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??? (Language Communicative Competence Test) NMET

?(discourse)David NunanDiscourse: recordings of naturally occurring samples of language within their communicative context()

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?Larsen-Freeman(1995)(Grammar Dimensions)(language form :how is the grammar structure formed? )(language meaning: what does the grammar structure mean?)(language use: when or why is the grammar structure used?)

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Were you in class yesterday????

4) Were you in class yesterday?? (?)?()

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5)6)7)31218)A. Beijing B. Wuhan A. Beijing BChinaAB

?? 1Where did this conversation most probably take place? AAt a concert BAt a flower shop CAt a restaurant

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MThe music and flowers are lovely. I hope the food is goodtoo WYesI hope the food is goodtoo 018B565 Who is Chris? AComputer engineer BBook seller CWriter WI like to read Chris Paine? MSo do II hear he writes on his computerAnd his new book will come out next week W: Great, Ive got to get one as soon as it is out

....:Would you mind going to dance with me tonight? ,yes or no. Id like to, butMay I have your order,please?

what can we learn about the man?A. He is modest B. He is satisfied C. He is upsetW:Jack, how are you doing with your paper? M: Ive written and rewritten it so many times that I wonder when I can finish it. Ticket, sold out. Room booked up. Traffic held up. Exam hard , apple pie must be delicious. Traditional culture.

buthoweverwhileyetindeedat allanywayfirstsecondnextafter thatbecausethereforenow thatfast slow up down more lesshaveleft three times bigger than four times as big as

living_room, kitchen, bathroom, bath, brush teeth, mirror, clothes, dress, umbrella, shower, factory, office, bank, wallet, rent, haircut, birthday, go to the cinema, film, housework, tidy, sweep, cook, furniture, fridge, table, chair, radio, television, watch television, tired, bed, make the bed, go to bed education, kindergarten, school, institute, college, university, grade, junior, senior, graduate, degree, professor, teacher, student, monitor, pupil, librarian, office, lab, library, dining_room, playground, classroom, chalk, ink, lecture, course, subject, lesson, mathematics, geography,history,biology,chemistry, physics, politics. .

favorite , interested in, be fond of ,poem,novel,music,piano,sports,computer games,collect stamps/coins/film, watch TV, listen to the radio. home, family, granny, parent, father, dad, mother, mum, husband, wife, child,son, daughter, brother, sister, aunt, uncle, cousin, nephew, niece, twin, people, friend, guest neighbors. . . company, factory, employ, labor, work, job, actor, actress, player, manager, clerk, worker, engineer, scientist, merchant, business, professor, headmaster, teacher, student, servant, waiter, waitress, boss, secretary, doctor, nurse, patient, shop assistant, customer, driver, conductor, guide, passenger, reporter, writer, artist, poet, musician, pianist, painter, pilot, soldier, policeman, lawyer, housewife, cook, farmer, peasant, tailor, gardener, operator, typist, postman.

go shopping, market, shop, store, bookstore, money, bill, dollar, pound, quantity, quality, weigh, size, price, expensive, cheap, dear, worth, save, charge, bargain, sale, buy, pay, cost, spend, change, borrow, lend, clothes, shoes. . . food, sandwich, bread, cake, beef, hot dogs, butter, cheese, ham, biscuit, soup, chicken, fish, rice, chocolate, egg, meat, drink, milk, water, coffee, tea, wine, beer, vegetable, potato, fruit, tomato, orange, oil, salt, pork, spoon, fork, knife, dish, plate, meal, breakfast, lunch, supper, dinner, delicious, thirsty, hungry, full, restaurant, order, serve, menu, taste. . . holiday, vacation, New Year's Day, Women's Day, April Fool's Day, Children's Day, National Day, Teachers' Day, Thanks_giving Day, Christmas. . .

game, Olympic Games, match, sports meeting, team, football, basketball, volleyball, table tennis, tennis, swim, skate, race, run, jump, chess, ticket, film, cinema, club, theatre, concert, dance, music, piano, violin. . . body, head, forehead, face, mouth, tongue, brain, tooth, eye, nose, ear, neck,throat, shoulder, arm, hand, finger, nail, chest, heart, lung, stomach, waist, back, leg, knee, foot, ankle, bone, temperature, pulse, breath, disease, ill, sick, trouble, cold, fever, ache, cough, sneeze, sweat, pain, hurt, treat, cure, recover, operation, medicine, hospital, clinic, doctor, nurse, patient, health, fit, blind, deaf. .

environment, nature, continent, river, lake, hill, mountain, valley, rock, desert, forest, island, land, ocean, sea, beach, city, building, factory, country,farm, village, garden, park, flower, tree, grass, plant, crop, pollution, noise, fire, rubbish, flood, earthquake, population, animal, space, sun, moon, star, planet. . . weather, sunny, fine, clear, sunshine, cloud, cloudy, wind, rain, storm, thunder ,lightning,shower, snow, fog, flood, wet, temperature, hot, warm, cold, cool abroad, tour, travel, trip, journey, bicycle, car, voyage, plane, ship, taxi,boat, truck, flight, lorry, luggage, map, ticket, hotel, crossing, traffic light, street, road, railway, station, airport, highway, direction, left, right, straight, ahead, north, south, east, west, drive, kill, jam, camp, picnic, tent, police, stranger, passenger

subject, class, course, lesson, biology, chemistry, composition, computer, law, language, maths, physics, teach, study, learn, review, write, read, knowledge,text, exercise, dictation, examination, test, fail, pass, experiment, book, diary, dictionary, ink, magazine, rubber, newspaper, paper, pen, pencilruler. . .

2015

3000400---500 60---80

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react, mobolity , pressing ,incompetent, promising, live off ,inability ,breakdown, hold up, coincidental, relatively, phenomenon, habitual, consequence, personnel, academics, higher education, dependent , microseconds, register for , befriend ,view as , retiring , potential , ambiguous , financial , finance, pacing, unfavorably, sympathetic, complexity,Barking, unsettled, previous, restless, enthusiasm, spring up, long for, / accessible, foster, confirm, acknowledge, reflect, motto

enthusiasm, spring up, long for, / accessible, foster, confirm, acknowledge, reflect, motto

intention, instantly, take chances, /enquire, position, closely-located,

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? (coherence)(fluency) ()(discourse marker) 1)nextanotherfinallystill If notI can try and find another place for you

2) that isfor examplein particularspecificallysuch asI can follow my own interests such as reading booksvisiting museumsand taking computer lessons 3)assimilarlyat the same timein the same wayas wellI used to have to workdoing endless homework and attending classes as well

4) butand yethowever, insteadwhilethoughafter all On the other hand On the contrary despite ( in spite of)They suggesthoweverfees should be charged low

5)evenalsobesidesmore overfurthermorein additionmost importantwhat's more What's moreI can go to bed earlier

6)()opposite toon one sideOn the other sideto the eastnext tobelowabovebeyond The car didn't stop but drove off at great speed heading west7) afterlaternext ,meanwhile afterwardas soon asin the pastuntilsincebeforeat last The next moment the car hit the man while he was crossing the road

8)finallyin short in summerythereforeto sum upin a wordas far as In shortthings have begun to improve since schools were 9)indeedin facttrulyof courseafter a11evencertainlyno doubt Charging entrance fees will no doubt keep some people away

10)as a resultsincethenthereforebecauseotherwisethus 40think that fees should be charged because you need money to pay gardeners and workers

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English is among the easiest languages to speak badly, But the most difficult to use well. I have a friendHer boyfriend

One of my friends got pregnant in her boyfriends hospital room while he was recovering from a terrible car accident that left him partially paralyzed One of my friends got pregnant() in her boyfriends hospital room()while he wasrecovering()from a terrible car accident that left him partially paralyzed

got Pregnantin her boyfriends hospital roomwhile he was natural order

Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips computers with inbuilt personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools relaxation will be in front of smell-television and digital age will have arrived

Good good study day day upYou dont know who knowWork hard and you will make progress everydayIf you dont knowwho knowsWorkmakeIfwho knows

Interest in historical methods had arisen less from external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors.

Decision-thinking is not unlike poker ? it often matters not only what you think, but also what others think you think and what you think they think you think

Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me?

1. First impressions are the most lasting . After all ,you never get ___ second chance to make ___ first impression. A. a;the B. the; the C.a;a D the ;a 2.___0n-going division between English-speaking Canadians and French-speaking Canadians is ____ major concern of the country. A. The;/ B. The;a C. An;the D. An;/

3Most animals have little connection with______ animals of______different kind unless they kill them for food Athea Ba Cthethe Dthe

Sara looked at____ finished painting with ___satisfaction.A /,a B. a, the C. the ,/ D. the ,a

1 2

1. Those who suffer from headache will find they get ___ from this medicine. A.relief b. safty C. defence D sheterIf by any chance someone comes to see meask them to leave a_____. Amessage Bletter Csentence Dnotice Im sorry I stepped outside for a smokeI was very tired There is no_____for this while you are on duty A. reason B. excuse Ccause D. explanation

I dont think its my_____that the TV blew upJust turned it on thats all said the boy A. error Bmistake Cfault Dduty Ill look into the matter as soon as possibleJust have a little_____ A. wait Btime Cpatience D. rest Many countries are increasing their use of natural gaswind and other forms of_____. Aenergy Bsource Cpower Dmaterial Those football players had no strict_____until they joined our club Apractice Beducation Cexercise Dtraining

1. I like ____ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright. A. this B. that C. it D. one

2. Being a parent is not always easy, and being the parent of a child with special needs often carries with __ extra stress . it them one him

3.--When shall we meet again? --Make it_____day you like, it's all the same to me. A. one B. any C. another D. some 4.You're always working. Come on, let's go shopping. _____you ever want to do is going shopping A. Anything B. Something C. All D. That 5.If you want to change for a double room you'll have to pay_____$15. A. another B. other C. more D. each 6.Few pleasures can equal_____of a cool drink on a hot day. A. some B. any C. that D. those 7.Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment, _____I will always treasure. A. that B. one C. it D. what

Larry asks Bill and Peter to go on a picnicwith him, but ___ of them wants to, because they have work to do .A. either B.any C.neither D.none

1________to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills ABrave enough students BEnough brave students CStudents brave enough DStudents enough brave 2How was your recent visit to QingdaoIt was greatWe visited some friendsand spent the_______days at the seaside Afew last sunny Blast few sunny Clast sunny few Dfew sunny last 3It is generally believed that teaching is_______it is a science Aan art much as Bmuch an art as Cas an art much Das much an art as

4. Boris has brainsI doubt whether anyone in the class has____IQAa high Ba higher Cthe higher DThe highest 5.The house rent is expensiveIve got about half the space I had at home and Im paying ____here. Aas three times much Bas much three times C. much as three times D. three times as much 6.It was raining heavilyLittle Mary felt coldso she stood____to her mother A. close B. closely Cclosed D closing 7.Its always difficult being in a foreign country_____if you dont speak the languageAextremely Bnaturally CBasically Despecially 8.Wait till you are more____Its better to be sure than sorry Ainspired Bsatisfied Ccalm Dcertain

9.A persons____ body temperature is about 37Aordinary Bnormal Ccommon Dusual 10. Fred is second to none in maths in our classbut believe it or nothe______passed the last examAeasily Bhardly Cactually Dsuccessfully 11.I am surprised that you should have been fooled by such aan_____trick Aordinary Beasy Csmart Dsimple 12.Whoever has_______sense knows that smoking is harmful to peoples health Anormal Bgeneral Cordinary Dcommon

The result is not very important to us, but if we do win, then so much ____. A. the best B. best C. better D. the betterThis restaurant wasnt ___ that other restaurant we went to.Half as good as B. as half good as C. As good as half D. good as half as

1.They had a pleasant chat____a cup of tea A. for Bwith Cduring D. over 2.What do you want______those old boxesTo put things in when I move to the new flat Aby Bfor C. of D. with 3.The home improvements have taken what little there is_____my spare time A from B. in C of D. at 4._____production up by 60 the company has bad another excellent year A As B For C With D Through

5. Would you mind not picking the flowers in the garden? They are ___ everyones enjoyment. A. in B. at C. for D. to

1 2 I am sorry , but I do not quite follow you. Did you say you wanted to return on September 20 ? Sorry , I ___ myself clear. WE want to return on Oct.20 A. hadt B. woudnt C. dont D havent made

Life is like walking in the snow,Granny used to say , because every step ___.A. has shown B. is showing C. shows D. showed I had been working on math for the whole Afternoon and the numbers ___ before my eyes. A. swim B. swum C. swam D. had swum

2.The price______but I doubt whether it will remain soAwent down Bwill go down Chas gone down Dwas going down 3. -- _____my glasses?YesI saw them on your bed a minute ago ADo you see BHad you see CWould you see DHave you seen 4.All morning as she waited for the medical report from the doctor her nervousness_______A has grown B is growing C grew D had grown 5.-You havent said a word about my new coatBrendaDo you like it -Im sorry I_________anything about it soonerI certainly think its pretty on you Awasnt saying Bdont say Cwont say Ddidnt say

6.-Your phone number againI_____ quite catch it -It's 9568442 A didnt B couldnt C dont D cant 7.I_____ping-pong quite wellbut I havent had time to play since the new year A will play B have played C played D play 8.-Youre drinking too much -Only at home No one____me but you A is seeing B had seen C sees D saw 9.-Can I help you sir -Yes I bought this radio here yesterday, but it_____ Adidnt work Bwont work Ccant work Ddoesnt work

10.Shirley_____a book about China last year but I dont know whether she has finished itAhas written Bwrote Chad written Dwas writing 11.-Heylook where you are going -Oh Im terribly sorry______. AIm not noticing BI wasnt noticing CI havenat noticed D I dont notice 12.Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology____so rapidly A is changing B has changed C will have changed D will change 13.-Alicewhy didnt you come yesterdayI______but l had an unexpected visitorA. had Bwould C. was going to D. did

14.A new cinema_____here. They hope to finish it next month. A. will be built B. is built Chas been built D. is being built

15.Be careful when you cross this very busy streetIf notyou may______run over by a car Ahave Bget Cbecome Dturn 16.Cleaning women in big cities usually get____by the hour A. pay B. paying Cpaid D. to pay

1can2cantmustntneednt3. maymightcantshould4. should

1 23

I ____ use a clock to wake me up because At six oclock each morning the train comes by my house . couldnt B. mustnt C. Shouldt D. neednt

1 A left-luggage office is a place where bags_____be left for a short time,especially at a railw ay station A. should Bcan C. must D. will 2.The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone____get outA. had to B would C. could D was able to 3. -Is John coming by train-He should,but he_____not.He likes driving his car Amust B. can C. need Dmay 4.Are you coming to Jeff's party? -Im not sure I______go to the concert instead. Amust Bwould Csho Dmight

5.-There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well -It______a comfortable journey Acant be Bshouldnt be Cmustnt have been Dcouldnt have been 6.Its nearly seven oclock Jack_____be here at any moment A must B need C should D can 7.-When can I come for the photosI need them tormorrow afternoon -They_______be ready by 12:00. A can Bshould Cmight D need

8.I was really anxious about youYou_____home without a word. Amustnt leave Bshouldnt have left Ccouldnt have left Dneednt leave 9.I told Sally how to get herebut perhaps I________for her Ahad to write it out Bmust have written it out Cshould have written it out Dought to write it out

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Being a clever girl, Marys father sent her to college.Being a clever girl, Mary was sent to college by her father. Having studied my lessons , there was nothing to do. Having studied my lessons, I had nothing to do. To get some information on the economy, the book should be read.To get some information on the economy, he should read the book. Upon hearing the bell ring, the lessons were stopped. Upon hearing the bell ring, the teacher stopped the lessons.

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1.(1)(2) 2. 3. 1.Robert is said_____ abroad, but I dont know what country he studied in. A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying

The party will be held in the garden , weather _____.A. permitting B. to permit C. Permitted D. permit Film has a much shorter history ,especially when ____ such art forms as music and painting .A. having compared to B. comparing to C. compare to D. compared to

2.Paul doesnt have to be made_____. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D.learning 3.A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _____ in the kitchen. A. smoke B. smoking C. to smoke D. smoked 4.The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _____ the next year. A. carried out B. carrying out C. carry o D. to carry out 5.European football is played in 80 countries,_____ it the most popular sport in the world. A. making B. makes C. made D. to make

6.Finding her car stolen, _____. A. a policeman was asked to help B. the area was searching thoroughly C.it was looked for everywhere D. she hurried to a policeman for help 7.How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers? The key _____ the problem is to meet the demand _____ by the customers. A. to solving, making B. to solving, made C. to solve, making D. to solve, made

8. The research is so designed that once _____ nothing can be done to change it. A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun

200120022003

1.2.3.

1. break break away() break away from: break down break in break into break off break off from: break open: break out:()() break out into() break through: break up:

bring back bring down: bring forward bring in:() bring on bring out bring to an end bring together: bring up() call aftercall for()()call incall offcall on(upon)call out()call to mindcall upso called

carry away carry off: carry on carry out carry through come about:()come across:()()come across the mind:come after:come atcome awaycome backcome by

come down come for()() come forward come in come into sight come into come into being come into power come into use come on come out come over come through: come to come to a conclusion: come to nothing come to oneself

come to pass come to the point() come true come up come up to() come up with come upondo a favour for sb do away with: do good do harm to: do ones bit(for)() do research in do ones best do updo well do with have something(nothing)to do with ()

fall across: fall away: fall back: fall behind: fall down fall ill fall in fall into()()() fall to fall to the ground get across:() get ahead(of) gat along get along with: get at get away get back get behind:

get in get into: get off()() get on()() get out get out of get over get through:()()() get together get up get up to give away give back give in give off give oneself up to give out give up

go about go after: go against: go ahead: go all out go along go away: go back go before: go beyond go by go down go in go in for() go into go off

go on go out go over go round go through go together go up go without go wrong

1.News reports say peace talks between the two countries ________with no agreement reached. A. have broken down B. have broken out C. have broken in D. have broken up

Mary is really good at taking notes in class . She can ____almost every word her teacher says. put out B. put down C. put away D. put together

2. Dont mention that at the beginning of the story, or it may ______ the shocking ending. A. give away B. give out C. give up D. give off 3. We thought of selling this old furniture, but weve decided to ______ it. It might be valuable. A. hold on to B. keep up with C. turn t D. look after 4.His mother had thought it would be good for his character to ______from home and earn some money on his own. A. run away B. take away C. keep away D. get away 5.We didnt plan our art exhibition like that but it ______ very well. A. worked out B. tried out C. went on D. carried on

250 10151

() eveneverstilljustalmostalready: A. still B. ye C. even D. already : A. just B. ever C. even D. almost : A. almost B. even C. just D. ever : A. almost B. even C. often D. rather

: A. quite B. already C. even D. still : A. even B. still C. always D. almost : A. yet B. even C. never D. just : A. yet B. only C. even D. still : A. even B. hardly C. certainly D.probably : A. Then B. Thus C. Therefore D. Yet

() We ________to play like two mad men. A.pretended B.stopped C.continued D.decided

ABCD() (20)A(5) B(5) C(5) D(5) (20)A(5) B(5) C(5) D(5) (20)A(5) B(5) C(5) D(5) (25)A(8) B(6) C(6) D(5) (25)A(6) B(7) C(6) D(6) (25)A(7) B(6) C(6) D(6) (25)A(7) B(6) C(6) D(6) (20)A(5) B(4) C(5) D(6) (20)A(4) B(6) C(5) D(5) (20)A(6) B(4) C(5) D(5) (20)A(5) B(5) C(5) D(5)

You know a word by the company it keepsWords do not have meaning but people have meaning for them sure I am not quite sure of his having said it This is the surest guarantee that we shall be successful He made a sure step out of the mud

She had a sure grasp of the subject He is very sure in his beliefs 5sure

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1

Happiness Happiness can be described as a positive mood and a pleasant state of mind. According to recent pools sixty to seventy percent of Americans consider themselves to be moderately happy and one in twenty persons feels very unhappy.

Psychologists have been studying the factors that con tribute to happiness. It is not predicable nor is a person in an apparently ideal situation necessarily happy. The ideal situation may have little to do with his actual feelings. A good education and income are usually considered necessary for happiness. Though both may contribute

they are only chief factors if the person is seriously under-educated or actually suffering from lack of physical needs.The rich are not likely to be happier than the middle-income group or even those with very low incomes. People with co1lege education are

somewhat happier than those who did not graduate from high school, and it is believed that this is mainly because they have more opportunity to control their lives. Yet people with a high income and a college education may.

be less happy than those with the same income and no college education Poor health does not rule out happiness except for those very weak or in pain. Learning to cope with a health problem can contribute to happiness.

Those with a good sex life are happier in general, but those who have a loving affectionate ()relationship arehappier than those who rely on sex alone. Love has a higher correlation ()with happiness than any other factor.

It should be noted that people quickly get used to what they have, and they are happiest when they are increasing their level no matter where it stands at a given time..

Children whose parents were happily married have happier childhoods but are not necessarily happier adults. The best formula for happiness is to be able to develop the ability to tolerate ()frustration, to have a personal involvement and commitment, and to develop self-confidence and self-esteem

happinessHappiness can be described as a positive mood and a pleasant state of mind the ability to tolerate frustration a personal involvement and commitment, self-confidence and self-esteem

2. first (ly) , second(ly),lastly; for one thing, for another; in the first place, in the second place; first, second, then,last(ly)/finally etc

Teach Your Child to Wonder Children start out as natural scientists, instinctively eager to investigate the world around them. Helping them enjoy science can be easy; theres no need for a lot of scientific terms or expensive lab equipment. You only have to share your childrens curiosity.

Firstly, listen to their questions. I once visited a classroom of seven-year-olds to talk about science as a career. The children asked me textbook questions about schooling, salary and whether I liked my job. When I finished answering, we sat facing one another in silence. Finally l said, Now that weve finished with your lists, do you have questions of your own about science?

After a long pause, a boy raised his hand, Have you ever seen a grasshopper ()eat? When I try eating leaves like that, I get a stomachache (). Why? This began a series of questions that lasted nearly two hours. Secondly, give them time to think. Studies over the past three decades have show that, after asking a question, adults typically wait only one second or less for a response, no time for a child to think. When adults increase their wait time to three seconds or more, children respond with more logical, complete and creative answers.

Thirdly, watch your language. Once you have a chi1d engaged in a science discussion, dont jump in with Thats right or Very good. These words work well when it comes to encouraging good behavior. But in talking about science, quick praise can signal that discussion is over Instead, keep things going by saying, Thats interesting or Id never thought of it that way before, or coming up with more questions or ideas.

Never urge a child to Think. It doesnt make sense, children are always thinking, without your telling them to. Whats more, this can turn a conversation into a performance. The child will try to find the answer you want, in as few words as possible, so that he will be a smaller target for your disapproval. Lastly, show; dont tell. Real-life impressions of nature are far more impressive than any lesson children can extract from a book or a television program. Let children look at their fingertips ()through a magnifying glass, and theyll understand why you want them to wash before dinner rather than saying that water evaporates (),set a pot of water to boil and let them watch the water level drop.

Firstlylisten ttheir questionsSecondly, give them time to thinkThirdlywatch your languageLastly, show, dont tell

3 Food Storing Foods quickly spoil and break down if they are not stored correctly. Heat and damp encourage an increase of micro-organisms()and sunlight can destroy the vitamins in such foods as milk. Therefore, most foods should be stored in a cool, dark, dry places.

Some foods go bad quickly, such as meat, eggs, and milk. They should be stored in a temperature of 5-10. In thistemperature range, the activity of micro-organisms is greatly reduced. In warm climates, this temperature can be maintained only in arefrigerator or in the underground basement of a house. Dry goods, such as flour and rice, should be kept at a slightly higher temperature than foods that go bad quickly. A temperature of l5 is ideal. In Britain and northern European countries this means that the room in which dry goods are stored should share the general heating of the house. The room should also be well aired and, above all, dry. Damp very quickly causes the growth of the green molds (). These molds often grow on cheese if it is not stored properly.

Fruits and vegetables need cool, damp but frost-proof ()conditions. Therefore, an underground basement usually makes an excellent storage place. If the central heating unit is located in the basement, however, it will not be ideal unless the unit and the pipes do not give out any heat.

Foodstuffs ()do not break down quickly. If correctly stored, they should keep for quite long periodsof time. Thus, salt and sugar will keep for about two yearstinned meat foods, such as beef and chicken, for about eighteen months; flour and other dry goods, for a about a year Freezing the foodstuffs that spoil easily preserves them for much longer than is otherwise possible. But even frozen foods do not keep their food value or their taste for ever As a general rule, meat should be cooked and eaten within a year after it is frozen; fish, within six to ten months, fruits and vegetables, within three to six months.

Thereforemost foods should be stored in a cooldarkdry placesmost foods

l

onceonce upon a timeduring the timethenafterafter many daysweeksmonthsyearsbeforeafterwardsbeforehandwhen

Economic Knowledge in One Sentence Once upon a timeTanstaafl was made king of all landsHis first act was to call his economic advisers and tell them to write up all the economic knowledge the society possessed. After years of work, they presented the king with a set ofbooks:25 vo1umes, each about 400 pages long. But during that time, King Tanstaafl had become very busy with running a kingdom of all lands. Looking at the lengthy volumes, he told his advisers to put their findings into one volume. The economists returned to their desks, wondering how they could summarize what they had been so careful to spell out. After many more years of rewriting, they were finally satisfied with their one-volum effort, and tried to make an appointment to see the king.

25Economic knowledge in one sentence isThere is no such thing as a free lunchonce upon a timeafter years of work, during that time, after many more years of rewriting, etc.),

2. It was the green heart of the canyon,Here all things rested. Even the narrow stream ceased its turbulent down--rush long enough to form a quiet pool... On one side, beginning at the very lip of the pool, was a tiny meadow a cool, resilient surface of green that extended to the base of the frowning wall. Beyond the pool a gentle slope of earth ran up and up to meet the opposing wall. Fine grass covered the slope____ grass that was spangled with flowers, with here and there patches of color, orange and purple and golden.

Below, the canyon was shut in. There was no view The walls leaned together abruptly, and the canyon ended in a chaos of rocks, moss-covered and hidden by a green screen of vines and creepers and boughs of trees. UP the canyon rose far hills and peaks, the big foothills, pine-covered and remote. And far beyond like clouds upon the border of the sky, towered minarets of white, where the Sierras eternal snows flashed austerely the blazes of the sun.

3 /becausesince, now that, because of , as a result consequence of , on account of , in this way for this reason, owing to, due to, for, as, the explanation is that, there are several reasons why the reasons for.. .are..., the cause ofis,is the result of,therefore, so, thus, hence etc. ),

Lifetime Employment in Japanese Companies In most large Japanese companies, there in a policy of lifetime employment. What this means is that when people leave school or university to join an enterprise, they can expect to remain with that organization until they retire. In effect, the employee gets job security for life, and can only be fired for serious mistakes in work. Even in times of business recession, he or she is free from the fear of being laid off

One result of this practice is that the Japanese worker identifies closely with his company and feels strong loyalty to it. By working hard for the company he believes he is safeguarding his own future. It is not surprising that devotion to ones company is considered a great virtue in Japan. A man is often prepared to put his firms interests before those of his immediate family

The job security guaranteed by this system influences the way employees approach their work. They tend to think in terms of what they can achieve throughout their career This is because they are not judged on how they are performing during a short period of time. They can afford to take a longer perspective than their Western counterparts..

This marriage between the employee and the company--the consequence of lifetime to love the products their company is producing and why they are willing to stay on after work, for little overtime pay, to participate in earnest discussions about the quality control of their products

Growth and Development We often use the words growth and development as if they meant essentially the same thing. But this may not always be the case. One can easily imagine instances in which a country has achieved higher levels of income growth) with little or no benefit coming to most of its citizens (development). In the past, most development policies were aimed at increasing the growth rate of income per capital (). Many still are based on the theory that benefits of economic growth will come to all members of society. lf this theory is correct, growth should promote deve1opment. By the early l970s, however, the relationship between growth and development was being questioned. A major study by the World Bank in 1974 concluded that it is now clear that more than a decade of rapid growth in developing countries has been of 1itt1e benefit to a third of their population.

however, although, and yet, but, in contrast, in spite of , despite, nevertheless,on the contrary similarly whereas, on the other hand, while .

The World Bank study indicated that increases in GNP per capita did not promise important improvements in nutrition, health and education. Although GNP per capita did indeed rise, its benefits come down to only a small part of the population. This realization gave rise to a call for new development policies. These new policies favored agriculture over industry, called for domestic redistribution ()of income and wealth, and encouraged programs to satisfy such basic needs as food and shelter. In the late l970s and early l980s, the international macroeconomic() crises of high oil Prices, worldwide recession, and the third world debt forced attention away from programs designed to get rid of poverty However, the lesson remainseconomic growth does not promise economic development. Efforts may be required to change growing output capacity into economic benefits that reach most of a nations people.

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1 Skimmingsignal word,

2 ScanningSupporting DetailsDetai1s"WH-"whowhatwhenwherewhyhow

Which of the following is NOT true according to the information in the passage? Which ofthefollowingismentionedinthepassage? Whatistheexampleof ... asdescribedinthepassage? Theauthormentionsallofthefollowingexcept ...Thereasonfor ... is ...Theauthorstatesthat ...Accordingtothepassage,when(where,why,how,who,etc.)

Reading for fully understanding

Subject MatterSubject Matter (SM)Supporting Details

SMSkimmingSM SM Main Idea Title Purpose What is the main idea (subject) of this passage ? What does this passage mainly (primarily)concerned ?

The main theme of this passage is _________. The main point of the passage is________. Which of the following is the best title for the passage ? The title that best expresses the theme of the passage is ________. On which of the following subject would the passage most likely be found in a textbook The purpose of the writer in writing this passage is________. Which of the following best describes the passage as a whole ?

Inference InferenceReading Between the LinesCommunication Techniques

Reading Between the Lines The writer implies but not directly states that________.

It can be inferred from the passage that________. The author strongly suggests that________ . It can be concluded from the passage that ________. The passage is intended to________ . The writer indicates that________ . Communication Techniques The fact...is mentioned by the author to show ________.

The author achieves his purpose by depending mainly upon________. The writer talks about...in order to________. In discussing..., the author ________. The author's statement about...is a...for...

1. () 2. (1) (2)()() (3)by the wayfurthermore, besides, in addition to (4) above all mainly. chiefly (5)(who)(when)(where)(what)

3. (1)thoughalthoughbutdespiteinspite of, yethoweverstillotherwise, differ, unlike, on the other hand (2)samelikecompare, similarsimilarly (3)except, instead, rather than, on the contrary, oddly enough, regardless

4. (1)for example, for instance, such as, examples (2)in other wordsjust asnamelythat is to sayin the same manner 5. nevernononeneithernotseldomhardly, only alwaysat all times, entirely, every, forever, all 6. (1)because, since, reason for, cause, result from (2)thus, soas a result, therefore, hence, result in, in short, in conclusion

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(3)() (4)()When we crossed the crossroadsthere were two people standing thereWhen we throughed the crossroadsthere are two people standing there

Time passed quicklyTime past quicklyheardhearedkeptkeeped,builtbuilded,Many changes have taken placeMany changes have been taken placethe tuitionstudy moneyin the westfrom the westbarkshout

(5)1994Every student must come to the party1996Hi! Do you want to know me?() (6)

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It was Grandma's birthday. Father,Mother and I went to visit her.My parents live in the country.They keep a dog called Ah Fu.The other day my brother and I went to the cinema by bicycle.I was so pleased to hear from you and am writing to tell you something about my school.

At four o'clock,we said goodbye and set off for home.It was our brave Ah Fu who had saved my little sister.The time passed quickly. Before we knew it,we had to say goodbye to the workers.I hope you come and see for yourself some day.About two minutes later I stopped a passing car and took the old man to the nearest hospital.As far as I know, everyone is happy about this new arrangement of things.They suggest,however,fees should be charged low.Just let me know.

2(1) My parents praised Ah Fu warmly. It had saved my little sister bravely My parents praised Ah Fu warmlyIt was our brave Ah Fu who had saved my little sister bravely()

(2)whatwhat We had to stand there to catch the offender()

1 We met at the school gate and went there together early in the morning.()

Early in the morning we met at the school gate and went there together.() The young man couldn't help crying when he heard the had news() Hearing the bad news. the young man couldn't help crying()

what we had to do was(to) stand theretrying to catch the offender(

what we had to do was(to) stand theretrying to catch the offender()(3)withwithoutHe sat in a chair and a newspaper was in the hand() He sat in a chair with a newspaper in the hand() (4)He was satisfied with the resultand decided to go on with a new experiment()

Satisfied with the resulthe decided to go on with a new experiment()

(5)The teacher pointed out the mistakesThe students had not corrected the mistakes()

The teacher pointed out the mistakes that the students had not corrected the mistakes()

(6)We can achieve our goal in this way()

Only In this way can we achieve our goal() (7)If we do sovictory will be ours() If sovictory will be ours() 3He stopped us half an hour agoHe made us catch the next offender( ) He stopped us half an hour ago and made us catch the next offender()

We had a short restThen we began to play happilyWe sang and dancedSome told stories, some played chess() After a short restwe had great fun singing and dancingtelling Jokes and playing chess()

Mark Twain was an American playwriter, and he had an unhappy childhood, and he told the story of his childhood in a story entitledThe Adventure of Tom Sawyer and he said it was written in tears and blood( Mark Twainan American playwritertold the story of his unhappy childhood in a story entitledThe Adventure of Tom Sawyerwhich he said was written in tears and blood()

(unify)(choppy sentence)cumulative sentence()Seven_Star Park is one of the scenic places in GuilinIt looks best summer timeMany foreign tourist are attracted by it Seven_Star Parkone of the scenic places in Guilinlooks best the summer timeattracting many foreign tourists

On the fifth day after the vacation, it started snowing. Everywhere was white, so in the evening my sister and I decided to play in the snow in the nearby park the next day. The next morning I got up ear1y and dressed myself quickly. My sister had prepared the breakfast.At half past ten we arrived at the park. Many peop1e there were p1aying snow ball fights. We joined them. After that, we made a big and funny snowman. At noon. we felt hungry. I took out bread and peanuts and began to eat. The sunlight became stronger. and the snowman began to melt. Before returning home, I was pleased to have had a good time in the park.

beliestandsit, to be 1ocated in front of, behind, at the back of , on, over, above, under, below, near, by, on one side of, on the other side of, into, inside, outside, in the center of, in the middle of , between, among within, across, from, opposite, far from, not far from, close to, towards, toward , away from, to the right of, to the left of , to the east of , to the west of , to the south of, to the north of , from...to..., in the north of, in the south of , in the east of, in the west of , on both sides of , in, against...

My vi1lage is in the southwest of England, which is a very beautiful area in the country. In the north of this area there are hills. In the south there are several villages of the coast. To the east there are woods and to the west there are more hills. There are several islands off the south coast, where fishermen go to catch fish. My village lies on the River Test and has a popu1ation of 750 people. It lies 15 ki1ometers to the east of Hope, the nearest town. A new road runs through the vi11age and separates it into two parts.

Here are the directions to get to my home from yours. You walk two blocks north and then turn right on Adams Street. Wa1k another two blocks to Third Street.Then, turn left on Third Street and walk until you see a beautifu1 road with a yel1ow house on the corner. That's my home. my home Adams Street Third Streetwalk two blocks northturn rightwalk to Third Streetturn leftwalk until...)

(nowin additionforin this casefurthermorein fact)a. Now, read the directions carefully.b. In addition, there are twenty classroom bulidings in the college.c. He found it increasingly difficult to read, for his eyes were failing.d. The problem, in this case, is hard to solve.

( certainly, indeed, above all, surely, most important, to be sure, undoubtedly)a. Certainly we'll consider your suggestion. b. Indeed, they were p1eased.c. Above all, don't ta1k to anybody about it.d. Surely they must realize that.

(but, however, although, though, yet, except for)a. But newspapers aren't always right. b. One must remember, however, that newspapers are not always accurate.c. We hoped, though, that they would lend you some money.d. Yet there was still a chance for him to swim.

(for example, for instance, thus, such, next)a. Many countries, for example, Mexico and Japan have a lot of earthquakesb. You can't rely on her. For instance, she arrived an hour late for an important meeting yesterday.

c. Most of the evidence was destroged in the fire. Thus it would be almost impossible to prove him guilty.d. Such an accident happened a week ago.e. Next, I think of the things you want to do.

(: in addition, furthermore, also, moreover, first,second, third, etc, then)a. In addition, they offer lessons in French.b. Furthermore, everywhere we go today, we can find rubbish carelessly disposed.c. She is also an English teacher.d. The rent is reasonable and, moreover, the location is prefer.e. First, you mail in an application. Second, you ask for appointment. Third, you send them three personal resume.

(like, in the same way, similarly, equally important, too, likewise)a. Like the owl, the fox hunts at night.b. In the same way, they began to learn English.c. Similarly, the villagers enjoy spicy foods.d. Equally important, you must keep fit. (unlike, in contrast, whereas, on the other hand,instead, on the contrary)a. Unlike Jack, Tom has a large fami1y.b. In contrast, he did not lose weight.c. Some people like fat meat, whereas others hate it.d. On the other hand, a student needs time to relax.

(although, nevertheless, of course, after all, clearly, still, yet, in spite of , however)Although she joined the company only a year ago, she's already been promoted twice.b. He insisted that everything would be all right. Nevertheless, I could not help feeling anxious.c. After all,it is not so hard as it looks.d. Clearly, the situation is more complicated than we first thought.e. The hotel was terrible. Still, we were lucky with the weather.

(therefore, as a result, consequently, accordingly, so, otherwise, because, since)a. He was very tired, and therefore he fell sound asleep.b. As a result, all flights have had to be cancel1ed.c. The bank refused to give the company more time. Consequently, it went bankrupt.d. The budget for health care has been cut by 10%,Accordingly,some hospitals may be forced to close.eYou'll have to go nowotherwise you'll miss your bus

(to sum upfinallyin conclusionat lastinsummaryin short,thusin briefin other words)a To sum upChristmas is the most important holidayb. Finally, the tortoise won.c. In conc1usion, I would like to say how much I have enjoyed myself today.d. At last, she was driven to her wit's end.e. In summary, we've got to try to get further funding.

On Thursday I had to decide what I wanted to do over the weekend. School was starting in two weeks. I would soon be studying ful1 time. I wanted to go skiing. I had spent most of my money. I couldn't travel out of town. I might go to a movie. I might just listen to music. That is what I ended up doinglistening to music.

On Thursday I had to decide what l wanted to do over the weekend. For school was starting in two weeks, and I would soon be studying full time. I wanted to go skiing, but I had spent most of my money.So I couldn't travel out of town. I might go to a movie. Or I might just listen to music. And that is what I ended up doinglistening to music.

1,A new railway is being built in my hometown()

A new railway is under construction in my hometown()

2.Thank you for sharing the time with us.The way he views the world is very practicalThe new sports track is right outside the school gate

3I 1ike reading while my brother likes watching television()

I like reading while my brother enjoys watching television()

4(1)A.His birthday is two days away.B His birthday is in two daysC His birthday is in two daystimeDIt will be two days before he celebrates his birthday

5.(1)The hope of our parents is very highOur parents expect much from us. (2)Her right eye is blind.()She is blind in the right eye()

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