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عترعتر 201201
LabLab
11 اسبوعاسبوع
التربة التربة تطور تطورصخور & تربة
من الناتج المفكك من الجزء الناتج المفكك الجزءاآلصلية اآلصلية الصخور الصخور
من تعرية تعرية ==تربةتربة من الجزء الجزء
لها حدث الذى لها الصخور حدث الذى الصخور
تعريةتعرية
bedrockbedrockBedrock
النربة النربة قطاع قطاع طبفات على طبفات يحتوى على يحتوى
A
E
B
C
Bedrock
Bedrock
soil تربة
Developmentالقطاع نطور
المواد المواد انتقال التربة Development/Development/انتقال التربة تطور تطور
تربة افاقSoil Horizons
قطاعSoil Profile تربة قطاع
Soil Horizonsالتربة افاق
Soil Profileتربة قطاع
A
Bw
CC
EEEE
BEBE
BBtbtb
Master Horizons
O horizon-Organic
A horizon-Mineral & Organic
E horizon-Eluviation (Loss)
B horizon-Illuviation (Gain)
C horizon- little Alteration from Parent Material
R horizon- Bedrock
O horizons: Layers dominated by organic material. Some are saturated with water for long periods or were once saturated but are now artificially drained; others have never been saturated.
الرئيسى األفقMaster Horizons
A horizons: Mineral horizons th
at formed at the surface or below an O horizon, that exhibit obliteration of all or much of the original rock structure
-an accumulation of humified organic matter
intimately mixed with the mineral fraction and not
dominated by properties characteristic of E or B horizons
-properties resulting from cultivation, pasturing,
or similar kinds of disturbance.
Master Horizons الرئيسى األفق
E horizons: Mineral horizons in which the main
feature is loss (eluviation) of silicate clay, organic matter, iron, aluminum, or some combination of these, leaving a concentration of sand and silt particles.
Master Horizons الرئيسى ألفق
B horizons: Horizons that formed below an A, E, or O
horizon and are dominated by obliteration of all or much of the original rock structure
(1) (illuvial) concentration of silicate clay, iron, aluminum, humus, carbonates, gypsum, or silica
(2)coatings of sesquioxides that make the horizon lower in value, higher in chroma, or redder in hue than overlying and underlying horizons
(3)alteration that forms granular, blocky, or prismatic structure
Master Horizons
C horizons or layers: Horizons or layers, excluding
hard bedrock, that are little affected by pedogenic processes and lack properties of O, A, E, or B horizons. Most are mineral layers.
R horizons or layers: Hard Bedrock
Master Horizons
12 Soil Orders
I AM A SUAVE HOGor
I GAVE US OMAHA
Compliments of Prof. M.J. LaForce
I AM A SUAVE HOGInceptisol- Soils with weakly developed subsurface horizons
Alfisol- Soils with a subsurface zone of silicate clay accumulation and >35% base saturation
Mollisol- Grassland soils with high base status
Andisol- Soils formed in volcanic ash
Spodosol-Acid soils with a subsurface accumulation of metal-humus complexes
Ultisol- Subsurface zone of silicate clay accumulation and<35% base saturation
Aridosol- Soils in Arid environments with moderate to strong development
Vertisol- Clayey soils with high shrink/swell capacity
Entisol- Soils with little or no morphological development
Histosol- Organic soils
Oxisol- Intensely weathered soils of tropical and subtropical environments
Gelisol- Soils with permafrost within 2 m of the surface
I AM A SUAVE HOG
Twelve Soil Orders
Entisol (recent)
Inceptisol (L.-inceptum, begging)
Mollisol (L.-mollis, soft)
Alfisol (pedalfter)
Ultisol (L.-ultimus, last)
Oxisol (Fr.-oxide)
Increasing Soil Depth
Maturation (loss of Si)
Aridisol (L.-aridus, dry)
Spodosol (Gr.-spodos, wood ashes
Gelisol (Gr.-gelid, very cold)
Vertisol (L.-verto, turn)
Andisol (L.-aridus, dry)
Histosol (Gr.-histos, tissue)
Twelve Soil Orders
Climate Specific
Material Specific
Rock
Entisol
Inceptisol
Alfisol
Ultisol
Oxisol
Mollisol
Spodosol(cool and wet)
Aridisol (dry climate)
Vertisol (clay mineralogy)
Ideal Weathering Series
Entisol-(ent)
• Shallow to bedrock.
•Limited use and management.
• The most common uses are rangeland
• Steep slopes and cool climate slow soil development.
• Inceptisols are widely distributed and occur under a wide range of environmental settings.
Inceptisol- (ept)
•
•
MollisolMollisol -(oll)-(oll)
•Soil formation under Soil formation under native grassland vegetationnative grassland vegetation
•Alfisols are mostly found in temperate humid and subhumid regions of the world.
• Developmentally just past Mollisols
Alfisol (-alf)
• Organic matter is highly Organic matter is highly decomposed and has few decomposed and has few remaining plant fibers. remaining plant fibers.
HistosolHistosol-(ist)-(ist)
Vertisol-(ert)
• Abundant, ‘active’ clay particles are dominant
Aridosol-(id)
• Form in dry climatesForm in dry climates
• White crust at the soil White crust at the soil surface is a mixture of surface is a mixture of various soluble salts various soluble salts (definitely not snow!). (definitely not snow!).
Gelisol-(el)
• Permafrost persists Permafrost persists below 38 cm year-around. below 38 cm year-around.
•The lack of significant The lack of significant microbial activity in these microbial activity in these soils leads to an soils leads to an accumulation of organic accumulation of organic matter.matter.
Gelisols are in very cold climates and typically contain permafrost
NRCShttp://www.statlab.iastate.edu/soils/photogal/orders/soiord.htm
Web Sites of Interest
Universitieshttp://soils.ag.uidaho.edu/soilorders/index.htm
Keys to Soil Taxonomyhttp://www.statlab.iastate.edu/soils/keytax/
http://soils1.cses.vt.edu/MJE/CSES3124/Laboratories.html