(2) _________________________________ 2011 (Cell Theory) 1 (All Cells) 1. ....................................................... 2. ....................................................... 3. ....................................................... 4. ....................................................... 3 1. 1.1 (Cell Wall) 1.2 (Plasma Membrane) 2. (Cytoplasm) 2.1 (Cytosol) 2.2 (Organelles) 3. (Nucleus) 3.1 (Nuclear Membrane) 3.2 (Nucleoplasm) 3.3 (Chromatin) 3.4 (Nucleolus) 1. - ( ) - ( ) - 2. - (Phospholipid) 2 - (Semipermeable Membrane) - - - - 2011 _________________________________ (3) 3. - 2 - - 4. - (DNA) - 5. - rRNA - rRNA DNA (4) _________________________________ 2011 6. - RNA - () - (ER) - 7. - (ER) - - 2 1) (RER) ER 2) (SER) ER - RER - SER (Lipid) 8. - - - RER SERRER 2011 _________________________________ (5) 9. - - - (Endocytosis) 10. - - 2 - (Matrix) DNA - - (- ) 11. - - 2 - (Stroma) DNA - - ( ) DNADNA (6) _________________________________ 2011 12. - - 1) 2) 3) 13. - 2 - 14. - - - - - 2011 _________________________________ (7) (8) _________________________________ 2011 1. 2. ()3. 4. 5. ( )6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. ()11. 12. 2011 _________________________________ (9) 2 1. - - - 2. 2 2.1 2 - - - 2.2 - () - - - 1. 2. 3. ( ) () 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. () () 7. 8. 9. 10. (10) ________________________________ 2011 - 2 2 () () - (Semipermeable Membrane) - 2 1. 2 1.1 (Passive Transport) - (Ion) 3 1. (Diffusion) 2. (Osmosis) 3. (Facilitated Diffusion) 1.2 (Active Transport) - 2. - (Vesicle) 2 2.1 (Exocytosis) 2.2 (Endocytosis) 3 1. (Phagocytosis) 2. (Pinocytosis) 3. (Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis) - 1. 1.1 - () - - 1.2 (Protein Channel) - () (Ca2+) (Cl-) (Protein Channel) - (Ca2+), (Cl-), - (Na+), - (K+) 2011 ________________________________ (11) 2. : (Protein Carrier) - (Protein Carrier) - 3. ( Aquaporins) - Aquaporins - - (Protein Carrier) ATP - 1. - (Vesicle) - - - - Aquaporin (12) ________________________________ 2011 2. 2.1 - - - 2.2 - - 2.3 - () (Protein Receptor) - 2011 ________________________________ (13) (14) ________________________________ 2011 (Solvent) (Solute) (Solute) (Osmotic Concentration) 3 1. (Hypertonic Solution) 2. (Hypotonic Solution) 3. (Isotonic Solution) 3% (Osmotic Pressure) 3% () 2011 ________________________________ (15) Hypotonic Solution Isotonic Solution Hypertonic Solution (16) ________________________________ 2011 1. 2. 3. - 4. 1. 2. - 3. 4. 1. (Kidneys) 2 2 (Nephron) 1 2011 ________________________________ (17) (Long Section) ( ) () 1. (Bowmans Capsule) () 2. 2 Bowmans Capsule (Glomerulus) 3. (Convoluted Tubule) 3 () (18) ________________________________ 2011 (U) (Loop of Henle) () (Na+) (Aldosterone) 4. (Collecting Duct) ADH 2 (1) (Glomerulus Filtration) 180 (180 ) (2) (Reabsorption) (Active Transport) (Passive Transport) (Pinocytosis) 178.5 (178.5 ) (Antidiuretic Hormone; ADH) (Vasopressin) 2. - - (Enzyme) - 3 2.1 CO2 (Medulla Oblongata) CO2 CO2 Medulla Oblongata 2011 ________________________________ (19) 2.2 (Buffer) pH 1. (Hemoglobin) 2. (Protein) 2.3 (Kidneys) pH () 3. (Osmotic Pressure) 3.1 (Protist) (Contractile Vacuole) (20) ________________________________ 2011 3.2 (Osmotic Pressure ) 3.3 (Osmotic Pressure ) (Active Transport) 2011 ________________________________ (21) 3.4 (Osmotic Pressure ) 3.5 (Nasal Gland) (Salt Gland) 4. 2 1. 2. (Hypothalamus) (22) ________________________________ 2011 (Hypothalamus) (Hypothalamus) (Hypothalamus) (Hypothalamus) 2011 ________________________________ (23) : : : : (24) ________________________________ 2011 (Immunity) 2 1. (Innate Immunity) 2 1.1 () 1.2 (Nonspecific Immunity) 2. (Acquired Immunity) () (Specific Immunity) 1. (Innate Immunity) 1.1 () - pH 3-5 - (Lysozyme) - - () (Mucus) 1.2 (Nonspecific Immunity) - 3 1. (Neutrophil) 2. (Macrophage) 3. Natural Killer Cell (NK Cell) - (Histamine) - (Fever) (Phagocyte) - (Interferon) RNA 2011 ________________________________ (25) Phagocyte 2. (Acquired Immunity) (Specific Immunity) - (Lymphocyte) (Antibody) (Antigen) - (Lymphocyte) - (Bone Marrow) (Thymus) ( ) (Spleen) (Lymph Node) (Mucosal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue ; MALT) (26) ________________________________ 2011 ...Duo : 3 1 Vaccine Serum (Vaccine) (Antibody) (Serum) 2 Antigen Antibody (Antigen) ... (Antibody) 3 Active Immunity Passive Immunity (Active Immunity) (Passive Immunity) 2 1. (Antibody) - - (Toxoid) - 3 1) 2) 3) (Toxoid) 2. (Antibody) - - - 2011 ________________________________ (27) (Lymphatic System) 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 2 3.1 3.2 1. (Lymph) (28) ________________________________ 2011 2. (Lymphatic Vessels) (Thoracic Duct) (Subclavian Vein) (Vena Cava) TS 3. (Lymphoid Organs) 2 3.1 1. (Bone Marrow) 2. (Thymus) () (Aorta) - (Lymphocyte) : 3.2 1. (Spleen) (Macrophage) - () - - - 2011 ________________________________ (29) 2. (Lymph Node) - - 3. (Tonsils) 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 (30) ________________________________ 2011 1. 2 1.1 (Somatic Cell) 1.2 (Sex Cell) 2. 2 2.1 (Autosome) 2.2 (Sex Chromosome) 3. 2 (Diploid Cell) 4. 1 (Haploid Cell) 5. 6. 7. 2 7.1 (Karyokinesis) 7.2 (Cytokinesis) 8. 8.1 (Chromatin) 8.2 (Centromere) 8.3 (Chromatid) 8.4 (Chromosome) 8.5 (Homologous Chromosome) (Cell Cycle) 3 1. (Interphase) 3 1.1 G1 1.2 S 1.3 G2 2. (Mitosis) 4 2.1 (Prophase) 2.2 (Metaphase) 2.3 (Anaphase) 2.4 (Telophase) 3. (Cytokinesis) 2011 ________________________________ (31) () - () 1 Copy 2 - () 1 - - - - - (32) ________________________________ 2011 - () - (Cytokinesis) - 2 1 (Meiosis) (DNA) 2 I II I () (Homologous Chromosome) I 2 1 II I I 2 (Homologous) II 4 2011 ________________________________ (33) (Mitosis) (Meiosis) Meiosis IMeiosis II (34) ________________________________ 2011 1. 2. 1. (Crossing Over) () (Homologous Chromosome) I 2. 1. 2. 1 2 3. 1 2 4 4. 21 5. () 21 6. 7. , , , ( ), , ABCD 2011 ________________________________ (35) 1. 2 1. (Somatic Cells) ( ) 2n (2 ) 2. (Sex Cells) (Sperm) (Egg Cell) n (1 ) 2. 2.1 (Chromatin) 2 (Diploid) (Homologous Chromosome) (Haploid) 2.2 DNA (Centromere) (Sister Chromatids)DNA(Nucleosome) (36) ________________________________ 2011 () DNA 1 3 2 3 (Histone Protein) (Non-Histone Protein) (Nucleosome) 8 DNA 150 () DNA 1 (Genome) 1 2.3 2 1. (Autosome) 2. (Sex Chromosome) 46 (2n = 46) 23 44 (22 ) 2 () 46 44 + XY 46, XY 46 44 + XX 46, XX 3. DNA 1 nmTGACAC GTG CT AA TC GG CT AG CA TT AA TT AG CT AOPOHHOOOOOPOOOPOOOOOPOOOOPOOOOOOOPPOOOOPOOOOOHOOOOOOOOH2CH2CH2CH2CHC H2C H2C H2C H2 DNA 2011 ________________________________ (37) DNA DNA 3 DNA 5 5 (5 ) 3 3 (3 ) DNA DNA (Gene) DNA (Polymer) (Monomer) 3 N-BasePentose SugarPhosphate 1. (Pentose) (Deoxyribose) 2. (Nitrogenous Base N-Base) (Ring) 2 2.1 (Purine) 2 (Guanine) (Adenine) 2.2 (Pyrimidine) 2 (Cytosine) (Thymine) 3. ( - 34PO ) (38) ________________________________ 2011 A TC G...Hiso Hiso 1 : (Nucleic Acid) 2 1. RNA (RiboNucleic Acid) 2. DNA (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid) Hiso 2 : (Monomer) (Nucleotide) Hiso 3 : RNA Nucleotide DNA Nucleotide RNA Nucleotide DNA Nucleotide 1. - 34PO - 34PO 2. A, U, C, G A, T, C, G 3. 5 () Ribose sugar (C5H10O5) Deoxyribose sugar (C5H10O4) Hiso 4 : 1 1 1 : 1 Hiso 5 : 4 DNA A T 2 C G 3 Hiso 6 : RNA DNA 5 ... Hiso 7 : DNA (Complementary Basepair) = = Hiso 8 : DNA DNA 2011 ________________________________ (39) 1. (Gamete) (Sperm) (Egg Cell) 2. (Gene) 3. (Allele) 2 A a ( 2 ) A a ABO 3 IA, IB i ( 3 ) 4. (Homozygous Gene) TT, tt, IAIA 2 4.1 (Homozygous Dominance) AA, TT 4.2 (Homozygous Recessive) aa, tt 5. (Heterozygous Gene) Tt, Rr, IAi 6. (Dominance Dominant Trait) 1 2 (Homozygous Dominance) 7. (Recessive Trait) (Homozygous Recessive) 8. (Phenotype) ( ) 9. (Genotype) () 3 EE, Ee, ee (40) ________________________________ 2011 1 2 3 EE Ee ee (Gene) (DNA) DNA (Homologous) (Homologous Chromosome) (Homologous Chromosome) mRNARERNucleusCytoplasm 2011 ________________________________ (41) XY XX ........................................ ........................................ X Y (42) ________________________________ 2011 (Law) 2 1 (Law of Segregation) 1 ( I ) 1 2 (Law of Independent Assortment) 2 1 2 2011 ________________________________ (43) 1. (Complete Dominance) 100% (Homozygous Dominance) WW Ww (WW) (ww)(Ww)(Ww)(Ww)(Ww) ( P) ( F1) 2. (Incomplete Dominance) 100% 100% (RR)- F1 (rr)(Rr)(RR)(Rr)(Rr)(rr) F2 (44) ________________________________ 2011 3. (Co-Dominance) AB IAIB (Multiple Allele) 2 ABO 3 ABO (Allele) ABO 3 IA, IB, i IA A IB B i 2 i IA IB 2 i ABO () () 1. IAIA A A 2. IAi A A 3. IBIB B B 4. IBi B B 5. IAIB A B AB 6. ii O A A AB A B O () (Antibody) 2 A B A A B O A B 2011 ________________________________ (45) ABO A A B B B A AB A B O A B ABO () () (Antigen) (Antibody) A B AB O () () () (46) ________________________________ 2011 A B AB O A 9 8 9 8 B 8 9 9 8 AB 8 8 9 8 O 9 9 9 9 : 9 8 (Polygene) () 2 1. 2 A, B (Red) a, b (White) 2. 3 A, B, C (Red) a, b, c (White) 2 1. (Continuous Variation Trait) (Quantitative Trait) 2. (Discontinuous Variation Trait) 1 (1 ) 2011 ________________________________ (47) (Autosome) (Sex Chromosome) 1. (Albino) 2. (Thalassemia) 3. (Sickle Cell Anemia) X 1. (Hemophilia) 2. (Color Blindness) 3. (Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy) 4. G-6-PD (Pedigree) (Mutation) (Gene Mutation DNA Mutation) DNA (Genetic Engineering) DNA (Recombinant DNA) 2 (Restriction Enzyme) (DNA Ligase Enzyme) (48) ________________________________ 2011 (GMOs) (Recombinant DNA) DNA (Host) GMO (Cloning) () (Somatic Cell) 2011 ________________________________ (49) (DNA Fingerprint) 1 2 1 2 3 4 2 4 ... GT (50) ________________________________ 2011 (Biological Diversity) 3 1. 2. 3. 2 1. 2. 2 1. (Prokaryotic Cells) 2. (Eukaryotic Cells) ( ) 5 1. (Monera Kingdom) 2. (Protista Kingdom) 3. (Fungi Kingdom) 4. (Plantae Kingdom) 5. (Animalia Kingdom) 2011 ________________________________ (51) 7 Kingdom()Phylum()Class()Order()Family()Genus()Species( ) (Species) (52) ________________________________ 2011 5 ( ) 1. 3 3 3 3 3 2. 2 3 3 3 3 3. 3 3 3 3 2 4. 3 3 3 3 3 5. 3 3 2 2 2 6. 3 3 2 3 2 7. 2 3 2 3 2 1. - - - 2. (Decomposer) 3. (Chlorophyll) (Chloroplast) A B C 3 2011 ________________________________ (53) ... (Virus) (Antibiotic) 2009 (54) ________________________________ 2011 (Ecosystem) (Population) (Species) (Community) 2 (Species) A : 25% B : 25% C : 25% D : 25% A : 80% B : 5% C : 5% D : 10% 1 2 (Habitat) ( ) (Biosphere) 1. (Physical Factor) 2. (Biotic Factor) 2 2.1 2.2 2011 ________________________________ (55) 2.1 1) (Producers) (CO2) (H2O) - () - - () () - 2) (Consumers) 4 2.1 (Herbivores) 2.2 () (Carnivores) 2.3 (Omnivores) 2.4 (Detritivores) 3) (Decomposers) 2.2 + - 0 (56) ________________________________ 2011 1. (Symbiosis) 1.1) (Commensalism) 2 - () 1.2) (Mutualism) 2 E.coli 2011 ________________________________ (57) 1.3) (Protocooperation) 2 () 2. (Antagonism) 2.1) (Parasitism) (Parasite) (Host) 2.2) (Predation) (Predator) (Prey) () 2.3) (Competition) 2 (58) ________________________________ 2011 1. (Autotroph) (Producer) () 2. (Heterotroph) (Consumer) (Decomposer) 4 1. (Herbivores) 2. (Carnivores) 3. (Omnivores) 4. (Detritivores) 0.5-3.5% 10-15% 10% 10000 kcal/m2/year10 kcal/m2/yearEnergy AvailableTertiary ConsumersSecondary ConsumersPrimary ConsumersProducersTrophic Level 10% 2011 ________________________________ (59) 1. (Food Chain) 2. (Food Web) 2 1 2 (60) ________________________________ 2011 DDT (Ecological Pyramid) 3 1. (Pyramid of Number) a. b. 2011 ________________________________ (61) 2. (Pyramid of Biomass) 3. (Pyramid of Energy) (62) ________________________________ 2011 (Population) 1. 2. 1. 2. 2 2.1 (Quadrat) 2.2 (Marking Recapture Method) = 3. ( pH) ( ) 2011 ________________________________ (63) 2 1. (Gaseous Cycle) 2CO 2CO (64) ________________________________ 2011 3 1. (Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria) (NH3) (Rhizobium), (Azotobacter) 2. (Nitrifying Bacteria) ( -2NO ) ( -3NO ) 3. (Denitrifying Bacteria) 2. (Sedimentary Cycle) (Ecological Succession) (Climax Community) 2 1. (Primary Succession) 2. (Secondary Succession) (Pollution) 2 1. 2. 3 2.1 DO (Dissolved Oxygen) O2 DO 3 mg/lit 2.2 BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) O2 BOD 100 mg/lit 2.3 COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) O2 2011 ________________________________ (65) (Greenhouse Effect) (CO2) (CH4) (H2O) (O3) (UV) CFC () (Kyoto Protocol) (Kyoto Protocol) 2 .. 2542 28 .. 2545 (66) ________________________________ 2011 1 : 1. 1) 2) 3) 4) 2. , , , 1) 2) 3) 4) 3. , 1) 2) 3) 4) 4. 1) 2) , 3) , , 4) , , 5. CADBE 1) A 2) B 3) C 4) E 6. 1) 2) 3) 4) 7. . . . . . 1) . . 2) . . 3) ., . . 4) ., . . 2011 ________________________________ (67) 8. 1) 2) 3) 4) 9. 1) 2) 3) 4) 10. 1) 2) 3) 4) 11. 1) 2) 3) 4) 12. , 1) 2) 3) 4) 13. , , 1) 2) 3) 4) 14. 1) 2) 3) 4) 15. ATP 1) 2) 3) 4) 16. 4 A 9 9 9 9 9 B 9 - - 9 9 C 9 9 - - 9 D 9 9 - 9 9 1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D (68) ________________________________ 2011 17. 1) , 2) , 3) , 4) , 18. 1) 2) 3) 4) 19. 1) 2) 3) 4) 20. 1) 2) 3) 4) 21. 1) 2) 3) 4) 2 : 1. 1) 2) 3) 4) 2. 3 X Y Z X Y Z 1) 2) 3) 4) 2011 ________________________________ (69) 3. (Membrane) 1) 2) 3) 4) 4. 3 1) 3 2) 3 3) 3 4) 3 5. . . . 1) . 2) . 3) . . 4) . . 6. 1) 2) 3) 4) 7. (HCl) ATP (H+) 1) 2) 3) 4) 8. 1) 2) 3) 4) (70) ________________________________ 2011 9. = = 1) 2) 3) 4) 10. 1) 2) 3) 4) 11. 1) 2) 3) 4) 12. - 1) 2) 3) 4) 13. 1) 2) 3) 4) - 2011 ________________________________ (71) 14. 15% 5 1) 2) 3) 4) 15. 1) 2) 3) 4) 16. 1) 2) 3) 4) 3 : 3.1 1. 1) 2) 3) CO2 4) 2. 1) 2) 3) 4) ADH 3. 1) 2) 3) 4) (72) ________________________________ 2011 4-5 X ADHXX ADH 4. X 1) Salivary Gland 2) Pituitary Gland 3) Thyroid Gland 4) Prostate Gland 5. ADH 1) 2) 3) 4) 6. 1) 2) 3) 4) 7. (H+) 1) pH 2) pH 3) 4) 3.2 1. . . . . . 1) . 2) . . 3) . . 4) . . 2. 1) 2) 3) 4) 3. 1) 2) 3) 4) 2011 ________________________________ (73) 3.3 1. 1) 2) 3) 4) 2. 1) 2) 3) 4) 3. X . . . . . 1) ., . . 2) ., . . 3) ., . . 4) ., . . 4. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5. 1) 2) 3) 4) 4 : 1. (Pathogen) 1) 2) 3) 4) 2. 1) 2) 3) 4) X Y (C) (C) (74) ________________________________ 2011 3. . . . . 1) . . 2) . . 3) ., . . 4) ., . . 4. . . CO2 . . 1) . . 2) . . 3) . . 4) . . 5. 1) 2) 3) 4) 6. 1) 2) 3) 4) 7. 1) 2) 3) 4) 8. 1) 2) 3) 4) 9. 1) 2) 3) 4) 10. . . . 1) . 2) . 3) . . 4) ., . 11. 1) 2) 3) 4) 12. . 2009 . . . 1) . . 2) . . 3) . . 4) ., . . 2011 ________________________________ (75) 13. 1) 2) 3) 4) 14. PMON N 1) 2) 3) 4) 15. 1) 2) 3) 4) 16. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5 : 1. 1) 2) 3) 4) 2. 2 A aF f 1) A a 2) F f 3) A f 4) 1) 2) (76) ________________________________ 2011 3. 1) 1 2 2) 1 3 3) 3 4 4) 4 5 4. 1) 2) 3) 2 4) 2 5. 1) 2) 3) 4) 6 : 1. A 12 B 16 1) 14 2) 24 3) 28 4) 56 2. 1 46 1) 23% 2) 25% 3) 46% 4) 50% 3. 1) 2) 3) 4) 4. 2 1) SsTt 2) Ss, Tt 3) S, s, T, t 4) ST, St, sT, st 2011 ________________________________ (77) 5. 1) 2) 3) 4) 6. 1) 2) 3) 4) 7. 1) 4 RR : 0 Rr : 0 rr 2) 0 RR : 4 Rr : 0 rr 3) 0 RR : 0 Rr : 4 rr 4) 1 RR : 2 Rr : 1 rr 8. (Roan) 1) 2) 3) 1 : 1 4) 3 : 1 9. 1) 0% Hh : 100% hh 2) 50% Hh : 50% hh 3) 75% Hh : 25% hh 4) 100% Hh : 0% hh 10. 2 (Punnett Square) R RRr 1) 50% RR 50% Rr 2) 25% RR, 50% Rr, 25% rr 3) 50% 50% 4) 100% (78) ________________________________ 2011 11. 1) O 2) Rh+ 3) 4) 12. X 1) 2) 3) 4) 13. 1) 2) 3) 4) 14. B b 1) 100% 2) 75% 3) 50% 4) 25% 15. AaBb aabb aabb 1) 0 2) 0.50 3) 0.25 4) 0.125 16. 1) 100% 2) 75% 3) 25% 4) 0% 17. 1) 161 2) 163 3) 164 4) 169 18. A AB 1) IAIA IBi 2) IAIB IBi 3) IAi IBIB 4) IAIB IAi 19. - O 1) AB A 2) AB O 3) O A 4) A B 20. - 1) 2) Y 3) X 4) Y X 2011 ________________________________ (79) 21. 4 A - B - C - D - 1) D B A C 2) A B C D 3) D A B C 4) A D B C 22. 1) 2) 3) 4) 23. A TC GG C 1) 2) 3) 4) 24. 2 1) 5 33 5 2) 5 53 3 3) 5 53 3 4) 5 33 5 (80) ________________________________ 2011 25. 1) 2) 3) 4) 26. 1) 2) 3) 4) 27. , 1) 2) 3) 4) 28. RNA DNA 1) 2) 3) 4) 29. (Genetic Material) 1) 2) 3) 4) 30. 1) 2) 3) 4) 31. 1) 2) 3) A, T, C G 4) ATP 32. DNA 1) 2) 3) 4) 33. 1) 2) 3) 4) 34. (Mutation) 1) 2) 3) 4) 35. 1) 2) 3) 4) 2011 ________________________________ (81) 36. 1) 2) 3) 4) 37. 47 1) 2) 1 1 3) 4) 38. IIIIII1 23 4 5 6 7 8 910 11 6 1) XHXH 2) XHXh 3) XHY 4) XhY 39. 1) X 2) X 3) 4) 40. 1) 2) 3) X 4) X (82) ________________________________ 2011 41. 1) 2) 3) X 4) X 42. 4 A B C D 1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D 43. Bt Bt 1) Biotechnology 2) Beta 3) Bacillus thurungiensis 4) Botanical 7 : 1. 1) 2) 3) 4) 2. . . ATP . . . 1) . . 2) . . 3) . . 4) . . 2011 ________________________________ (83) 3. , 1) 2) 3) 4) 4. , . . . 1) . 2) . 3) . . 4) . . 5. 1) 2) 3) 4) 6. 1) 2) 3) 4) 7. 1) 2) 3) 4) 8. 1) 2) 3) 4) 9. (key) 1. ..............................................2 ...........................................3 2. .................... A ............... B 3. ............................................. C .......................................... D 1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D 10. 1) 2) 3) 4) (84) ________________________________ 2011 8 : 1. 1) 2) 3) 4) 2. 1) 2) 3) 4) 3. 1) 2) 3) 4) 10% 4. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5. 9 Producer Carnivore 1) 1 4 2) 2 6 3) 5 8 4) 7 9 6. (Trophic Level) (Herbivores) 1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D 6 8297451 3ABCD 2011 ________________________________ (85) 7. 2 , 1) , , 2) , , 3) , , 4) , , 8. A B 1) Mutualism 2) Competition 3) Commensalism 4) Protocooperation 9. (Mutualism) . . . . 1) ., . . 2) ., . . 3) ., . . 4) ., ., . . 10. 1) 2) 3) 4) 11. 1) 2) 3) 4) 12. (Mutualism) 2 1) 2) 3) 4) 13. 1) 2) 3) 4) DBEAC (86) ________________________________ 2011 14. A B C . . . . 1) - A, - B 2) - A, - C 3) - B, - A 4) - B, - C 15. R SQPT 1) P, Q, T 2) P, R, S 3) Q, S, T 4) R, S, T 16. .... 1) . 2) . 3) . 4) . 2011 ________________________________ (87) 17. BCDA (Nitrifying Bacteria) 1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D 18. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) 1) 2) 3) 4) 19. 1) DO 2) BOD 3) OD 4) CO2 20. Greenhouse Effect 1) 2) 3) 4) 21. 1) 2) 3) 4) 22. = 40 = 12 = 48 1) 100 2) 160 3) 200 4) 1,920 (88) ________________________________ 2011 23-24 23. 1) 3 2) 4 3) 5 4) 6 24. 1) 2) 3) , 4) , , 1 : 1. 2) 2. 4) 3. 4) 4. 3) 5. 3) 6. 4) 7. 4) 8. 2) 9. 3) 10. 4) 11. 2) 12. 4) 13. 2) 14. 3) 15. 3) 16. 3) 17. 4) 18. 4) 19. 4) 20. 2) 21. 4) 2 : 1. 1) 2. 2) 3. 2) 4. 3) 5. 1) 6. 4) 7. 1) 8. 3) 9. 1) 10. 4) 11. 2) 12. 1) 13. 3) 14. 3) 15. 1) 16. 2) 2011 ________________________________ (89) 3 : 3.1 1. 2) 2. 3) 3. 3) 4. 2) 5. 1) 6. 4) 7. 1) 3.2 1. 2) 2. 2) 3. 4) 3.3 1. 2) 2. 3) 3. 2) 4. 3) 5. 3) 4 : 1. 1) 2. 4) 3. 4) 4. 2) 5. 3) 6. 1) 7. 3) 8. 4) 9. 4) 10. 1) 11. 2) 12. 1) 13. 3) 14. 1) 15. 2) 16. 4) 5 : 1. 1) 2. 3) 3. 1) 4. 2) 5. 3) 6 : 1. 1) 2. 4) 3. 3) 4. 4) 5. 3) 6. 4) 7. 2) 8. 3) 9. 2) 10. 4) 11. 2) 12. 2) 13. 3) 14. 4) 15. 3) 16. 4) 17. 2) 18. 1) 19. 4) 20. 3) 21. 3) 22. 3) 23. 4) 24. 1) 25. 2) 26. 3) 27. 3) 28. 4) 29. 3) 30. 4) 31. 3) 32. 3) 33. 4) 34. 2) 35. 2) 36. 2) 37. 1) 38. 4) 39. 4) 40. 1) 41. 4) 42. 1) 43. 3) 7 : 1. 2) 2. 2) 3. 3) 4. 1) 5. 3) 6. 2) 7. 2) 8. 3) 9. 3) 10. 2) 8 : 1. 2) 2. 2) 3. 1) 4. 2) 5. 2) 6. 3) 7. 2) 8. 2) 9. 4) 10. 3) 11. 1) 12. 3) 13. 3) 14. 3) 15. 1) 16. 3) 17. 3) 18. 4) 19. 2) 20. 3) 21. 3) 22. 3) 23. 2) 24. 2) (90) ________________________________ 2011 : Bios Logos - - DNA, RNA 2011 _________________________________ (91) - 1. (Specific Organization) (Organelle) (Tissue) (Organ) 2. (Homeostasis) - (pH) 3. (Adaptation) - - - 4. (Reproduction and Heredity) - - DNA RNA - 5. (Growth and Development) - (Mature Cell) - (Cell Differentiation) 6. (Energy) ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) Metabolism - ATP - (92) ________________________________ 2011 7. (Sensitivity) - 4 8. (Interaction) - (Open System) (Symbiosis) (Antagonism) (Parasitism) - - (H2O) H O H2O H O Covalent Bond O H (Solvent) Protoplasm (> 70%) (5%) 2011 _________________________________ (93) (Minerals) - Na+ Mg2+ NO3- - - - - Ca2+ - Oxalate - Goitrin Iodine ( (Biomolecules)) - Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Phosphorus Sulfur - Monomer - DNA RNA (Lipid) - CHO H : O = 2 : 1 - (1 gm 9 Calories) - (Benzene, Hexane, Ether, Ethanol) - (Triglycerides) 25 - Glycerol 1 3 (94) ________________________________ 2011 (Fatty Acid) - ( COOH) - 2 1. C C 2. C C 1 - (C16) (C18) - (C18) - - - > > - (Linolenic Acid) (Linoleic Acid) 2011 _________________________________ (95) (Protein) - C, H, O, N S, P, Fe, Zn - Polymer Amino Peptide Bond Polypeptide - ( NH2) ( COOH) 20 - 10 - (Enzyme) - - (Transport Protein) (Hemoglobin) (Myoglobin) (Albumin) (96) ________________________________ 2011 - (Structural Protein) (Keratin) (Collagen) Cysteine - (Storage Protein) (Albumin) - (Contractile Protein) (Microtubule) (Cilia) (Flagella) (Actin ) (Myosin) - (Toxin) + 2 + + Enzyme 1. 2. Substrate Product Substrate 3. Substrate 4. 2011 _________________________________ (97) Enzyme Substrate 1. Lock and Key Theory Substrate Enzyme Active Site Enzyme 2. Induced Fit Theory Substrate Active Site Enzyme Substrate Enzyme Substrate (ES-Complex) Enzyme 1. Substrate - Substrate 2. Enzyme - Enzyme 3. - (Optimum Temperature) - Active Site Enzyme (Denature) (98) ________________________________ 2011 4. - - - (Optimum pH) - pH 7 5. (Enzyme Inhibitor) - 5.1 (Competitive Inhibitor) - Substrate Active Site Enzyme 5.2 (Non-Competitive Inhibitor) - Allosteric Site Enzyme - Substrate 5.3 Enzyme-Substrate (Uncompetitive Inhibitor) - ES-Complex ESI-Complex 2011 _________________________________ (99) (Carbohydrate) - H : O = 2 : 1 (CH2O)n-Polyhydroxy Aldehydes Ketones () Oligosaccharides Polysaccharide MonosaccharidesO H2O H2+HO nH2starch(a polysaccharide)maltose(a disaccharide)glucose(a monosaccharide)n 10 20 12] O H [C11 22 12O H nC6 12 6O H 2nC+H+H+HO nH2 3 1. Monosaccharide 2. Disaccharide 3. Polysaccharide (100) _______________________________ 2011 Monosaccharide = 3 8 C3H6O3, C6H12O6 () Disaccharide = 2 + H2O, H+ + + H2O, H+ + + H2O, H+ + Disaccharides 2011 ________________________________ (101) Polysaccharide = Monosaccharide 100-10,000 Branch-chain polysaccharide Linear polysaccharide 1. (Starch) 2 Amylose Amylopectin (C6H10O5)n C12 + H22O11 + H2O 2C6H12O6 4C2H5OH + 4CO2 2. (Cellulose) 5,000 3. n (C6H10O5n)n (Benedict Test) H C O 2R C O (Iodine Test) + (102) _______________________________ 2011 (Vitamin) - 2 1. C, H, O N, S, Co B C 2. C, H, O A, D, E K - Coenzyme () A (Retinol) ( Retina ) Night Blindness B1 (Thiamine) Thiamine Pyrophosphate Coenzyme (Beriberi) B2 (Riboflavin) FAD Coenzyme B12 (Cyanocobalamin) DNA Hemoglobin (Pernicious Anemia) C (Ascorbic acid) Collagen ( ) Melanoma (Scurvy) 2011 ________________________________ (103) D (Calciferol) Ca P Ca P E (Tocopherol) (, ) K (Naphthoquinone) E. coli Nucleic acid 2 DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) DNA 2 Nucleotides (Nucleotide) 3 () 5 (Pentose) 2 ( OH) 5 (Polynucleotide) (104) _______________________________ 2011 2 (Purine) Adenine Guanine (Pyrimidine) Thymine, Cytosine Uracil 3 Nucleotide Ester 5 1 Glycosidic DNA - 2 RNA - DNA RNA DNA (Deoxyribose Sugar) RNA (Ribose Sugar) DNA RNA 2011 ________________________________ (105) RNA DNA Phosphodiester Polynucleotide DNA/RNA DNA DNA RNA RNApurinespyrimidinessugarsOCH2HOHH HOHbaseHphosphateOCH2HOHH HHbaseHphosphatedeoxyriboseriboseNNONH2HCytosineAdenine GuanineNNOOHHUracilNNOOHH CH3Thymine RNA RNA Uracil (U) Thymine (T) RNA DNA 1. RNA DNA 2. (Anhydride Bond) 1 ATP 3. cAMP 4. Coenzyme FAD FMN NAD NADP Chromosome Chromosome Chromatin (Karyokinesis) (Cytokinesis) 2 1. (Karyokinesis) 2 (Mitosis) (Meiosis) 2. (Cytokinesis) (106) _______________________________ 2011 (Mitosis) - (Somatic Cell) - ( 2n 2n n n ) - 2 - , , - 20 (Cell Cycle) 2 (Interphase) (Mitotic Phase / M phase) (Interphase) Metabolic Stage (Chromatin) DNA 1 1 2 Chromatid Nucleus Nucleolus 3 1. G1 DNA DNA (1 1 ) Metabolic Stage - 2. S DNA (DNA Replication / Chromosome Replication) DNA (Centromere) (Kinetochore) - G1 G2 3. G2 DNA - DNA 2 G1 2011 ________________________________ (107) (Interphase) - (Metabolic Stage) G1 - (Chromosome Replication / DNA Replication) 1 2 S - - , M (M-phase) M (M-phase) 4 (Prophase) (Metaphase) (Anaphase) (Telophase) Telophase 2 2 - 2 2 (Daughter Cell) - (Cell Plate) 2 2 G0 (Cell Aging) (Cell Death) G0 (108) _______________________________ 2011 (Somatic Cell) 4 Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase Telophase Daughter Cell Mother Cell Prophase Chromatid Nucleolus Nucleus - - Centriole Microtubule Mitotic Spindle Centromere Centriole Mitotic Spindle Aster - - Centriole Mitotic Spindle (Polar Cap) Mitosis Metaphase Nuclear Membrane , Mitotic Spindle Chromatid (Equatorial Plate) Chromatid (Karyotype) Centromere Chromatid (Anaphase) - - 2 2n 4n (Tetraploid) Daughter Chromosome 1 Chromatid (Telophase) Chromosome Nuclear Membrane Nucleolus Mitotic Spindle 2 2 Nucleus Interphase 2011 ________________________________ (109) Cytokinesis (Cell Plate) 2 2n Golgi Body Pectin Middle Lamella Cellulose Middle Lamella Cell Wall Cell Membrane Cleavage Furrow Microfilament Cell Membrane (110) _______________________________ 2011 (Meiosis) (Germ Line Cells) (Testis) (Ovary) (Anther) (Ovule) 2 (Gametes) 4 2 DNA 1. 2. 3. () Meiosis 2 Mitosis (Interphase) M (M phase) 2 - Meiosis I 2 1 2 Chromatid - Meiosis II Mitosis Chromatid 1 2 Chromatid 1 Chromatid - 4 1 Interphase Mitosis G1, S G2 DNA S Meiosis I Mitosis 1 (Meiosis I) Interphase I () Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I 2 (Diploid 2n Haploid n) Prophase I Prophase Mitosis Homologous Chromosome - Leptotene Nucleolus - Zygotene (Synapsis) Bivalent - Pachytene (Crossing Over) Non-sister Chromatid Gene Recombination Genetic Variation 2011 ________________________________ (111) - Diplotene Crossing Over Bivalent Non-sister Chromatid Chiasma (pl. Chiasmata) - Diakinesis Prophase I ; Nuclear Membrane Nucleolus Diakinesis Mitotic Spindle Bivalent Metaphase I Nuclear Membrane Homologous Kinetochore Microtubule Kinetochore Anaphase I Homologous Chromosome Centromere Chromosome 2 Chromatid Diad Telophase I Nuclear Membrane 2 Haploid (n) II (Interphase II) Prophase II DNA Meiosis II Mitosis Meiosis II Chromosome Chromatid - Metaphase II - Anaphase II - Telophase II 4 M phase II 4 4 1. II (Prophase II) , Prophase I 2. II (Metaphase II) 2 3. II (Anaphase II) 1 2 (112) _______________________________ 2011 4. II (Telophase II) 4 2011 ________________________________ (113) 1. (Amoeboid Movement) (Ectoplasm) (Endoplasm) (Microfilament) (Actin) (Myosin) (Pseudopodium) Amoeba, Arcella, Difflugia, Foraminifera (Slime Mold) (Amoebocyte) (Flagellum) (Euglena), Ceratium, Volvox, Chlamydomonas, Trypanosoma (Microtubule) 9 + 2 ( 2 9 ) (Cilia) (Paramecium), Vorticella, Didinium 9 + 2 (Jelly Fish) (Planaria) (Circular Muscle) (Longitudinal Muscle) (Dorsoventral Muscle) (Earth Worm) (Antagonism) (Setae) (Gastropods) (Foot) (Bivalves) (Squid) (Siphon) (114) _______________________________ 2011 206 1. (Axial Skeleton) (Skull) (Vertebrae) 2. (Appendicular Skeleton) 500 3 1. (Smooth Muscle) 1 (Involuntary Muscle) 2. (Cardiac Muscle) 2 3. (Striated Muscle) (Voluntary Muscle) 2011 ________________________________ (115) 2. - (Coordinating Fiber) (Nerve Net) (Nerve Ring) (Radial Nerve) () (Nerve Ganglion) 2 () () (Cerebral Ganglia) (Ventral Nerve Cord) (Brain) (Spinal Cord) (Nerve Cell Neuron) (116) _______________________________ 2011 2 1. (Cell Body) 4-25 (Neuroplasm) 2. (Nerve Fiber) 2 2.1 (Dendrite) 2.2 (Axon) (Myelin Sheath) (Schwann Cell) (Node of Ranvier) 120 12 3 1. (Sensory Neuron Afferent Neuron) 2. (Motor Neuron Efferent Neuron) 3. (Association Neuron Interneuron) 2011 ________________________________ (117) (Brain) 90% () 3 1. (Forebrain Prosencepalon) 1.1 (Cerebrum) - - - 1.2 (Olfactory Bulb) - - , 1.3 (Thalamus) - - (118) _______________________________ 2011 1.4 (Hypothalamus) - - - - 2. (Midbrain Mesencephalon) - - Optic Lobe 3. (Hind Brain Rhombencephalon) 3.1 (Cerebellum) - - ( 3 ) 3.2 (Pons) - - - 3.3 (Medulla Oblongata) - - - (Sense Organ) (Eyeball) - - - ( ) 2011 ________________________________ (119) 2.5 3 1. (Sclera) - - (Cornea) () 2. (Choroid) - - (Iris) (Melanin) (Guanine) - (Pupil) 3. (Retina) 2 3.1 (Rod Cell) - - (Rhodopsin) Lumirhodopsin Lumirhodopsin Metarhodopsin (Opsin) (Retinine) (120) _______________________________ 2011 3.2 (Cone Cell) - - (Iodopsin Photopsin) - 7 - 3 + + - (Fovea) - (Blind Spot) 2 3 2011 ________________________________ (121) 1. (Outer Ear) - (Pinna) - (External Auditary Canal) (Ceruminous Gland) - (Tympanic Membrane) 2. (Middle Ear) - (Malleus) (Incus) (Stapes) 22 - (Eustachian Tube) 3. (Inner Ear) - (Cochlea) Endolymph Organ of Corti 8 - (Semicircular Canal) 3 Ampulla Crista Otolith (Olfactory Membrane) (Olfactory Cell) Olfactory Bulb Cerebrum (Papilla) (Taste Bud) 4 - - - - 7 9 (122) _______________________________ 2011 3. 1. (Endocrine System) (Hormone) (Target Organ) 2. (Endocrine Gland) , , , , , , 2011 ________________________________ (123) 1. (Pituitary Gland Hypophysis) 3 (124) _______________________________ 2011 1.1 Master Gland (Growth Hormone : GH Somatotrophin Hormone : STH) (Dwarfism) (Simmons Disease) (Gigantism) (Acromegaly) (Gonadotrophin) 2 1. (Follicle Stimulating Homone : FSH) LH (Estrogen) 2. (Luteinizing Hormone : LH) (Ovulation) (Progesterone) (Endometrium) (Interstitial Cell) (Testosterone) LH Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone ICSH 1.2 (Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone : MSH) (Melanin) 1.3 (Oxytocin) (Vasopressin) (Antidiuretic Hormone : ADH) ADH 2011 ________________________________ (125) 2. (Islets of Langerhans) 2.1 (Insulin) 400 mg 100 cm3 (Diabetes Millitus) 2.2 (Glucagon) (Gluconeogenesis) 3. (Adrenal Gland) 2 2 3.1 (Adrenal Cortex) Mesoderm 50 3 (Glucocorticoid Hormone) (Cortisol) (Cortisone) (Corticosterone) (Mineralocorticoid Hormone) Na+ K+ (Sex Hormone) 3.2 (Adrenal Medulla) Ectoderm 2 (Adrenalin Hormone) (Epinephrine Hormone) (126) _______________________________ 2011 (Noradrenalin Hormone) (Norepinephrine Hormone) 4. (Thyroid Gland) 2 Isthmus 2 2 4.1 (Thyroxin) ( ) 4.2 (Calcitonin) 5. (Parathyroid Gland) (Parathormone : PTH) Ca2+ - 34PO Ca2+ 6. (Gonad) 6.1 (Testis) (Leydigs Cell) (Androgen) (Testosterone) (Androstenedione) (Dehydroepiandrosterone) (Secondary Sexual Characteristic) 2011 ________________________________ (127) 6.2 (Ovary) (Follicular Cell) (Estrogen) (Corpus Luteum) (Progesterone) (Progestin) - 7. (Pheromone) 7.1 (Releaser Pheromone) (Sex Attractant) (Trail Substance) (Alarm Substance) 7.2 (Primer Pheromone) Queen Substance (128) _______________________________ 2011 4. (Behavior) (Inherited Behavior) (Orientation) 1. (Kinesis) - CO2 - - 2. (Taxis) - - - 3. (Reflex) - - 2011 ________________________________ (129) 4. (Chain Of Reflex) (Instinctive Behavior) - - - - - (Learning Behavior) 1. (Habituation) - - - 2. (Imprinting Behavior) - - 3. (Trial And Error) - T 200 90% 50% (130) _______________________________ 2011 4. (Conditioning) + () + + () + 5. (Reasoning) - - (Visual Communication) - - - - 70 (Waggle Dance) 70 (Sound Communication) - - (Tactile Communication) - - - 2011 ________________________________ (131) 2 1. () 2. () Types of Reproduction - Asexual Reproduction 1. Fission 2. Fragmentation 3. Budding 4. Regeneration 5. Sporulation 6. Vegetative Propagation Fission Protists Sporulation (Mitosis) Spore - Sexual Reproduction 3 1. (Reproductive Organs) 2. (Gametogenesis) 3. (Fertilization) Conjugation 2 Micronucleus Meiosis 4 ( 3 1) Micronucleus (n) Mitosis 2 Micronucleus (Micronucleus ) Micronucleus Zygote (2n) (Exconjugant) Mitosis 3 8 (Macronucleus 4 + Micronucleus 4) Mitosis 4 1 Macronucleus + 1 Micronucleus Conjugation (132) _______________________________ 2011 Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction - - Mitosis - - - - Sexual Reproduction - - Meiosis - Chromosome - (Fertilization) - Gamete Isogamete - Heterogamete - Anisogamete - Oogamete Gametogenesis (Animal Gametogenesis) 2 - (Spermatogenesis) - (Oogenesis) Spermatogenesis Oogenesis Seminiferous Tubules Ovary Oogonium (2n) 1 Oocyte (2n) 1 Spermatogonium (2n) 1 Meiosis I 2 2 Spermatocyte (n) 2 Oocyte (n) 1st Polar Body (n) Meiosis II 4 Spermatid (n) Ootid (n) Metaphase II 1st Polar Body (n) Ovum 2nd Polar Body (n) Differentiation Spermatozoa (n) Ovum (n) * 1st Polar Body (n) 2nd Polar Body (n) 2011 ________________________________ (133) (134) _______________________________ 2011 2011 ________________________________ (135) (136) _______________________________ 2011 GnRH Follicular Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone (ICSH) Ant. Pituitary Gland Leydig Cell FSH ICSH (LH) Seminiferous tub. Androgen Androgen - Testosterone - Aldosterone 2 Male Characteristics ICSH, Hypothalamus GnRH Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Estrogen Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Progesterone Oxytocin Prolactin Ant. Pituitary Gland 1 Oocyte Follicle Cell Ant. Pituitary Gland FSH LH 1 Oocyte Follicle Cell Mitosis 2 Female Characteristics FSH Corpus Luteum Estrogen FSH LH Prostaglandin Corpus Luteum Progesterone 2011 ________________________________ (137) (138) _______________________________ 2011 2011 ________________________________ (139) 2 Cycle 2 1. Estrus Cycle 2. Menstrual Cycle 4 - FSH Pituitary gl. Follicle Cell - LH Pituitary gl. FSH Corpus Luteum - Estrogen Follicle Cell Corpus Luteum FSH LH - Progesterone Corpus Luteum Estrogen Oviparous Embryo Yolk Ovoviviparous Embryo Yolk Viviparous Embryo (140) _______________________________ 2011 (Fertilization) 2 (External Fertilization) (Internal Fertilization) - Acrosomal Reaction Sperm Zona Pellucida ( Vitelline Layer) Receptor Sperm Hydrolytic Enzyme Egg Plasma Membrane - Cell Membrane Sperm Egg Membrane Potential Sperm Membrane Fast Block to Polyspermy - Cortical Granule Fertilization Membrane Fertilization Membrane Sperm Slow Block to Polyspermy Microvilli Egg Sperm (Basal Body Tail Centriole Zygote) Sperm Nucleus (2nd Oocyte) Meiosis Sperm Zygote (2n) Mitosis 2011 ________________________________ (141) (Pregnancy) (Fetal Placenta) Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) Corpus Luteum 3-4 Estrogen Progesterone Embryo Progesterone Estrogen Estrogen Progesterone Prolactin Prolactin Estrogen Progesterone Estrogen Progesterone (Suckling Stimulus) Gonadotropins (FSH, LH) Gonadotropins FSH, LH Multiple Pregnancy 1 1 2 2 Dizygotic (Fraternal) Twins 1 1 Monozygotic (Identical) Twins Blastomere Inner Cell Mass 2 Amniotic Cavity (Embryo) (142) _______________________________ 2011 In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) Fallopian Tube () Sperm Zygote (2 ) Gamete Intra Fallopian Tube Transfer (GIFT) Sperm Sperm Blastocyst Cell ZIFT IVF Zygote Zygote ICSI 1 4-8 4 1. (Cell Multiplication) 2. (Cell Growth) 3. (Cell Differentiation) 4. (Morphogenesis) (Growth Curve) S Sigmoid Curve 2011 ________________________________ (143) Fertilization 1. Meiosis 2. Meiosis I Ascaris 3. Meiosis II 4. Meiosis Echinoderms Embryonic Development Zygote 8-10 4 2 Cleavage Mitotic Division Blastula Cleavage S M phase Cell Cycle G1 G2 Cytoplasm Zygote Blastomere (mRNA, Proteins, Yolk) (Polarity) Yolk Key Factor Polarity Cleavage Zygote 2 Vegetal Pole Animal Pole Cleavage Animal Pole Vegetal Pole Cleavage Morula (Blastocoel) Morula Blastula Cytoplasm Fertilization Gray Crescent Sperm Yolk Cleavage Cleavage Holoblastic Cleavage Yolk Animal Pole Meroblastic Cleavage Cleavage Clevage Equal Holoblastic Cleavage Unequal Holoblastic Cleavage Meroblastic Cleavage Gastrulation 3 Embryonic Germ Layers Ectoderm Gastrula Mesoderm Endoderm Cell Motility 2 (144) _______________________________ 2011 Organogenesis 3 - Neural Tube Notochord Chordate - Dorsal Mesoderm Archenteron Notochord - Ectoderm Notochord Neutral Plate Neutral Tube Brain, Spinal Cord Telolecithal Egg Animal Pole Vegetal Pole Metaphase II Zygote Mitosis Cleavage Stage Morula Blastocoel Blastula Stage Gastrocoel Gastrula Stage 2011 ________________________________ (145) Blastocoel Gastrocoel Gastrocoel Blastopore Blastopore Blastopore (Deuterostome) Gastrocoel Ectoderm Notochord Neural Plate Neural Plate Neural Folds Neural Folds Neural Tube Mesoderm Notochord Somites ( 2 Neural Tube) Polylecithal Egg (Germinal Spot) Zygote Cleavage Blastula Gastrula Germinal Disc Blastula 2 Epiblast Hypoblast Blastocoel Gastrula Epiblast Blastocoel Epiblast Primitive Streak Hensens Node Notochord 3 (Extraembryonic Structure) 4 - (Yolk Sac) - (Amnion) - Chorion - Allantois Blastula (146) _______________________________ 2011 (Yolk Sac) - Endodermal Cell- Allantoids - - - , Uric Acid (Amnion) - Chorion - - Chorionic Cavity - (Shell) 2011 ________________________________ (147) Alecithal Egg Fallopian Tube Embryo (Endometrium) Blastocyst Blastocyst 2 Trophoblast Inner Cell Mass (Implantation) 7 (Placenta) 2 (Maternal Placenta) Endometrium (Fetal Placenta) Chorion Embryo Blastocyst Blastomere 2 Trophoblast Blastocyst Cavity Inner Cell Mass Embryo Chorion Chorionic Villi Endometrium Embryo (148) _______________________________ 2011 (Contraception) - Ovulation Estrogen / Progesterone - - Sperm Sperm - Blastocyst - - - 2 Progestin () LH FSH 1 3 99.7 Progestin 3 2011 ________________________________ (149) Progestin 5 Diaphragm Diaphragm 10% (Prevent Implantation) (Intra-Uterine Device IUD) 10 90 (Rhythm Method) 24 48 72 7 10 20% (Abortion) 3 1. (Spontaneous Abortion) 1 3 2. (Therapeutic Abortion) 3. 3 3 (150) _______________________________ 2011 - 22 - Vas Deferens (Vasectomy) - (Vasectomy) (Tubal Ligation) Vas Deferens Vas Deferens - (Sepal) - (Petal) - (Stamen) (Anther) (Filament) - (Pistil) (Stigma) (Style) (Ovary) Microsporogenesis Anther Pollen Sac Microspore Mother Cells Meiosis I II Diad Tetrad Microspores Tetrad Microspore 4 Microspores Microspore Mitosis Generative Nucleus Tube Nucleus Microspore 2 (Pollen Grain, Pollen, Male Gametophyte) Megasporogenesis Ovary Ovule Megaspore Mother Cell Meiosis I II 4 (n) 3 1 Mitosis 3 8 Embryo Sac (Female Gametophyte) 3 Antipodal Cells Antipodal End Micropyle 1 Egg Cell 2 Synergid Cells 2 Polar Nuclei 2011 ________________________________ (151) (Pollination) Tube Nucleus (Pollen Tube) Micropyle Generative Nucleus Mitosis 2 Sperm Nuclei 1 Sperm Nucleus Zygote (2n) 1 Sperm Nucleus Polar Nuclei Endosperm (3n) 2 Embryo Sac (Double Fertilixation) (152) _______________________________ 2011 (Tissue) (Organ) (Embryo) Cell Wall Cellulose Chloroplast Organelle (Alternation of Generation) Meristematic Tissue - (Apical Meristem) - (Lateral Meristem) Vascular Cambium Cork Cambium - (Intercalary Meristem) 2011 ________________________________ (153) (Wax) 3 1. (Surface or Protective Tissue) 2 Epidermis Periderm - Epidermis Cutin (Guard Cell) (Stoma) (Root Hair) - Periderm Cork Cambium (Phellogen) Epidermis Periderm Cork (Phellem) Suberin Protoplasm - Cork Cork Cambium Periderm Phelloderm Parenchyma Phellogen 2. (Fundamental Tissue) 3 2.1 Parenchyma Parenchyma (Chlorenchyma) Endosperm 2.2 Collenchyma Epidermis 2.3 Sclerenchyma (154) _______________________________ 2011 - 2 1) Sclereid Stone Cell Lignin 2) Fiber Sclereid 3. (Vascular Tissue) 2 Xylem Phloem 3.1 Xylem 4 1) Tracheid Lignin Cytoplasm Nucleus (Pit) 2011 ________________________________ (155) 2) Vessel Tracheid Tracheid 3) Xylem Parenchyma Xylem Tracheid Vessel 4) Xylem Fiber Xylem 3.2 Phloem 4 1) Sieve Tube Member Cytoplasm Companion Cell Sieve Tube Sieve Plate 2) Companion cell Parenchyma Sieve Tube Sieve Tube Plasmodesmata 3) Phloem Parenchyma Tannin Resin Phloem 4) Phloem Fiber Phloem Epidermis Cork Epidermis Epidermis (Root Hair) Cortex Parenchyma (156) _______________________________ 2011 Endodermis 1 Lignin Suberin Stele Pericycle Parenchyma 1-2 Xylem () Phloem () Cork Cambium Lateral Root 2-5 4 2011 ________________________________ (157) Pith Parenchyma Pith Pith Cavity Xylem Pith (158) _______________________________ 2011 Epidermis Parenchyma Endodermis, Pericycle (Cell Wall) Apoplast Plasmodesmata Apoplast Plasmodesmata Symplast 3 Lenticel 2 1. (Transpiration) Stomata 2. (Guttation) (Hydathode Gland) 2011 ________________________________ (159) 1. Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium 2. Calcium, Magnesium, Sulfur 3. , , , , , , (Oxidize) () (Oxidation) (Reduction) ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) NADPH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate) (160) _______________________________ 2011 (Membrane) 2 (Inner Membrane) Lamella Thylakoid Grana (Stroma Lamellae) (Photosynthetic Pigment) (Light Reaction) NADP+ Reductase ATP Synthase Stroma Ribosome, DNA (CO2 Fixation) 2 1. Thylakoid NADP+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate) NADP+ NADPH ATP Photophosphorylation 2. (The Synthesis Part) (Calvin Cycle) CO2 Stroma (Carbon Fixation) NADPH ATP 2011 ________________________________ (161) 1. Mitochondria Chloroplast Mitochondria Chloroplast 1) 2) 3) 4) O2 O2 NAD+ O2 NAD+ O2, NAD+ NADP+ NADP+ NADP+ NAD+ NADP+ 2. . N . P . K . Mg 1) . . 2) . . 3) . . 4) . . 3. 1) 2) 3) 4) 4. . Parenchyma . Collenchyma . Sclerenchyma . Endodermis 1) ., . . 2) ., . . 3) ., . . 4) ., ., . . (162) _______________________________ 2011 5. 3 1 RuBP 3 CO2, ATP NADPH CO2 ATP NADPH 1) 2) 3) 4) 1 2 3 6 3 6 9 18 2 4 6 12 6. III III 1) I 2) II 3) I II 4) I, II III 7. ATP ATP . . . 1) . 2) . 3) . . 4) . . 8. . . . 1) . 2) . . 3) . . 4) ., . . 9. . . . . 1) . 2) . 3) . . 4) . . 2011 ________________________________ (163) 10. . . . . 1) . . 2) . . 3) . . 4) . . 1. 1) 2. 2) 3. 4) 4. 1) 5. 3) 6. 4) 7. 2) 8. 1) 9. 1) 10. 4) 1. 1) Mitochondria = O2 Chloroplast = NADP+ NADP+ 2. 2) . . Mg++ 3. 4) 4. 1) ., . . (Cortex) Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma (164) _______________________________ 2011 5. 3) CO2 = 3, ATP = 9 NADPH = 6 (Melvin Calvin) (Andrew A. Benson) (Calvin Cycle) 3 1 RuBP 3 CO2 3 ATP 9 NADPH 6 6. 4) I, II III ATP (Phosphorylation) ATP I = , II = ( C4 ), III = 7. 2) . ATP ATP (Electron Transfer System) 8. 1) . 9. 1) . (Lateral Bud Inhibition) 10. 4) . . 1 4-5 2011 ________________________________ (165) Homeostasis 1. Thermoregulation 2. Osmoregulation 3. Excretion (Nitrogen-Containing Waste) 2 1. (Regulator) : Homeostasis (Thermoregulator, Osmoregulator) , , Salt concentration (%) of water Environmental conditionInternal conditionSalt concentration (%) of body0 1 2 3 4 51234 (166) _______________________________ 2011 2. (Conformer) : (Thermoconformer, Osmoconformer) Ambient temperature () (C)0 10 20 30 40Body temperature (C)10203040 Thermoregulation 1. Conduction : () 2. Convection : 3. Radiation : (Emission) 4. Evaporation : 2011 ________________________________ (167) Thermoregulation (Sweat) Artery Vein (Adipose) - Hypothalamus - (Erection) - - Hypothalamus Metabolism - Hypothalamus - - Hypothalamus Metabolism Hibernation and Estivation Hibernation : , , Estivation : Osmoregulation - Osmosis : Semipermeable Membrane osmolyte (Ion, Small Organic Molecules, Protein) - Nasal Gland - Countercurrent NaCl Salt-Excreting Gland - Rectal Gland (168) _______________________________ 2011 Osmoregulation - - - - - Active Transport Osmoregulation - - - Active Transport - 2011 ________________________________ (169) 1. (Ammonia) - - - +4NH Na+ - 1 g 500 cm3 2. (Urea) - , , - - 1 g 50 cm3 3. (Uric acid) - , , - Semisolid - (ATP) - 1 g 10 cm3 Contractile Vacuole Water diffuses throughcall membraneContractilevacuoleContractilevacuole (full)Contractilevacuole (empty)Vacuole pumpsout water100 mB100 mAC (170) _______________________________ 2011 1. Protonephridia , Rotifers, Annelids , Mollusk, Lancelet 2. Metanephridia Annelids 3. Malpighian Tubules 4. Kidney HEMOLYMPHRectumDigestiveIntestineHindgutMalpighiantubulesMidgut(stomach)RectumAnusFeces and urineMalpighiantubuleSalt, water, andnitrogenouswastesReabsorption of H2O,ions, and valuableorganic molecules 2011 ________________________________ (171) (Kidney) Vertebrates Urea () Uric Acid () Uric Acid Cloaca Mammals Urea Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Osmotic Receptor Hypothalamus Hypothalamus ADH ADH (Collecting Duct) Hypothalamus Hypothalamus ADH ADH (Diabetes Insipidus) Aldosterone Na+ Active Transport (172) _______________________________ 2011 1. 1) ADH 2) 3) 4) 2. . . . 1) . 2) . . 3) . . 4) ., . . 3. 15C 1) 2) 3) 4) 4. . . . . 1) . . 2) . . 3) . . 4) . . 5. . . . . 1) . . 2) . . 3) ., . . 4) ., . . 6. 1) 2) 3) 4) 2011 ________________________________ (173) 7. X / 1) X 2) X 3) X 4) X 8. 1) 2) 3) 4) 9. 1) 2) 3) 4) 10. 1) 2) 3) 4) 11. . . . 50 1) . 2) . 3) . . 4) . . (174) _______________________________ 2011 12. 0 1) 2) 3) 4) 13. ABCD00 (%)1 2 3 4 5 6 1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D 14. . . . 1) . 2) . 3) . . 4) . . 15. . . . 1) . 2) . 3) . . 4) . . 2011 ________________________________ (175) 1. 3) ADH 2. 4) ., . . 3. 4) , ( 15C) - ( 37C) 4. 3) . . 3 (/100 cm3) (/100 cm3) (/100 cm3) 92 6.0-8.4 0.0008-0.25 0.003-0.007 0.0001 0.07-0.11 0.31-0.33 0.35-0.40 90-93 0.01-0.02 0.03 0.003 0.0001 0.1 0.32 0.37 95 0 2 0.05 0.05 0 0.6 0.6 (176) _______________________________ 2011 5. 4) ., . . (Nephridium) , (Malpighian tubule) (Nephron) (Nephridium) 1 (Nephrostome) (Malpighian tuble) + +Na O H Cl K HCO2 3 - -+H NH3+Na O H Cl 2-O H Cl2-+ +K H+Na Cl O H2 --3HCO Na+ - 3PO 6. 1) (Contractile vacuole) ( 2 58) 2011 ________________________________ (177) 7. 2) , X () (Contractile Vacuole) 8. 1) 1. Active Transport 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 9. 2) = , = , = Contractile vacuole (NH3) Flame Cell Nephridium Malpighian tubule Green gland 10. 3) (Malpighian Tubule) (178) _______________________________ 2011 . . ( 2 59) 11. 2) . (Homeothermic animal) Hypothalamus (. . 2530. 461-462) 12. 2) = , = , = (Nitrogenous waste) (Mammalia) (Aves) (Osteichthyes) 13. 4) D (%) (Contractile vacuole) (%) ( 0410 134) Contractile Vacuole 14. 2) . (Nephron) (Nephridium) 15. 2) . (Malpighian tubule) 2011 ________________________________ (179) (Genetics) - (Pisum sativum) Monohybrid cross : = S = s = SS = ss 2 : = 3 : 1 5474SmoothSmooth wrinkled Smooth plants F tertilize Self1-1F1P2F1850wrinkled7324 : F in Totel peas23/4 Smooth1/4 wrinkled (180) _______________________________ 2011 Law of Segregation Factor 1 Factor (Gamate) 1 S - s - P SS ss S s F1 Ss F1 F1 Ss Ss Gamete F2 SS Ss Ss ss (1SS : 2Ss : 1ss) 3 1 Dihybrid cross : 2 1. 2. () Cross P1: F1: F2: F : F1 1 Smooth Yellow Smooth Yellow All Smooth YellowSmooth Yellow wrinkled green 9/16 Smooth Yellow 3/16 Smooth green3/16 wrinkled Yellow 1/16 wrinkled green 2011 ________________________________ (181) P P F1 F1 F2 423 : 133 F2 416 : 140 3/4 : 1/4 3/4 : 1/4 3/4 3/4 = 9/16 3/4 1/4 = 3/16 1/4 3/4 = 3/16 1/4 1/4 = 1/16 F2 dihybrid cross 9/16 3/16 3/16 1/16 Law of Independence Assortment S - Y - s - y - P Genotype SSYY ssyy Gamete () SY sy F1 SsYy () F1 F1 SsYy SsYy Gamete SY Sy sY sy SY Sy sY sy F2 SY Sy sY sy SY SSYY SSYy SsYY SsYy Sy SSYy SSyy SsYy Ssyy sY SsYY SsYy ssYY ssYy sy SsYy Ssyy ssYy ssyy (182) _______________________________ 2011 DNA DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid RNA - Ribonucleic acid (Nucleotide) Nucleotide 3 - (Sugar) - (Base) - (Phosphate) 2011 ________________________________ (183) Phosphodiester Bond Ribose Deoxyribose A, G, C, T A, G, C, U Chargaff 1. A = T, G = C 2. A + G (Purine) = T + C (Pyrimidine) 3. (A + G) / (T + C) = 1 4. (A + T) / (G + C) 5. DNA Double stranded helix James Watson & Francis Crick (1953) (Double Helix) Complementary Base A : T G : C Hydrogen Antiparallel 20 3.4 A 36 1 10 (184) _______________________________ 2011 (DNA Replication) 3 1. Conservative 2. Semi-Conservative 3. Dispersive 2011 ________________________________ (185) (DNA Template) (Primer) : 4 (dNTP) Magnesium ion (Mg2+) DNA Polymerase 1. Helicase (H) (Hydrogen Bond) 2. DNA Binding Protein (ssb) 3. DNA Gyrase (Topoisomerase) 4. Primase Primerase RNA Primer 5. DNA Polymerase III Primer 6. DNA polymerase I Primer 5-3 Exonuclease 7. DNA Ligase (Nick) (186) _______________________________ 2011 Central dogma (Transcription) RNA DNA RNA Polymerase 5 3 (Codon = Genetic Code) 3 (Triplet Codon) 4 G, A, T, C DNA G, A, U, C RNA 64 (64 = 43 = 4 4 4) - 61 20 - 3 Stop/Terminator Codon (UGA, UAA, UAG) 2011 ________________________________ (187) Triplet code 3 1 Commaless - AUGUACGGCUGA met tyr gly stop Non-overlapping Degeneracy - CUU, CUC, CUA, CUG = Leucine Stop Codon 3 UAG, UGA UAA 1. mRNA (Codon) 2. Start Codon (AUG) 3. tRNA Codon Anticodon Codon AUG, Anticodon UAC Methionine (Polysome) Prokaryote mRNA (Transcription-Translation Coupling) mRNA Polyribosome Polysome (188) _______________________________ 2011 1. 1) O B O A A B 2) A AB B AB B A 3) Rh- Rh- Rh+ 4) Rh+ 2 3 Rh- - 2. mRNA 5 UAC UCC AGU AUA CCA GAG3 mRNA DNA 1) 5 TAC TCC AGT ATA CCA GAG 3 2) 5 ATG AGG TCA TAT GGT CTC 3 3) 5 GAG ACC ATA TGA CCT CAT 3 4) 5 CTV TGG TAT ACT GGA GTA 3 3. 5 mRNA 5 AUGUCCGUA 3 C A 2 mRNA 1) 2) Ser Tyr 3) Arg Asp 4) Pro Thr 2011 ________________________________ (189) 4. 1) 2) 3) 4) 2 1 5. 1) 2) 3) F2 3 : 1 4) 6. - 10,000 4 1) 49 2) 98 3) 196 4) 392 7. aa Aa 1) 1 Aaa : 1 aaa 2) 3 Aaa : 1 aaa 3) 1 AAa : 1 aaa 4) 3 AAa : 1 aaa 8. 1) 2) 3) X (X-linked Gene) 4) X (X-linked Gene) 9. DNA Cytosine 38% Thymine 1) 12% 2) 24% 3) 31% 4) 38% (190) _______________________________ 2011 10. DNA DNA . . . DNA . DNA 1) . . 2) . . 3) ., . . 4) ., . . 11. 40 RNA 3 (Codon) 1) 2 2) 3 3) 4 4) 5 12. U C A G U UUU Phe UUC Phe UUA Leu UUG Leu UCU Ser UCC Ser UCA Ser UCG SerUAU Tyr UAC Tyr UAA Stop UAG Stop UGU Cys UGC Cys UGA Stop UGG Trp U C A G C CUU Leu CUC Leu CUA Leu CUG Leu CCU Pro CCC Pro CCA Pro CCG ProCAU His CAC His CAA Gln CAG Gln CGU Arg CGC Arg CGA Arg CGG Arg U C A G A AUU Ile AUC Ile AUA Ile AUG Met ACU Thr ACC Thr ACA Thr ACG ThrAAU Asn AAC Asn AAA Lys AAG Lys AGU Ser AGC Ser AGA Arg AGG Arg U C A G G GUU Val GUC Val GUA Val GUG Val GCU Ala GCC Ala GCA Ala GCG AlaGAU Asp GAC Asp GAA Glu GAG Glu GGU Gly GGC Gly GGA Gly GGG Gly U C A G (Point Mutation) DNA I le Thr Asn Cys His Asp Tyr Glu His I le Thr I le Val Met I le I le Glu His 1) (Substitution) 5 2) (Insertion) 1 3) (Deletion) 1 4) (Insertion) (Deletion) 1 2011 ________________________________ (191) 1. 2) A AB B AB B A AB A B AB 2. 4) 5 CTC TGG TAT ACT GGA GTA 3 mRNA 5 UAC UCC AGU AUA CCA GAG3 DNA ATG AGG TCA TAT GGT CTC mRNA DNA DNA 5 CTC TGG TAT ACT GGA GTA 3 3. 2) Ser Tyr 5 mRNA 5 AUGUCCGUA 3 C A 2 mRNA Ser Tyr Codon UCC UAG 4. 3) 5. 3) F2 3 : 1 F2 3 : 1 (Law of Segregation) 6. 4) 392 4/10000 = 0.0004 q2 p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 q2 = 0.0004 q = 0.02 (A) = 0.98 A a 1 2pq = 2 0.98 0.02 10000 = 392 (192) _______________________________ 2011 7. 1) 1 Aaa : 1 aaa aa 8 a Aa 2 A a 2 (a, a) 2 (A, a) 2 Aaa aaa 1 : 1 (Aa) (aa) AaA, a aaaAa aa :1 1 : 8. 2) 9. 1) 12% Cytosine = Guanine = 38% Adenine = Thymine = 12% 10. 1) . . (M.H.F. Wilkins) (Rosalind Franklin) (X-Ray Diffraction) DNA DNA 1 11. 3) 4 (Genetic Codon) mRNA 3 40 34 = 81 33 = 2y 12. 4) (Insertion) (Deletion) 1 I le Thr Asn Cys His Asp Tyr Glu His - - AAU UGU CAU GAU UAU - - - - AUU GUC AUG AUU AUU - - I le Thr I le Val Met I le I le - - 2011 ________________________________ (193) (Ecology) (Population) (Community) (Complex Species) (Ecosystem) - - - (Ecosystem) = (Community) + (Habitat) 1. (Terrestrial Ecosystem) 2 2. (Aquatic Ecosystem) 2.1 (Fresh water ecosystem) 2.2 (Estuarine ecosystem) 2.3 (Marine ecosystem) (Coastal ecosystem) (194) _______________________________ 2011 (Biotic component) 2 1. Autotroph (Producer) 2. Heterotroph 2 1. Consumer () 4 Herbivore Carnivor Omnivore Detretivore 2. Decomposer () 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. (Adaptation) 2 1. 2. 2011 ________________________________ (195) - - - 1. (Physiological adaptation) - (Nasal gland) - - 2. (Morphological adaptation) - - 3. (Behavior adaptation) - - - + - 0 Parasitism (+/-) (Host) 2 1. (Ectoparasite) 2. (Endoparasite) Predation (+/-) (-/+) - - (196) _______________________________ 2011 Commensalism +/0 -/0 2 - - - - Protocooperation +/+ 0/0 2 +/+ - - Mutualism +/+ -/- - mycorrhiza- Saprophytes Decomposer Antibiosis -/0 -/0 -/- -/- Neutralism 0/0 2 2 2011 ________________________________ (197) (Food chain) 2 1. (Grazing Food chain) Primary consumer Primary consumer Secondary consumer Secondary consumer Tertiary consumer Tertiary consumer Quarternary consumer (198) _______________________________ 2011 2. (Detritus food chain) (Food web) (Food web) (Ecological pyramid) 3 1. (Pyramid of Number) 2011 ________________________________ (199) 2. (Pyramid of mass) (Dry weight) 3. (Pyramid of energy) 10% 90% (200) _______________________________ 2011 2 1. 2. (Mono cropping) 2 2011 ________________________________ (201) Nitrogen fixing bacteria / Denitrifying bacteria Nitrifying bacteria (202) _______________________________ 2011 (H2S) - 24SO (SO2) (H2SO4) 2 1. Primary succession 2 1.1 (Climax stage) 1.2 2. (Secondary succession) 2011 ________________________________ (203) 2 1. (Renewable nature resources) 1.1 1.2 2. (Unrenewable nature resources) 2.1 2.2 1. 2. 3. 2 1. 4 1.1 (Tropical evergreen forest) - (Tropical rain forest) - (Dry evergreen forest) - (Hill evergreen forest) 1.2 (Coniferous forest) 1.3 (Swamp forest) - (Peat Swamp) - (Mangrove swamp forest) - 1.4 (Beach forest) (204) _______________________________ 2011 2. 3 2.1 2.2 1. 2. (Pesticides) 3. (Air) 78.09 20.94 0.93 0.03 0.01 (Greenhouse gas) 6 1. (CO2) 2. (CH4) 3. (NO2) 4. (HFC) 5. (PFC) 6. (SF6) R134a 2011 ________________________________ (205) 1. (PAT2 52) 1) 2) 3) 4) 2. (PAT2 52) 1) 2) 3) 4) 3. (PAT2 52) 1) 2) 3) 4) 4. (Detritus food chain) (A-NET 49) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5. (A-NET 50) 1) 2) 3) 4) 10% 6. (A-NET 49) 1) 2) 3) 4) 7. (A-NET 50) 1) 2) 3) 4) (206) _______________________________ 2011 8. (A-NET 50) . . . 1) . . 2) . . 3) . . 4) .,., . 9. (A-NET 50) 1) 2) 3) 4) 10. (A-NET 50) 1) 2) 3) 4) 11. (A-NET 49) 1) 2) 3) 4) 12. (A-NET 49) 1) 2) 3) 4) 13. (O-NET 50) 1) 2) 3) 4) 14. (O-NET 50) 1) 2) 3) 4) 2011 ________________________________ (207) 1. 2) 2. 1) 3. 2) (Secondary succession) 4. 4) 1), 2) 3) 5. 1) 40 19, 5, 8, 8 6. 1) Mutualism +/+ 2) Competition -/- 3) Parasitism +/- 4) Competition -/- 7. 1) (208) _______________________________ 2011 8. 4) ., . . (Alien species) 2 1. (Non-invasive alien species NIAS) 2. (Invasive alien species IAS) 9. 2) 10. 4) 1), 2) 3) (Competition) 11. 4) (Succession) (Climax community) 12. 1) Rhizobium Nitrogen 13. 4) () 14. 2) ,