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) (
-
: )(
. .
. .. .
. .
. .. . .
: )(
. .. .
-
: )(
)( ..................
)( )(
)( )(
)( ....................
)()(
.)()(
)( )III(
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...............................
)) ()II)(
))II )) ()III)(
)( .....................................
(NO2((NO(
(O2((N2O(
. )(
)()(
- )(
:
[H+][OH+]pHpOH
.....................................
..................-................
- :
-: )(
)(ClO3 (OH) PO(OH)3
)( 29Cu (3d10 ,4s1)
)( .
)(
.
)( sp , sp C2H2.
: )(
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)( .
)(--.
)(
I2 + H2 2HI
,
,,/.
. )(
- :
)( )((( )(
)()()(
)(
)(
)(
)(
)(
)(
)(
)(
)(
I.
II. .
III.
IV.
V.
))II . )(
Cu=63.5
: )(
)( .
)( .
: ) ( )(
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N2 + O2 2NO2)(
3CO + Fe2O3 2Fe + 3CO2)(
- :
: )(
)( )( )( )(
. . ))O2 )(
: )(
. .
. .
. .
. .
- :
)(
: -
.
)( . .
[Na=23, Cl = 35.5 ,Ag=108]
)
. )(
o
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)(
.
.
.
.
. .
(+H2O +NaCl NaHCO3( + NH4Cl (1)NH3 + CO2
2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 +CO2 + H2O
)(
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:
)(
)(-
)(:
)( )III(
2Fe(OH)3 Fe2O3 + 3H2O
)(O2
2NaNO3 2NaNO2 +O2
)( ))((
)([H
+][OH
+]pHpOH
--
--
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7
:
))((
)( )(3d )103d(
))93d d )(+
)(
N-O
. NN C-O
)(
)( SpSP
.
: (((1(
II Na2SO4+ Cu(OH)2CuSO4 + NaOH
Cu(OH)2 CuO + H2O
-
AlCl3+ 3NaOH Al(OH)3 + 3NaCl
Al(OH)3+H2O NaAl O2 + H2O
)( :
.
.---
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8
)( Kc =*, , .0
2468
-
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9
)( :
:
.
))((
)(
:
: ))((
.
)( :
" "
)( :
.
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)( :
% %
.
/=x= )(
.
/.=.=
)( ))((
)(
)(
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:
)(
(NaCL + AgNO3( NaNO3 + AgCL
.=.+=
.=.+=
. .
. . )(
.==
%.==
58,5X9,256
143,5
.X
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)(
)(
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) (
.
: )(
)( ..............
. )( )(
. ). ( )(
)( ...................................
. )( )(
. )( )(
)( ..................
.)()(
. )()(
)( ..............
. ). ( )(
). ( )(
)( ................
))(5f) () (4F). ()(4d) ()(3d(
)( ..........
.)()(
)(..)(
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14
: )(
)(
)( (III) .
.
: )(
)( .
)( .
)( ) ( .
)( .
)( .
)(
.
: )(
)( . ((
)( ((
.
: )(
)
(
.
)( )II( )III(
)( .
)( Kw=[10-7] [10-7]=10-14
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))N2H4 )(
[[N=14, H=1
: )(
)(
)(
)(
)(
.
: )(
)( ) .( .
)( )( .
:))Kp )(
N2(g) + 2O2(g) 2NO2(g)
. . N2 ,O2, NO2
CH3
HOOC COOH
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16
: )(
)( .
)( .
)( .
)( .
.
)( )((( )(
)()()(
)(
)(
)(
(C6H5OH(
)(
(CH3COONa(
)(
I.
II. .
III.
IV.
. )(
-:
[ Ag+
+ e- Ag ] [Ag= 108]
: )(
)( .
)( .
. CO2 . )(
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17
-
. )(
: )(
- - -
- -
:
)( )( )II.(
: )(
)(
)( .
)(
.
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)(
.
.
.
.
.(5F)
...
))((
)(Fe3O4 + H2 400-700C 2FeO + H2O
4FeO + O2 2Fe2O3
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19
:
)(
. )(
.
. ) (
. .
. .
..
-))((
)(,
)(-
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)(--
:
. ))((
)( Mn ))3d +2
Mn
3+
)3d.(
:
)3d4( )3d5(
)( .
)(
.
(N2H4( + O2 N2 + 2H2O
)=x)+(x= (
=x=
.=
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)(
. .
. .
. T.N.T
. .
:
: )()(
.
)( : .
)( :
.
)( :
.
)(
). ( )) ((
)( )( .
:
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22
)/III/(/I(/(/IV(/()(
== )(
.
.=X.=
)) ((
.
)(
CO2 )(
=..=.
:
. )()(
)( .
(2HNO3)(( +K2SO42KNO3 + H2SO4
4HNO3 4NO2 + 2H2O +O2
)(Fe + H2SO4 FeSO4 + H2
. )) ((
.
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23
.
)( .
.
. NaOH
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) (:
-
: )(
)( ............ .
)()))()(
)( ............ )( )(
)( )(
)( ...........
))II ))))III )())II )())III )(
)( "....."........
)( )(
)(
)(
)( ...........)-) (()) (+())(+()-)((
)( ............. )( )(
)( )(
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25
: )(
)( .)( .
-
: )(
)( )f( )f(
)( "" )n. (
)( .
)( .
)( .
BaSO4 )(:
./-.
.
: )(
)( . )( .-
: )(
)( )II(
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)( .
)( .
)( .
)(
[NaCl[Cl=35.45
)( ) .(
: )(
)(
)(-----.
-
: )(
)(
)( )-(
)( )A()B(
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)(
:)(
)( .
)( )( .
)( .
)( .
)( .
)( .
: )(
)(
)(
)(
) . ( )()(
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) (
III)( )(.)(III %
) ( [Fe=56 , O=16]
-
: )(
)( )( "
".
)( )( .)( ).(
)( )( ) .(
)( . )(
. . )( ) .Na=23, O=16, H=1(
)( II )( )+Na()OH-( II)( :
)( .)()( .
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:
)()()()) ((
)()(
)) ((
)(
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:
. )()()( .
)( .
)( .
)(.
(=Ksp]SO4(2-
][Ba2+
[=].X-[].X-[=.X-
)(
)(
. )(
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:
)(
.=.= )(.=.=
.=..=
.=..=
)) (( .
. :
)( .
Na2CO
3+ H
2O + CO
2
CH3
- CH2
- CH2
- CH2
- CH2
- CH3
CaO + CO2
COO
COOFe FeO + CO + CO2
2NaHCO3
Pt+ 4H2
CaCO3
absence of air
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
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. . :
)(
)(
)(
:
) .( )()(
)( .
)( )B( )(
)( .
. ))((
([
]) (
)( .
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)(
. )(
). (
)(
] [.
)( : )
. )
-
. :
. .--)()(
)(--.
)(--.
)(
-
. -
.
- .
-
.
-
. -
.
- .
-
.
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)( .
. ) ( -
)(
:
)) ((
)( .
)(
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35
)( .
.=.=HCl )( - .=Na OH
=++=Na OH
.=.= Na OH
%=..=
)( )II( .
)()OH-( )II. (
: )) ((
.
)(:
.
)( :
.
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) (:
-
: )(
)( .
)( .
)(
.
)( .
)( .
)( )( .
: )(
)( )II) . (()II. (
)( ) .( .
-
: )(
)( ---------.
. )(. )(. ). ()(
)( --------
. )( )(
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.). ()(
)( )-( --------
.). ( )(.). ()(
)( ----------
. ))III ). ())II )(
. ). ())III )(
)( )3d(------------
)). ().))(.)(
)( --------------
) .)II )) . ()II )(
)( )III) . (( )III. (
: )(
)() .( .)( ) .( .
)( :
)(.)( .-
: )(
)( .
)( .
)( .
)( .
./- ))AgCl )(
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)( :
)( :. . -
)( .-
: )(
: )(
)( )III( .
)()( .)( .
)( .
)( .
/ )(
-
) :( )()(
)()()(
)(
)(
)(
)(
)(
)( .
)(
.)(
)I( )II(
)III(
)IV( .
)V( .
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. Na2SO4 . )((Na=23, S=32, O=16)
)( :
)( S2O32-
)( KMnO4: )(
-
) : ( )(
- - - .% .- )II.(- .- .- .
:
)() .(.
: )(
)( .
)( .
)( .
)( .
)( :
)( .
)( .
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:
. )()()()( .
)( .
)()(.
)( .
)( .
)()(
)(
)(
)(
:
. )()()(
)(.)( .
)(.)( )III.(
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41
. :)()(
)( : .
)( : .
)( : .
.:C10H8 :)()(
:C3H6 : )()(
:
. )()(
)( ) ( ) (
.
)( .
)( .
)(
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)(
)(
)( :
:
:
)(
.
. )(. ): (
. :
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43
)(
)(
)(
)(
)(
. )(. )(. )) ((
)( .)( .
)( .
.)(
:
)/IV/(/II(/(/III(/()(
)(
)X) + (X) + (X= (
=
.=.=
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.
.=.X=
.=..=
)(+)()(+)()(. )().( )()(
)()(
)(
U : )()(.
)( : .
)( : .
)( :
.
. : )()(
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45
)( :
% .
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:
:
............................
II
( (.........................
.........................
......................
III
)...................... (
6s2 5d3 4f14Xe54 .............................
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47
:
-
:
: )( )(
.))CaCl2.xH2O )(
. )H=1, O=16, Ca=40, Cl=35.5(
: )(
:
: )(
II
II III
))H=1,C=12 )(
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((
: )(
)(
:
: )(
)CH2(
. )(
)(
)(
:
B A )( B C B
D :
:
B
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D
A
C
)(
)Na =23, CI=35.5(
III II )(
..... )(
:
)(
HCN . )(
-.=Ka
)(
III
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50
2-bromo propane 2- propanol
:
II)(-)-(
-)(
-)(
-)(
-)(
-)(
)(
(1)
(2) CH3
O2V2O5
400CO
COOH
H2
O+2 3 2 + 2
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:
. -)-(
-
- .
.=.-.= )(
. .
=) +.) = ()CaCl2
. .
) (=.=
.
)=+() =)H2O
==
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52
-)(
-
-
.
-
.
.
-
))n2
-
-
-
-
.
.
.
. -
-
-
:
ll -
ll
-
))d,s
- .
-
) (
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53
CH3
C C C H
H
HHH
H
H H
H
H
CC C C H
H
HHH
H
H
)+)Fe3
+Fe2
=-= -
==
=
C4H10
:
--
-
C2H4(OH)2 -
+ )+ (C2=
-) =)C
:
----
NO2
Cl
O
(CHOH)3
CH2OH
CH2
OH
C
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= -
.=
.)=().)=((
: --
. ) (
-:
.
- :
P S
)nS2 . nP6(
)(
.
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H C H C l
C l
C H C C
HH
H
H C l H C C
H
C l
C l
H H
+ +
SO3H
H2
Oconc.H2SO4+ +
spark
electricCaC2 N 2 CaCN 2 C+ +
-)(:
-
-
- )(
.=+.= )(
=.=
==
.=
)( :
ll ll
lll lll
: -)(
- :
- ..
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of these notes, please order your copy of ePrint 5.
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:
- :- -
- :--
-
Ka = 2
x C
7.2 x 10-10
= 2
x 0.1
2
= 7.2 x 10-10 0.1 =72 x 10 -10
= 8.5 x 10-5
_
- ) (
C
O
O H
CH3
H2
OCH 3C O O H
OHC
O
O H
C
O
O
+ +
O H
H N O33
H2
S O4
c o n c .
N O2
N O2
O2
N
O H
H2
O3+ +
H2 OHCN H3O CN-+ +
+
Fe3O
4 H2 SO4 FeSO4 Fe2(So4)3 H2 Oconc.+ 4 + + 4
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-
-
Fe(SCN)3 + 3NH4ClFeCl3 + 3NH4SCN
NH3 CO2 H2 O NaCl NaHCO3 NH4Cl+ + + +
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- :
: )(
- 5f
----
- KClO4
)(+-)-(-((+-)-(-
-
-2FeO.3H2O-2Fe2O3.3H2O
-2Fe3O4.3H2O-3Fe2O3.2H2O
- .
----
- NH4Cl :
----
- :
----
: )(
-
-
- :
: )(
- .
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of these notes, please order your copy of ePrint 5.
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-
-
-
- .
KO2 )())K=39 , O=16 KO2, .
)( :
-CaCO3.MgCO3-
- :-
-
- -
. ,, B,A)(
- -
- )( :-
- -
- O
-: )(
- -
H - C - C O O H
H O - C - C O O H
H - C - C O O H
H
H
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- :
: )(
-
-
- -
: )(
-- -
. )(: .
Al3+
+ 3e- -------------- Al0
(Al= 27)
- :
: )(
- -
: )(
-
-
-)II( )III(
. )+)H3O )(
)-.(
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- :
)(
: )(
Mg12) (
O8 )() (
--
--
: )(
)(
)(
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:
: -
-)) ((-)) ((+-2Fe2O3 .3H2O-)(
-)( -)(
-
)(
()
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-:
- -
-
- -
-
4KO2 +2CO2 2K2CO3 + 3O2
.)+(
.
.
.=..=
--
-
:
- :
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-:
-
Bo
B+2
A+2
Ao
-..=
=.).= (
- ..
- :
-
Mg3N2 + 6H2O 3Mg(OH)2 +2NH3
-
2Fe + 3Cl2 2FeCl3
-
: -
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-
- SP3 SP2
:
:
-
- 3d,4s
- -NO2
-
Fe3C-
-
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-
- =
.=
== =
.==
=
.=.=
:
--
CH3COOH + C2H5OH H2SO4 CH3COOC2H5 +H2O
-2
-
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-
-
- NaOH
-
-
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68
-:
:
- :
:
-
-
:
-:
- : )(
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of these notes, please order your copy of ePrint 5.
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:-)(
- :
: )(
:)(
)()()()(
_:
)()()()(-:
----
-:
-NO2-NO-NH3-NO2
-:
----
-)()()(:
)(-)(-)( +-)(--
-:)(
-
-
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--:
:-)(
-
-
-
-
-
-
)(:)(
-
-
-
H H
| |
HC4- C3C2C1 H
| |
H H
-)(
-)(
-
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--:
:)(
-Zn 30
-
-
-.
)(
(.(Ca=40 O=16 C=12
)()()(
.)(
:
-)()--(
-)()-(
-)()-(
--:
-:.)(
-
-
-
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-
25((HCN0.2)(
-Ka=7.2x10-10
-:)(
-.-
--
--:
:)(
-20 Ca19 k
.-Mn+23+(Mn25) Mn
-.
-.
-:)(
-.
-.
...)(
.
-:
)(
- .
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-.
-.
-.
-.
)(
H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g )
KC850=448=
_
-:)(
-II
-
-
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:
"")()(
)("o"
)(""
)("NH3"
)(""
)(" +"
)) ((
CH3COOH + NaHCO3 CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O
CH3COONa NaOH , CaO CH4+ Na 2CO3
)(
:
)()()()()()(
)()(
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)) ((
5KNO2+2KMnO4+3H2SO4 5KNO3+K2SO4+2MnSO4+3H2O
)(
SP )) ((
)(109 28
)(
:
)d)d10 30Zn )()(
++ )(
) (
2NH3 + H2SO4 conc (NH4)2SO4
H2C = C H
2
K M n O4
e t h y n e
H - C = C - H
H H
O H O Ha lk . m e d i u m
e t h y l e n eg l y c o le
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)( )Cl-(
)+)NH4
NH4Cl + H2O NH4OH + H+
+ Cl-
)(
:
Pb + PbO2 + 4H+
+ 2SO42-
2PbSO4 + 2H2O
(CaCO3 CaO + CO2()+(++
=
CaCO3 CaO + CO2
.
.=
)()(
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)(
)(
:
-
3Fe + 4H2O500
0c
Fe3O4 + 4H2
-
SO3 + H2O H2SO4
-
Na2O+H2O 2NaOH
-
CaC2 + 2H.OH Ca (OH) 2 + H
C C
H
-
Ka =2
x C
7.2 x 10-10
= 2
x 0.2
= " "$&(
= 6 x 10-5
H2 OHCN H3O CN-+ +
+
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: -
.
: -
.
: -
.
: -.
:
.-
.
. 25Mn: [Ar]18,4S2,3d5
Mn +2
3d 5
. Mn+3
.
Fe + 2HCl dil FeCl2 + H2
H - C = C - C -H
H
H
H H
+ H B r H - C - C - C -H
H
H
H H
B rH
1 - p r o p a n e 2 - p r o p a n e
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.
H3O +
-
- HNO3
4PO3H
- : .
:
.
)(
:
.
Co2
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:
: .
.
. ..
. .
. .
(H2( + I2 dil 2HI
.
)(
. )(
.
.
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