*2.

. , , . .

1. ,

*1.1

(formality) . , . (informal) (structured-informal) (semi-formal) (formal)

* 2-1

*1.1.1

, . (dictionary), (glossary) : (IT) [ 2-2]

*1.1.2 (structured-informal)

, (semi-informal) . , .: (thesaurus), (taxonomy), EDI(Electronic Data Interchange)[ 2-3] (, Regnum), (, Phylum), (, Class), (, Order), (, Family), (, Genus) 6

*

*1.1.3 (semi-formal) (formal semantic) (formal syntax) .XML Schema, XML DTD(Document Type Definition), UML(Unified Modeling Language), ER(Entity-Relationship) (conceptual model), database schemeXML Schema:[2-1] 6~10 : ,CPU (string), , (positiveinteger) DMB (boolean)

*XML

*1.1.4 (formal)

(formal semantic) (expressivity) (inference rule) .: (formal taxonomy), (semantic network), (frame), (description logic), PDF Schema, OWL(Web Ontology Language)

OWL -- [ 2-2] (subclass) .

* 1: owl : Class - . 2: rdfs : subClassOf - --- . 5,8~10 : rdfs : resource - .

*1.2 (upper-level) (lower-level) , . . (foundational) (universal ) . . .

*

*1.2.1 (1) , , (generalization) (Bunge) , (OpenCyc Upper Ontology), (Sowa) (Upper Ontology), SUMO(Suggested Upper Merged Ontology) . (Cyc) : 1980 CycCorp . (microtheories) . 2001 (OpenCyc) , , IEEE SUO .

*(OpenCyc) Thing(), Individual( ), PartiallyIntangible( ), MathematicalOrComputationalThing( ) .(Noy and Hafner, 1997)CycL .

* (Sowa) 1995 (John F. Sowa) , , , .(distinction), (combination), (constraint) Thing() Independent( ), Relative( ), Mediating( ), Physical( ), Abstract( ) , 27 .(Spwa, 2000) SUMO(Suggested Upper Merged Ontology) (Ian Niles), (Adam Pease) , (Stuart Russell) (Peter Norvig) (Russell and Norvig,1995) . Entity(), Entity Physical( ) Abstract( ) (Niles and Pease,2001).

*(2) (linguistic) . (GUM : Generalized Upper Model), (WordNet), (Penman Upper Model) .: GUM , , .Um-Thing Um-Thing Upper Model Thing , Configuration(), Element(), Sequence() .LOOM (Baterman et al.,1995)

*(3) (metadata) (interoperability) . : (Dubline Core) (NISO: National Information Standards Organization) , .

*1.2.2 .(domain), (task), (method), (application) (1) (Enterprise) , TOVE(Toronto Virtual Enterprise) , (2) (, , ) : : , (goal), (schedule), (material) : , (make, produce), (hold, keep), (deliver, distribute)

*(3) , : , , , .(4) , . : (UMLS : Unified Medical Language System) .

* 2. , , , , , , , , , .

* 2.1 (Semantic Interoperability) : . : , (, , , , ) , , (SCM) .

* (Forrest Research) 98% IT : (RTDI:Real Time Data Integration ) . . (semantic conflict) . .

* (1) (syntatic interoperability)XML WSDL(Web Service Description Language), SOAP(Simple Object Access Protocol) (2) (semantic interoperability) : 3.8( ) - 3.8 , ?

* , . : SCROL(Semantic Onflict Resolution Ontology) (heterogeneous database)

* .[ 2-7(a)] n(n-1)[ 2-7(b)] 2n

2-7

(a) (b)

* 2.2 , . . . . : ebXML, . (EMR) : . ,,, , EMR , . , .

* 2.3 (shared understanding) (communication) .1 : , ? , , , .2 : . . : (automated negotiation system) . , , : .(, , ) .

* 2.4 2002 30 2002 2005 . IT , (semi-structured) (unstructured) , . , . , . : , ,

* (keyword matching) (filtering) , . : (salt) () . . .

* 3. . (WWW) (Tim Berners-Lee)

HTML XML(eXtensible Markup Language) RDF(Resource Description Framework) RDF Schema

, , , ,

* . W3C .

* 2-8 , URI(Uniform Resource Identifier) XML RDF(Resource Description Framework) RDF Schema (RDF , RDF Schema RDF ) -OWL(Web Ontology Language) OWL .(logic) - (rule) .(proof) - (trust) - - . , , .

* RDF . , , , e-, , , , , ,