenews.com/videos/dual-clutch-transmission-animation/

The diagram shows this arrangement for a typical five-speed DCT. Notice that one clutch controls second and fourth gears, while another, independent clutch controls first, third and fifth gears. That's the trick that allows lightning-fast gear changes and keeps power delivery constant. A standard manual transmission can't do this because it must use one clutch for all odd and even gears.

Gearbox Notes High torque at low vehicle speed

(lower gear) for Acceleration Hill climbing

Overdrive (ratio < 1:1), normally 5th gear in manual and 4th gear in automatic Output spin faster than input Reduce engine RPM for improving fuel

consumption

How Car Transmission works Animation / VDO Clip

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D_i3PJIYtuY&feature=related How gear works

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K4JhruinbWc How differential gear works (Classic)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gIGvhvOhLHU&feature=related How differential gear works (modern)

Overview


Bugatti Veyron

Bugatti Veyron Engine that can produce 1,001

horsepower Top speed of 250+ mph (400+ kph)

Zero-to-60 time of three seconds


http://www.autoclub.com.au/uploaded_images/bugatti-veyron-w16-705517.jpg

Bugatti Veyron

A price tag somewhere in the $1.2 million range


http://members.fortunecity.com/freecarwallpapers/images/bugatti_veyron_04.jpg

Bugatti Veyron

Engine W-16 8 lt engine 4 turbos

Transmission 7 speed All wheel drive


http://www.autozine.org/Car_Photo/Bugatti/Veyron_eng2.jpg

Bugatti Veyron

comparison Veyron Vios

Engine size 7,995 cc 1,496 cc

Number of cylinders

16 4

Horsepower 1,001 hp @ 6000 RPM

109 PS @ 6000 RPM

Torque 1,249 N.m @ 2,200-5,500 RPM

142 N.m @ 4,200RPM

Transmission 7 speed 4 speed AT/ 5 speed MT

PresenterPresentation NotesHow did Veyron achieve this number?

http://www.autozine.org/Car_Photo/Bugatti/Veyron_eng2.jpg

Questions

???

2142109 Automotive StudiesOverviewObjectivesVDO CLipWhat and Why?Steam engine () Current engineExplain how 4 strokes engine workCombustion?Combustion?Combustion?Combustion?Air fuel mixtureAir fuel mixture ()Air fuel mixtureInput energyCompression 4 strokes engine in shortSlide Number 194 Strokes engine Animation 4 strokes engine in short4 strokes engine in short4 strokes engine in short4 strokes engine in short4 strokes Fuel type at Gasoline stationOverviewBasic theoryBasic TheoryBasic TheoryBasic TheoryBasic TheoryBasic TheoryBasic TheoryWeight per HP OverviewBasic TheorySlide Number 38Basic TheoryEngine TechnologyEngine TechnologyEngine Technology Engine TechnologySlide Number 44Common RailAdvance engine technologyAdvance engine technologyAdvance engine technologyOverviewThe futureOverviewWhat and Why?Road loadRoad loadRoad loadRoad loadPurpose of the gearboxGear conceptGear concept (summary)Gearbox Transmission typeFive speed manual transmissionAutomatic TransmissionCVTDual Clutch TransmissionGearboxHow Car Transmission works Animation / VDO ClipOverviewBugatti Veyron Bugatti VeyronBugatti VeyronBugatti VeyronBugatti VeyronQuestions

Documents

18Sept2013 2142109 Auto Studies Wk6to7 Powertrain NNW.pdf