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Wireless Curriculum Development Section

ISSUE

ORA000003 CDMA2000 PrincipleISSUE4.0

HUAWEI, Mobile Network Curriculum

Development Section

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Objectives

After this presentation, you will be familiar with:

the development of mobile communication system

the structure of CDMA2000 network

the number planning in CDMA2000 network

the techniques used by CDMA system including:

source coding, channel coding, interleaving, scrambling,

spreading and modulation etc.

power control, soft handoff, RAKE receiver

F-PCH,F-PICH,F-SYNCH,F-FCH,F-SCH,R-ACH,R-PICH

Long code, short code and Walsh code

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Course Organization

Chapter 1: Introduction

Chapter 2: CDMA Techniques & Technologies

Chapter 3: CDMA Air Interface

Chapter 4: CDMA Core Networks

Chapter 5: CDMA Number Planning

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1stGeneration

1980s (analog) 2

nd

Generation1990s (digital) 3rd

Generationcurrent (digital)

3G provides:

Complete integrated service solutions

High bandwidth

Unified air interface

Best spectral efficiency and

a step towards PCS

AMPS

Analog to DigitalTACS

NMT

OTHERS

GSM

CDMA

IS95

TDMA

IS-136

PDC

UMTS

WCDMA

CDMA2000

TD-

SCDMA

Development of Mobile Communications

Int roduct ion

Voice to Broadband

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Transmission Techniques

Traffic channels: differentusers are assigned unique

code and transmitted over

the same frequency band,

for example, WCDMA and

CDMA2000

Traffic channels: different frequency bands

are allocated to different users,for example,

AMPS and TACS

Traffic channels: different time slots

are allocated to different users, for

example, DAMPS and GSM

Power

Power

Power

FDMA

TDMA

CDMA

Int roduct ion

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TDMA

Power

Int roduct ion

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3G Objectives

3G is developed to achieve:

Universal frequency band for standard and seamless

global coverage

High spectral efficiency

High quality of service with complete security andreliability

Easy and smoothly transition from 2G to 3G, compatible

with 2G

Provide multimedia services, with the rates:

Vehicle environment: 144kbps

Walking environment: 384kbps

Indoor environment: 2Mbps

Int roduct ion

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Standards for 3G

3G system

CDMA2000

3GPP2

FDD mode

WCDMA

3GPPFDD mode

TD-SCDMA

CWTS

TDD mode

Int roduct ion

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A Comparison b/w 3G standards

WCDMA CDMA2000 TD-SCDMA

Receiver type RAKE RAKE RAKE

Close loop power

control Supported Supported Supported

Handoff Soft/hard handoff

Demodulation

modeCoherent

Chip rate (Mcps) 3.84 N*1.2288 1.28

Transmission

diversity mode

TSTD, STTD

FBTD OTD, STS No

Synchronization

modeAsynchronous Synchronous Asynchronous

Core network GSM MAP ANSI-41 GSM MAP

CoherentCoherent

Soft/hard handoffSoft/hard handoff

Int roduct ion

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IS95A

9.6kbps

IS95B

115.2kbps

CDMA2000 307.2kbps

Heavier voiceservice capacity ;

Longer period ofstandby time

CDMA2000

3X

CDMA2000

1X EV

1X EV-DO

1X EV-DV1995 1998

2000

2003

Development of CDMA

Higher spectrum efficiency and network capacity

Higher packet data rate and more diversified services

Smooth transit to 3G

Introduct ion

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Frequency Allocation In CDMA2000

Band Class 0 and Spreading Rate 1

Int roduct ion

Transmit Frequency Band (MHz)

Block

Designator

CDMA

Channel

Validity

CDMA

Channel

Number

Mobile Station Base Station

A(10MHz) Valid 1-311 825.030-834.330 870.030-879.330

B(10MHz) Valid 356-644 835.680-844.320 880.680-889.320

A(1.5MHz) Valid 689-694 845.670-845.820 890.670-890.820

B(2.5MHz) Valid 739-777 847.170-848.310 892.170-893.310

The transmit frequence point for Base Station is computed by:

F=870+N*0.03

N: CDMA Channel Number

For 450 F= 450+(N-1) * 0.025

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Frequency Allocation In CDMA2000

Band Class 1 and Spreading Rate 1

Int roduct ion

Transmit Frequency Band (MHz)

Block

Designator

CDMA

Channel

Validity

CDMA

Channel

Number

Mobile Station Base Station

A(15MHz) Valid 25-275 1851.250-1863.750 1931.250-1943.750

D(5MHz) Valid 325-375 1866.250-1868.750 1946.250-1948.750

B(15MHz) Valid 425-675 1871.250-1883.750 1951.250-1963.750

E(5MHz) Valid 725-775 1886.250-1888.750 1966.250-1968.750

F(5MHz) Valid 825-875 1891.250-1893.750 1971.250-1973.750

C(15MHz) Valid 925-1175 1896.250-1908.750 1976.250-1988.750

The transmit frequency point for Base Station is computed by:

F=1930+N*0.05

N: CDMA Channel Number

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CDMA2000 1X Network Structure

MS: Mobile Station BTS: Base Transceiver StationBSC: Base Station Controller MSC: Mobile Switching Center

HLR :Home Location Register VLR: Visitor Location Register

PCF: Packet data Control Function PDSN: Packet Data Service Node

HA: Home Agent FA: Foreign Agent

SCP: Service Control Point Radius: Remote Authentication Dial-in User Service

Abis

A1(Signaling)

A2(Traffic)

A11(Signaling)

A10(Traffic)

A3(Signaling & Traffic)

A7(Singaling)

Introduct ion

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Course Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction

Chapter 2 CDMA Techniques & Technologies

Chapter 3 CDMA Air Interface

Chapter 4 CDMA Core Networks

Chapter 5 CDMA Number Planning

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Correlation

(a)

(b)

Correlation 100% so the

functions are parallel

Correlation 0% so the

functions are orthogonal

CDMA Techniques & Technolog ies

+1

-1

+1

-1

+1

-1

+1

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Orthogonal Function

Orthogonal functions have zero correlation. Two binary

sequences are orthogonal if their XORoutput contains equal

number of 1sand 0s

0000

0101

0101

EXAMPLE:


1010

0101

1111

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Information spreading over orthogonal codes

CDMA Techn iques & Technolog ies

1 0 0 1 1

0110 0110 0110 0110 0110

1001 0110 0110 1001 1001

User Input

Orthogonal

Sequence

Tx Data

+1

-1

+1

-1

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Information recovery


1 0 0 1 1+1

-1

Rx Data 1001 0110 0110 1001 10010110 0110 0110 0110 01101111 0000 0000 1111 1111

Correct Function

? ? ? ? ?

Rx Data 1001 0110 0110 1001 1001

0101 0101 0101 0101 01011100 0011 0011 1100 1100

Incorrect Function

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Spreading and De-spreading

information pulse interference White noise

The improvement of time-domain information rate means that the bandwidth of spectrum-domain

information is spread.

S(f) is the energy density.

f

Sf

The spectrum before spreading

information

f0

The spectrum before despreading

information

Interference/noise

Sf

f0 f f0

The spectrum after despreading

information

Interference/noise

Sf

f

The spectrum after spreading

information

f0

Sf

f


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Signal flow

InterleavingSource

codingConvolution

&

Interleaving

Scrambling Spreading Modulation

RF

transmission

Source

decoding

deinterleavingDecovolution&

DeinterleavingUnscrambling De-spreading Demodulation

RF receiving


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Common Technical Terms

Bit, Symbol, Chip:

A bit is the input data which contain information

A symbol is the output of the convolution, encoder, and the

block interleaving

A chip is the output of spreading

Processing Gain:

Processing gain is the ratio of chip rate to the bit rate.

The processing gain in IS-95 system is 128, about 21dB.

Forward direction: Information path from base station to

mobile station

Reverse direction: Information path from mobile station to

base station


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In a typical duplex call, the duty ratio is less than 35%. To achieve

better capacity and low power consumption, base station reduces

its transmission power.

Source Coding

Vocoder:

8K QCELP

13K QCELP

EVRC

Characteristics

Support voice activity


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Channel Coding

Convolution code or TURBO code is used in channel encoding

Constraint length=shift register number+1.

Encoding efficiency= (total input bits / total output symbols)

convolution encoder

Input (bits) Output (symbols)


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Turbo Code

Turbo code is used during the transmission of large data packet.

Characteristics of the Turbo code:

The input information is encoded twice and the two output codes can

exchange information with each other during decoding.

The symbol is protected not only by the neighborhood check bits,

but also by the separate Check Bits.

The performance of a Turbo code is superior to that of a convolution

code.


I l i

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Interleaving

The direction of the data stream

1 2 873 64 5

1 2 873 64 5

1 2 873 64 5

1 2 873 64 5

1 2 873 64 5

1 2 873 64 5

1 2 873 64 51 2 873 64 51 2 873 64 5

1 2 873 64 5

1 1 111 11 1

2 2222

7 7 777 77 7

6 6 666 66 6

3 3 333 33 3

4 4 444 44 4

1 2 873 64 51 2 873 64 55 5 555 55 5

8 8 888 88 8

interle

aving


2 2 2

S bli (M)

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Out

0 0 1

1 1 0

Scrambling (M) sequence

Two points are important here:

Maximum number of shift register (N)

Mask

The period of out put sequence is 2N-1 bits

Only sequence offset is change when the mask is changed

PN stands for Pseudorandom Noise sequence


L C d

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Long Code

The long code is a PN sequence with period of 242-1chips

The functions of a long code:

Scramble the forward CDMA channel

Control the insertion of power control bit

Spread the information on the reverse CDMA channel to identify

the mobile stations


Sh C d

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PNa

PNc

PNb

Short Code


Short code is a PN sequence with period of 215 chips

Sequence with different time offset is used to distinguish

different sectors

Minimum PN sequence offset used is 64 chips, that is, 512 PN

offsets are available to identify the CDMA sectors (215/64=512).

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Walsh Code

W2n=Wn Wn

Wn Wn

W1=0

W2=0 0

0 1

W4 =

0 00 1

0 00 1

0 00 1

Walsh code

64-order Walsh function is used as a spreading function and

each Walsh code is orthogonal to other.

Walsh Code is one kind of orthogonal code.

A Walsh can be presented byWim where ith(row) is the

position and m is the order. For example, W24 means 0011

code in W4 matrix


1 1

1 0

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In forward direction, each symbol is spread with Walsh code

Walsh code is used to distinguish the user in forward link

For IS95A/B, in the reverse, every 6 symbols correspond to one

Walsh code. For example, if the symbol input is 110011,the

output after spreading is W5164 (110011=51).

For CDMA2000, in the reverse, Walsh function is used to define

the type of channel (RC 3-9)

Walsh Code


i

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Variable Walsh codes

64

4

8

16

32

12

9600 19200 38400 76800 153600 307200 614400

Data rate -bps-

W01=0

W02=00

W12=01

W04=0000

W24=0011

W14=0101

W34=0110

W08=00000000

W48=00001111

W28=00110011

W68=00111100

W18=01010101

W5

8=01011010

W38=01100110

W78=01101001

( W016,W

816)

( W416,W

1216)

( W216,W

1416)

( W616,W

1416)

( W116,W

916)

( W516,W1316)

( W316,W

1116)

( W716,W

1516)

The different Walsh codes

corresponding to different data rates


M d l ti QPSK

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Modulation-QPSK

I

Q

I channel PN sequence

1.2288Mcps

Q channel PN sequence

1.2288Mcps

Baseband filter

Baseband filter

Cos(2pfct)

Sin(2pfct)

I(t)

Q(t)

s(t)A

1.2288Mcps: the PN chip rate of the system.

After being spread, all the forward channels in the same carrier are

modulated by means of QPSK(OQPSK in the reverse), converted

into simulation signals and transmitted after clustering.


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Power Control

Handoff

Diversity and RAKE


P C t l

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Power Control

Reverse power control

Open loop power control

Closed loop power control

Inner loop power control: 800 Hz

Outer loop power control

Forward power control

Message transmission mode:

threshold transmission

periodic transmission

Closed loop power control

.


R O L P C t l

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Reverse Open Loop Power Control

The transmission power required by the mobile station is determined by

the following factors:

Distance from the base station

Load of the cell

Circumstance of the code channels

The transmission power of the mobile station is relative to its received

power.

BTSMobile

Reverse Open Loop

Power Control

BTS

BTS

Transmitting

Power


R Cl d L P C t l

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Reverse Closed Loop Power Control

BTS

Power Control Bit

Eb/NtValue FER Value

Inner Loop Power Control

Outer Loop Power Control

Change in Eb/NtValue


BSCBTS

Forward Power Control

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Forward Power Control

MS measures the frame quality and informs the base station

to the result i.e. whether it is in the threshold or periodical

mode. Base station determines whether to change the

forward transmitting power or not.

In IS-95 system, the forward power control is slow but in

CDMA2000 system it is fast.


Message Transmission Mode

F d Cl d L P C t l

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Forward Closed Loop Power Control

Compared with IS-95 system, CDMA2000 the forwardquick power control is fast.

Power Control Bit

Eb/NtValue


BTS

Handoff

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Handoff

Soft handoffIt is a process of establishing a link with a target sector beforebreaking the link with the serving sector

Softer handoffLike the soft handoff, but the handoff is occurred betweenmulti-sectors in the same base station

Hard handoff

Hard handoff occurs when the two sectors are notsynchronized or are not on the same frequency. Interruption invoice or data communication occurs but this interruption doesnot effect the user communication


Soft/Softer Handoff

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Soft/Softer Handoff

Multi-path combination in the BSC during soft handoff

Multi-path combination in the BTS during softer handoffs

Combine all the

power from each

sector

Power received from

a single sector


Pilot Set

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Pilot Set

Active

Set

CandidateSet

Neighbor

Set

Remaining

Set

The pilot set, corresponding to the basestation being connected

The pilot set, not in the active set butpotential to be demodulated

The pilot set, not included in the active set or

the candidate set but being possible to be

added in the candidate set

Other pilot sets

the set of the pilots having same frequency but different PN sequence offset


T ADD T DROP T TDROP

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T_ADD,T_DROP,T_TDROP

Time

Ec/Io

SectorA Sector

B

Guard Time(T-TDROP)

Add Threshold (T_ADD)

DropThreshold (T_DROP)

Soft Handoff Region

T_ADD, T_DROP and T_TDROP affect the percentage of MS in handoff.

T_ADD & T_DROP is the standards used to add or drop a pilot.

T_DROP is a timer.


Comparison Threshold

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Comparison Threshold

Pilot P1

Pilot P2

Pilot P0

t0

T_COMP0.5dB

t1 t2

T_ADD

Pilot strength

P0-Strengh of Pilot P0 in Candidate Set.

P1,P2-Stength of Pilot P1,P2 in Active Set.

t0-Pilot strength Measurement Message Sent, P0>T_ADD

t1-Pilot strength Measurement Message Sent, P0>P1+T_COMP*0.5dB

t2 -Pilot strength Measurement Message Sent, P0>P2+T_COMP*0.5dB


Transition Between Pilot Sets

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Transition Between Pilot Sets

T_ADD

T_DROP

Pilot 1

Pilot

strength

Pilot 2

T_TDROP

T_TDROP

Neighbor

Set

Candidate

Set

Active

Set

Candidate

Set

Neighbor

Set

TIME1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8


Transmit Diversity

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Transmit Diversity

Time diversity

Block interleaving, error-correction

Frequency diversity

The CDMA signal energy is distributed on the whole 1.23MHZ

bandwidth. Space diversity

The introduction of twin receive antennas .

The RAKE receivers of the mobile station and the base station

can combine the signals of different time delay.

During a handoff, the mobile station contacts multiple base

stations and searches for the strongest frame


Transmission Diversity

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The forward transmission diversity types in

CDMA2000 1X are

TD (Transmit Diversity)

OTD (Orthogonal Transmit Diversity)

The data stream is divided into two parts, which will be spread

by the orthogonal code sequence, and transmitted by two

antennas.

STS (Space Time Spreading)

All the forward code channels are transmitted by the multi-

antennas.

Spread with the quasi-orthogonal code

Non-TD



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The Transmission Diversity Technology enhances the receive performance of MS.

Transmission

diversity

processing

Data stream 1

Data stream 2

Data stream Restoring data stream

Antenna 2

Antenna 1


The Principle of RAKE Receiver

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The Principle of RAKE Receiver

RAKE antennas help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance

the receive performance of the system

Receive set

Correlator 1

Correlator 2

Correlator 3

Searcher correlatorCalculate the

time delay and

signal strength

Combiner The combined

signal

tt

s(t) s(t)


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Course Contents



Chapter 3 CDMA Air interface

Chapter 4 CDMA Core Network


Physical Channel in IS-95A

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Physical Channel in IS 95A

Forward channel Forward Pilot Channel

Forward Sync Channel

Forward Paging Channel

Forward Traffic Channel (including power control sub-

channel)

Reverse channel

Access Channel Reverse Traffic Channel

CDMA Air Interface

Pilot Channel

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Pilot channel

(all-zeros)

W064

Pilot Channel

A pilot channel:

Assist mobile station to be connected with CDMA network

Handles multi-path searching

Provide the phase reference for coherent demodulation and help the mobile

station estimate the transmission power

The mobile station measures and compares the pilot channel powers from

the base stations during the handoff

Forward pilot channel is spread over W0 and modulated with short code directly

BTS transmits the pilot channel continuously

CDMA Air Interface

Sync Channel

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T

oQPSK

coder

2.4kbps 4.8kbps 4.8kbps

Code

symbol

Repetitive

codesymbol

1.2kbps

Convolution

encoderr=1/2,K=9

symbol

repetition

Block

interleaving

Sync Ch bits

W3264

Sync Channel

The sync channel is used by the mobile station to synchronize with

the network. W32 is used to spread Sync Channel.

The synchronization message includes:

Pilot PN sequence offset: PILOT_PN

System time: SYS_TIME Long code state: LC_STATE

Paging channel rate: P_RAT

Here note that, sync channel rate is 1200bps

CDMA Air Interface

Paging Channel

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ToQ

PSK

coder

Paging

channel bits

19.2/9.6Kbps 19.2kbps

19.2kbps

Code

symbol

9.6/4.8 kbps

Convolutionencoder

r=1/2,K=9

Symbolrepetition

Block

interleaving

Paging channel address

mask

Long

code PN

generator

decimator

1.2288Mcps

19.2kbps

Repetitive

code

symbol

Paging Channel

The paging channel transmits:

System parameters message

Access parameters

Neighbors list

CDMA channels list message

The paging channel accomplishes: Paging to MS

Assign traffic channel to MS

The frame length of a paging channel is 20ms

W1 ~W7 are spared for the Paging Channels spreading

CDMA Air Interface

W164

Forward Traffic Channel

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Forward Traffic Channel

I Ch PN sequence (1.2288 Mcps)

PN 1.2288 Mcps

Repetitive

symbol

19.2kbps

8.6kbps9.6kbps

4.8kbps

2.4kbps

1.2kbps

Add frame

quality indicator

bits(12,10,8,6)

Add 8

encoded tail

bits

Convolution

encoder

r=1/2,K=9

Symbol

repetition

Forward traffic

channal

(172/80/40 or

16bits/frame)

Blockinterleaver

19.2kbps

MUX

Long code

generator

Power control bits

Q Ch PN sequence (1.2288 Mcps)

Baseband

filter

I(t)

Q(t)decimator

+ QPSK Modulation

4.0kbps2.0kbps0.8kbps

19.2ksybps

9.6ksybps

4.8ksybps

2.4ksybps

Sin(2pfct)

Cos(2pfct)

is used to transmit data and signaling information.

Walsh code

CDMA Air Interface

decimator

+

+Baseband

filter

+

+

Reverse Access Channel

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Reverse Access Channel

4.8 kbps (307.2kbps)

PN chips

1.2288 McpsOrthogonal spreading

Repetitive

symbol8.8 kbps

Code

symbol

14.4 kbps4.4 kbps 4.8kbpsAdd 8

encoder tail

bits

Convolution

encoder

r=1/3,K=9

Symbol

repetitionAccess

channel

(80 bits/frame)

Block

interleaving

28.8 kbps

Data burst

randomizer

Long code

PN

generator

Frame rate

Long code mask

Repetitive

symbol

used by MS to initiate communication or respond to Paging Channel

Walsh code

CDMA Air Interface


Baseband

filter

I(t)

Q(t)

QPSK Modulation

Sin(2pfct)

Cos(2pfct)

+

+Baseband

filter

+

+


1/2 PN chips Delayed

time=406.9ns

Reverse Traffic Channel

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eve se a c C a e

used to transmit data and signaling information

CDMA Air Interface

8.6kbps9.6kbps

4.8kbps

2.4kbps

1.2kbps

Add framequality indicator

bits(12,10,8,6)

Add 8encoded tail

bits

convolutionencoder

r=1/3,K=9

Symbolrepetition

Reverse traffic

channel

(172/80/40 or

16 bits/frame)

Blockinterleaver

4.0kbps

2.0kbps

0.8kbps

28.8Ksybps

14.4Ksybps

7.2Ksybps

3.6Ksybps

4.8 kbps (307.2kbps)

PN chips

1.2288 Mcps

Orthogonal spreading

Data burst

randomizer

Long code

PN

generator

Frame rate

Long code mask

Walsh code


Baseband

filter

I(t)

Q(t)

QPSK Modulation

Sin(2pfct)

Cos(2pfct)

+

+Baseband

filter

+

+


1/2 PN chips Delayed

time=406.9ns

Initialization of the MS

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Synchronous Channel message contains the LC_STATE,

SYS_TIME, P_RAT, and synchronizes with the system.

CDMA Air Interface

BTS

CDMA2000 Forward Channel

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Forward CDMA2000 channel

F-CACH F-CPCCH F-PICH F-CCCH

F-DCCH F-FCHF-PC F-SCCH F-SCH

F-PICH F-TDPICH F-APICH F-ATDPICH

F-SYNCH F-TCH F-BCH F-PCH F-QPCH

subchannel (RC1~2) (RC3~9)

Note: Only the channels with black color are being implemented in

Huawei equipment. The function of F-PICH, F-SYNCH, F-FCH, F-PC,

F-SCCH, F-PCH are the same as those of IS95. We will only discuss

F-SCH, F-QPCH F-DCCH in the following slides.

CDMA Air Interface

Forward channel

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These channels are newly

defined in CDMA2000 system.

CDMA physical channels are classified in common channels and dedicated channels:

Common physical channels:Forward Pilot Channel(F-PICH)

Forward Synchronous Channel(F-SYNC)

Forward Paging Channel(F-PCH)

Forward Broadcast Control Channel(F-BCCH)

Forward Quick Paging Channel(F-QPCH)

Forward Common Power Control Channel(F-CPCCH)

Forward Common Assignment Channel(F-CACH)

Forward Common Control Channel(F-CCCH)

These channels are compatible

with IS-95 system

Dedicated physical channel:

Forward Dedicated Control Channel(F-DCCH)

Forward Fundamental Channel(F-FCH)

Forward Supplemental Channel(F-SCH)

These channels are used to establish the connection between a base station and a

specific mobile station.

The CDMA2000 system adopts multiple data rates and the different combinations of

channels can achieve a performance superior to that in IS-95 system.

CDMA Air Interface

F-QPCH

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F QPCH

It transmits OOK-modulated signal which can be demodulated by

MS simply and rapidly.

The channel adopts 80ms as a QPCH timeslot. Each timeslot is

divided into paging indicators, configuration change indicators

and broadcast indicators, all of which are utilized to inform the

MS whether to receive paging message, broadcast message or

system parameters in the next F-PCH.

Rapid and simple demodulation. MS no need to monitor F-PCH

for long time, so the standby time is prolonged.

CDMA Air Interface

F-SCH

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F-SCH is typically used for high speed data

applications, while F-FCH is used for common

voice and low speed data application.

When a data call is established, firstly, F-FCH will

be allocated to the user. If the speed of data for

user exceeds 9.6kbps, F-SCH will be allocated.

CDMA Air Interface

F-DCCH

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It is used for the transmission of specific usersignaling information during a call.

Each forward traffic channel may contain one F-DCCH.

Support 5ms frame.

Support discontinuous transmission.

CDMA Air Interface

Reverse Channel

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Reverse CDMA2000 channel

R-ACHR-TCH

operation

(RC1~2)

R-EACH

operationR-CCCH

operation

R-SCCH

R-FCH

R-TCH

operation

(RC3~6)

R-EACH

R-PICH

R-CCCH

R-PICH

R-DCCH

R-PICH

0~7 0~1

R-SCH

R-FCH

0~2

0~1

subchannel

R-PC

Only the channels in dark color are used in Huawei

equipment. The function of R-ACH,R-FCH,R-SCCH

are the same as those in IS95. We will only discuss

R-PICH,R-SCH in the following slides.

CDMA Air Interface

Types of Reverse Channel

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Reverse channel includes reverse common channel

and reverse dedicated channel. Reverse common channel:

Reverse Access Channel(R-ACH)

Reverse Enhanced Access Channel(R-EACH)

Reverse Common Control Channel(R-CCCH)

Reverse Dedicated Channel

Reverse Pilot Channel(R-PICH)

Reverse Dedicated Control Channel(R-DCCH)

Reverse Fundamental Channel(R-FCH)

Reverse Supplemental Channel(R-SCH)

Reverse Supplemental Code Channel (R-SCCH)

CDMA Air Interface

R-PICH

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MUX A

Pilot(all '0's)

Power Control Bit

N is the Spreading Rate number

Pilot PowerControl

Power Control Group

= 1536 NPN Chips

384 NPN Chips

Reverse Pilot Channel

The Function of Reverse Pilot Channel

Initialization

Tracing

Reverse Coherent Demodulation

Power Control Measurement

Base station enhances the received

performance and increases the capacity

by means of coherent demodulation of

the Reverse Pilot Channel.

CDMA Air Interface

Reverse Channels

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Fundamental Channel:

Fundamental Channel is used for the transmission of user

information to the base station during a call, and can be used to

transmit defaulted voice services as an independent Traffic

Channel.

Dedicated Control Channel The Dedicated Control Channel is used for the transmission of

user and signaling information to a base station during a call.

Supplemental Channel/Supplemental Code Channel

These channels are used for the transmission of user information,mainly data services, to the MS. The Reverse Traffic Channel

contains up to two supplemental channels and up to seven

supplemental code channels.

CDMA Air Interface

RC Combination Regulation

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RC 1

RC 2

RC 3

RC 4

RC 5

RC 1

RC 2

RC 3

RC 4

RC 5

RC 3

RC 4

RC 4

RC 3

F-FCH RCs

R-DCCH/SCHRCsF-DCCH/SCHRCs

R-FCH RCs RC1 and RC2 correspondsrespectively to rate set 1 and rate set

2 in IS- 95A/B system.

CDMA2000 Forward RC: RC1~RC5

Reverse RC: RC1~RC4

Rules:

Forward RC1, Reverse RC1


Forward RC3 or RC4,Reverse RC3


CDMA Air Interface

Course Contents

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Course Contents


Chapter 2 CDMA Techniques &Technologies




A typical CDMA Network

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MS BS MSC

HLRAC

EIR

VLR

PSTN

ISDN

MC

Um A

BC

D

E

H

Ai

Di

MSC

F

VLR

MCSMESME

GN

MMM

Q

SCPSCP SSP

Ai

T1T8

IP HLR IP ISDNDi

T2T 3 T 5

T 9

CDMA Core Network

CDMA Interfaces

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MSC: Mobile-service Switching Center BSC: Base Station Controller

MC: Short Message Center HLR: Home Location Register

BTS: Base Transceiver Station VM: Voice Mailbox

VLR: Visitor Location Register OMC: Operation & Maintenance Center

AC: Authentication Center SCP: Service Control Point

Other MSCs

MC/VM

MSC/SSP/VLR

OMC

HLR/AC

SDH

GMSC/SSP

SCP

STP

IOS4.0

SS7

IS-41

IS-41

IS-41

IS-41

Mobile Customer Service Center

SS7

TCP/IP

SS7IS-41

BTS

BTS

BSC

MS

IS95----

CDMA2000

INTERNET

Other PLMNs

PSTN/ISDN

CDMA Core Network

Network Interface

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MSC/VLR GMSC

HLR/AuC

PDSN

PSTN

GPRS IP

SS7SCPBSS

HA

A1/A2

BSSAP

SCCPMTP

Physicallayer

IP

backbon

e

network

A10/A11

A11signali

I

LinklayrPhysicllayer

I

ill CN

CDMA Core Network

CDMA Services

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Businesses, enterprises

Mobile virtual privatenetwork

Mobile high-speed

network access

Advertising services

Free phone

FamilyFamiliarity number

Life & amusement

Schools, groupsUniversal account number

Sectorized and time-

shared charge

Broadcast news

Individuals

Individualized services

Privacy

CDMA Core Network

CDMA Feature Services---Example 1

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Where is my mobile

phone? It is lucky tohave Ruyi lock!

Ruyi lock

Features: a mobile phone user can dial theaccess code and input the PIN code to

lock/unlock his mobile phone by using any

fixed telephone instead of registering and

paying at a business hall.

Why cant I make a call

the moment I picked it up?

CDMA Core Network


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FOLLOW ME

Features: a user can activate call forwarding

of his/he MS from any phone to ensure that

any incoming call of a mobile phone user will

not be lost.

You can register for a

forwarding service on

your own

I forgot to bring my mobile phone, but I

will have an important customer to

meet this afternoon. What should I do?

CDMA Core Network


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Does that guy still

bother you recently?

He can no longer

reach me!

Why? Ask me to input a

password?

FriendshipcomFeatures: After a called user subscribes for

this service, the system requires password

to caller. A call is accomplished only if the

password is correct. Otherwise, the call will

be rejected or transferred.

CDMA Core Network


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Intra-group user

LOOK FOR service

Feature 1: When a user makes a call to an intra-group user, the

terminals of all intra-group users ring in-turn or simultaneously

until there is a reply.

CDMA Core Network

CDMA2000---Data Services

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0

32

64

9.6

128

144

384

2,000Video Streaming

Voice

Text Messaging

Still Imaging

Audio Streaming

Electronic

newspaper

High-quality

videoconference

Telephone

(Voice)

Voice

Mail

E-MailFax

Electronic book

Sports, news and

weather report on

demand

Singing room

Low-quality videoconference

JPEG

Still Photos

Mobile

Radio

Video Surveillance,

Video Mail, Travel

Image

Data

Weather, transportation, news, sports and securities

Mobile TV

E-commerce

Remote

Medical

Service

D

ataratein

Kbps

CDMA Core Network

Locating Services

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3GPP2 uses the following 3 standards for MS location:

GPS-aided measurement

Accuracy: suburbs---10m.

City zone---30~70m.

Indoor --unable to locate Response time: 3~10s

Measurement of base station pilot phase

Accuracy: 50~200m

Response time: 3~6s

Locating of a cell ID

Accuracy: depends on the size of a cell

Response time: within 3s

CDMA Core Network

Locating Services

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110! Bandit!

The system transfers the alarm to the nearest alarm

processing center based on the location.

An emergency button can be set on a usersmobile phone to

so that an alarm can be reported without any conversation or

delay.

CDMA Core Network

Equal Access of Toll Calls

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PSTN CDMA/INTERNET

Users who subscribe for

toll services

Original toll route

Toll route after

subscriptionMSC/GMSC

HLR

Operators who subscribe

for toll services

Help mobile operators to absorb large quantities of toll

services

Users subscribe to select toll operators to ensure quality

of service.

Enable users to save toll call charge (premium strategy)

Make an IP toll call without dialing a preamble

CDMA Core Network

Course Contents

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Course Contents






Definition of Coverage Areas

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Location area

MSC area

PLMN area

Service area

Sectorarea

CDMA Numb er Planning

Cell area

Parameters Involved

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In a CDMA system, the following parameters are

defined to identify a user and his location:

MIN/IMSI

MDN

ESN TLDN

SID/NID

LAI

GCI

SIN

SSN


MIN/IMSI

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Mobile subscriber identity/international mobile subscriber identity

For example, 0907550001/460030907550001

Not more than 15 digits

3 digits 2 digits

IMSI

MCC MNC MSIN

NMSI


MDN

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CC + MAC + H 0H 1H 2H 3 + ABCD

International mobile subscriber DN

National valid mobile subscriber number

Mobile directory number

For example, 8613307550001

CDMA Number Planning

ESN

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A unique Electronic Serial Number (ESN) is used to identify singleMS. An ESN includes 32 bits and has the following structure:

31......24 23......18 17......0 bit

Manufacturersnumber retained equipment SN

For example, FD 03 78 0A (the 10th Motorola 378 mobile phone)

The equipment serial number is allocated by a manufacturer.


TLDN

CDMA N b Pl i

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+CC MAC H0H 1H2 ABC+ ++44

Temporary local directory number

For example, 8613344755001


SID/NID

CDMA N b Pl i

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MSCID (Exchange Identity)

= System Identity (SID) + Exchange number (SWIN)

is used to represent a certain set of equipment in anNSS network. For example,

Unicom CDMA Shenzhen MSC is labeled as 3755+01


Location Area Identity(LAI)

CDMA N b Pl i

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PAGING message is broadcast within a local area, the size ofwhich depends on traffic, paging bearer capability, signaling flow ,

etc.

Format: MCC+MNC+LAC

MCC: Mobile Country Code, 3 digits. For example, China is 460.

MNC: Mobile Network Code, 2 digits. For example, the MNC of

Unicom is 03.

LAC: Location Area Code, a 2-byte-long hexadecimal BCD code.

0000 cannot be used with FFFE.

For example, 460030100


Global Cell Identity (GCI)

CDMA N b Pl i

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The unique ID of a cell in PLMN

Format: LAI+CI

CI: Cell Identity, a 2-byte-long hexadecimal BCD code,

pre defined by the engineering department. The first 3

digits and the last digit represent the base stationnumber and the sector number respectively. For an

omni-directional site, the last digit of CI is 0.

For example, 4600301001230 shows base station number

123 contains an omni-directional site


Sender Identification Number (SIN)


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MSC number

The MSC number stipulated by Unicom is 460 + 03 + 09 +

H0H1H2H3 + 1000.

HLR number

The HLR number stipulated by Unicom is 460 + 03 + 09 +

H0H1H2H3 + 0000.

SMC number

The SMC number stipulated by Unicom is 460 + 03 + 09 +

H0H1H2H3 + 2000.

SCP number

The SCP number stipulated by Unicom is 460 + 03 + 09 +

H0H1H2H3 + 3000.


Sub-System Number (SSN


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SSN of MSC: 8

SSN of VLR: 7

SSN of HLR: 6

SSN of AC: 10 SSN of SMC: EE

SSN of SCP: EF

SSN of A interface: FE/FC

SSN of SCCP management: 1


Voice Channel Routing


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TMSC1

TMSC2

MSC

TMSC1

MSC

TSI international

office


Signaling Route


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Level 1

Level 2

Level 3

HSTP&LSTP

SP


Example of Signaling Network


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Route from an LSTP to the LSTP not located in this macro cell

HLR in Chongqin to MSC in Fujian (two LSTPs

respectively at the transmit end and receive end)

H1 in

Chengdu

H1 in

Shanghai

H2 in

Chongqin

H2 in

Shanghai

L1 in

Chongqin

L2 in

Chongqin

L1 in

Fuzhou

L2 in

Fuzhou

HLR in

Chongqin

MSC in

Fuzhou


Interconnection of CDMA with PSTN


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Mobile telephone

network

Tm

DC2

DC1

LS

MSC

MS

BTS

BSC

TMSC2

Primary ring

of a local

network

PSTN

Toll

network

Local

network

TMSC1

Mesh

interconnection

Meshinterconnection

TMSC1

MSC

BTS

BSC

TMSC2

Primary ringof a localnetwork

Tm

DC2

HSTP

LSTP

SP

LSTP

HSTP HSTP

LSTP LSTP

SP SP

SP

DC1

LS

MS

PSTN


Review

CDMA Technolog y

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Chips rate: 1.2288Mcps

IS-95A/B is a subset, RC1/RC2

Apply the coherent demodulation to the reverse pilot

channel

Forward transmit diversity: OTD and STS

Forward quick power control at 800HZ rate

Improve the standby time by introducing the quick paging

channel.

Variable frames: 5ms, 20ms, 40ms and 80ms

Introduce TURBO code into channel encoding

The maximum rate of a physical layer is up to 307.2K

CDMA Technolog y

Development of CDMA Standards in China

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CDMA standards currently adopted in China are mainly

based on the USA standards with few alterations. For

example, in USA the emphasis is put on the dual service

support i.e. CDMA and AMPS compatibility, while in Chinathere is no such requirement. Therefore, the settings of

frequency and basic channels, IMSI and others parameters

need to be modified. Likewise, there is also the need to

modify network interface IS-41 series of standards.

Case study: China Unicom Network

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In China Unicom CDMA project, phase 1, a narrow-band CDMA

network, named IS-95B (enhanced IS-95) is being constructed.

With total capacity is 15,000,000, subscribers handling, covering

over 200 cities.

Currently, both nationwide and international roaming tests have

conducted successfully with the CDMA networks of HongKong,South Korea and Japan via the TSI international gateway bureau.

Besides, a CDMA intelligent network will be constructed to

provide intelligent value-added services like Pre-Paid Charging

(PPC) and Virtual Private Network (VPN) etc.

The whole CDMA20001X network was launched in air in the

second half of 2002.

Why CDMA2000?

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Increase the system capacity

Forward quick power control

Forward transmit diversity: OTD,STS

Coherent modulation applied on the pilot channel.(about

3dB)

The introduction to Turbo code

The stronger ability to resist interference

The improved error-correcting encoding

(applying Turbo code in medium/high rate

data transmission)

Why CDMA2000?

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Support high rate SCH, with the maximum rateof a single channel being up to 307.2kbps.

Improve the standby time

Use the quick paging channel

Forward compatibility

Radio-frequency part

Baseband part, such as RC

Summary

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Brief Development History of Mobile

Communication Analog--digital--code division

Objectives of 3G and comparison of 3 systems

Technical features of CDMA

Key technologies: power control, soft handoff,RAKE receiverand cell breath

Other technologies: source coding, channel coding,

interleaving, scrambling, spreading and modulation

Channel structure: pilot, synchronization, paging, access and

service

Technical features of CDMA2000 1X

Walsh and Turbo codes

Questions

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What power control modes are there in CDMA2000

system and how are they implemented?

Describe the soft handoff process?

Describe the process and functions of cell breath?

Describe the implementation process of service

channels (forward and reverse)?

Describe the technical features of CDMA2000?

Describe the initialization process of a mobile phone?

What are the functions of a long code, short code

and Walsh code in CDMA system?

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Documents

1(CDMA Prin)