5
542 AP 美国历史 · 上册(1450~1865) By 1871, Congress adopted three Enforcement Acts to destroy the Klan and gave the president power to declare military rule in the south. Grant did not wait long to use his powers under the new law. Thousands of people there were arrested and were tried in federal courts. Juries were made up mainly of blacks and radical whites. 格兰特在治国方面遇到的最大挑战是南方各州的政治局势。内战结束后,大部分南方州被激进的共和党人 控制,他们支持让黑人获得公民权和选举权。在 1860 年代末,激进派逐渐失去了权力,许多人在州政府 选举中败选,输给民主党人,而民主党压根不想给黑人任何权利。最先失去权力的是弗吉尼亚州的激进派 共和党人,好在这一变化是以和平的方式发生的。不过,在南部其它州,情况就不一样了。在田纳西、乔 治亚和北卡,民主党的竞选活动经常由三 K 党成员组织,他们依靠威胁和暴力赢得选举。 很快,美国南部每个州都建立了三 K 党的分部。到 1871 年,国会成立了特别委员会,并通过一份《强制 法案》以控制三 K 党,授权总统在南部各州实施军事管制。民主党指责说,法律的真正目的是保住激进派 共和党在州政府中的权力。格兰特总统很快就行使了新法律赋予他的权力,在南卡罗来纳州的一大片地区 实施军事管制。结果,成千上万人被逮捕,并在联邦法庭受审,而陪审团成员大多是黑人和激进派白人。 Second Term of President Grant 格兰特总统的第二任期 2 This kind of justice made southerners feel even more bitterness toward the north. It also angered a number of moderate members of the Republican Party. They said the federal government should not help radical Repub- licans stay in power in the south. Some of these moderate Republicans broke away from President Grant and the radicals. They called them- selves Liberal Republicans and formed a new political party. They held their own presidential nominating convention for the election of 1872. They nominated Horace Greeley as their candidate who published the New York Tribune. 军事管制导致南方人更加敌视北方,并触怒了许多温和派共和党人。他们说,联邦政府不应该帮助南部的 激进派共和党把持权力。他们中的一些人同格兰特总统以及激进派分道扬镳,自称为“自由共和党人”, 并成立了一个新政党。他们为1872年的总统选举召开了自己的提名人大会,会上,《纽约论坛报》的发行 人霍勒斯·格里利成了自由共和党推举的候选人。民主党人意识到,他们赢得总统选举的唯一希望就是支 持这个新成立的自由共和党,所以,他们也推举格里利为候选人。当然,控制着共和党的激进派们依然提 名格兰特为候选人,支持他竞选连任。 Democrats chose Horace Greeley as their presidential candidate. The radicals who controlled the main Repub- lican Party nominated Grant for a second term. Grant made no speeches and spent the summer at a holiday town on the Atlantic Ocean coast. Greeley did campaign hard but was hurt by a poorly-organized campaign. On Election Day in 1872, Grant won a big victory. Horace Greeley died three weeks after the election. The new Liberal Republican Party died with him. Ulysses Grant and the radical Republicans would govern for another four years. 格兰特和格里利之间的角逐十分奇怪。格兰特不发表竞选演说,整个夏天都待在大西洋沿岸一个度假小镇 里。不过,他的支持者们没有闲着,他们骂格里利是傻瓜、叛徒,不把他当成真正的候选人。和格兰特不 同,格里利积极竞选,可是他几乎没有任何资金上的支持,此外,他的竞选活动组织不当,影响了他的表 现。在 1872 年的选举中,格兰特大获全胜。在 37 个州中有 31 个支持他。选举结束三个星期后,格里利郁 试 读 本

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Page 1: 2 Second Term of President Grant - US. AP CAMP · The radicals who controlled the main Repub-lican Party nominated Grant for a second term. Grant made no speeches and spent the summer

542

AP美国历史·上册(1450~1865)

By 1871, Congress adopted three Enforcement Acts to destroy the Klan and gave the president power to declare

military rule in the south. Grant did not wait long to use his powers under the new law. Thousands of people

there were arrested and were tried in federal courts. Juries were made up mainly of blacks and radical whites.

格兰特在治国方面遇到的最大挑战是南方各州的政治局势。内战结束后,大部分南方州被激进的共和党人

控制,他们支持让黑人获得公民权和选举权。在1860年代末,激进派逐渐失去了权力,许多人在州政府

选举中败选,输给民主党人,而民主党压根不想给黑人任何权利。最先失去权力的是弗吉尼亚州的激进派

共和党人,好在这一变化是以和平的方式发生的。不过,在南部其它州,情况就不一样了。在田纳西、乔

治亚和北卡,民主党的竞选活动经常由三K党成员组织,他们依靠威胁和暴力赢得选举。

很快,美国南部每个州都建立了三K党的分部。到1871年,国会成立了特别委员会,并通过一份《强制

法案》以控制三K党,授权总统在南部各州实施军事管制。民主党指责说,法律的真正目的是保住激进派

共和党在州政府中的权力。格兰特总统很快就行使了新法律赋予他的权力,在南卡罗来纳州的一大片地区

实施军事管制。结果,成千上万人被逮捕,并在联邦法庭受审,而陪审团成员大多是黑人和激进派白人。

Second Term of President Grant 格兰特总统的第二任期2

This kind of justice made southerners feel even more bitterness toward the north. It also angered a number of

moderate members of the Republican Party. They said the federal government should not help radical Repub-

licans stay in power in the south.

Some of these moderate Republicans broke away from President Grant and the radicals. They called them-

selves Liberal Republicans and formed a new political party. They held their own presidential nominating

convention for the election of 1872. They nominated Horace Greeley as their candidate who published the

New York Tribune.

军事管制导致南方人更加敌视北方,并触怒了许多温和派共和党人。他们说,联邦政府不应该帮助南部的

激进派共和党把持权力。他们中的一些人同格兰特总统以及激进派分道扬镳,自称为“自由共和党人”,

并成立了一个新政党。他们为1872年的总统选举召开了自己的提名人大会,会上,《纽约论坛报》的发行

人霍勒斯·格里利成了自由共和党推举的候选人。民主党人意识到,他们赢得总统选举的唯一希望就是支

持这个新成立的自由共和党,所以,他们也推举格里利为候选人。当然,控制着共和党的激进派们依然提

名格兰特为候选人,支持他竞选连任。

Democrats chose Horace Greeley as their presidential candidate. The radicals who controlled the main Repub-

lican Party nominated Grant for a second term. Grant made no speeches and spent the summer at a holiday

town on the Atlantic Ocean coast. Greeley did campaign hard but was hurt by a poorly-organized campaign.

On Election Day in 1872, Grant won a big victory. Horace Greeley died three weeks after the election. The new

Liberal Republican Party died with him. Ulysses Grant and the radical Republicans would govern for another

four years.

格兰特和格里利之间的角逐十分奇怪。格兰特不发表竞选演说,整个夏天都待在大西洋沿岸一个度假小镇

里。不过,他的支持者们没有闲着,他们骂格里利是傻瓜、叛徒,不把他当成真正的候选人。和格兰特不

同,格里利积极竞选,可是他几乎没有任何资金上的支持,此外,他的竞选活动组织不当,影响了他的表

现。在1872年的选举中,格兰特大获全胜。在37个州中有31个支持他。选举结束三个星期后,格里利郁

试 读

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CHAPTER 15 Reconstruction (1865-1877) 重建时期

543

郁而终,自由共和党随之瓦解。在以后的四年里,格兰特依然是美国总统,权力依然掌握在激进派共和党

人手中。

The Credit Mobilier Company was found to be stealing from the Union Pacific Railroad. However, they tried

to cover this up by selling stocks in their company at a large discount to government officials and Congress

members including Vice President. When this was discovered, it hurt many reputations of Grant’s administra-

tion.

格兰特连任后,政府里的不法行为和丑闻变得更加严重。虽然格兰特本人并没有直接参与,仅仅同当事人

有关,但这依然损害到了政府的声誉。在格兰特连任后不久,发生了莫比利埃信托公司丑闻。当时,联合

太平洋铁路公司参与修建了一条纵贯美国西部、一直延伸到加州的铁路。这项工程耗资巨大,联合太平洋

铁路公司从政府得到了大笔资助。莫比利埃信托公司被发现从联合太平洋铁路的建设中攫取好处。为了掩

饰,莫比利埃以极低的价格向副总统和共和党议员出售他们的股票。作为交换,他们利用自己手中的投票

权,批准拨联邦经费帮助修建铁路。

In 1869, Jay Cooke began raising money to build another railroad across America's west. Many people in-

vested all the money they had in Cooke's railroad but Cooke was unable to sell as many bonds as he expected.

Cooke could return no money and people hurried to other banks to withdraw their savings. Within hours,

many of these other banks had to close.

Within a month, more than 5,000 banks across the

country failed and closed their doors. This created

an economic crisis called Panic of 1873. The New

York Stock Exchange closed for ten days. Thousands

of people lost their jobs. Investigations showed that

many of the banks that failed had violated banking

laws.

这件事之后不到半年,另一桩丑闻又被曝光。这次

涉及的是美国最富有的银行家之一杰伊·库克,他

也是格兰特总统的好友。1869年,库克开始筹集

资金,打算再修一条纵贯西部的大铁路。他计划出

售价值1亿美元的铁路债券。许多人把自己全部的

积蓄投资在这条铁路上。但是,债券的销量没有达

到1亿美元。很快,库克的银行就把钱用光了,无

法还钱给成千上万购买铁路债券的人。人们急忙到

其它银行去提取自己的存款,几个小时之内,很多

银行被迫关门,因为它们也没钱了。不到一个月,

美国各地有5,000多家银行倒闭,这引发了1873年

经济危机。纽约证券交易所停业十天,工厂停工,

成千上万人失业。调查发现,许多倒闭的银行有过

违法行为,相关的银行法得不到执行,因为太多银

行家给执政的共和党提供了资金。

Another scandal that occurred during Grant's presi-

dency was the Whiskey Ring. In 1875, it was revealed

that many government employees were pocketing

《长期的萧条》

1873 年至 1878 年,美国经历了长时间的经济衰退。这幅漫画里,格兰特总统正在试图搀扶起象征美国的女神,她被压在城市废墟中动弹不得。

试 读

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AP美国历史·上册(1450~1865)

whiskey taxes. Grant called for swift punishment but caused further scandal when he moved to protect his

personal secretary who had been implicated in the affair.

在铁路债券事件后,又发生了“威士忌酒集团”事件。这个“威士忌酒集团”的成员包括一些威士忌酒制

造商和一些政府高官,这些高官都是格兰特总统的朋友。他们官商勾结,找到了一条不用给威士忌酒纳税

的路子,格兰特一位最亲密的顾问是这一丑闻的核心人物。虽然,大陪审团最后判定这名顾问并没有犯

罪,但几百名威士忌制造商和政府官员被控有违法行为。尽管格兰特总统本身没有违法,但威士忌酒集团

事件使民众更加认定,白宫毫无诚信可言,人们进而觉得,格兰特是一个失败的总统。

Election of 1876 1876 年总统选举3

The two administrations of President Grant were noted for their dishonesty. He was linked to the trouble,

because he was friends with dishonest members of Congress and the cabinet. The American people were very

disappointed with President Grant, with his popularity dropped. A serious depression had begun during

Grant's second term, and people blamed the ruling Republican Party.

The state and congressional elections of 1874 were an important turning point. For the first time in eighteen

years, the Democratic Party won control of the House of Representatives. Democrats also won control of 23 of

the 35 state governments. These included several northern states, where people were tired of Republican rule.

格兰特总统的两届任期内,政府官员腐败盛行,美国民众对格兰特深感失望,他的民众支持率在他担任总

统期间显著下跌。格兰特绝非优秀的政治领袖,他无法控制自己身边的人,与此同时,国家的经济形势也

让民众忧心忡忡。格兰特第二届任期内,美国陷入严重的经济衰退,失业人数众多,大家把责任归咎于执

政的共和党。

1874年的州和国会选举是一个重要的转折点。选举结果让共和党人很吃惊,18年来,民主党人第一次夺得

了国会众议院的控制权,民主党人占有169个席位,而共和党人只有109个席位。此外,在35个州政府当

中,民主党人还掌握了23个州政府的控制权,其中包括几个北方州,因为当地人已经厌倦了共和党的统治。

Important changes also were made in the south. Democrats won control

of southern state governments from radical Republicans. Mississippi

White Democrats began organizing groups called White Leagues who

wanted to prevent blacks from voting for radical Republicans.

These efforts succeeded that most blacks were too afraid to vote. The

Democrats took control of both the Mississippi legislature and the gov-

ernor's office. Similar actions, with similar results, took place in other

southern states.

南方也发生了重大变化,民主党人从激进派共和党人手中夺走了南方

一些州政府的控制权,其中一个是密西西比州。那里的民主党白人组

建了名叫“白人联盟”的团体,目的是防止黑人投票支持激进派共和

党人。他们举行暴动,打死不少黑人,并利用经济优势压制黑人。暴

力行为达到了预期效果,大多数黑人都不敢去投票,民主党人因此夺

取了密西西比州议会和州长办公室的控制权。美国南部其他州的白人

也采取类似行动,并取得了类似的成效。

Rutherford Hayes

试 读

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CHAPTER 15 Reconstruction (1865-1877) 重建时期

545

In the presidential election of 1876, Republicans abandoned Grant and nominated Rutherford Hayes, a for-

mer Union general who was untainted by corruption. Hayes’s Democratic opponent was New York governor

Samuel Tilden, a Wall Street lawyer with a reform reputation.

Tilden received 184 electoral votes to Hays 165, with the 20 votes from Florida, South Carolina, and Louisiana still

uncertain. If Hayes took those votes, he would win by 1. Republican officials certified all three states for Hayes while

Redeemer Democrats who had taken over the states’ governments submitted their own electoral votes for Tilden.

格兰特第二届任期结束前,他提出愿意再干四年,但遭到共和党政界人士的坚决反对,他们认为共和党在

州和国会选举中的失败都是格兰特的错,格兰特只好放弃连任三届的希望。1876年大选,共和党推举俄

亥俄州长拉瑟福德·海斯为总统候选人,海斯的卖点就是廉洁,他强力打压腐败。民主党方面推出纽约州

长塞缪尔·蒂尔登,蒂尔登是个富庶的华尔街大律师,他以打击华尔街腐败出名。1876年大选,两党的

竞争战略都专注于反腐败。

When Congress met in early 1877, it was faced with both Republican and Democratic electoral votes from

Florida, South Carolina, and Louisiana. The Congress appointed an electoral commission, which awarded the

disputed votes to Hayes by a vote of 8 to 7.

In the House of Representatives, outraged Democrats vowed to stall the final count of electoral votes so as to

prevent Hayes’s inauguration on March 4. But on March 1st they suddenly ended their delaying tactics and

Hayes was inaugurated.

Hayes' opponent, Democrat Samuel Tilden, did not oppose the agreement. He agreed that four years of Ruth-

erford Hayes would be better than four years of civil war. As soon as the new president ordered them back to

their barracks, the last Republican administrations in the South collapsed. Reconstruction had ended.

1876年总统大选十分激烈,蒂尔登在北方获得多数民意胜利,并且夺取几个关键北方州选票。然而,共

和党人很快发现,鹿死谁手最后完全取决于南方三个州的选举人票。根据美国的选举制度,谁赢得一个州

的多数选民票,就能得到这个州的所有选举人票。此时佛罗里达、路易斯安那和南卡罗来纳州还在共和党

专政之下,共和党只要夺取三州选票就可以使得海斯以一票优势当选总统。三个州的选情异常激烈,共和

党掌握的国家机器宣布海斯获得三州选举人票,但是当地选举出来的民主党新政府却宣布蒂尔登获得三州

选票。

1877年,美国国会突然面临一个前所未有的难题,三州提出两个不同的选举结果,哪个才是真实有效

的?民主、共和两党都说自己赢得了这三个州的胜利,都指责对方有舞弊行为。最后,双方同意成立一个

选举委员会,裁决选票之争。委员会原计划包括七名民主党人、七名共和党人,外加一名独立党派代表。

可还没开会,独立党派的代表就退出了,由一名共和党人取而代之,共和党因此以八比七的优势占据了委

员会的多数,投票裁决共和党总统候选人海斯得到了这三个州的选举人票,当选总统。

民主党人气炸了肺,很多州的民主党人开始组建民兵,表示在必要情况下,他们宁愿上战场,也不愿看着

共和党人就这样把总统一职偷走。眼见局势严峻,很多人担心内战会再次爆发。但是共和党与民主党突然

在1877年3月4日总统就职日前达成妥协,这是美国历史上的一桩迷案。谈判桌台布底下到达有什么政治

交易?海斯总统本人有没有介入?后人至今搞不清楚,只知道1877年3月1日,民主党突然宣布承认海斯

当选总统。

海斯的对手蒂尔登没有提出异议。蒂尔登年事已高,身体又不好。他认为,让海斯当四年总统,总比打四

年内战要强。就这样,海斯当选了美国第19任总统。海斯总统住进白宫之后立刻命令联邦军队撤出南卡罗

莱纳和路易斯安那。自从内战结束后,这些部队就一直驻扎在这些地方,共和党的南方重建事业至此终结。

试 读

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546

AP美国历史·上册(1450~1865)

南方各州民主党通过十年缓慢演变,完全消除了共和党重建的印记。各州重新制定宪法,行政官员遭到清

洗更换,政府规模大幅缩水,税收也大幅减少,一切恢复到南北战争爆发前的状态。新的白人政府通过立

法把黑人定义为二等公民,北方人受够了南方的一切,也受够了黑人问题,他们对这个变化不管不问。人

们突然发现,南北战争消灭了南方的奴隶制度,但南方最终演变成一个奇特的社会:白人是公民,黑人是

二等公民。

《全国比赛》

漫画描绘了 1876 年大选记票的乌龙事件。三只皮鞋代表佛罗里达、路易斯安那和南卡罗来纳三个州,它们正在争抢票箱。

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