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1
KEWIRAUSAHAAN dan Etika Bisnis
Manajemen dan Bisnis
Fakultas Ekonomi
Universitas Padjadjaran
Bandung
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Business
An organisation that provides goods or services to earn profit
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Profits
The difference between a business’s revenues and its expenses
In business profit could be divine into:
Tangible : Asset, Money, Factory, etc
Intangible : Trust, Image, Goodwill, etc
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Top 5 pengusaha Indonesia
1. Keluarga Gudang Garam
2. Keluarga Djarum
3. Keluarga Sampoerna
4. Keluarga Bakrie
5. Group Salim
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USAHA KECIL
ONE MAN ENTERPRISE
FAMILY ENTERPRISE
SMALL SCALE ENTERPRISE
MEDIUM SCALE ENTERPRISE
BIG SCALE ENTERPRISE
DEVELOPMENT
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AKTIVITAS USAHA KECIL
A. PRODUCT – PRODUCING FIRMS- MANUFACTURING- MINING- FORESTRY- FISHERY- AGRICULTURE
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AKTIVITAS USAHA KECIL 2
B. PRODUCER OF PRODUCT AND SERVICE COMBINATION
- WHOLESALE FIRMS- RETAIL STORE
C. PROVIDER OF SERVICE- SERVICE FIRMS- FINANCE FIRMS
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ENTREPRENEUR
SESEORANG YANG MEMPUNYAI KREATIVITAS SUATU BISNIS BARU
DALAM MENGHADAPIRESIKO DAN KETIDAKPASTIAN
YANG BERTUJUAN UNTUK PENCAPAIANLABA DAN PERTUMBUHAN USAHA
BERDASARKAN IDENTIFIKASI PELUANG
DAN MENDAYAGUNAKAN SUMBER-SUMBERSERTA MEMODALI PELUANG TERSEBUT
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CIRI-CIRI ENTREPRENEUR
MEMPUNYAI HASRAT UNTUK SELALU BERTANGGUNG JAWAB BISNIS DAN SOSIAL
KOMITMEN TERHADAP TUGAS MEMILIH RESIKO YANG MODERAT MERAHASIAKAN KEMAMPUAN UNTUK
SUKSES CEPAT MELIHAT PELUANG
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CIRI-CIRI ENTREPRENEUR 2
ORIENTASI KE MASA DEPAN SELALU MELIHAT KEMBALI PRESTASI
MASA LALU SIKAP HAUS TERHADAP “MONEY” SKILL DALAM ORGANISASI TOLERANSI TERHADAP AMBISI FLEKSIBILITAS TINGGI
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CIRI-CIRI PERUSAHAAN KECIL
MANAJEMEN BERDIRI SENDIRI MODAL DISEDIAKAN OLEH SEORANG
PEMILIK ATAU SEKELOMPOK KECIL DAERAH OPERASINYA LOKAL UKURAN DALAM KESELURUHAN RELATIF
KECIL
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PERBEDAAN DENGAN PERUSAHAAN BESAR
PERUSAHAAN KECIL- UMUMNYA DIKELOLA
PEMILIK- STRUKTUR ORGANISASI
SEDERHANA- PEMILIK MENGENAL
KARYAWAN- PROSENTASE KEGAGALAN
PERUSAHAAN TINGGI- KEKURANGAN MANAJER
yang AHLI- Modal JANGKA PANJANG
SULIT DIPEROLEH
PERUSAHAAN BESAR- DIKELOLA BUKAN OLEH
PEMILIK- STRUKTUR ORGANISASI
KOMPLEKS- PEMILIK MENGENAL
SEDIKIT KARYAWAN- PROSENTASI
KEGAGALAN RENDAH- BANYAK AHLI
MANAJEMEN- MODAL JANGKA
PANJANG RELATIF MUDAH DIPEROLEH
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KEKUATAN PERUSAHAAN KECIL
KEBEBASAN UNTUK BERTINDAK MENYESUAIKAN KEPADA KEBUTUHAN
SETEMPAT PERAN SERTA DALAM MELAKUKAN
USAHA/TINDAKAN
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KEKURANGAN PERUSAHAAN KECIL
RELATIF LEMAH DALAM SPESIALISASI MODAL DALAM PENGEMBANGAN
TERBATAS KARYAWAN RELATIF SULIT UNTUK
MENDAPAT YANG CAKAP
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FAKTOR-FAKTOR KEBERHASILAN USAHA
MENGEMBANGKAN RENCANA PERUSAHAAN
KEMAMPUAN MANAJEMEN MEMENUHI KEBUTUHAN MODAL
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UNSUR UTAMA DALAM RENCANA USAHA
A. PROFIL PRIBADI- KELAYAKAN KREDI, REFERENSI-
REFERENSI- RESUME TENTANG PENGALAMAN
PERUSAHAAN- REFERENSI-REFERENSI PRIBADI
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UNSUR UTAMA DALAM RENCANA USAHA 2
B. PROFIL PERUSAHAAN- SEJARAH PERUSAHAAN- ANALISIS PASAR DAN PESAING- STRATEGI PERSAINGAN DAN RENCANA
OPERASI- RENCANA ARUS KAS “CASH FLOW”- ANALISA BREAK EVENT
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UNSUR UTAMA DALAM RENCANA USAHA 3
C. PAKET PINJAMAN- JUMLAH YANG DIMINTA- JENIS PINJAMAN YANG DIMINTA- ALASAN PEMBENARAN- KETENTUAN-KETENTUAN DAN JADWAL
PEMBAYARAN KEMBALI
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KEMAMPUAN MANAJEMEN PERSONIL FASILITAS FISIK AKUNTANSI KEUANGAN PEMBELIAN PENGURUSAN BARANG DAGANGAN PENJUALAN ADVERTENSI RESIKO PENYELENGGARAAN SEHARI-HARI
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JENIS MODAL
MODAL KERJA (WORKING CAPITAL) MODAL PEMILIK (EQUITY CAPITAL)- MODAL SENDIRI- MODAL VENTURA
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SEBAB-SEBAB KEGAGALAN
STRUKTUR MODAL YANG TIDAK MEMADAI
PENGGUNAAN METODA DAN PERALATAN YANG SUDAH USANG
TIDAK ADANYA PERENCANAAN JANGKA PANJANG
KECAKAPAN PRIBADI
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TANDA-TANDA KEGAGALAN PERUSAHAAN
PENJUALAN MENURUN PERBANDINGAN UTANG SEMAKIN
TINGGI BIAYA OPERASI MENINGKAT PENGURANGAN DALAM MODAL KERJA KEUNTUNGAN MENURUN/ KERUGIAN
MENINGKAT
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SOLUSI UNTUK MENGHINDARI KEGAGALAN
MENGURANGI BIAYA OPERASI MENINGKATKAN PENJUALAN MENINJAU KEMBALI KERUGIAN KREDIT MENGHINDARI RESIKO MEMERIKSA KEMBALI PERSEDIAAN
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THE MEANING OF ETHICS
Ethics is a set of rules that define right and wrong conduct
Business ethics is the application of general ethical rules to business behavior
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Why Is Business Ethics Important?
The general public expects business to exhibit high levels of ethical performance and social responsibility
To prevent harm to society
To protect business firms from abuse by unethical employees or unethical competitors
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Why Ethical Problems Occur in Business?
Personal gain Individual values in conflict with
organizational goals Managers’ values and attitudes Competitive Pressures Cross-cultural contradictions
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Three Methods of Ethical Reasoning
METHOD CRITICAL DETERMINING
FACTOR
AN ACTION IS ETHICAL WHEN…
LIMITATIONS
Utilitarian Comparing benefits and profits
Net benefits exceed net costs
Difficult to measure some human and social costs.
Majority may disregard rights of minority
Rights Respecting rights Basic human rights are respected
Difficult to balance conflicting rights
Justice Distributing fair shares
Benefits and costs are fairly distributed
Difficult to measure benefits and costs.
Lack of agreement on fair shares
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Social Responsibility...
an organization’s obligation to maximize its positive impact on stakeholders and to minimize its negative impact
includes legal, ethical, economic, and philanthropic (discretionary) dimensions
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Legal Dimension...
refers to obeying governmental laws and regulations
civil law: rights & duties of individuals and organizations
criminal law: prohibits specific actions and imposes fines and/or imprisonment as punishment for breaking the law
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Ethical Dimension...
behaviors and activities that are expected or prohibited by organizational members, the community, and society (not codified into law)
standards, norms, or expectations that reflect the concern of major stakeholders
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Economic Responsibilities...
how resources for the production of goods and services are distributed within the social system
Do you think consumers favor socially responsible companies or are they most enamored with companies that maximize profits?
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Foundation principles of corporate social responsibility
Charity Principle Stewardship Principle
Definition Business should give voluntary aid to society’s needy persons and groups
Business, acting as a public trustee, should consider the interests of all who are affected by business decisions and policies
Type of activity
Corporate philanthropy Voluntary actions to
promote the social good
Acknowledging business and society interdependence
Balancing the interests and needs of many diverse groups in society
Examples Corporate philanthropic foundations
Private initiatives to solve social problems
Social partnerships with needy groups
Enlightened self-interest Meeting legal requirements Stakeholder approach to
corporate strategic planning
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The pros and cons of corporatesocial responsibility
Arguments for corporatesocial responsibility
Arguments against corporatesocial responsibility
Balances corporate power with responsibility.
Discourages governmentregulation.
Promotes long-term profitsfor business.
Responds to changingstakeholders’ demands.
Corrects social problemscaused by business.
Lowers economic efficiency and profit.
Imposes unequal costs among competitors.
Imposes hidden costs passed on to stakeholders.
Requires social skills businessmay lack.
Places responsibility on businessrather than individuals.
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Two views of corporate social responsibility
The shareholder view• The only social responsibility of business is to create shareholder wealth.• Corporate management cannot decide what is in the social interest.• The costs of social responsibility which do not increase the value of stock, will be passed on to consumers.
The multiple stakeholders view• All customers and employees are treated with dignity.• Relationships with suppliers must be based on mutual trust.• Belief in fair economic competition.• Business can contribute to social reform and honor human rights.