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FORM 1

CHAPTER 1Mass

Mass is the quantity of matter in an object.

SI unit : Kilogram (kg)

Lever balance

Weight

Weight is the pull of gravity on an object

SI unit : Newton (N)

Spring balance

Basic physical quantities & S.I.

Physical quantities SI Unit

Length Metre (m)

Mass Kilogram (kg)

Time Second (s)

Temperature Kelvin (K)

Electric current Ampere (A)

Measuring tools

Length :

Measuring tape

Metre rule

Calipers

Measure area of irregular shape:

Graph paper

Measure volume of liquid:

Measuring cylinder

Burette

Pipette

CHAPTER 2

Structure of cell and its function

Unicellular organism

Plant :

Chlamydomonas

Yeast

Euglena

Animal :

Amoeba

Paramecium

Plasmodium

Multicellular organisms:

Plant :

Spirogyra

Sea weed

Grass

Animal :

Eagle

Squirrel

Ant

Cell organisationCell Tissue Organ System Organism

System and function

Skeleton system: Protects internal organs and gives support to

the body

Blood circulation system:

Transport dissolved food, gases, and waste

materials

Nervous system:

Conveys nerve impulses and reacts tostimuli

Reproductive system:

Produces reproductive cells

Respiratory system:

Enables the exchange of gases with the

surroundings

Excretory system:

Removes wastes materials from the body

Digestive system: Breaks up food into simples form to be

absorbed and used by the body

Muscular system:

Moves the parts of the body

1

NucleusCell control centre

Cell membraneControls the entry and exit

of materials from thecell

CytoplasmStores dissolved materials

ChloroplastProduces chlorophyll

VacuoleContains water and

solute

Cell wallMaintains the shape

of the cell

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CHAPTER 3

What is matter?

Matter is everything that has mass and

occupies space Matter is made up of tiny particles

Matter exist in either:

Solid: Liquid : Gas :

Particles vibrate

in their position

Particles move

gliding among

each other

Particles move

fast and randomly

Density:

Density is the mass per unit volume of asubstance.

Unit : g/cm3

Density formula:

CHAPTER 4Basic resources of earth :

Water

Air

Soil

Living things Minerals

Fossil fuels

Classification of matter:

Matter is classified into:

1. Element

Substance which is made up of one type of

particle only

2. Compound

Substance that is made up of two or moretypes of elements.

Chemically combined

Separation method : electrolysis

3. Mixture

Substance that consist of two or more

substance

Joined physically

Separation method :

o Distillation

o Filtration

CHAPTER 5

Contents of air:

Nitrogen : 78% Oxygen : 21%

Carbon dioxide : 0.03%

Inert gases : 0.9%

Microorganisms

Water vapour

Dust

Properties of oxygen:

Colourless, odourless and tasteless gas

slightly on water

no effect on litmus paper

supports combustion and respiration

Confirmation test for Oxygen:

Glowing wooden splinter: Presence of oxygen causes the glowing

wooden splinter to ignites.

Properties of carbon dioxide:

Colourless, odourless and tasteless gas

Slightly soluble in water

Very soluble in sodium hydroxide

Changes moist blue litmus paper from blue

to red

Confirmation test for carbon dioxide:Limewater test:

Carbon dioxide turns the limewater cloudy

Respiration

Comparison between inhaled and exhaled air:Inhaled Exhaled

Nitrogen 78% Nitrogen 78%

Inert gases 0.9% Inert gases 0.9%

Oxygen 21% Oxygen 16%

Carbon dioxide 0.03% Carbon dioxide 0.03%

Combustion:

2

Density = ____mass of substance (g)___Volume of substance (cm3)

Metal

Non - Metal

Oxygen

Glucose

Carbon dioxide

Energy

water

Glucose + oxygen water + carbon dioxide + energy

Carbon + oxygen Light E. + Heat E. + carbon dioxide

Hydrocarbon + oxygen Light E. + Heat E. + carbon dioxide + water

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CHAPTER 6

FORMS of energy: Potential energy

Kinetic energy

Heat energy

Light energy

Chemical energy

Sound energy

Electrical energy

Nuclear energy

Potential energy: Energy stored in an object due to its position

or condition

Kinetic energy:

Energy stored in any moving object

Heat energy:

Is a type of energy that rises the temperature

of an object.

Light energy:

Energy that enables us to see

Chemical energy: Energy stored in chemical substances

Eq: Food, battery, fuel

Sound energy: Energy that is produced in vibrating object

Electrical energy:

Is produced by an electric charge or current

Nuclear energy:

Energy stored in the nucleus of an atom

SOURCES of Energy:

Fossil fuels Biomass fuels

Wind

Water

Sun

Radioactive substances

Geothermal energy

Renewable & Non-renewable energy sources

Renewable energy sources:

Solar

Water

Wind

Biomass

Geothermal Wave/tidal

Non-renewable:

fossil fuels

radioactive substances

CHAPTER 7 heat is a form of energy

heat can be produced by the following ways:

o rubbing two objects together

o burning objects

o electricity that runs through acoiled wire

heat causes solids, liquids and gases to

expand and contract

differences between heat and temperature

Heat Temperature

A form of energy The degree of hotness

or coldness of a

substance

Unit = Joule (J) Unit = Kelvins (K)

Heat flows in three different ways:

1. Conduction

is the flow of heat through solid

2. Convection

is the flow of heat through fluids such as in

gases and in liquids

3. Radiation is the transfer of heat through vacuum

(Heat flows from hotter area to colder area)

Land breeze:

Sea breeze:

3

At night

Sea is warmer than land

Cool air from land flows to the

sea as land breeze

During day

Land is warmer than the sea

Less dense hot air on land rises

Cool air from the sea flows towards

the land as sea breeze

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Physical process that involved in the change ofstates of matter.

Absorption of heat:

Durk and dull objects absorbs heat better

than shiny objects

Gives out heat:

A dull, dark surface, gives out heat better

than white shiny surface.

FORM 2

CHAPTER 1

Sensory organs:

Skin: sense of touch

Stimuli : hot, cold, pain, pressure, touch

Nose:

sense of smell

Stimuli : Chemical substance in the air

Tongue:

Sense of taste

Stimuli:Chemical substance in the food

Ear:

sense of hearing Stimuli: sound

Eye:

sense of sight

Stimuli: light

Properties of light:

light can be reflected and refracted

Defects of vision:

1. long sighted

Can see far objects clearly

Image formed behind retina

Causes:

- eyeball too

small/short- lens too thin

correction Use convex lens

2. short sighted can see near objects clearly

image formed infront of retina

causes:

- eye ball too big/long

- Lens too thick

correction use concave lens

Properties of sound: is a form of energy

produced by vibrating objects

travels in the form of waves

can be reflected (echo)

can be absorbed

can only travel through medium

cannot travel through vacuum

Stimuli and responses in plants:

Phototropism:

Stimuli Light

Response to obtain sunlight

Geotropism:

Stimuli gravity

Response to root itself firmly in the soil/to

obtain mineral salts and water

Hydrotropism: stimuli water

Response to obtain water and mineral salts

Thigmotropism: Stimuli touch

Response to obtain support and light

CHAPTER 2Classes of food:

Carbohydrate: supply energy

Protein:

4

solid

Liquid Gas

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needed for growth

produce new cells

fats:

insulator of heat for the body

supply energy

water:

helps transport excretory products from cells

to excretory organs helps the digestion of food

vitamins:

maintain good health

Minerals:

maintain good health

Fibre:

helps in peristalsis prevents constipation

FOOD TESTS

Starch:

a few drops ofiodine solution is added to

food sample

+ve result = It turns Dark Blue

Glucose:

Benedicts Solution is added to the food

sample and heated

+ve result = Brick red precipitate formed

Protein:

Millons reagent is added to the food

sample and heated

+ve result = Brick red precipitate formed

Fats:

A little food sample is placed on a piece of

filter paper

+ve result = A translucent spot is detected.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

END PRODUCT OF DIGESTION

Starch glucose

Protein amino acids

Fat Fatty acid + glycerol

CHAPTER 3

Animal kingdom:

Plant Kingdom

5

Mouth Oesophagus Stomach Duodenum

Small intestineLarge intestineRectum

Anus

Vertebrates:

Have backbones

Inverertebrates:

No backbones

Mammals

Body covered with hair/fur

Breath through lungs

Give birth to young alive

BirdsBody covered with feathers

Breath through lungs

Lay eggs

Have wings

Reptiles

Body covered with dry scales

Lay eggs

Amphibians

Live on both land and waterBreath through lungs & moist

skin

Have moist skin

Fish

Live in water

Breath through gills

Body covered with slimy scales

Have fins

Lay eggs

Breath

Through

lungs

Warm

Blooded

Flowering plant Non-Flowering

Monocotyledons(Plants with only one cotyledon)

Leaves with parallel veinsHave fibrous rootsEq: Paddy,oil palm, maize

Dicotyledons

(Plants with two cotyledon)

Have net veined leaves

Have tap rootsEq: beans, hibiscus, rubber trees

Ferns

Mosse

Fung

Algae

Conife

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CHAPTER 4

Species :

A group of the same kind of organisms

with common characteristics

Population :

a group of organisms of the same

species living and reproducing in a

defined area

Community : is made up of different populations of

organisms living together in a habitat

Ecosystem :

consists of plants, animals and the non-

living environment interacting with

each other for living

Habitat :

a place where an organism lives

Interaction between living organism:

1. Prey-predator

Predator : animal that hunts other

animals for food

Prey : The animal being hunted

(hubungan pemangsa-mangsa)

2. Symbiosisa) Commensalism

satu pihak mendapat faedah dan pihak

yang satu lagi tidak ada kesan ve atau

+ve

b) Mutualism

Kedua-dua pihak mendapat faedah

c) Parasitism

Satu pihak mendapat mendapat faedah

dan satu pihak rugi

3. Competition

interaksi antara organisma untuk

keperluan yang sama

Biological control

is a control of pests by the introduction

of their natural enemy

Food web

Producer(Selalunya tumbuhan) Primary consumer(Yang memakan

tumbuhan-Producer)

Secondary consumer(Yang memakan

Primary consumer)

Tertiary consumer(Yang memakan

Secondary consumer)

Decomposers (pengurai bahan atau

organisma yang sudah mati)

Photosynthesis

merupakan process membuat makanan

oleh tumbuhan hijau

Conservation

means proper management on the use of

natural resources to maintain future

accessibility

Preservation

Measures taken to maintain living

organisms and the natural environmentin their natural balance state

CHAPTER 5

Physical characteristics of water

water can exist in 3 states : Solid,

liquid, gas

Colourless, tasteless, odourless at room

temperature

Freezing point of pure water : 0oC

Boiling point of pure water : 100 oC

Density of pure water : 1 g/cm3

Test for presence of water:

Cobalt chloride paper changes from

blue to pink

Composition of water

6

Carbon

dioxide Water glucose Oxygen+ +sunlight

chlorophyll

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Water is a compound, made up of 2

atoms of hydrogen and 1 atom of

oxygen

H2O

Evaporation

is a process by which liquid changesinto water vapour at any temperature

Factors affecting evaporation:

o Surface area

o Humidity

o Movement of air

o Temperature of surroundings

Solution & Solubilitya) Solution

a mixture of solute and solvent

b) Solvent

Liquid that dissolves a substance

c) Solute

A substance that is dissolved)

1. Dilute solution

a solution that contains very little solute

2. Concentrated solution

Solution that contain a lot of solute

3. Saturated solution

Solution that contains the maximum

amount of solute and cannot dissolve

any more solute

Factors affecting solubility

Nature of the solute

Nature of the solvent

Temperature of the solvent

ACID

Taste sour

Corrosive

pH less than 7

Change wet blue litmus paper to red

ALKALIS Taste bitter and soapy

Corrosive

pH more than 7

Change wet blue litmus paper to red

PURIFICATION

1. Filtration

strength Remove large insoluble solids

Cant remove dissolve substance &

microorganism

2. Boiling Strengh kills microorganisms

Cant remove insoluble particles & dissolve

substance

3. Distillation

Strengh removes insoluble and dissolve

substance/ removes microorganisms Tasteless

4. Chlorination

Strengh kills microorganism

Cant remove insoluble particles &

dissolved substance

CHAPTER 6

Kinetic theory of gas

gas particles move freely in all direction

Gas particles collide with the wall of the

container and bounce back

A force is exerted by the particles onto the

wall

This force produces a pressure on the walls

of the container

Factors affecting Air pressure (AP)

Volume Temperature

Volume = AP Temperature = AP Volume = AP Temperature = AP

CHAPTER 7

FORCE

Is an act of push and pull

Cannot be seen

EFFECT can be seen or felt

Has magnitude and direction

TYPE OF FORCE Frictional force

o Occurs when two surface in contact

o Always opposes the motion of the

object

o Acts in the opposite direction to

movement

o Can slow down or stop moving object

7

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Gravitational force

o Force that pull objects to the earth

o Causes all objects to have weight

Electrostatic force

o Force of attraction or repulsion

between charged substanceo Enables charge substance to attract

neutral substance such as small pieces

of paper

o Same charges repel each other

o Different charges attract each other

Magnetic force

o Enables a magnet to attract magnetic

substances like iron, nickel and cobalt

WORK

Work is said to be done when a force moves

an object over a distance in the direction of

the force Equation for calculating work done:

POWER

Power is the rate of doing work, which

means the amount of work done per unit

time.

Power can be calculated using the equation:

CHAPTER 8

Vertebrates have

1. Endoskeleton

also known as internal skeleton

Made up of bones and cartilage

Invertebrates have

1. Exoskeleton

Made of cuticle or calcium carbonate

Examples animals: centipede, ant, crab

2. Hydrostatic skeleton

Consist of a muscular wall which encloses a

body cavity that is filled with fluid

This body fluid pressure gives support and

shape to the animal

Examples animals: earthworm, leech,

jellyfish

SUPPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS

Buttress Root

thick and wide roots that grow from the stem

above the ground e.q: Angsana tree, durian tree

Prop roots Roots which grow from the stem or

branches

E.q.: pandan plant, maize plant

Prickles

An outgrouwth of the epidermis and can be

easily removed from the stem.

E.q: Rose

Tendrils

Curly string-like structures modified from

stems and leaves Curl and twine round parts of other plants or

objects to help the plant to climb

E.q: Cucumber plant, bitter gourd, pumpkin

Stilt roots

Roots that develop from the main stem and

grow into the ground for support.

E.q: Mangrove tree (Bakau)

Clasping roots

Roots that grip onto other plants or structure

to get support

E.q: betel vine (sirih), orchid

Thorns (duri)

Sharp modified branches that cannot be

easily removed Act as hooks to hold on to supports.

E.q: Bouganvillea (Bunga Kertas)

CHAPTER 9

The point of equilibrium

is the point where the whole weight of an

object appears to act on. It is also the point which an object can be

balanced on and it is present in all objects. It is also known as the centre of gravity of

the object

FACTORS AFFECTING THE STABILITY OF

AN OBJECT

1. The position of the centre of gravity.

8

Work (joule) = Force (Newton) x distance (metre)

Power (watts)Work done (joules)

Time taken (seconds)=

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the lower the centre of gravity, the more

stable the object

2. The base area The wider the base area, the more stable the

object

CHAPTER 10

LEVER

is a simple machine

makes work easier

have 3 parts :

o F = Fulcrum

o E = Effort

o L = Load

CLASSES OF LEVER

Notice the middle part of the lever

L F E = 1st class

F L E = 2nd class

F E L = 3rd class

THE MOMENT OF FORCE

The SI unit for moment of force

= Newton-metre (Nm)

Formula for moment of force:

LEVER IN EQUILIBRIUM

when a lever is in equilibrium, the sum of

the anticlockwise moments is equal to the

sum of the clockwise moments.

The principle of moments can be

represented by the following formula:

9

Moment of force

(Nm)

Force

(N)X=

Perpendicular distance from the

pivot to the force

(m)

Load

(L)

Effort

(E)X =

Distance of load

from the fulcrumX

Distance of effort

from the fulcrum