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0DEDICATEDז

ALAN AND KAREN ASHTON

T1EHIS VOLL'h0קTHEIR SPONSORSHIP%סן

THE0זTHEIR COMMITh~ENT4פא

THE QUMRAN SCROLLS0יPUBLICATION

CONTENTS

TABLEקPLATES0גו

FOREWORDוי

TOBIT by [ . Fitzmyer.2ו

1ar , and

~

Q'robitr : Intruductiunט-QpapTobita ar ,

~

QTobitb4.200-196

QpapTobita.1-ו')

ar

( Pls4,196

Pls(]8QTobitb4197,1ע-11זו)41

QTobitc(ק!.111ע)57

ar

4.198

QTobitd(ק!.ן11יו)(!1 ar4.199

Q'robite4.200(15ץ.ול1-ל()(13

~

'ardeni.גBroshi and.1%'(6LIST or FALSE PROPHETS.8

77)QList of False Prophets ar ( PI .

XI

4.339

Yardeni.ו:Broshi and.צ46גL1IST OF NETINIh.םQList(ץ!.ל(1)1א of Netinim4.340

6THE)'(נ.4ל"וו'1ח50 FLOOD4לל)ADMONITION.(1

the(1ק.ל(11)5א Flood0חQAdmonition4.370

THE EXOD

~

SICONQL-EST TR~

DITI ()N0א]. DISCOURSE

Nevvsom.םby

99the ExoduslConquest Tradition0תQDiscourse4.374

(וע.ל(111)

APOCRYPHON].שחשטעז5!! OF hIOSES bv

QApocryphon(?ו.ו1צ')11ן of h

~

osesa4.375

121)XIT.1ץ)!Q6Apocryphon of Moses4.376

Smith.2גJEREMIAH by0ץAPOCRYPHON

137)I?X1.ות)?QpapApocryphon of Jeremiah4B.384

Smith.1גPSELTDO-EZEKIEL by,א153)xxv-ו1ע%.QpapPseudo-Ezekiele (Pls4.391

Smith.אNARRATIVES by.ו195)XXVI.א)]QNarrative4.462

211)xxvII.ם(וקQNarrative4.463

THE PATRIARCHS0אEXPOSITION.1

Stone.4גEshel and.2by

213)XXVIII.1?)the Patriarchs0מQExposition4.464

Stone.אNARRATIVE by ] . Eshel and.א231)XXIX.א(ועQNarrative4.4648

Stone.4חEshel and.2] . L: NCLASSIFIED FRAGPVIENTS by

233)XXIX.ות)QL:nclassified Fragments4.4646

TEXT

~

IENTIONING ZEDEKIAH.4ג

Strugnell.ןLarson . ] . Schiffman , and.אby

235)XXIX.וע)QText ?VIentioning Zedekiah4.470

245Pfann.5(6CONL~ ORDhNL' ES

xxlx-1Pt, ATES

TAB

LE

OF PLATES

ו-ע.!obit'Q1pap4.96~י8

QTobith

ar

וץ-ווץ!4.97

QTobitc

ar

ע!וו.4,198QTobitd4.199זפ

'QTobit4.200.%-%ו

QList of F.lst Prophct

s4

)(ו.339.Nctin ~ m)0QList4.340

~thL' FlouחטQAdmonltwn4.370.נ(וו

~,1.ים8ז! hc Exo

~

uslL'onqucstח,)~

QDiscourse.374.נ(ווו

~losesf

l

QApocryphon4.375.xlvן,1

'QApocrYPhon of

~

lostsb4,376.xv

,8Jeremiah01QpapApocryphon4.384.xvl

QpapPseudo- Ezekielr4.!39.xvll-xxv

)QNarrative4.462.xxvl

ם~QNarrative.463.xxvII

the Patriarchs0תQExpoaition4.464.xxvIII

8QNarrative4.,464.xxlxQUnclassified Fragments4.4646

QText hlentioning Zedekiah4.470

FOREWORD

the[1[51(()וו((11(וווי,, second of four volumes contalning parahibilcal tcxts ( thr18THIS )conlp,11בוי,

~sltlolls1'3[1[5טוThesc volumcs contaln.(111)ל

.

volווןsuch tEXCB appeared

11theח)ט1.ת1(ה,יי,י,טותטט111 Ilchrcu,טthenics0יtexts0)which are closely relatcd

clt~ tal llIC

~

lLllll*'14(196ל-ן200:[1יויי7,ו)נטיי)texts consists Of Tobit]0קטסזשlargest

.si~ed and smaller grollps of [ragments

srr:י1(שו1 ~

rJ

Professor'(1!ל((ז11(בת!ט11

aI

mes VanderKam of the L' ni ~

ersits

rייי[רhrgunייהוייי,1. ~butl:)תין)the excrilcntאחוטחווחס),consult~ng editor for this volume

.?h , s assist~nts L'atherinc llurphי(י,him0)expressed5ןOur sincere appreciation.111)נ5t-urטי1ית3רחט11זיה theר01טחש'1חטרוזthe Nation ~ l0ןand,5יו:8[הLes Walck , and Monica ,rrsl-יי ~ lת,י-)the31)טי)the s ~ olunic carrica0תindispensable support of the ~vork5זן .Notre

Dame

J1erusalemני.יי1ג!1תבUrru~ייג([ייייו, bv Es~ a Bcn- Da1תThe volume ~tas typeset

also-ז(נ3) copy ~-~ taitcd and pruducca the cafiacIilסאיו)and Valerie Carr Zakovitch

arrייthr1(תצ1,[נ

"ratefulטיו.Claire Pfann6יordinated-0)copy) . The production was

11

"professional production of the tcxt and platcs . ?ipecial thanks175University Press for

theחthe0נטט5טתט5,ז(ו)חחט) Press80ש[%ז~ ordinates the-0)Hilary O ' Shea svho0,.Rachel IVoodforde , production controller10Wagstaffe , and

tlle ) rחיthe ~ ords0[11בcontaln full concordanccs0)the second volume8]This

the]י)]the L'cnter]ו)Pfann.4,~ re prcpared bv.%1respective contexts . The concordances

St~ldy,ל"ומש1פ5טז. of Early Christianity

r

hecnh1aטוחט01רthis0ז]the concordanccs!0The correctlons and formatting

supportedחח10ג(חstuaics1[חק[ייייי. by the Foundation for Ancient Research and

eral preliminari' puhlicati ~)ns.s1e,0provided ~ptically scanned s'ersions150פUtah, which

.the preparation of this volume1מutilized

11the,ח,1ת13 Israel .~

ntiquities .A ,th,) ritl' for Irs10As alsvays , we are indebted

-supplies , incluaing publiL1וencouragement and for the network of support sers ' Ices

photographic(,ח- platcs . and the!0archistal materials , production()זaccess,1ז"5מסוזפ,thank the Dircctor10

ish

go~ng.מparticular1י,ש% task of preservation of the scrolls

.P1ublications , and Tsila Sagi,0זן"זסזם(],General ( ret . ) Amir Drori , Ayala SussmannL~ommittccין150ענגthe10gratitude,0debtיר"%0."ב,photographer. By the same token

"0the,!ן reorganizarlon1חement'a1ct~ s'e invol115of the Israel Antiquities Authority for

0hichז has contributedרר,ears')85ק([זטסtheיס'"זScrolls Publication' Project8"5Dead.the DID ~'olumes0יthe publication1חthe present accelerated rate of progress

profound1ח.Orem . L~ tah!0Alan and Karen Ashton0זdedicated$וThis volumethe publication of the texts and of0זof the research leading5זזסקקטgratitude for their

the publication of the0זolume, as well as for their commrnnent.1the preparation of this

.general1חQumran scrolls

be5י0זThe Qumran Project of the Oxford Centre for Hebreu and Jesvish Studiesfor the typesetting of this stolume and for the a'ork of theן(8זזסקקטפthanked for

.rhole1פinternational Dead Sea Scrolls Publication Project as

-yerssalem EMASL'EL TOV

~ CHIEF-1צ-EDITOR1995May

Intrll

~

uLtl ( lll!ידט4()6!יז,הזנ,:!הת4(ל'1'וי!)יזו,QpapT()bita ar4.200-196

יו,ויג.יין-י.

טרויןיון(..ן.,ן,ווווין.

frJlוון.ייווי,ו"

~lllclllsין!טויןlE identification and assenthllrigT1

יי"י-יוי~

ט(וייי)י1יט1וןו[יוייי.ייוויייוייי"

thrחיויוג, %

ork

of I~srf l'adcusz"4(ש19ל-200יטיר

Jcprndrייוייוווייייין)טט!אייייייי[ח ~] l'n1lostl5]prcscnt hcrc1IVhat.,)196101953imately

ו.ייןין1."

-theרוז,י5יטנ,!!ר!!!י(יי1[ווויי[~(ט[וייוויוןין irחןToday these fragmcnts are ti )und

"[.ןו)יון,.ווייןו

"hipccificןןוייטי11טיוא)וןטרן,י.1(יtilcseי11רן,(י, rcfcrcnccs.4-175.43אP1Ah

111(יוו1

י"with.וןטוווייו5,[11טוו[ו)5טן)יט[רן[)טה(טוןרןן[אייו,טוןי1. the numbers );] f) ldcr k) llCS

thr,(1,!ן)יוייי!(1!יוו. pl ;ttr]יר,~'ustטיי[טasttriskתבThe photographs markcd svith

~Contents of the eu""u" Tobit Te.rt[ותיח)unlrall1.(1!.(!ייט1.ייו(י,

~

rrr1)Five fragmentary ttxts of Tohit hat' e hcrn rrvr

'1'!)ט((%!,;טזןי'יי)נייייי1ר

.

~

lchrt-u1!!151"04(נ'[א)

~

ramaic ana onc.חוar) arcמ-"QTob4(gr~lupטנ!חי(ה3,)נטתיייו[אנ,)טו!ו(י(יהר1 heingב)fragments or groups of fragments69of

be?)(1י[1הטר.4(יןייקנ.י."ין,;יי PII ,

s

, c

~ ll)חתבט(וbelong together or related fragmcnts that י111ויוו

וי"roups(ו[]3ragnicilts[)נ11נת1ו)וטהור1ט)הטו1111[

"]0identified fra

~

ments19has

trag~הת3(יייי!!131.ייי ~llcfits iJenlific]0QTObb ar has five fragments or groups4 .1.2,4.הרוין;1[!יה1יייי1

~ rk

. iduntifira)8ר!!fragmcnts0ייזunidentified .~QTobc ar has ,

י"(,נ[הו!ייי.)

חטווואבז(5ןנו1זilrL'טנו[)1~

,QTob' llag sul ~ cn4.fragments that

ra

e identified

.that are unidentified

the.ך'טוןי)יוימ!י([וו)"ויי1ןי.ט1קי[י idcntifica fragnle ~lts]חפר0.רזט.ירטן.(וgives1Table ן.

the(טט5!טר!()יי Hanhart ralt ~ tinל4תו]()codex Sinaiticus]0and s~ erses follosa~s that

ך'.."ו.[1:(.וווה,"1,י,,ל()196-סס2QpapTob4*זג40,י06יו'זש40'[16ר.י3*ט,[.ן,"נג[4(2.!.,ייןי )

"4

,,4'1Frg . Passage erg . Passage Frg . Passa

~r Frg Passacv l

: rc

17:1!

2:2-19:12

3:23

11-10:24

15:35ג.6_18י)ן,

15-9:36!יןג!0_11

17:37

2:48

3425:49_ט

TH

~

Jb' DAEAN DESERT xlx%1DISCOVERIES

'CYob48זQTobd4QTob' ar4זפQTobb4זב'QpapTob4

Frg . Passage Frg. Passage Frg . Passage Frg. Passage Frg . Pasaage

7:410

2:531:5-21:421:5-21:411

14-12:539:512

48-6:613י12:6,1:5

ן418-13:614;ו18-12:6

ון6:7-15:614וון7:64וו:10

11:71

4:9-17:853]:715

9-7:104

14:115ש1

1:2]16

י7ו[13:2וו:1266:ש4:13-217ון12.6:13י14-13:137

2:14-18:131176_2:1413:14-12:3]18

[9[10:1427:4(,ו810:142

7-6ן3:39_4,

'2149

Re/ation of the Qtimran Tobit Texts % Ancient Versions

Qumranת1 agree8יBoth the ,

~

ramaic and the Hebresv form of the Tobit story found

the fourth-century Greek text oeתןfound600חgeneral with the long recension of the

codex!0שlacunae:6:4-1:1;4:ס19- Hinaiticus , Ehich contains the ~vhole text , except for

Part of the text of this.(106-613:ןand196-7:4the lacunae being(15:14-13:א11:13:6)ם

Vatopedi(319century minuscule manuscript-1"אזחשץ"theח]also found5ןrecension

smallינ.)at

~

ov( ou TO

~

TOU80!up(16:6-6:3contalns Tob11:(])021]dated,13(

Papyrus Oxyrhynchus=)910the sixth -century manuscript1תalso preserved5ןportion

Theן'111 Oxyrhynchus Papyri : Part,(.5נ")Hunt.5.גGrenfell and.1(]76[8.ק

The.8,5-2:2which contains Tob,([9-6(1911,Egypt Exploration Society:0ח0נח])

.manuscripts of the Vetus Latinaחןalso found15long recenslon

,319)!10!text of Sinaiticus and of the readings of the manuscripts relatedטז"א[)The

the crit~cal edition of the Greek text of1תthe bottom of the pages8זcan be found(910

Robert Hanhart (

Tobit

[Septuaginta : Vetus Testamentum graeCUG6יTobit published

)8G

~

ttingen : Vandenhoeck;815auctoritate Academiae Scientiarum Gottingensis editum

McLean , md.4ע,Brooke.ג.עthe Hanhart edition supersedes that of:[1983.Ruprecht

,Greek [Cambridge , UK: tlniversity PreseמוThackeray , T/Ie ora Testament.1ע.ז5ן

of800חSinaiticus]) . The short recension of the[22-111,]Yaticanus[110-85,31940)וו

990,the Greek manuscripts Alexandrinus , Vaticanus , Venetusחןfound today5ןTobit

([6-1.13,and Hunt, rhe Oxyrhynchw Papyri11"1594[(;חטזPapyrus Oxyrhynchus=)

200-40196

hostי,[theה1,5זוטן(ש[יו[(,ת of other minuscule manuscripts . The critical tcxtפand

relatedוטיח)נב(the(קיייי,ה1( manuscriptsi k.

an

hc5!]together with variants from(

,

the Hanhart edition5תן88ק" tilrlaltl ~ us!1)

~ cxfאת1theט6(יריthrי1, individual fra

~

ments

"ls 'cn0חthe commentsתצ

h11cthe cxttrlt that1.1מף!1(נט,יhe11]יי)etts Latina ( La'1as well as that of the(%1) ,hr[ןthe(111)י[יייר added]1]'1יtimes readingsזג.the Semitic texts0זcorrespond

11recenslonב1(.1[ר'AD'(=;4[(%נתב[יטו11 , when they are considered important . Thr ahhrcl

11יי!1,,[

-bitlL

L

designateה5(חי85rek'enslunבהיי(,ט1. the10be used1]1שand Vaticanusi

s%ן!ר1[ווה1( ' arl ~ nlb1111[1(-1!%_1:ז)apparutusח8שש5חש1גשpresent0זpossible here

textקקוי(,יא1טז(rlft).גויחי(ר1( -tradition of this short recenslon , the readcr Lan c( lnsult the

טthe,1)1%1-י,יר,71

rr

L'k

;

the,טו11) beginning uf llUT cdition81Hanhart edition . Especially1th,זיי1 , s:(11עייחטטטן,וו()]diffrrs fr ( )m thu111,be quoted u' he'(]01~[[י1בת0ן85ססrecenslon

stc((ו(שזthe1[עחיי the reason [or pret'crring111ריthat readers50the sake of comparlson

.and La5text of

144n]anu(א,1(7ןיי1ן(ה ~Lflpts1חintermediate Cireck recen

slon

found115פ0$חפThere.171!1)repruauccs the tcxt)וhr the rcst(5:13-6:יTob0ז,may have sorne pertinence crit[ר1י"נטול. ~cal edition of La for the hook of 'fobit , onu must brgit05ח]Since there

.-Brookeן(14נ'1יין(זורו(1ח.~

lcLcan'6יLatin ss' ith the form given1חrecenslon108תof the

tiabatier~ר(ר[יי,האר ( Bihliurun.(1vhich essent ~allv reproduces the Latin text of,,(44-123

latinae,32,1:נ2 ~ersionet antiguae, seu

tI

efus nalica . . . [Rheinls : Reginald Florcntain

Fischer:ייקשז6[ג.197"ו ; Turnhout.8.VOIS . ; ed3ת].repr:1751,ed . , Paris : Didoteentury:ט,('"נ(% manusLf ~ pts-ח0!0%תות!הbased85יThis Latin text.(43-706.1

u'hat tiahatier callcd nlanu ~LIIpt[93.זבוRegius , Paris , Bibliothique Nationale , fonds

Codexןב1. Corbeiensis , Paris , B ,bliothique Natlonale . hlnds(ץand([3564Regius

~

tiabaticr als ~l aaae.4]ןwhat Sabatier called manuscript Sangernlanens ~ s[11505.)13Ithique Natiol) nalc , fon

~

s0]readings from )[ (Codex Sangel: rmanensis , Paris , Bibli

,2:13T(2[4ער(1! ,b0)s~'hich contalns the tcxt up.([15.what he called Sangerm[11553

.robi iustus) ; and from vv (Codex Reginensis . Rome , Bibliotheca Apostolica l'aticana,בק0ט).0

~

the rest being12:6which contalns the text oniv as far as Tob,(7.ז8ו.Regin

the,0that10near~ st'5])ןthat'58יBrooke .-" hlcLean

"15the Vulgate ) . of manuscript

the earliest form of the e) la Latin01ח.~

probabl$1זןbut,(5)Sinaitic Greek Manuscriptthe Old Lat ~ n]0as Brooke-hlcLean note . ' the manuscripts,(ק.צ).ו'זש'Version

the1קזו('(ק.ו%,.חone!0ז0ח11בincomplete , are]0ust complete10Version knoss'n

]5111problem ,,

hich

Tobitב , this difference constitutes!0critical text of Laפabsence of

e been studied ( althou

~ih'o1ther manuscripts of La Of Tobit haסעייך.be resolved0?has

one t

~

. pe ' of La text ) : lhe']0the differences between them amply illustrate this lack

deזב1. Rosas ] , Paris , Bibliothique Nationale , fonds816118(פtenth-century manuscript

Codex(ולcenturs. manuscr~pt-ןזתוחoften called the Biblia de Roda] ) and the[6often called the Prima Biblia de[31.Madrid , Biblioteca Univers . tJentr,1Complutensis

Tobia nellaונetus Latina'1Vattioni : ' La.ץAlcalh] ) . Both have been published by

Speculum0ר4םTobia';200-173(1978)3Roda' , Re~ista catalana de teologia1נBibbiathis article115(1975)200-169(חAlcalh ' , Jau

~

ustinianumינ* nella prima Bibbia

the secondחןreadings of the Tobit text found$טסזשרמטחsupplies the150פVattioni

scripturis sit~ e,!11!')!נl

~

reihrich , Li

~

er de.ץ]Augustine0יwork attributedפ,Speculum

be distinguished12[1887]287-מ0,725זAugu~tini ( CSEL.8Specwlum quod fertur

,very- paraphrasric15from the authentic Specwlum) . The Latin text of the Alcali Bible

HT

E JUDAEAN DESERT XIXאוDISCOVERIES4

ofת1א00ז8"-ם4מ[ת8ט;א8נ0! he Laff

in

text

~

undתזז%much expanded8representing

.vork1calc6ri"-)תצ8ז]lhtle use

the Afulgate, the ctit

cal

textת!also found9]Tobit]0800עQ'he short recension of the

ofמש(פץםיגשו which has been pubnshed by the Benedictines of San Girolamo (Bah7'06!שם,

~

Led bw,8.01ץ,edYta..."נן/ad codscuwtח0תזשש(מוLatinam Vrwhrata~t

.(209-1631951,ITa~

can Polyglott Press:"1נח7!ג[תזסא,Syriac , cop

~

c (Sahidich Ethiopic,

~

Lrmenianחוalso preserved8!Book of Q'obit8א]'and lirabic , but aH these versions are secondary deriva

~

ves of dle di

~

erent (ireek

~

omis

the)8608816טbe8ת)genera

~

dle same1ת

~

of the book and are of liuk concern hereך[ח206

~

iebresv sre?rslc) rls of(זט%)mediaeval

~

tramaic and

umran frequently agrees lviUh the long1(A

~

hough the J

~

ramaic form of 'robir from

direct translafion of such88![ח8נ]theזסחand the La , neither the (Jreek5recension of

contains,8ת8 inverted phrases, expanded expressions8!ז"ז!the;ששם2ז0ןl~

ramaic8ח (

ץ"8ת810ז~

ghdy understood by either the (Jreek or Latin translator of dlese!0תvvords

.23-5],ebit-1,fanhart).יט5(א.!.הtkeחשי8*חפוS*my,41פ%(ו!4*ץ

~fs*ז?יצפמ7פאאחטC~ahke3:!!אז(סס64%8סזNeubauch.גsec1

V.ko~88.פא484ק?*%פא

h

1Itala*ך*ן;*. a)~otd : C

~

rendon?ח!a~d1"8ה8!און44חםזז,,סix(1hnicall1labh

of*1%*1#Hebreסאוincludu*1(ד0(אסז,1653-לד63-35.4165(61יvols . ; London6),..rotwplfctt"tiQ textus or~ginaies Gaster , 'Two Unknown Hebrew Veraions ef the Tobit

Legend ' , Pyarewdintt.51and:(5.ז5ת46י?זFagiua and,וboth

~Studieפ1 a~d rtxttמי.rept;38-21596118ן7-259,22-208!;19(1897)ך'Biblital ArchaeologA,0~)soriet)"1,0

,.valt.

;

Londan: M~eg3)...Romante. Hebtew Apocr~yha, and Sammitan Artha~dagy!34?4[פאפ,~'olklort, Mqgic

.*1-1.3;*3-1.1(1971,Erk: Ktavיסא;repr . with * Prolegomenon by '] . G..ter;%192

and

te

4withפ41אוה* baח*!קfor,8והטן8יש,Louvain-la-Neuve

,0.Bog~ert, O . S . B.0תוסס9.-4ח!am indebted](

.the enhantem~nt of som~ problematic fragmentiזס!Technology!0Johnston of the Rochrater Institute.1].א_Dr

quote,4פז")Septuginta:אפץ* from % HnhanשRuprecht4

Pcrtnission has been kindly granted by Vadenhoeck

quete the Vnw L~alnalhs~nסו.~and

~

dao by C~nbridv UniveniV Pre:(3%19.Testasmentum graecum sis ;

~

bttingen

.1Gked4,Thckr.yןCambtidV(3,19,סן). Th~ oa Teltawewt.511.אhtcLean, and.א,Broeke.8.ג

200=9!0*

1!7144LdttNdןשולhfanutreiptt

"the:2Thebe

Conventional Beuron D.te Namr

Siglum Number

9145חשם!.Reginensis(זחו0א.יאץ("!.וי,,,ז)..אזאי4ויל

~hו,י115,)1 nas.ח,ג,Par ) s(יאcent

.

!iangcrmanens~ s9.kg7

)"~

lUS.גן!נש,,נliuest'a?נcent . Oscensls , Bibl ~a12134

(485Ar

~

uclogico

B[.126ת11 ,bl _- Ambrusiana.ג!תב1י)cent

.

Bobbiensis0!,935!

Istaurrl.5.חם])L.E Gothicus btgionensis960133

Ba ?

rrischr

hitaatsbibll ( ~ thelK,6)~חט1ג)cent . hlonacensis9,830!

(6239Clm

)llsus.1זאfunds.4?.8.CE Corbeiensis ( Paris822150

cent.4.8ל.fondsב1!.931 . Codex Re

~

ius ( Paris9148

f1onas_(וי la.8.א.Pans(1.Rod(%05אBiblia de.!62!0משם

11Vercellenais[ון22 ( l~erctili.101123תסם

cent.תושטא.14(.7

.

Reginensis ( Rome , l'atican Libran9143

Primaגן!4יזנב. B~ blia ae Alcala,1cent

.

Complutcnsis9109

311.L' nivers . L.entr.61!8

QpapT()bita ar4.196

ן"ו-יזגין-י'

Physical Descr~jtion

~llric[ויי~%(ש(י)tI, , , tcetlן(תיי0ן6תויטוין0ט.11(ח"5rusן1[ that'p5ap0תlvritten4(196ל5ן

lar15וחשחcolumn ; columns are generallv about810

~)Palaeograph

lateהתהaatcsייו1[]) scmi [ornlal Hasnlonacan s ~- [ lptתןבcare[ully ~' ritten15The text

usilalll,1-lן~טון:1~ ( , opcd . 'I- Ilcrtn1ornlall5]'ligatures ;

ht

e fark3,ו]BCE . I There are50.]

lה1ן"וי[י1 ] as1'41ק11גטר11ןand bctu

ccn

bet and,י'"נandםש!שdistinction between

רוין1ו)ט

ertical

sh ~ it1l ( , ngcr31(ח..usualll ' drau

n

5]separate horizontal bar . and the kap

.)right

17:1Tob1.Frg

ןנינודלדישורא[)ן

Mus.וח1,.666

*175.43,212.42,647.41PAM

READINGS0א

-

NOTES

Thisת1one0[טת. small papyrus fragment contalns three u'ords.The final he has almost disappeared1.ן

TRA~' SLATION

[[

thesvallofNineveh

ו.[[

חאוגסם,[5

TEIXOUS:05ק(murum?(טטסת1. Ntvfln . La%6:5(שסס0ז.cf1.]

וגשימי"

_

the An(tenr ?l' ear Easr0"נthe Jesish scripts ' , The B,ble)0cross , ~ The Des~elopment.ק.4יSeeי ,IVrightח1ט,ל(ז:Doubitda~.202-17319611.(,ק.2,149 ; Garden8.3).William Foxwell ,* lbrithe ( ed,0Honot ו.

4190.59).264-174(1965)5"800repr . Anchor

THE JUDAEAN DESERT xlxאוDISCOS' ERIES

2:2-19:1Tob2.Frg

top margin

%מאייקב1רא5הדףעלילמרפאוהגיינימהבמ

ביידע[די]ידעתוכדיחוית*[ואמן

בעהולי]2למקמי

שביקולאליהוה[י]יל[29כוערקתןסדחלת

"[עם)י:מכללי

חנאהן]נ

"יומיןהוהולא:יבריועביהאיתתי

[רבעין]*

אסרחדוץלך1)ומ)ומלךאררתלטוריערקוואנוןהי[בנותרי]4

הניזפנוכלעלאחיענבלברלאחיקרשלס%וזרא]3

" עשיללןהוהולהמלכותה]

כי"עלזאחיקרובעה"מלכארכלות"ה

וה6י5לענקןורבשקה4בהוהו"*קף[ואחיארין1

ארילהתניןאסרחדיןואשלמהאתירמלךאסרחריבקדםולשיזפןי

הבתכדיכא[1מלאסרחדין2וביומי'ימשפחחיומןאביביתומןהוהפחי5י9

ליןהותןעיא)שבוחגביוםבריומוביהאנתחיחנהליואתבתליחי9י

מאכי"ורבעתסבהשרוייקרבודיניא"נפוחזיתלקורמירא[פתוקרבו*נ5

לכלדבראזלבריברילטועיהואמהתשריאיןעלוהי12

באלהשכח1דיי"

"[נא')

54ה*יה;עם[כחדא]ויכלואתהייחהדבראזלעריסם[]ני

bottomה"ע"

"1115ג.!יח..()ז)

!':1ג44[."4",41."א2.42.4[175.43,1*ייייי'.ן,ייא,.יייי,י,י

6VSז? the width ofs1ho11טת1קו,preserved8,thirreen lines,0(()חט1)חthis11י1ג(ו1ייsmall fragment foundיל.are lost!ןmiddle ofחן!טאfe

ll

-

letters8thoughט..חט.clllllrull

theמחוו6-4. end of8זbelongs79!.4חנומגתנh andb4.!411!]1גגנ)

hasקנהpronounשאזofחאתabos'e the first bet . The.ט6!טחו!c.1)

ru

ittcn ahr)]]ן:'Icttcrs11.[.[ט..] ימן5ןthe61ם,been lost0!19"חןיחעח85אleft leg181טאpap

~

' rus)4ן,ויייllppL' r.וי[יייייין[י.,ןקקי..ןי[ם..1.ן)י,cici~ r

dot8apodoseos) . Onlyשפגז)#was8the bottom of.p3robabl,11ן(,18,"01(דחלחprt' ccLiVS]1ה,י.:..]

horiaontal175trace of8only1?,סאfollosvingט6ןand of.כלOf,ייצוא,the)יןll

~

lpk' f silaft)1ז(ייי,5יייייי[1י

8Vhich1throughז80"מאAap8חטטיmay have!1,pe appears6rescnibling,ויעיק-שב,ו1(1[י..llifr

.reading6חן!שbe disregarded101!5ן.sign of aeletion885.?tlra~n . apparentlh1t. trין.י[1].ייvertic ; ~ l

.Tobiah's narne arc preserledתןhet81,1.שאז,6תthe,,יtrac ~. s!1[י1ואי1י[ו)(_.!

tracesומ,whichוחששם10ש6 of1,טתof the6תטtheטוביוסזnppt.ar11ומלךטזטוcicar11.4ג(זג._!fragment ( from8666שthe end of the!1/.the readingתןbc Qisregardedהזיו)[!,ana11,)11ום()ו1ןקנןא

.0(84חח!תחח.

rt

;ict45]the

re

גגם!43.!7',1

940196

slט,

~

r,(,אי)bc the0!ecms8truke that,85ןthere,כל

~

ft~r tr~ccs of',1סחוend of the?איToward5.] )

w~erdזת1ן".ג,,ה uf!5זן,onc should cumparc lhc!1With.646.41PAM0תmore vitibic15which,8!פז

.6461_!4str eA

~

i(פשפוletter . prob.bly!15פthe!0tracc alao15פvery end there

lamed[קט0(1,18מתffaLcb4י,1 . followtd by thrק00(פ!the5,there?1[תb.dly pn~erved1..6(3(5ואז

.646.!4

~

P5A0חclearly sc~n5!(47ע)word!85!rayt ~t Theתפand8א"final8

f ' nc11(י

"%afler.0יז6איי~' hat serms6יfollow-td,ק-the first letters re~emble,0The

rt

aces7.]11,111%,)Irft])ייין~ hcתייfhe l ~ sf rra~ment648.41([חPAht0חsecn more CIthtly8ןThis.הוהreada

preservesו[ח?. the beginning of this

hc1;.י!

~

rrl (ttcיעי,הן*);ח(א~תת[אתיpr()bwbl ?' ~ hc,110,*מbe the left side0!The f' r't trace seems8.]1also()1טיlhe01part1!וuu.תו thr15the papyrus , as)0crackת1פlost1591ערThe waw of.5?ח10!מlast

-9u-uuחךקחייתי11,,,ביוסי ( c ~)nlparc8cannot be!1;cicar15the

~

wd,1שת!the,0the end!אסרחדק.מנפץפ !סמ9).

(ח

aftcr.זתי]the)068!!זו1אח1חח1אטrel remaln8bet and that of0,פfaint tracc of the crossbar19נ.]48hetשג- and0(פdoubtful ~lep and fairly clear tracesיwhich come

4י1ן[ו,חיי

h

, ch appcar nlurc..0$,ח'לבthere are faint

rt

aL't1זתוthe beginning of the!4;10.ן,4the41תז,lacuna8a[trr,(,ת(canיזי

,

true of the watw be(ore Tobiah ' s namc15~The sam.646.41PAM

,0lamed(תבת. under the final tawפthe very top Of

and,ויוי)י IJ ~ cr.ין(סיכראlau~ . part4pe anaפtrace ef the upper part of5פ]there(שקרבוAfter11.] ?ש.

")0pe and taw

ן.!2אשיד6פזאקbetween5בףandברי.~rחthv0ית4קיבן u lungtr scen5]but.175.43P51A0תclearת-!ב5ן)betפThe .light trace of13..1

.itself

TRANSLATION

,tl~ rm"תין~

as

bu [1i1thel king [about me thlat[0)and he made knoun.4!1סח'ן!5ס?olf theשתס].! he kne

" about mc(!פא!]knew1hid . When1]and מח4יח,!ן)[[עת]

,

'~

dS

mlnL1th [atl11[8יי-].ned1became afra~ d and!,[סתז]0ח[ו]ו!md was aeeking[.2 me

10was leh

f[ortYI da?- sי1-אטו0תson . JIAnd thereצום.and Tobiah.?11,1צתז,CX[Rpt Hannlah.3

theן,, mountains of .Ararat . ~rhcn [

~

sarhaaau ) n l~ vCan0!and they nedןhis [two sons4.[ן reign

my,חן0charge(וב[theט[ין4זו8((תבין)יי kinsman,פחו'יס/)~of50ת,Abiqar!טקand hel].5 Alliqar

theחוח".:::טתי trtasuw accounts of thc1[81]or his kingdom; and he h.d c]ontrol over[.6 .behalfמסצבמinterceded

fheז~5קת. signcl,0kinsman. had betn the chief CLlp -~ bearer . the kttperצוח,Now AhiJqar].7 ,treasury accountant

1AssYriaטקhimחוchargrי4 . Esarha

~

don,0and ciredit accountan ~ under Scnnacherib ,. the king[.8 himself0!second.0א%.

(י(

s1

thr da11ת..m ?' family)0father ' s house , andציחof my brother , of50תhe was the.9 when ! had returned,Esarhaddon[ון]8ח. the

me , [ there

an

sl for0)~

re

e restored%1.5חסand Tobiah , my,?!!'%צות,Hannah84ת,my hou~e0!.10

0the(שעי?(5ח] festival)0the day0מmel[

)that(%5ב!the ta[b] le before me . andח)ealt . JAnd thes. brought[1(נmlined1fine dinner, andוו.פ the delicacies

that they offcnd ,0find](1%

hom

?- oul11[son , go ~ get ani' one'(נג',sonצחן,Tolbiah10]said[1].were many!ןupon.2! our] kinsfolk[

;fith me1[that he ma?. eat [ togetherחןhim be broughtזסוand,((שא)get(4תפ)80,my son13.[ן 1,and

look

ון*י בם

THE JUDAEAN DESERT xixא!DISCOVERIES10

COMhIENTS

fe49**%NIV~Uhא=4ג Kalש9ה*MSS AB omit T~g) rav(4?9חrat i~wah:5.cf1.]

VoDVat1(~by*6

~

MSS AB: emWobi7שזל*ד*עשעKal.%4עךק6קrfw aero

~v. KalM74יקשץ00,1וז45ון :MSS GM(

indicavit(ה!י regi:ייLa ; ?) renuntiatum est (MS.וקשד%64400ע6שגוסeval]5ז)~aviiv"& 1QEns4shifis, $ee!אפמשתס?and for similar.אהבחread

i

(8regiיק, quoniam ego sepeliebam illos . For

.([3:3Nah!מ.cf[4114-3תרש4=בייםQpNah4;(266,but see Milik . The Books;י17(ם)קש)=בקשש]1bet(5נ1!31בעיף=עם)), , seeסו~the converse shift from zwaזסן

.)paaa (MSS AB:

*oenedis

~veXdgqaaK8al dvk0קך9הק

*,,h

~

avdiv1:5ם4ז5[(יםקססזתס0ז.cf2.]

648KaTehetש0.

*h06

~

Ka,(4זל"ק6%6זעסאקMSS AB: "~vra(קהש%6ע4אקaa5.ק4"ףץ6םיש4ץKal

mihi!6אוא;direpta est omnis sabstantia mea)8.quaerebat me occidere ; ego autern fugi)ט:La

.)domoתןamplius remaneret miciל[5נ(:ן(18טסומ[ו)remansit

hvepab606ע80גתו~

ou. ral00!ם00זע]

"[_cf3.5)קהגח9t9iAvvaיזוסעטץ"6?טסקKatשז

1?quam uxor mea Annaק!5ט:hKOVTa wkvTe ) . Lae7v":,זקשן,םיקסא;5וגו:TeaaapdKOVTa (SISS AB

and5מוThobias filius meus . . . . Post dies quadraginta quinque. Since the long recension differs here,

agree with Laס)*couldוחממהןן'רבע possibly restore0סח,La

.Aptp

~

T , KaL

~Waathewev zaxspaovdg'66זךקulol a

~

roe . Kal e*"

yov elg66005:י-cf4.,1

.regnauit post eum Archedonassar)8.montes) Ararath:!לmontem ( stsחןsul ? ! fugeruntח[[וLa: dlo

Lim'~ readiag.11.'ג(4(252נ)101,ן!דQCommGen47יררט(ח]cf.4:8Gen)חןםwritten here as5]אררם38:37laa19(=וםQlsa' xxxl1חןas,הוררבCould this be rather.(98-288[1992]4377נ]correct5ן

ל([2:האררט.

QapCen

1.cf,([אררב]

ratev~.ע6ד tAXIXapov Tbv tAPa1:8טש.Esarhaddon, the new king. cf5ןThv subject ofa

~

mw5.]eonstituit Aehicarum81:La.r0r6onf

~

atk(av aץ0גא[07[עם*aaa" TtV"1ע,tkbv00טסק

*ס0ז66(ג זסץ

.exactionem) regni:ייactionem; MS:4ןAnnanihel super omnem cu

ram

( MSיטוחfratrisן[וחטו,denoting,פ the post,מטסמabstract8תThe form " probably.5חן[סחוtompare the first ~ord.שקשות.tnnslated18cf,מ88פ Syriac 'izep . The WOtd.'6ח?]'the /dp'elחן,'~ borrolv,7001קףSap~l [orm of the

,Ova((e~idvwl etkatlal~(gl(23.1436Papyrus Oxyrhynchusחןfound5ןGreek term that8.07גא4[זס[ם

the office of the erklrt~a-rhS . The0)dueן[י05קהexplained there as5ןand,(03].12,(rcnfcil and Huntinspect revenue accounts0,ror each nome0טמAlexandrian ornclal ,yho was appointed3חeclogistel ss' as

used the([13]19Origen (Ep. ad Africanwm.([9-238.12]15.12.1480(scc also Papyrus Ox?' rh ?'nchus

.!1)Greek inscriptionמ0פfound50!4פwhich,(564.302sc(שג[9ם)עם9ךזסםה)ע4ז1זסן07גtcrm

revision dea18'mean0)seems)ןwhere,(195[1923]22lnscriptions

grecques

', BIFAO',

![חחס" .'comptcs

daav ThV"44ך)Kat aOrOs elxev Thv

~

eovaCa" (MSS AB omit aeTOg . . ,

~

eow(av:5.!חן..!.ipse habebat potestatem super omnem regionem8ז:La.0ס

"TdTEקשד[4

~

(LGaEV ~AXIXaPOS.610[עןסךי

.me0זקAchicarus(ויסק[ו:'runc Ink- lltUS ", ] ( xiss DJPI'

eatTUUOU Kal4"1ס0זKal(609%00ען:pXIO~VOXbog (siss AB66ק76עהAXIXapos':5.])7..!erat amicus meus q'u!?:4חqul crat praepositus super annulis ?! procurator domus (MS:8.1.09הזךשן)6

8eratטין05קסזק5superטוטתםפ). amicus meus qu , erat))!8[ן:ג[5עיf' rar super

,)Affou

*wv'...41ץAaaup(* ( MSS AB omit'ד4[ש(םעק%קך(קןס0ן[9ש4גKal kr~oyLaThs(%.,')1,.א

regi1!88פט)?exactor1פ:La.64עה.ovbS eK beuytpagK6al KaTear

~

of " aOrbv Ea

~

ep

praestituit me rcx Acedonos~er iterum1שsuasit regi Assyriorum)על:םAssvriorum . . . . Erat cnim ( sts

the Elephantine text of Ahiqaf the nameח!.strange15'Sennacherib'חז0ן,יב-סרוז*ז0ויThe.I1tcm81זאטה

;1:36Isa.:36,20,16:19Kga255,51,50)'חיאlines((סח3)0[סנחאריב])שנחאריבeither85svritten5ן represent

approximationa of the Akkadian]]פThese.ב'חר)טlvritten as15!]321,17:37.ך

name of?1אwrite0!has replaced the brothers' . Apparently the scribe started5חן',~abhi-~ eribraJ-מי"Esarha

~

dun and merely cont ~ nued with the second part of Sennacherib 's name without deleting or

linea(*85מרושךןwriwen5)?וחפמthe Elephantine tcxt of Ahiqar Esarhaddon ' sח],changing the first part

that foundס!end,5וא11?1צ.אסרזדקOf9and85?מן!שusedחזזס!the0!close5]etc . ) , ,vhich,11.0].[7].5

Akkadian-6ם-צנ*4א Alhtr?0!(אare approximations]!פ0ר.ג

-

[חח2:4Ezra.38:37Isa;37:9!Kgs2.תין

"the stoתןequally stran

~

e counterpartמפfindsב'-חסרזשbrother ' . The strange form8'Asshur has given,Yard~ni.גPorten and.8See.0885רחאריבwritten$יEsarhaddon]0~here the name,0(.44[7"ז

:Literatwre, Acteuntt, Lisu (lerubalem:3.Textbook of ,~

ramaic

Docuinenta /~om An(ient Egypt , vol

1196!0*

str,י.י!ו][!1תזי lhe,שקפן~or_5-24(1993,Hebrew University , Dept . of the Hi~toty Of the Jewish Peoplc

Theטאשhabזיוייח,,י(י!!!Haurrנת4" form used herc , iaya

~

pdn

,

denote ~ thc pcrson.5ח0[[טת

~

transldtt511י

N"1927],ו51]--ן.[ת" ~ emr?

tr

L5eanderן1[6,!י(4-/1,9וםושם(4?"[148[[?,58,ז) , Grammatik de

.(*56.12)3'SL;34/יז(ואפמם!9(!ן,Origen (Ep . ad4זס1יסגש?.818085תן*as

voSl6hpXEס30[ג(ש(

b

"4kai_טסק~

eve (r7afig avy%4

~

ou Kal?6

*[.cr9.5:ת"6*66ש4(ג n(ו

~ra?וזז%(יי"יו41ח"ו

~

atUwS ) - La : Achicarus cumpatruel ~ s n )ruh...4ורהס!81ששKaT

~

ASov (MSS AB

pcrs~ייי

cillssrn

rc,ט"י,וי.י(;א. ~

crsus

sub~(י!%ן) Sarccdonassar rc

~

cm desernd!8.~cognatione regi%ט _)rediaaem:)(

Kal1י,ו)

Aaךהקט7" "Ai ~ta4וג,ב(ייוי.'~ou7י40יהא"

Kat dne~den,טסקdKevע6זetg:5.cr10.14 וטק

"קש66.ין(יו

"*iaT~ " dyiaקשק4.ףrng ioprjg0מזס

"עמןזזקשץ

*kk ~ou. Kal6Td~as domum.!חו'חז!יז,,ייי,יינ( meam

,

?) reddit ~ est mihi uxor mca Anna ?! llI( )tl~ AS f-~ llUS nicusחן:La.~wptimanis , ?! facrum cst mih8ftsto nostro , qu, est eanct

us

Kalי0דומסף7סוק4,י,יי dvineaa.ק0דסוק4ן6גסא'1ו0ק

~

AB : ty( vh5אע)"rakd65:קסזסיק.cf11.] 4.1b

*dplaי0קTpdnf (a . Kal napeTt &q40י

"AB : *

ayeiv Kat teeaadV

""b

*a noihd ) . Kal "apertan .

pran(aercm ; ?! posita cst m~ hi nlensa , ) ] u~at pulmrilldrla!טdiscubui!םprandium bonum

Kal))3661.'םח[ן0א)thr namc!]0יוגן8גה~

ouשזש4ןV[w4kelova . Kal fiwa

*T:5.cr2!.,1

*י4'גקי'rwXbvגא6 T*Vזמק

"SSק6( AB : .slffOV Kal dyale

)vb

1~.ral dyaye))66ן

":910(MS

La.!.06א[%(0יוןיהמי.,נ",י!יאננ4,ייויו(י : cornplura , ? ! aixi.(%4ג*קפקפק4ק%4יMSS AB: T~V( ,ratrtbus nustrls(%ןquemcunque pauperem inueneris(

adducןadda:!ן!י ( MS יטאיםן'ייויו

.

aeפן)

"=.tvoe!6(קת Kai.ז)

"eTa~ KOthigd7

*1ayaleפש aGTbv5:"1ב.cf3!,]

'CLיטי![!ו(יי1(. ~' C.]ייאmanducet parilcr nobiscum pran

~

lum!בteob

"eva ae ) . La: hunc adduc1%ם:AB

lmperatl ~ cי!!קם1'יםsh- rltC thr0!attempt860?ח!strangc . ! ! seems$אתהיקזהןdonec uenias . The forrn,1ון) ]ון

ן]ט,,ויוו"

0hlmו(סוח0 bc madc1ן!.'זטן,'be broughtדחן

"!?1',come' , which would be Htfayti',אקיofזן(זתו0ב4(.גhtitcr,ין[ח]היייי,נ

~

lep has1ח;ו8ן)object , and the85pronominal stiffix8have0!seems

.'bring him',*ה'יתsuffixtפhave been the Mpil imperative with

3:2Tob3.~

rg

[]8תהקן:

Mus.עמצ.666

*175.43,211.42,648.41PAM

ReADlh'GS0א

'

NOTES

certalnis' belongs here1חו".ז!one0חthree letters(וחסThis small fragment contains

.occurטס!נ,%'the Tobit stor)~ ss~here 'strangleמןthe only place4because this

TRANSLATION

[]Jhas been strangled].!

ח85אח0ם'8

.)occ*sus circumdatus laqueo:1וLa: occtsus laqueo circumdato ( s~ s.61ןפזעשו*AB,5.cf!.14:שס

.iugulatam:ס

THE IUDAEAN DESERT XIXאוDISCOYERIES12

חסז11-10:2

4

.Frg

[דןויבעהנאלעילם]י

Alus.ית1'.808

*179.43,212.42,648.41PASI

RE.ADIYGS1)N ()TEi

mereתועקים trace of the lamed14.*י0תס"![!וthe middle0חletters are presen'ed"-יוץ5ןי-!5[6!".

מז%%[.זג[(,י [tim[e[)שאז])ג]וה18ן.י]1.[(0

L' ( ' SI ~ lEYTi

x,תיLa.(11:(ת*

V

~

kKEtVW ( s~ ss AB om ~ t the phraseק4שזKal.ע'ם015קטגש

"[.(וט.5:(ן? .temporeח110ן!.)

Elimaida.וו,],)Limai

~

am

5:3Tohכ.Fre

ןן5ימעבד(לן!

5טוג.יח1-.851

*176.43.5!2.42PAII

%חי-[4יי%א[ג[,עי;י

SYhatקof6פ may look like the.טתו!the middle of one0חed.s1ix letters are preser

.the papyrusתןbreak88ס8(8ט!!ו])under the dnlet("ו!חsecond801ח)שחו10

'1.,יג,ו..,ץייון

ן

[

me"1.ן(ח]נ[וגיי[ו

('י,ג[וי[זי,

.melחןiaciw!ג!5יל:מ)exigasשה!La : quae de.ס0א,ke]1(',.5,,0:48ח[םסה...)

*ילדןן

15-9:37066.Frg

mutttn,,,,.גחרהוןאזלי!

"עלמיזןלכלברה1אוברלכינחזיאן

וכלקובכח"

"ן1אבוהביתלעלית

ן"וןבחייעודתגדאטמעולא

[לקןבןקץ,ן

ייקדיסאסלך[יבריך~

ושלמיןיכלקייא

~

ןעובדיךכלברלונך

ארעאןע1למןלאפטרוהניייר'נשלהועילי'אנפעוליךפרחוכען'-;

כישןבגרמיאנהדכיה[דיייידע....ואנההגברןשנוגהן

שביארעתבכל;אבןוסבממינגלחיולא.;אנהדא[יחיא"

לאביי [דיליהאיתיןלאב,קף.להאח.ןיעניה;דיאחרןלהגרילא,,,

גבריזןשבפנתגציאפודוכבראנקהלהה[אהודיילבר.שט:ןאנבי[,ל[

8%ט4.נ"ע.851

'176.43,212.42,647.41PAM

RIADI ~ GS5שז0אאס

"thirtcen.יייווישתיו)-4תיר lincs0וtraces of eleven out85אof fragments8קטסזThis

.1051completely

~ין0יוי(,(,,;ה,נ he upper601[י0."טי)~-u- au4trace of the

ot

p of85ןthereבתרדיןclear8After1.ן

8top"תא. ofטן!and

uppcr~ל[[,;:; par)ייהו'trace!145Thr.0(8ואוbegins u~ ith the

rt

ace of the upper part"תווThe2..ו(תביח.

.aalet8amek an

a

)8there are traces Ofטחוthe beginning of the)1(5..וtheן[טת. tniddle of thisתוthree letters

ra

e preserl~ed'(6()1ח.]three:סכך.15Thertות4.0וינקofחו( letters]0there are

rt

aces11טתthe beginning of the1..ך)(י

and!וא%)'חי01כלסין. ofלכל~lamed of]טןז(ות(8ן

rI

ace of85ןThere.זטא8קדיש~

tep

:ec01aft ~ r ] ""last letterI14n ~. erted half- arroחש

iu

thטחוabove theןז!(חט%been6858אמר.]prestrlא1(יין( ed ~ but'יס"י,וח81[יareעמןthe end . the letters!ג.be inserted0)ו(5ןindicating where

.clear

possible8;al

most

tilegibleייסח.are ~ 'ery faint eraces of four lettersטפןיend of the1..419נ%1ס

reading(5סברןטמרו.

DISCOVERIES ! % TH

~JUDAEAN DESERT xlx4!

.are faint , but they are clearly prewrvedדאthe letters me"ש!the)0the end0זג!.]the traces of*84bet. Before the first lacuna one can8clearly the bottom ofלThe first letter11.]

~re cle~r, after whieh come traces of the bottomsדאחAfter the lacuna the letters.ירוצthe lower parts of.ס!וקךיבל

the very end are8י;bet8possiblyפalgp

!

and'8מtraces are found of*ח1וToward the end of the12.]betתפחו7ל, and possibly of8the remalns of

TRA~SLATIOY

!daughter] of yours)0]50פהafter them !~

lay we ne[verl see[0;)].1

upstairs room of [her father's] houseקט10מפand she wept and wenlt;2[ון

3.[ו4.[ן

rny[יין li

~

etime, andחוrelproachפlonger [hear such[0ה!and may[.5

.Jtow[alrd]]ן

" ]

~

your aeedsl bless [you!!פ]and hoJnourable name for[ever !] May[צוסאBlest be] your[.7

mc depaa from6!8ני

.

and [have lifited up [my] eyes0טסצ[)]lJAnd now ! have turned] my face[.8

up[on the earth . I

defilementפמפוח.] [with![!פmyself am clean fr[om1Lord , kinow th[atlל),,I *yo].9

1.captivityזטסthe Iwd of!!שפ]be]smirched [my] na[me or the name oe my [father01חhave[1.0,ז] ,am [my father ' s on ] ly child

[himטא]havelפkinsmanז0 ; n [orl does[10heirחפbe]1ן*other child who[10חiandl he has.11

.relatite

]wife . Already seve[n husbandsבor who [m ! shalll be[50י80ת,for Ivhom ! should keep my] self[.2ן .me0חperished[)'

8א[י

גו,[ו

C") l ) lF ~TK

aavaש( . La: Yadeש[?ע6דeva?

~

pa)8יק~ou4660ז[עשק!ע

"airrav. ral'68:5ך[((ק(ז.L' f1..1

.perpetuumח!4!חמוuideamus filium neque1שnumquam ex)1115ן,טcumט)

aTpbi aOrfK (siss AB: TuDva Koeaaaa"700

~

aeiaov6זels2ע2%6סKal~

KAal/aev ral:5.c: f2..!

locumוט8.פמה*4 superiorem (htSS MR add: domus) patrisח)lacrimans ascendit!ט:La.(עג4?ףט24ק466ס4QTObbון2. ar4תיas,חא]אבcolltd also beיב4ן[ו:ט6(;יQ'robh45בחיrest( ) red

MSS:ש AB have nothing similar) . La(עסקae(4דkv06%4שסl0gavo8~ve6Kal "nKetb:5])5.].uita mea , neque ego neque pater meusה;iam nullum Irnproperlum audiam

exporrect~a manibus:ק(82.[פ%Thv69קזXeipas49ז~averdaaaa6:5.ce.5וי!QTobt4Sce".] ,aa Ii~ nestram

EOAAwedywadv41%elg NOS alevast("ח4[קsiss AB ; Kal(ט0סavo

~

d7607פ,ק6זף)Kal(5,,)7.,]

.omnia saeculaחןbenedictum est nomen tuum sanctum *! honorabile1ט:~

pya

dOU . La6זae "dvTa

1QEngין25. ar4restored

,

followingעלמין5ן.tua0פוטקomnia1וט:CihtRW"י[ייג"]!Bcncdicant

AB: TO

~

gם(88א

*vמ[ל0זש0לסא6עסק4ע%4שג voup6daan"ץ4[4ס6זv~v]2":5.]]"..!

(kbataשק6ץYng6י%?,ba:זשישמטח . elnov d~okuhPak8~~

ou elg ff6ז"י6זשס6קb*eaftwOO

i

~

ou Kal

oculos meos dirigo. lube iam me dimitti desuper!ט)conuerto:4חfaciem meam leuo ( s's1טad.חסל]טחי! .tcrra

.ylWdGKE~S:ש64ש),וזKaeapd6לש( Skernw~ (MSS AB0:5ס.my bones ' . cfחןam clean!'..9[1ן.]La: Tu scis , Domine, quia mundn sum ab omni.?46ק6ע)

~

VaPr(ag:48;dKaeapala~ ( slSS66ץ9%6ףס .immunditia uiri

00זואז8ש?ע0קkvןדפ7ל4ד

*bw60664זbvwa ral6זtVdkw~d

~

ou1%06AB: Kat,5.cr10.]quoinquinaui) nomen:8אא)warpl

~

ou . La : neque dehonestaui4זEVhg etvlv1o~o.טסקalXVaka)a~

ag

.terra captiuitatis meae . Ynica sum patri meoחן~ lss h ~ W; meum nfc nomen) patris mei(

96ומו,*

QdTOVשדל0 , o

~

bi &kk*Tמa,0ק1"הקסקסקחג(, (rrg

~

T( pOV TtKVOVק4ןל%(וral o

~x:5.cf11.]

4lי1(ו(ה,141([וז p ,, ss ) dcatq1L[וןי*ת)habet allum (

li

lu

m

Ucl1סח0ח:La.])%ק4חל

~

vwyevhg avr)007?46יי.qulsquam ucl prox ~ mus aut prop ~ nquus1111neque frater esr:8טו11ן

תיdniko~vbסק[4.1rTai7ןטLUStllJldtות(,11~

.

a(rr

~

ywaiKa4שלקמזקטסקהטםקcf. S :

lva

12.],uxorem . lam perlerunt mihi uiri scptem

17:3Tob7.78ז!

לאייאן

"ןרריא

ןשומיאק(נהר]

[4מן

Mus.!עח.808

*179.43,215.42PAM

READINGS0אNOTES

c1erta'(3שן![1י] ~ niv identified . Thc Ittttrs ar ~ falrl)5ן0חpapyrus fragmentוחו)This

.columnבthe middle ofחז0זthe remains of three lines ,vhich are fr

TRANSLATION

[culre [the] whi

~

te scales0!].1

[the ligh]t of

hea

[ven].2

3.[ן

Co~nENTS

maculls[יי,א)maculas_,1.יי, oculorumבLa : curare.6זג(ט"םזם4ם~okDaat6:5.cf1.].)albugines

lun) cn,יוי1ג)OOpavo

~

)

. La : aspt'ctum luminisמ41?ססזTb:319ם?ססז%ס0(15ג*[.cf2.6:8ז

.)lumen caeli:ןלcaelorum; MS

2:4Tob8.Frg

ןלטוביהאקרא%לולמאת[מו]י

[דןhbb~עי]:

Mus.!עמ.852

177.43PAM

THE JUDAEAN DESERT xlx1אDISCOVIRIES16

READIN~S05NurEs

I

.linesסש)the middle ofתזסז)This small papyrus fragment conles

letterפ!שס. , possibly0!בbegins with part1[טתThe1.,1

theתסthe papyrus thenמסfaint but clearer5ןlamedפshaft of!זקקטThe trace of the2.].of sawdk and pe are very faintp5hotograph. The trace

5)(TRA ~ SLATI

[Tobiah811ס])1]110dealth , and why [should].1

albout[ן [this] money].2

C ( j ) l ~lENTF

postulaui mortetn . Cur0שטTaftwav

.

La: Ecceנגס"o

~

xl]ז."eawloעךק4סהזיkyi7606:5.cf1__ו .uoco

Thobianת0ת

.~

pyupiou TOVrOV . La : de hac pecunlaססזepl":5.cf2..1

Frg.059יך5:4

[]610ך'יג]י

להצביואל-"-לדכרהוי21

"[1מאמרהולמשמההשא

[ןשקףו1נ

slus.!זח,852

*177.43,215.421~PA

Nf[1"יי0גאא(;5

'

T~S

8ofשם11. three8זזפקThe joined papyrus fragments contain the middle

.slx letters can be seen , though only the first can be read with certainty,0The remains1..ן

.readס)Faint rraces rereal the first

~

our letters . t $vo of

which

ate very difficul

t

[..נ

ד'גא)א[.זג[()י our[ן

day

andl].1תו('

1transgres~ [his commandשor30ת!(0]תןminafui of the Lord , and seek82.[ט

[]lvickednessןן.(

[[יו[)[[זי,

.omnibus diebus aitae tUSC!8:ba.עססr&

~ ~vepag?

[.[[!.Kal.5סס6ן

:AB.319h

~

apyttv (MSS?4ק%%ה?םralשא6קהעקiuplou0:5סז~cf.4-32'tiee *QTob2.]uelle peccarc uelזו01ת"mentc h~beתןLa: Deum.i00vrohdg aOT?וסקךהמקםן6זKQt(ע))ע6זקמק6

~transgreaתן!פ(*ז ' , spelled',שש'the peg, infinitive of the verb5;ן[[5טו.למטטהpraeterire praecepta.0מ

'85Aramaic

uiamמןireש?0מ!ו:d&Klas . La?4זTa~

g

~

dg?אאמפעשק0ן:AB,5.cf.52'QTob4Seeן_נ

.)uia iniquitatisתןneque ambul~ueris!ג[5א)iniquitatis

170196*

7:4Tob10.rrg

[שדיקש"מ-פהדכשד1י

Mus.יח852,1

'177.43,212,42,647.41PAM%READIN(i0אNOTES

I

Ictterח"!ע)the!טחא.(נonc,0the middle!0part8This papyrus fragment contains

8theנ10 left stroke Of,0

rt

ace, probably the bottom edge8only18there

TRANSLATION

(gi [ ~ ' e alms,50חyour hand , my[ו,ח)what0)according].1

COMMEWIS

hand'(טש45(ךנ'06'2"ו(ל. , =,, son , bc making almsזטסץof8חט.א!the0)according'"1[א.]~'ra' aolT6ae imapXש*:AB rtad4%אbut,9!-6:4fac eleemosynam .

oS

mits.אא,substsntia tuaפ:צח]

"DIE~*חםסמשדאע.

1:5-21:4Tob11.Frg

[ך?א4י."'ן1

[עבין%לי,(פקד-דינל'ן:

Mus.ימ851.1

'176.43,213.42,648.41PAMR6SEADIN0א

'

NoliS

heשתח fi

rst

0This!סשז!מחן.1' papyrus fragment contains the renlains of the middle

mayאלהך. have haa four dots for the tetragrammaton preceding

TMNSLATION

the]ן Lotdt your Glod].ו[]shll do1thatl you [have ordead] me2.[י:ווגי

ידא8אאסם

hs8].)stss AB: twamov aeroD(ס0ז"ססap(ou0ע)ץנח4dyaM6זOt

~

wg"1:5פש.cf1.] .$these word0זcorrespond0)nothing

,va6.ל.).[8:

~

vra"קש1167,שסףאד:MSS AB(ששף)א,0י"

(eererahaa6פס,dvya":8.cf2.

]

.omnia qutecumque praecepisti mihi , Pater , sic faciam

JUDAEAN DESERT xlxT6HאוDISCOVERIES18

9:5Tob12.Frg

[לי*קרי

[מהקמן2

~ottom ~arg'n

.עח851.1~

lus

*176.43,213.42PA~I1סגן%ט,

"Nיו% ( IT ~S

8This papyrus fragment contalns the beginning of two lines from the bottom ofclear space bet~veen the right side of the letters and what would85ןcolumn . There

,have been the preceding column

תפל"קafterקר.

rt

ace of%.(]0י%ת]. . ] There

Jwdמה.

:

after01פtraceפonly5ןTherc2..].ו."אג"[.זג[(י%

[] . C: all ifOC me

[trustu'or [ thv.2

ין,י[י[[:דז.%.vepewov . La : Roga mihi hominem&0ק(ע6זKdhf~dv:5.] . ] cf

.511fidelis881ת:io-rlv . La1ש6זסוח)Kal!5.))2.ן

8-6.6Toh31.Frg

top margin

ביטשן1שאי6ליחה"שולאדרחאדידאכי

"אע

תריהוזןלד'

לםעולימאbh[mבאדין'ן2

"[ליאמנרחי*1עזריהןtacat[אכא

"וכביהמגאבגבבסםמהןנן[סןלוהי

[יסחרוןלואן[0וי['1'*י1

"[ו 1נ

hlus.יתו.852

*179.43,*177.43,213.42,647.41PA ~ I

*0196יו

READIS~ S0אN6OTE

11]51the margin!0partוש(א)column8of0ק)'

~

hese papyrus fragments come from the

~

secon8belongs13פ

.

evidence) and contain parts of the middle of five lincs . ~ro [rgחן

als(l)1:38!.טתי021!!איof which continues"11ק10חthe,(136.small fragment ( frgorms part[.743.]לfrom PA

~

I,131ש

"third fragment (fr4-3.גoffers letters from lines

.5-3of lines

cicdr"4lacuna thrrc)1,יltcr1.יוה"~folloi

c

5;thatב,,מthe trace of5;thereורחא*לAfter!.]tollow~יחתulrp'4.ג

c

yod,יו,י which was apparcntl ?' markc~ fo

r

dcictl ( ) nפfollowcd by,יתtraccs of

~ruתאו(יקבק]spacc beforc the brcak8another ~lept and then,5980סslight aftrr,,,ן)י4ן4מ(נן

~ruיקקט,1(1(1,1י(1]ייקגק~Tht inscribr.ע1רימshort t ~araf bcforc15בThere2..] יין4~ISh

Isic

rיי ~ ght s ) lattקקט(וsalllkl) the]חבי,"ק.ין'a1lmost ccrtainl5ןthe first letter36!-frgלמל.(תל ,lumeJ4,(יט)(יןelc thr r , ght sldt uf the

theת1this0[זחstcms(יי papyrus . Thc last sirokeחןslight tear La05זbe fuller than cither0)Here the Aramaic text seems.90ז0בק,memפ

י"0along,תין(י4טתג),arr[נתטל,,ח, %

,

th the rcnla ~ ns."אמfinalת0[[ח?3,בThe last letter5-3.1-!~431.י17,. rus fragmcnt from PAhs5mall threc- lined pap8,3ם!

TRANSLATION

hrnlJ11,)['1.1](1..(ו.J4ourncוא)er hc sal

~

( rd ] the [ rcist for'm1oreo;1(ן)the fish and atle].וjo [urneyed alongl

Thenl[ת.brother,1ן1[1ת](], the Youth [alsked Ithe] an [gril t ' a(af [ Arar ~ ahl72.ן

the[(15[י(ו.[1lahoutןן] heart of the (ish and[ח]15what medicine].3

[]encount~r[)]ע[[[0ח(and] they%].4

5.[ן

COMMENTS

8the[4י1(ו.(ו.",י0 rcst saltca ' : se ~ ~QT'ubb?186תhe,טס[שח[moreover , for the',.);.!1..! ,~Ka ~ ( nopfeenaa.0גח!4קס"קairroD4ש~*ayov ) rai d*jKEV(8ן/~ xefKS Kal e*ayfv ( AISSססז~aev-דדפ ula,יי.א, , cetera aulcm salleruntת]tulcrunt)סpartem piscis assau

~ runt)ס:~p*Tepol KOIVWS

.

La

',י~ייי'

uk

epcrunt ltcr agtre]י;)ccte

ra

salierunt)ז,partem uero ex eodem pisce assatam sustulerunt

rama )1c.Th

c

ulam(.5:*,א. reliquitן[5ט[חmanducauerunt . Reliquum autem)סpiscem uero assauit

l,

h

, ch.לAB and

וג",0the plural10conirastת],singular8'eat0).making the verb5חוagrees with

implies,היי.יי, that the angel also ate some of the fish . La ordinarily sa?

s

nothing about thelr cat ) ng the.extraordinaryג!5על5ןthe testimony of

1]~el ~ev aUT~ 'ACapia fikk. . Laוםיane~ov76שז6זקשסףזנקף6זקסיק64ויןקKal:5.cf2.]~erased ] Tunc) interrogauit puer angelum dicens .~rarias frater[)?:15גןי;tunc:נ)(h~S

lxeKS~י4' Kaס0זfi~are4ז,Ka9]2ע4מ6%7ק

~

WGKOV5:ז(6ז.cf.1214זפQTobb4See3.,! ן,[תו

~

XOihOS) La : quoa remedlumס0זXO~hת~a Kala6p"4ral6ז29ץףkarLv)ז:Xokt ( sfss ABמז (

quod?5(חן1510corde?וחוfelר(חleccorc1;)י1יי remedium:1!ms(

corde1?hocיםiecoreק;50;5, felle

.(1)5;seruare iussi"150קhis quae deח;est medilicamentum906ט

qu, Incursum daemonis aut

psrItl

um:8-].ססקףעסץwee

~

aroiףaal

~

ov(ou2

"[.cf4.4:5ץ4*ףזש

.immundum habet

THE JUOAEAN DBSERT XIKאוDISCOVERIES20

18-13:6Tob]14.Frg

[מןמקובוקדי

"ח)יי4דיןשדאמןאנהידחל'לה

להןקפלי*

ואמיאביי[חי

יקברדי[אחרןברלדוןאיתילא)

לפקחדכרהלא6י1אמן

~

פקדךדיסבוךדי

גלאחילישמען[וכע)

ג,בליןל1די סלי)

"לבבמן

pשדאויריה8י1נונא~ulii[

עמהןלןמהוהתצביןוכדי1

.עח852.1~

lus

*177.43,215.42,213.42,647.41PAhl

lx ( ;R1se: AIי,,N ~

'

TESi

least,8columns withת"סOf eight papyrus [ragments contains traces of0קט]

"This

the leftמומם01ם.חסone?0of the lines65ח?the right are the5טח11ת0חאהז.()חeleven

determineס!difficult15!1.are the heginnings of the lines of the following column

have been(3-2)118שמleast twoז1ע.or sixteen linesזואז!חטשwhether the columns had

.lower margin8orת8זסקקט

rt

ace of either5ן0מThere.!105שןקתו(ט[ע())

whichמרשם. rules out the readingיפמslight SpacL' between the od and the8גן

~

here']..]final mewt uust ~bove theפtrace of the lower left co

rner

of3,845טא0['ךl'hvrc are trac ~' s of the'4..]

.cle*r he6חפפof

a

lamed

I

the![ק lower8שזslight space8then after,(5יי[י[ח,[יח,].)]"מ,probably!ש6 jart of15dot11.~ re problematicשחדthe beginning of this81יטמאו0,שה!Yhc'5.,!

11downshaft,חספ5of1]6טזצקפק, . To the right of5!י360ןיזיק01ןanotherא,,,,4חש"

head1,)1llppcrוזן

coald!1.longer certain05ת!original direction5אhorizontal stroke , but8looks likcח(ייי~hat5,( here

הת.ין)((חpart(),8?ו".

two holes afterשאפאהunderside , haאןfiaking of0!טא!the papyrus , ducח,break81)גי."[(י".].(

*the space a(terחן)aboveטחו]the0)ח]L' ~ tL' fids)אבי:(,ח

"(5חן8יחour()0traces0מסייףbelonging!0קאו[שחו:8ודי,butשאי'alep(5סח[ח6חפ.4].Frgא..]

end. juet6מפthe p.pyrutח]crack8with65ש

finatתן0ם" kapטדיdo~vnshaft of)טח(א;]of the6ח)the!ג.with the crackסם;מ4ןסתalaoטחן9,אש;אשof81!שת?טחlar~ed8the ri ~ht of the htad Of10

2140196

5Thcן8clearly(;81חמאמ,(נןעי0וו0ן),citar3שםהחpartil84וק(,(יי(ה first letter prcsers~ cd9.-! ,יהןpdp)(111י,Ill

~

lCS)1(י15ח1וויotherw

~

sr5]alep, which'0(חאslight

rt

ace85]thereאייbyin . After

,iוי](יי,יי

r

,d.ק[(((ה(היו)4ינייה,וט1יא,cicar5)רן.fivc lettcrs are vi ~ ible,0traces?11חthis0(חל!..!.lamed8Of ,

rf,ן,,the,ו4ייי""",,

י'0יthrיו,יי(

ht

e pap

~

' rusתןte~ r85ןthere(לבב)Preceding the last ~- ord!!.-].bet8)0l , ke the b~ttom5"10043.!177ןPAMמן.!ח ..

hr~י4 rCdט,3נויייי.4,(יייק~יוין4ייייthe first Icttcrs,0the papyrus fibres , part0תTwo dots12.]

TRAh' SLATION

[and] when we re [ turn from].1

.,)

1ויי""e'1]lu15ת1ןthis demon] ~hich)0am afraid!ייי]

,

demon kills them8[]

father and mother'((0,ח] the liJfe

burv111'%have another childl ~- ho!0ח] They do

,,נן(ן(ני"ט

ho

14,re~ember the comin]ands of

Oi

Uf fathL' r!0ח~ ou)0,]'16.them[

0mcח( , my brother; do0)] No]w listen

this (very ) inilght[0ח]

t] ake some of the heart of7י]

111%and(11)smelll11]%][the[ה(י] fish . and] the demon

[be with her[10~ishlט0ץand when]

COMMEhvTS

~

agcs Ncubaurrג)cum rcg

rcssl

fuc [ ~ mus!ס:Tdy,"v

.

La4שkwtaTpe*a)VEV61:5םשע2ז.cf1.,!

ש'ראגסןס7בגלד.

TO~ SG , pov( ou4םק06לס[0474ד

*hasע6ק

:

KQl9!35!גom ~ts the clause vreserved here , but84.,1lllam1ישייינa(nrhv . cf. La : timeo hoc daemonium , quonlam1שג)*

671TO*OU

La((י1105quod5יOCCldl~.ר,ין, : aacmoniun,0aov dno~rrkw/ft airro

~

g

;

andS6atV:5of14י.cf5..!Follouייחיחיו(4.

ing

Sh

hat

1theגס01,וח411. Aramaic1חpreserved15clause , however , precedes what

.occiditתוט5קןadplicitus fuerit1111has : eum qui8,!)05!verse

,5.,L~ f.:אגיalso bcfore11and probabil hadאמ'lamed beforr8u'hich has,0!114]8QTobb4see6..!mat

rls

1)S

~

ou . La : deducam patris mcl ultama6TpdS

~

ou ral Tjg i

~

TP"עף7(עףשס0זral raT

~

ea .meae cum dolore ad inferos

:rva o~*a

airroi/~ La.ק4ח%6(יעי76עםKal abs

~

Tep(K o

~x:5.cf.!1]ז48ןQTobb4see7.,!

.1105;neque habent al ~um filium qui sepeliat

vaTpb

~

couססז)kdyivעפן:AB55!ג)~evTohd49זV(iwlvat06:5.,cf.12זפ4וןQTobb4set8.,1.161!qui ) praecepit:לגquoniam ( s~ sיט!La: Memor esto mmdatorum patrii

BA

~Salvov(ג!,י ou TOUTOUססז~ xeיקע670גKal.טסק,גש46*שdKolladvע0עKal:5.cr9.,! .)timere!!ג!55גא)computare]01ח,nunc audi me , fraterא:transpose the last clauses) . La

La : scio enim quonlarn.אoehaeTa( ooi6verra TaeTnv1ז6עהזylb~G"Ki

~

ya:5.cf0!.,1.hac nocte uxorו6ן!dabitur

5corטו111 p ,scisו?lecor011ם!:av . La(t6xeeos Kal Thv rap700fI~aTogשססז*.kd:5.cf11.] .)corde piscis illius!סtolle de iecore:)1MS(

*60ש(ו2ז.La:ם!odorabiturנטdaemonium111זסavdwov ral66ז~rat ba

*pavehaera:8.cf2!.]

.ft~giet

:Neubauer.111פl~vfaeal VeT ~ airr

~

i . La : ?) cum coeperls uelle esse cumק*9מגגrav6:5.cr3!.] ממנגמד.לוההלמיעל'

THE IUDAEAN DESERT xlxצוDISCOVERIES22

6:7"1:6Tob]14י.Frg

ןהחמהש%

'nhtuאתי]

[ואמרלקדמיןשלמהושאלוייפהתרעועדםיתנלישעאשש

ללויאטביהןלעדנאנואמרלביתהצנוןופלאחיבנקלעועהובאיתוןלשלם

עדנאאמןולאקת'[דדיברלכובידןעלימאחמהכמה

4בניעהן,4ל44[נשתליבנימןלהואמתו

לה1נא"אנידעיןדילהוחמרין

רעואלועור'יא"אבי[דיטוביה1נואמר

לוג.זחו.852

*179,43,*177.43,213.42,648.41,647.41P,A~

I

.1087column are(ן)מ11?08!5ו6וThe first three.14ן.frg!0READIS

~

Sצ()785אסSee,6,146.preceding column . FrgsשאזOf8?0זי(ז8א18חווhere corresponds11טתThe fi

fth

small fragmentם4.14נ.the main fragment , rrgחן0ז!are separated bv lacunaeט,8,חand has,0ם!וזבתםof this7שלםמןסחףbelongs above(5אן.2ת0[[טת!)0זן[ח1גגק179.43

belonging$1זשזזשpreserves the bottom of some14!ת0וק.111.זו.been identified as frg.vell1as6תןטחן

traccשהוandקיוצןclear6זטfaintפfollowed by.61טופ5וץ[טA~ariah ' s nameב(5ט0[רנהחן])Faint5._וofג4((.

reetored as1[מ*פוThe.יח;]can be seen near the beginning of this0(כחוbut clear

rt

aces16ה81ץ.]

[ח4(ךנ'ון0יג4ויו).

the bottoms of,מס(5115ז6שחך.$of these tsvo line5וזפקcontatns179.43irom PA

~

l)1,-7אזק.4ן.]0can!מ,שו. be scen the topsסמו]the second3ומם5טזקטזדרת.(חand probably.י-[5[6[סletters a ~eיטו"

]

8]dotמ83זן.148,פ).daletפfollowed byזמן;פ]the!0the beginning!חיב1זטכמהפ)Theא._] ,

of the latwd6מא,5פ[85אed be

fore

the.p1reser

there148.rrg0מ.reiפfound, probably of4slight vertical stroke8the first three lettcrs9ג,זסז.]0(שבי.ד.

"are(א((1(ז108

yodמפמן[1[1פthe trace or6ץpreceded,וביעיןfaint but clear letters)א]thete are4ח]

.

frgחor0]..].het8]0that(6and follo~-ed

of18פזפאwell0!ישא6מפששש,פfollowed by fainter

nl

aes.אב'forירשclear lraces)6טFaint]1.] (%(!טא6חט).

%ן;" of son

~a*שפז*the,(647.1*314חclearמ10, dot (visibleח?שישאף9ןפ]]beginning of this13(1!(שא.]

.letter

*96וטזנ

TMNSLATI ( ) S

Cן vvith her'l1oחן]he fell very much.4

myI]ן bruther[,%7115אשוז8פ

ן;1ו]י,ויוי.היוג

~

ftctt"ו;י"יl1darיה,ן)אחווhaI,0gatcיי)שbe ( fure51!!אחוand they fo [ulnd Ragutl.6

he saidl

וון11,(111יויון,

"-pL?)1)ין,וו;(ין.וי)ןי1hc)1ייו; *

LL

'

rI

il;חו]~ % cntt. rי%!UU cumr-1יארן'וpcacr1ח',them0,7יEdnaיו.ייי,) , hia0וsa ~ d"4!7.his house

51the,061.1'rc,חי;1ח).'חה(ן('.;'%,י1ן:4ריה;,ייי,(ה1וו(1)ין [ sembics[0אוט'(~ How [this.8

,יי4,י,יק,י(ן,יי)).11)(ייי,.;~

thc Saph ~ al ) tcsl .

hu

]0artיי'ט.,hrr0!]and [ theyl said.9

[.kno~ [ hlm(יי.[ש)יה',hrrl0!and [they] sa [ id.10

a]חט)[היקיוט]

~

urll"[י"1'חזא'!my fathrr11(5ן'.]

~

'obiah said11.[4ח8י

[].12

נו.[ן

C()MMENTS

[.QTobh4see4י148[!!_([Uav:5סףד4יה(קעףז6ם.י1ג,י!וייtheייויין,!1]([4ייחיי!יןו(,יט14(..cam animum suumחןhas : dircxit)נbut MS

_A(ap(a dkk

*.. La : A~arlas tratcr':5.,').2]יפ14ןQTObb4See5,,!

Kalיךר.oopa~,זמזם(זחג;.4(1 ebpov airrbv Kaehvf ~tN' napd!5.1')_ז48ו11נQTobh4See6.] atrlo , circa

ost ~ um domus su ;* cחןinuenerunt illum sedentem

elffevיוגו,ן(ו(י,1(17,(ן'(ורוחקן. aUTOI ~ XaipeTe "okkd5!וסא.cf.4-8[1114נQTobb4see7.,1 )sanון

~fral

rt

~ , Intral ~" hdl

u

Raguelן4ה(יו3,. , Brnt!;וטט;צ:irfla(w~rrec - La)7ם8גףKal Kakbg,]4844גש

'~5folloון(י0וי(ה3,תן%החrhc4[.נ.('1.%,זל1לוי0ק6- ing ~hich Edna.5-41114]8QTo~4bSee8.] 4]

aUTO.[ן6'םייייי.ג ~'S.וםסמזנקי(י".pov4י46(44גAB : T~a( rl%פז%ז(5וגveavletot O

~

TOS6;[Anna105ויו.)י)

~

ault1(nttrr10.[ו)חו' Payouhk) . La : Quam similis est hic iuuenis Thobi consobrino

ל(ן,ו(י,ין[י11)יי

11

duא41'מRaguhrl . ?ivr~ ac :

iu

f5;ווןD,xit:ס

.

)int~rrogabit cos105חrespiciens Ethna ad ,h([8ת4י410חתג.[חthrטייו131,חיין)ר,יי ~ s

Iu

fe0יInqulrer , R.gurlשא)the difference or the namc of

.the Tobit story

(ן?פז;,

"ף

~Er TGv ul ~av Se

*eakei'מז6םrai el ~av:5.Cf.6!!8[4יQTobb4see9.,וcaptluls X )nturצט,dixerunt Ex filil$ Ncpthal~ m nos sumus;ש(11ן:La.עא[הטשע*alXvaAbr~oNvrwv

a

~

Tbk' . La ) ! dixerunt?ק0אסנען(יקי(י]Kai el ~av aOra:8.cf.718!.ווsee~

QTobb10.].Nouimus

Katשז*(ם?06tpa1T"10קווזסן'.KQlי4'(סף6יד(י' elwev:5.cf.8-71;148זQTObb4seeיו.]

.

Raguhtl1~XSllll!ש.ayouhk,

,

La : tunc Thobias aait Pater meus est de quo quacr ~ s'9

13.7Tob15.Frg

[hmiןי

Mus.ימצ.822

*178.43,215.42PAM

RDIDINCS00728אא

.h' ~ thout ans' marglns,111תone0חThis small papyrus fragment has only four letters

1be[שת.י2'חש part of the second0)the papyrus represent what rnay seemמנCracks

TH

E

JUDAEAN DESERT xlxאוDISCOVERIES24

identified with certainty because15זו,though the fragment contains only hur letters

8Of Tobit that mentlons the ' sealing ' of6001theתןthe only place1513:7Tob

.document

TRA~ SLATr (IX

[].(11)and he sealed[].1

C () )l ) lEXTS

SS AB have : eypa

*ev awypa

*~v, Kal1~omits the clause , but5.signauit)טscripsit11ט]:cf . ba1.]

.ka

*payiaavTo

1:12Tob16.Frg

ןאנרהןלהונתןך[עםדךהדי]י

Mus.]עח.851

*176.43,213.42,647.41PA~l

but there,זןdamaged above15visible . The papyrus0ת00חו51ןthis fragment onlyתל)

.margin]"תבקקטe bcen'm1ay ha

TRANSI.זג,ן,י []shall give him his wages

vho)'טand,0סעי u. as ,vithl,[.1

(וגיי)[[5זי airrietg)]78410קו1(פעKal(ן0סA6mB ; "WE

~

eססס(155ג

~

wopeueevrt .eT)1(,.5:שזשק0ק%4שז..]GM,זט111adiiciamusן : ierat ) reddamus honorem suumוטן!(155גqul tecum11]1~ aebv

.

La : Homini

"ק

ז" ad:ה'אנרה'לונהן. mercedem . Neubauer

6:13-18:12Tob117.Frg

top marg$ n

עמכוןהייתכדי"

אשתיתא[ל"ן

אנהא20]

"סלק

ויוהווה[ללמחזה21ן

.ן'-'מלאךלהוןאתחזי1מברכין

40!96נ,

ותמן'ון[בה'.1

והואמראכדןהואן

יכון*חטןכלעל

בכלעיוהי'ן

"borlum "ldrgt

Mus.עהו.822

2.42,648.41PAM!נ,215.42,נ4.!א7*

ת)חט!י.

"0gr,טתית([3 ~' llpחי!5יןed'l1olver margin are preserבupper andחפBoth

e(י,טתית[יטתי,!טי1קי1ט([ parts'p1reser(פ17-ם.papyrus (

frgs

]0Three narraw pieces

lines]0be(נ[cillumn3((י,ו.ויר.[]ט the ends10five and the loss'er four . They seem

'uטתית(0[נחייק5טי. hiL' h these]0somt0),lines6!e had'c1olumn that folloss~ s must ha

.CorrtCTllקטcertalnty that they ha~'e been lined05ת]but there

.u - uuב

~

rhe nrs, Icttcr , probabl01left5ןthat!!85ןdot4!!._1

.

~tau8probably5]The last letter2..וqop8probably5]The last letter3.,1

the[ח([([[3"[ת4]41ות(תי (our ~ots that stand fl) r,0has the nrst three"ן[תThe end of the5.].)7!rg[0טחוןתTraces oflt begin the*!.] _

atl

( lnl4~ arlous stdgrs uf prrscr0[י10,ניי6כון.[ת),ditp80[תbegins w' ith the tracc"ת]!The5!..1

'TRANSLATIOh

!עי[(אט0ץ. . ] IsWh~n] ! [w ] as

drink)0[ח]aia![9י].2

Look , ! [ am ascending20]3

ee hlim . JZAnd thes' ss~

re

e$0)24[ו

].Lor [aטא)them the an ] gel of0!

~

blessing there had appeared.5

(].2!-6

among tlhem . 'Add there3ן[[],נ

5y]ourן

~

Lord , ] and he5ן! *. ] he

,because of

all

] your

~

silns5.[י!

1himפ[ with6["0מ!

CoM~ Ehvrs

.brl ) . La : curn essem uobiscum0990.ש47ק(6'עשקטצטs~ s(68'ענק)קתקףקTe6476:5.cf1..1

oD..-[],ג[AB55:עךק6עבזעש [Ki

~*ayov:990e*ayov oiikv (stsש)שיז06

"~eeqaeiTe:5.cf2.]

eeea)p(iTe ) . La : uidebatis enim me qu ) a19)

"6akka bpaav,40664ע0יז

~*ayov06עוק6,םש(ש

uidebar(0.)uisui uestro uidebatis me qula bibebam:1גmanducabam , sed u ~ su uestro uidebatis (sts

potesrת0חpotu qul ab hominibus uideriאinuisibili60םbibere sed ego)םquidem uobiscum manducare )

~0thaח the angel asserts that he did5חןthe coincidence of the Aramaic text wirh5!utor . Noteworthy .vision8asתסח

explainאק(0ח!ת" the0)eat , whereas some of the versions try

THE

UJ

DAEAN DESERT xlx1גDISCOVERIES26

La : ecce ego ascendo ad eum qul me.69קץ6ז"%4ש0(ש[ש5ג(4שקva

~

alve6

~

ey605:(פ.cf3.]

.misit

vawo(6עו64ןaivdv(י!AB55:"1םTI)OItש(עס6ק6ילם).וםאעעסן6גפף.La:תסת

~

OOK

~

TI:5.,[)4.,]

.benedicebant21.potuerunt illum uidere

the text

.

There undoubtedly were hur , representing theחןThree dots are preserved5.]

158quoting[14ו1וץsome other Qumran texts ( lQSח]and1518]ב'QpapTob45בחן,tetragrammaton

QTanh4:[11:33and28:5quoting[4(176נ]2-1ו9,7,6;2-1ון3;11-8 Deut[19.1[4(175ל]QTest4:[3:40

.angelus Dei5)1חquia app~ruit.8].)AB : KUp

~

OU55]ג)

~

a(voig fine~

go

eeo9.5פ4פ"ך.cf.(0,8.6ן

05ralטחןון!4;או6ן. iKei . La : dispersit.9)0]5!ן6,ידס[ק("49קפק4לם.cf13.]La : ipse est Dominus Dcus noster (s~ s.עפקי~LV , Kai alrrbi

~

bs-40KUpLiיפקתalrrbS:5-cf14.]

omniaתןrex)םIpse est Deus5וגנ(:04טף)pater nosterט(ט5קן,)correctio manus primae] : uester[ק

.)secula

La: Flagellauit uos ob."פקפ~

Str(atg9ן0ז)8וע:י""9)ן4siss(ע4קפ

~

aaTIyLaft!5.cf15.ן.)nos . . . nostras:סIniqultates uestras ( hlozarabic Psalter and

La : Cum conuersi fueritis ad.6עפק

~

K8iapע4מג6תזairrbvקזסון4,זךו4(69קן"Ta6:5.,:)16.]

.toto lorde kleStro%ןillum

2[-6:13Tob]17[_Frg

"lop wargi

עליכוןיאפנהאדיןקושטאלמעבדנאשכוןתבכללבכון

"1יסתרולאפמכוןבכליהוהודושודמנכוןגפוהי

להמהודהשביא[בארעתיגהלהוהוממוקושטא[למרהובהכו

לבבכיןעלחמאיןעםקדםורבתתהלגגורחהאנהומתיה

ולאלהין'לכוןסייחיחהוההן4תע[מןקדמחיי[עבדושטא)ע

חייןיותיגלשמיאלך]למונאשיאנהמרומם]

וכןן7

"ןן];בתהל5ימללוןרבותהחו[ישב

"עכתקדשאקיית[9ירושלםן5[עלגטי

[הוהיבקוג2מא"ן9

יהבנן0ן

"[לטי

ן]יי

[ן2י

[י']ג1

מןןי,"די

[בפ4ןיטשנוןלדריןן

270196*

עליכיןדי1נשץ1דיןכירןרין%ויעלמפלד4ץץזהרחוו4םיי

ן4ר4ריןעחשכיממ4ןין11שנאיגיטל1ו4ךיריןי"bott ~m Rhar

~

ifi

Mus.עח822.1

*178.43.215.42,214.42,648.41PAM

READINGS0פיסאאjoincd!0madc of slx groups5יThis column.17ן.READINGS Of frg0אSee NOTes

margin . The first word,10זשupper andחפwith the remalns or,(!-17נ.fragments (frgs

Thcחט01ם)5ת15 spacc betsa'ecn the.161.!ת01םcontinuation of the last phraseפ" .5-1sa' ith the beginnings of

iI

nes,(174.the first fragment (frg0חclearly shown0heא"תיthrק"יטזיק. kfore the )~od lust under theפ

tt

ace of15פThere2.14

~

(trr thr lacuna.!48שprubably15as the right shaft of

hw

at0ווחpreserved5ןThe third letter4.]

.

rri8wau, andפbet . (ollos~ed byפthe bottom ~ troke of18there ,8Afttrום.י rhr lacuna.8א,עם?prohablק0;1[5ן)he(!פprtservcd only5וThe second letter5.14

.

qop8!טu~ uu8!0ן!5ןגוגקS~y w'hether0!impossible15זןprecedea the clear dalet, but

15thrrc.א'אם*md04'ג*aftcr.ו[זתthr01the cnd!ג.pe8]סclearly the end15The first stroke6.4! ,

mrm8letter , probablyפthe trace of

thrם"חיי"final8Ofויביbc the0!g'hat stcms.04,גThe last two letters are lamtd and prob~bly7.].layer of the paps' rusושקקטthe!0the edge

"5photographןוחס

Aher.)חיוthe,0the beginning of hh'hat remains!קרפ

~

Only two dots are prescn.ed of the top of8.,1scen . prubabli6תבט)of l ~ tters05ק)end only the'(ע?זthr!וע.visible15only the lower end Of yod19קר% 9שכ.

.?48.~

the beginning , possibl)פpresersred5]letterפstroke of1אסOnly the10.14

Thc

aI

st Irttrr.04'(בand[?בןthe bottom . probably!ת0!צפare prtstrtttdסץמ!וזס?5זThe first*ו.] .yadפbeמS8

~cm?11תtheתו The kap of.?11תtow

ard

the end of the1048bet and8Only dots are preserved for the top of15.14 .

!ת"]wntten .bove the5!(כל

%15lep'וז(!תז can be sccn

.

Again

,

*ap.תפ

,0only the left side,1[שתthe beginning of the!1116.]lamedפrciשש0part,15?1,ממללץ.Bcforcאז( can be seen undcr8!0י(קThe upper.שאז1[שחabovt

~ט86).94.

hich

the last could]0,part of three or fol~ r lettersקקט"וthe0יthere are tracesפיריןfinal

TMNSLATION

~ ou)0!turn11ן.%]righteous . Then he4do what[0!your [$]oul[81יyour heart and [with.1

.b'our mouth1עacknolvledgel him withש0א].youוהסז!]lon[ger hide hi ]s [faceי,11וסתand.2

acknow' ledge[1],מ0קשם!זויוthe land1ח.righteousness , and ex[alt him0הand bl [ess the bord.3 ,him

your0יs~]ful [peopleJ . Actordingבhis [po]wer and [hisl maj [estY before[0תש]תאmake[1]and.4 hert

exalt71.beצמש] )~ ours111ש[right[eoas] kfore hi[m. Whol know[s whether p]ardon4וdo whtt[.5

theחוי] day[s of

I

my41ן...of

I

heaven6[8תGod, and] my [sloul (eialts) the[.6

.maJestyן ab~( them spe~k vvith psalm[s5%אvraiJ]4167.[4פ

]amJict yo[u. COnCtmtng[וםשhe,"

4lerusRItm,] holy9).8

withן righlteousness acknowle[dge0!9ן

shall.ן

be

buiJlt for yo[u].0!

THE JUDAEAN

ED

SERT xlxא!DISCOVERIES28

וו.[ן[].12

[].13

generationsווועוpresentתוטסצ[] they0!from gelnerations].14

[who(טסצ) despise[![81be506]12(זט.be forl everlasting [gene] rations11111וע]great name15.[6תפ]ב

]who [ inveigh] against [You811and

]who sple [ak againist you . Curs[ed be[11בwho hate] you and1]ןבcursed be[נתב].16

C (/ ~ IMENTS

Ka

*tVה

"of.5.ע64 the preceding column . cfתיו"6ןconttnues directly from"תוןThis1.ן

La: ex.?6א?4ק%~ivi",ov airroD diteftav, TdTE imaTp**f]קפק%6םסתםuxh*

O,ע6,מהז

~

C" Kal

-uer~ tatem . Tunc reuertetur ad uos110יfaciatis coram1ט,toto corde uestro

bע4

~

av OfhtiTl . . . .

keovo

~oyhaaaee a("o'44airroDעסדשס6קדKp*a Tb06יקKal:5.cf2.

ן

....uobis amPliusתופט5פauertet ( MSS hIRX: nec abscondet) faciem1טחסח:La.6עפקTd

~

aTL7ק1ג6שז.toto corde uestroווןןצםcon [itemini

4ו!

.

~

avbkka T

~

V alaav76עlKaLOaia

-

S Kal e*iaare8עסוקסש9ףזTbv)זבסף07גל)Kal:5.cf3.]

lss~ע4ז%מ97ףatXVahaw(as7עסק AB continue :

~

yo.10חט(ןויbreaks Off5חן0ק(15גthis

exaltate regem!ט)iustitiae0ן!תוטתות]:iustitia ( MSS MXחןairr

~

. La : Benedicite Dornino]07000ק0ש4,פק

.above106.fteחן$restored aווון.4יעח5%ןterra captlultatis meae confiteorתוsaeculorum . Ego

Kat6ס%1קThv6((ש6עשcf. AB: Kal.'חחן5"5יpeople ofבThis may also be translated : ~ before4.]

maiestatem eius c~ram)ם,Idam uirtl: utem ipsiusחoster!ט:La.4קל4([עפגשזקםקa(rroeק7ךו6סנעםץ)

"ע

" this0מthe last two words10Latin verslons corresponds!0the Greekתןnatlone peccatrice . r(othing.טחון

.airroD~1ש T'S ylVeffKEץנה4[עסwv6~K0al "Ol

~

aaTE SIKal.)47ם(,0גשזקםק*!..AB.,;)3:4קזסוד4

1uelitט uos5501!יquis:0!1ןLa : ") facite iustitiam coram;60(,יסת[9נ064א[סחן0ן([ג4(עוךוי00קתקוק !faciat uob

~ scum misericordiam anima mea1

"obpavoD

.

La ; Ego00ז

~

aahiaטסקע6זxh"*

פKalף*

0AB : Tbv Oebv

~

ou.ו..6(;ן.anima mea laetabitur omnibus diebus uitae meae1",regl caeli laetationam dicimus

afnoD. AeykTawav wdvreg Kal

~

Eovoftwvetaikdaavק(4ם7"עך14סhv']1םס14גגםץנ(םז":AB])7.] Agiteיםאאמסם!ומותומן. dies laetitiae.5טושonines laudate maiestatem1ם:La.יע4[(9ן0ק6ג0ס0ק

~

airr

,Hierusalem:8].T& ipya TQV aav aou41דhy(a , VaaTty

~

aELם649ד

"ו,.cf5.;48!'[(6ס0ק,ט

.operibus manuum tuafum10חוclultas sancta , fiagellauit

confitemini) Domino:54yaeGS Kal eGkiye ~

.

La ; Confitere ( MS60700,0יזקטש[ש

"0

"4:AB.);)9.]

.benedicite ) Domino saeculorum:!ג~5ג)benedic1".bonoחן

iterum tabernaculum tuum1ט:aou otKobov

"&haerat aol . La.1:5םשגנן[ק4וךשס.,cf10.]

aedificeturחן1".

.real equivalent0חaot

.

The La has4עyeveal veve

~

v &hiouatv:5.cf14.]

.)atavog ( MSS AB omit the last clauseס0זTh~ yevehs,])49הץ9ף7ששגשral bvo~a!5.cf13.]

.

Kaea~pahrres aeנ~dwesממ1=יש

~

vitardparok.ע6ףייזמ~

poDaLv

~

dyovו"~'E"

, tar

~

paTol "dVTES

;secula seculorumמןnomen sanctum eius!11:םsaecula saeculorum (htSחןmagnum erit1טוח0ת"ח:La .)secula seculorumחןrnagnum erit nomen tuumג(5ל(:ום

0has5.omnesח qui dixerint uerbum durumם,א!cf. La : maledicti erunt o~nes qui odiunt16.]

the beginning of the vene, which!8oe0[49זע0סשקdvreg"ן4[אזםקנזםשAB read55!1ט6י,e (luivalent .other

~vise differs

*0196י2

3:14-12:13Tob18.Frg

top RdttiW

.כגדליכן,מכצי4וכלשוריןמז]אדיןי,)

"קשיניאי:בבןובועיקדי

יבובי.)כלוטובןירחמיכיכי

עלןוכי

מכקשיכי

"י

'hרבאלמלכא[--'-לברכירי h'

זרעימןשארופאן

"מוחה

ןחוצביןותפירברקחירושלםותרעי

ירושלםכגדליןדי

ועעןיתאחתבניןכ;

4ןריובאבןדן]

יא]

~

לויה""ללןלו

עלםעדבריך]ין

"עלמיאןעלםעדקדישאנעמהיברכוןדביכילסיא

בשלםומיתמוקזיהודחמליוספו"ןין:

"וקבירןהרתרעשרהמאהשניןר

[דוהוחפנהחמשיןשיןברודוא-ןן,

"ובבסבחיעומתיואותןי*ןעבדל

[קרא'רמותהוועודיה----[ללברכהן,,

ושבעברהןלטוביהיי.

"ןבריוררובקדהבמרי

"ba(tom marti

8ט54.עמו.808

*179.43,214,42,648.41PAM

READIW~Sאזסאאס

rus fragments n~hich foryn'O3f'

joined

papקחתnarrow8represented by15This column

losster marg~ns are6תפsixteen lines . The upper586column that8the centre of

.preserved

wntten[סחו6תbelonging8סיוכלbreak84,ח above theשפשmedil86סס!Wht might see~n1.,1 .the papyrus

the[סו*afterבב13ווח0פ end of the818אאאpart of88the photographמ)Wh.t may appeat2.14 .the

~

.yers of

:

the papyrusפוbred

scenתןחון*2. under the kr5שcan?ט!*תוןthe beginning ofזפlawed8

!

top Of?3ורד.]

THE JUDAEAN DESERT xlxא!DISCOVIRIES30

.aot remains from the upper str~ke of the first lamed8Only4.]Theרב9למלכפ. tetragrammaton may have preceded

I

5..1

They are.(8and7מו!פשמוc6ompare the final aun(יןbe10seemכ9נןThe letters before9.]word describing8beginning.ל,ףyod. HmeI. orפverb . The last letter may beבprobably the ending Of

.alet, ~re possibilities'15תבthe letter!!,אנפיהor,(0ק[י)קר'(=7.the stone

8letter before the first lamed, which could be part of the right side ofב

rt

ace of8

"There10.]how rnuch space shoald be left between the upper and lower fragments for3]certain01ת"mem . What

the lacuna . To the left of the headsת)have disappeared10lamed seems8,0The upper stroke."ו[תthis

theתוcrack8only5!the photograph , but thatתוbe another0!of the three lameds there might seenl

.papyrus

betטאlast1שמו15.42PAM!01ל . Perhaps the first fragment oe8undoubtedly5ןlast letter12.14ד'טן

and w~s buried with',"מו!the beginning of the next81מהן'טצfollowed by,מעהווקביד:belongs here

81honourאטעםמו14..

part7תויtheחthe photographמןvisible01א.The tetragrammaton was written with four aots15.]small84אBefore]54אthe fragment0מvisible4והא";the right of the three preserved0יdot8of

the end1ג.space of the same width as those between the nrst and second and the second and third dots

.bet8the right edge of the crossbar of10dot , corresponding85וthere1(טתthe!0

.21

~

QTob' arמןas.88ופקדהbe understood10אח;certain2קדה,חThe reading16..1

~TMNSLATIO [who overthr[ow your

towers

11yourב

[

walls], and[].1

re)o~ceן and exult over the child [ren of the righteous[ןו'ת8ן]].2

81and!ן bles[sed are,טסוthose who love][]8are6"813.['*55ט

yourן afaictions , becau [se1[וב]![8].4

8%theתוטבסש66י(שי] great,b1less the Lord'5.[ן

ee$[0!theן [remnalnt of

my

offspring[15there].6

,with) [beryl and] s.pphire(6והיד6*1אט]the gates of Jerusalem[.7

be]יין built (with) klold , and woodוטש]and the towers of Jerusalem].8

and[5ין with stone of[].9

!a1dT[].0אוHalle[lujah',1[8]5them'ן

na[me,זיץ4מפ for7חחסא!נ]ble,s!השtheyתןטסוand ever, b,cNUSt[זשעשזם!

~

blessed be he.11

].~ever

the ag[e or

,

one hundred and1פ,pcaceמוend he died,[10מפ4משwords of thanks came[5')י*6סדדי].12 ]twelve, and he was buried

[when,6!0]was] fifty-eig[htl years"3ו.ןווי

heן gave alms1]81ת]goodness andתןhis [e]ye$ . He lived0חthe sight].14

he summonedlנ.acknowledge [his] maje$ [ty0!bless] the Lord and0)].15

,800and] his [$ev]en sons and ordered him , sayi [ng , ' MY50תTobiah his[,6]

CO""ENTS

17QpapToח%4KUtddtdivTte:5.cr.16שeo~4שי*אה4

~

ar4continuesטתווThis1.].ubuertunt turr~s tua8qaאטמימסdestruunt muro~ tuostם;oou . La?ססץקי"dvaT*

vovres TO

~i .~vav Bwetwו*חסakAlaaa "pbg Toecd7ופ

)

~*MSS AB: XdPa(ן.TOTE:5.cf2"זי6אס[

.iustorum":Laאlaetareמןח!ן Tunc gaude

שסס.La:אש(8ש

~

ilphvייפי*xapdke~rrat4%

-

Kat vaidi.8

~

yandviig01VaKap~Ot:5.cf3.].paee tuaבםrelicee qui) g~udent?ל(:שbeati qui ; MS48%א:1ש)qui!ש,?!beati) qui diligunt:55א4חנ)

:La!מ8omnibaו11ש8פםפוט1, contri~t.buntur,חלcoutש1דס4א(עdaatg ta~g"1"*:5.cr4.]

ל4019)1

llCrlr ~ ll4.]6וז,Tbv Jaalhi

a

TOV ptyav,55ען8ג.ק6שTbv KWOV1)

*uxllט0ק.(פ

[.cr5.5:ה* 1)(ווט4ו),

pr,וי,1~ ( inuncl ~itll , n41ן5ותאקא![.תן]librr.b , tג!5א!וטף)Domino regl magno , qula Llau!.4,י

~

Ic

6ו(ין1.ייו,111ןיוחל111(

~

ouט0זחס,69זםקקTb KQTdk ,~ia

[.av:5.cf6ץ,י0זףק.scminc meo ad utacndamסנfuerin ( reliquiar

ll ~ rrUSdlrni01,ןיסף0ףקט06.יםז14,4.1וייKal aVapd

ybW

((לק

*חםס

~

pa ~ 'lepotnakhe6ן.1:57ם

41nirntil(1,,נתהי1,"(יןו(1יוויין,ייי4יי ~ ncd1~,ת(י,sapphiro ?) zmBra~ do acdiEcabuntur . "'hc ) % " prc ~l ( ) us13(28Eaekתן)others

~י11(ל1,ן4(יןיויוג, lurrcs0(ןסהיףק060א)י'ן70[..,ן

~

(XPuaםסטסק,קה)1'~pyo("01!5.cf8.]

.aedificabuntur

לףץ0ג0,ןטס'1ם7"י40(ש1.10.י.1ג,4"וטהנ*קו

*ף*d

~

paKl1(קהגםסטסק'~nkaTEia5:ום.L' f9.] _

plateac liierusalcm car

~

unculo lapt

~

c stcrncnlur)א:La

"011קסשךזטם,ן1בטטק"10ףג14(,ב.[.4.,,1114[יט41.11)י11,1ט~:AB""וי)olt( al1םwaoal(5.cf0!.]

r ) us allclula k~ anrahlturס)(1ק(וט~(יין.omncs ulcl CIUS loquentur)ס,laetitiae dicent

l _ a llrncJlttusוז,Kalונום'בTbv9ן)Tb bvopa Tb ay ~ ov"0פ,יבטססהץ)koy

~TOI

6Kal

f:5.cf!!.ן SiinktUnllתן

-SanLן.[.יג!א

Ul

~ll( suumת(,ת)(תbcnc ~ lccnt1חו)omnla saecula sacculorum : quurl ~ amח! rcsil.י(( / rcd p )

~ rasc)1הr~

rl

scribal_,(מ8'בכ'ר mctarhrs ~ s8undoubtcalv15~hich,כ'רכ'aeternum . For

.18:7:44,4:2Dan

~Ka0]שףז4(0ק0,סהי0(לג-3שז~kbyo0קטק(ז(1בסף9ס4ג.י,Ka(5.!),4117'QTob4See2!.] sunl4.1.(11ט(.)תניח)ח)11ג.

"חevSbe~sק4א~ק(

*4dkKaזן Kal6eT

~V ~KaTbv

dweeavev(מאחקן ev

pr

arklarr

paLC((תט1ת)נטטנ((תי).((scpultus(,ו

,

annurum751תןhobi . mort

uus

ס5!ח)5סתconfesslonis0ד' _Niniueחן

)7

"dKTLbII0ץ(רדו"0דן,~

Ta

~ף"(ייי,8גKQlף" TCV60טke~KOFFQ:5.cf.506'17ןQT4See3!.] .),)annorum crat

uL

m ocul ~ s captus10)01רTO ~S b

*eak

~

cig . La : qulnquaginta autcm9()147ע4(קty

~

VETO

quinquaginta namq

u

~ ?) sex annorLim oculorum lumen analsit

.

scxagcnarlus utro rckCp , t:ט

~Udיק,ויהLaj.'ג4(0קף(זטעפן0ח4(0ף(יKal19)47ק04םairrbv t(~aev6ז4גטםק4*ים~ifT:5.cf4!..! fac~ rns circm ~ rsinasI1רhonis oninlhusח]omn ~ bus faciens ( ) lss hlX : ulxitט!צ[(,[חlucem recepit.eleemosynas

~~ Ka0ו0קט,ו6ז,%יו"AB : "pOee~TO *o~iaealק6(י5יג%eT~ "pOaeeeTO e ~koyeiv Tbv5.cf5!.] ת1נט11ח(תו

"1Laר(1ור111חהח)4 : proposu ~ t nlag ~ s [)eum colerr.0קי"י"ק4פ0ז%ס

ים8סאי0ג0

"0ש4

.eius

:rra ~ sיט8יייג~$nalbi"שץ

"~airr4"(ז((סזםגlAbv aUTO

~

Kalק6זeKaieaev TaI

~

av.5.cf6!.]La : aL- cersnt Thob ) am.1ת7510ר,thr Sahid ~ cוג,98נתבdo

~

( alsoס0זtkoOS4שroOg1םאulbv atnoDע6ז

ו1ג

.

d ) cens,יי,)(יר:ad IIIum()1,ג!)י111,ויA' S(115]]praecep ~ t1?

.

septem filios ~ IUS)?טט5!חfilium

lf

u~ufu!(1;ח14,ן,',נ1,,שח]~Ten ) 'ears of Dtslor

er

manuscriptsא!cf105.נ.ד'.1ג[11". of La read : s ~ptem .32(959!,London : SChl

:26SBT(

7:14Tob19.Frg

[במ"אברהבארע]י

[אלהא]74מי]2

[א])

Mus.י808.18

179.43PAM

AN DESERT xlxT6HE JUDAאוDISCOV

~

RIES32

TRAXSLAN~ON

the=[ן land of

Abrahalm

1.[מ1

loveן [God[י]טז!]Jthose

who

].2

3.[ן

Co""eh~rs

i~T& d~*aaeVas . Neither the Greek MSSע4י%אטג*קal~

vaע6זotrfiaoua~v5:וטא.cf1.].these worda0יcorrespond0!AB nor La have anything

:עסאישד*עע6ש8)*ע'שיףג6(עט.La:יש

~

bv (MSS ABע6ז

~

yavdvTeg]ם~Kal XapdjaovTa:5.cf2.].)Deum uerum (MSS MR: uere611181חטg1audebunt qu

Unidentified Fragmenet

7Tob20.Frg.ו

סיתוי

שטייברסומ

Mus.יתו.822

*178.43,215.42,648.41PAM

REAnIXGS0א

'

NOTES

of1811m~rked only by the18The first.18שמוthis papyrus fragment are traces of fiveח().lamed9ofקחby the!85]and the,818תחמאמ

5אגאז[אסתג

][.1

them

I

2.סון

9601*

2149.Frgs

Mus.יח808.1

179.43PAM

21.Frg

חגבי,ע

22.Frg

איב[דהוץ

23.Frg

י"4 141

TRANSLATION

Jwhc[n.1

24.Frg

יחש

TRANSLATION

Jfor confiden[ce.ו

THE JUDAEAN DESERT xlxאוDISCOVERIES34

25.Frg

קוכסל[

~ סןצשף2

TMSSLATIO?t

9ט[

rise

ו.[][.2

26.Frg

ארע1אס[

~TRAXSLATIO [thel land.ן

27.Frg

ן

"Iwttb

אלל2

REAnIXGS05וזסאצ

written[שחו. above theחיעל5ןThe waw2.]

TRANSLATIOS

]Jthe water.1

11land.2פ[

ו96

"*

28.Frg

[hQ

IO~

QI

29.Frg

ען

'גדי

~I1DQ

TRJtNSL~TION

ו.1(]divideגושJwhen helthey.2

30.~

rg

וסתמ

31.Frg

~

לעסןנרא

INSLATIONT2R

andמ50[ the[.1

32.Frg

סןאלמיא

TH

E

JUDAEAN

ED

SE

RT

xlxאוDISCOVERIES36

TRAYSLATIOY

]the ages[.1

33.Frg

"]ד0עד

TkA ~ SLATI () N

1.]ורותם[

34.rg'ו

למרןי[

/=אא

35.Frg

4בת

36.Frg

תא

37.Frg

לס[

א

0196*

38.Frg

0001א[

אלן

11

39.Frg

תתללה

40.Frg

~

גי

"TRANSLATION

]lmuch.1

41.Frg

"]ס0

42.Frg

סן[

]סש[

ין

THB IUnAEAN DSSZRT xlxאוDISCOVERIES38

43.Frg

גריה

TMNSLATIOX

]blest be[.1

".Frg

hnS

TMNSLhTION

]he chose[.1

45.Frg

1יא

TMNSLATION

)this1.ן

46.Frg

ש

47.Frg

105

9601*

48.Frg

אה

"49.Frg

dl?לסנ

QTObitb ar4.197

IPLATiSי.1-י.[וו

PhysicaI Description

areיי'הטיןskin fragmcnts05ןש(1!חטזתTobit)0of the Aramaic textוקסםTHE second

.eaLh1[5טחninctccn,0tcxtt usuallv)0colour . There are several columnsת]brown

Palaeography

beautiful early formal Herod ~ an scrlpI and8ת]copy Of Tobit has been written8)איד5idemחenc1dit800.ה17 , Anchor:55138,'cross , ' Scripts(258)-BCE25.)can be dated

.(55

8-6:3Tob1.Frg

[ל6דאהדיסןן

:ן

חסדייftwמן

n

]

[אמןקטלביראטאשדאר

Mus.עת132.1

*180.43,216.42,353.41PAM

READINGS0א

'

NOT~S

.This small fragment contalns the remains of three rinesThe'ד0belongsיfinal8מאמ. dot before1.]

partly(5פ81תחאמ". visibic5ןThe first letter that2.]sidt1]1טthe t' ery edgt of the)פstroke Of which can be seenקקט"זlamed, the5פ!The final letter1,.נ .of the fragment

זג81אגיד!א0

[se[e10thlen1.ן

t~tproachles[ן from one7].2

theן ]*"

)! [demon] killed [them3-טן

IUDA ~AN DESERT xlxאו8אזDISCOVERIES42

COhlh~ ENTS

"ny7~Qvnv dvd5:עשגגפקף.live' ; cf10

85outלמזה,. the last word1110תmight be possible1ז!.]

both Plwes: e~peditתוand the La has,ף(עףthe ve

rse

, however, one fmds WAAtwמןvoki

~

v . Earlier.)paciar t~ntas necessitatesמשטףmori:אmagis quae uiuere (MSוזסוהmihi

ipsa"פ:יע].warpbS kawe00זtaKGw8~Tdb/ "aש0יושא66ד490קdKoDaa5:ים.ע.cf2.]MWש5. : improperia) ab una ex ancillis patris55!י)audiret iniproperium

:La~שפ4!מנטומסם Aamodaeu.ש06זלםh~kKTEWEV6זעסוע6קןם68זע6קתעסןAa

~

oeaiog':5.cf3.,1.nequissimum occidebat eos

1:5-21:4Tob2.Frg

*יי2!ן!]

[ע415סן!5.י21

Mus.יהנ.132

*180.43,217.42PAM

READINGS0אNOTES

This small fragment contalns the remains of two lines from the middle of the column

.1.frg6"ייסווס)that

,yedפlike5חססוeas~ ly identified. The fir~t letterשמ~letters0"תare the remains ofמסכנאBefore!.]the photograph. E~aminuion of the0מbe present0)seemsפ!פמו!מעמresembling1!8זfaint8although

mdמ0 with the dot)סםd8oeאdeceptive , since$ןfragment itself. however, reveals that the faint stroke.2?תו!

TRANSLATION

theזססק[]

li

]fe of

the

!.ן

adl]ן

o

(

ht

em1).2

(וואא0)ו(5

.La : quia paupcrem uitam gessimus.5:ל((צשדד4(קםס6(ע.cf!.]quaecumque praecepiiti mihi, peter, sicפוחיתל):La.אק,0ץ(%שסaa ivrkTaAnal6,wd~ra:5.cf2.] .faciam

(*0197*

14-12:5Tob3.Frg

ןסן[לחצריךןי[;40ומנדע

י';

"[ברעזהיהנה

[להדיואמרן

[בטשטאימנדעןי

Mus.יח132.1

*180.43,216.42,353.1*PAM

READINGS08פיסאא

the middle of the columnמןThese joined fr~gments contain the remains of five lines

separate fragments of this0'%זshows353.41PAM(2.that must have follosved frg

.)group

the-א5*א8Of![עחcicar15kap;י!5יdot4.61preceded,אא end of the first word the down1יונ.].of the cur~.e of * lamed!ח6ז8ק*dotפfollowed by5ןcould be part of * yod and

,qop8aher the bet , re~embles the curve of,?חו]the end of the!8The ~troke5.14

tMNSLAtION

nelcessaryטסץ[] for].1

2.[סknow11[ן

sonן of,3.[ני]1מחאצ4[אאן

him0!he]ן said484"ן].*[tr[uth6hsowאן].5

COMMENTS

?scire gen

us

meum?זquid necesse est:4];ta

~

g

*xשישג1

~tw%:8.cf1]

6MSSדykvogעסס"ו62ז AB : tlrl

~

ivGL(זויי1ש)יג%6ע2ידTa KaTt)8:מג06ק,ים21עםעץ.cf2.14

.ueritateצ?nomen tuumסוסטstirc:(8איל)La.6ונקטע

~eydkou

.

La: ego sum Azari .s Annaniaeססזelwev aeyq sya 'ACadag ~APGVfOU8:וםא.cf3.,1.ma

~

ni nlius

.Thobisון[וa~xit)ש:La.אםKal el~ev:8.cf4.]

.quod uoluenm uerc sclt'C de gcnere tuo:*.1.)%*עךק46וסה4אץdi

~

eeav8:ע4ז.cf5.]

THE IUDAEAN DESERT xlxאוDISCOVERIESא

12:194:5Tob]4.Frg

top mdtrgtn

[]וכאסבריף[בכס]ידבק4ל[9ין

ברייהךבשלםתיחליאללהאמר[ינורנ

אתתילהתצפיואלתדחליל*בשגם]

ושתק':יאילחהאף2

".~בכהולאעוד acat

יףלהוןוסדרגחדאואלוגיאתהועמה""

מןרבחד%מושורעליחאנונחהדקלתעיוהכויילה

עלימאונגרנונאאאקף'עלימןארנללמבולעלא

"[ולבבלמררתה]ואנפקקהי[פר,מלאכאלהולמרליבשאקה[ואנפןלמנא בשיםוכבדה]

"ןויפרק"וכבדה"[ולבבמררתההואסםטרדומעותידך

ולגצךמררתה]

ןואףןואכלא"נמןלכבדה"

[לןי'aratלמדילקוןקןרבו[עד]כלודא]ן[חו(תראליןןשארית4

[הן"ובמררתהובכןבדהנואבלבבסםמהאחיעזריהלהעאאר

[באישארוחןאושדעיעילתאאונברקדםתפחזנה]

"יא

"ןאנשעינילמכחלומררתא'לעלםסחהתהתחסחרון

רפאלןיאמרילאחמתאידבקהואוכברמדילגופגיאדפדףולניןאררא4ןן

[נביתרעואלאלוטלהואמראנההא"גואמהז*חוגגהלעליאא]

ואחרןן"ןשפירהבראלהואיתיהואאבונאביתמןיגגיא

שרלהןןלהאיתי[לא]"

למירתהןאנשכלעל]להריג]קואנתהה[לןחודי[ב]

יךסבהלאבוהדייכול"

דינא[ואנחכן

"ועלימתאןך

bottom margtn

5%ט1.יח132.1

4ק"216.42,353.41,625.401*י180.43*Nfייי8[אטיי0ג

'

TiS

joined.6,48)עfragment8lacks180.43PAM0(!8ז.ם4) fragments (frgs!0This group

the first4אסח108!.זו8חן8ימ0סand625.408גק8216.421%חbothחסthat appears

,40197

*

~

Icar

theחplatr0י.!~,!.1]זט(י31 rcst0)has been added)!.9-4preserved words of lines

Iל[3י(( ' hc',.א:.דן,!סתיוןthe lower rnargin ~' lsible un

~

cr]0)618upper margin and

thrין,1~ח"ינ-ן crl

~

s!8can he scen)0תbetween this column and the following

~.ן(ו(.וי ficr.)תבל,תז.וןוון((נח,,1יון(יויו?prescrved . bein~ prubal) l(15וו00קThe [irsr letter1..] cri

~ l Ict ~ rrsין,חיי(י,1י(י~'crtical shaft that could bclung8tracr of15בthere,זכא ~ultp3תrinal

"Irm and3thc tops of1(יFaint

rt

aces are

"rcsrrlra3.]

Slldt.111,ין.,..ןי,ן,.,,,,,,,י

L

0the,בייו,נן11hrcausr,,ין,1ן(,,.(נ,,.ג cnd15The first stroke4.] erbל(תוא,ה,4,11.ין.,[-א.י11ן,ייןון.,,ן,ן,14,,. that gos~ crns the follu ~ ing Sh

ur

~, a~ hlLh'1end of somc 1

(הח(,1ון)(ין[,ייו4!י!("

ht

c41,.,*10רהגbegins agaln ss' ith ~hat sccms1טחו ftL-עריוייןו,..ייו.,..

r1

hrן,,44(;,.י.י[יין,1,[(ן,ןון.י,ויי. t )lar,3וחIcttcr8)0tracc1151,The5..ן .,,1

sI

)

~ll

c _ lttrr.יוfinal & , ~pקי1יי,ג((ת110,(1).11י,ויfurthrr)11)4יןthenנחגזא("

letterבא, ~ probably8of

"Ictterת)hc.4ג41 that8](ן

rI

iicc8bcgins a ~aln s~- ithטתוןlacuna the

LOUIוןן(1(1ןSIJC,1יווו(ilcad,,1.ינ,ו,,11.1ג(1

~

bc11131Ict ~ cr4ןהrhc

rt

acc11ח'%begins11סתhe'6ד..!fח"". ) nal8],)

~

the hcaי.1(הbr

~

ins agalnסחוןthe lacuna the

ן)יthL'ינ,,,silat-(1~,,1,,ע,.,.ניויוון(1.וויןו,נ,,1~prectae

After[51יlacuna1,גCICHI(1גתןזק1, the7._,תן3ויי~וו14ן.,1ויון

"יתו3

"spaccתון(ן.( and * Hun A (ter the sccllrld lacuna theי6'בfollo~ed15)!.)!8מו

bet*וזז. , and4~)top of somc letter , probabl rי11(11,.(י..111,. ~ le ldL- LIJld11ג(וq(,p4י,יp ~rt)ה(.111~(ח(ן,4וטלcicarב~ ' isible bc [orc15aot)שו.]tי131)11[3(ין,,311)ו,יו111,ן,,;'_11 )lcrc arc46rg

'0first[בqup:1111)טendן,, letter could bc

~ hc rcmalns ,43~alnl ~) st surcl5ןthe final cilaractcrיתוןthe]0the very end

,,,,.1,,

rtka

c,.יייןווbr ~ilr] s)תיןCUnd theI3)(1ןA [ter.3)(,נ'p1robabl5ןletterבThe fi

rstrt

acc of9._!undoubtedly5]Theבא'אם'. last letter presen~ ed

0our,ו"יןbet,.ן(ייוןי,.(נן)יtflCויקקל[,ע,וי lettcrs : the bottom strokL. s[]0Traces ar~ found10._! ,str.ויווק,3"ן)4::,;:.י ( ~ ku of s ~ ) mr Irttcr'-י0נ,חSp ~ L- C , theבAftcr.בטמטhe and perhaps8side of .alep)חבandי6במאמapparent , followed

la ? tחין(ן,יוי,יןייוןrh

e

theו0ג4,.נחגחןlhcח)ןנני(,1י trace5ןBe (ore the fi

rst

lacuna there1!..! ון

~hci-1,)י1( irt.נחיthe31sh ~ ) rt to (or4q5op . 'rhc

rcau

s probabl0,בthe dosvn - shaft,0~tracפlacuna

.resumed

the,י(ח14,,תי.,נח llll~

cr

part,)חוןthe,1))ןננ~(חtheח].Ultp)0,חבtracc8begins u- ithסח1ןThe3!..!3,0theי1.4. right strokeועו(הends11סחcan be seen

.

Theפממח

4,,,'r ~ ct1)(1[1ון)ן,יrhc lacuna , hcte41;.sarnek0[בdot and the top8עו~(אbegins1סחוThe4!.]

.

~u/att8letter after he. probably

lak,י,,,ח(

una

memlג . then00[בו(יי(1,י(1זthe bottom)0~the trac1.'ח1ןbegins1[סחThe5!..! ,י

hucl

h,"ןגי1וח11(םaot a[tcr lhr1,גvord therr1the second14?1.ח*space , and the left side of

kap Afirr the33ב1(ו0נח~probabl,1The beginning of the next ss

ord

.04,(8)0left5ןprobably what

q (

'

p31הח.mrmב?probablח0(סהן~ח(5ןThe last letter presers. ed,0'(*,0lacuna are the remains

(6oll ~ ) ura[1511

.

fragment tu

~

sted out of positlon.ת0ג([רחbroken metn*1ע1(אbegins)11חThe16..! ,,)thr namc)0od. part(בber andבrEmalns ofסא)lacuna areבafter:1?בןblep and the remains of8ח

.barell visible15~

af4

r0,בthe right side.חביclear8after?1~חthe end of the))ע.Tobiah

,the skin1חtear0,גare low~ered because(בר)The nrst tsvo letters7!..!.skin1ח1רהtear0[בand he of Sarah ' s name

ra

e broken becauseמעThe8!..!SpaLt3(6finalנמ hup , follolled0!בlamed and the top barבThe first letters preser~ ' ed are19.-1

.another lamed

TRANSLATION

[]it

beforhim

) likeא])monley ,

but

0)]JLet

myson

not

cling

!.[9י

"'?go safel1ח11150עfear ! h~yי0תher , ~ DO0)he said[220נתגי].2 -.sisterחוא),[יחbecome amlous about)סתfear md doזסתsafe] ly . Do3.ן

more

.

ra(at0תbecoming sile]nt , she weptצםןתזטס6'י!נמי[]his22].4

THB IUDAEAN DESBRT xlxאוDISCOVERIESא

].and] the [ange] l (wa$) with him, and [the aog we]nt [along, and] together [they travelled2].5

And there followed for them

big ffisJh [ltSptd8]and10]the Tigris. J [The] youth went down0[1night , md they came8].6

up] from

And] the youth'!8ם[א]Olvtrpower [the4].swal ] low the root of [the] yoathשthe water[.7

grabibed[

open[אן and take out51י]אח(,him0!dry land , And [the angel] s [aid0!)1broulght4תבthe fish[.8

[,heart[115,]gall115

,

]gall5ו15ןmedicineונ].inwards

"but[[ז[ [throw away,טסץliver. Keep them w]ithיי)and[.9

[open51ווliver'

,

And [he5יו

~

heartl

,

and

[],and he ate ) ]!( . Moreover,א4מ]theהסsome6.liver3!חheJart and[5!1[,gall5ין].0ן

Media~ק] . vaca10]they] ar[ew near1]1תט]of t [h] etn went along togeth~rסשוthe [ rest ] . The.11

liv[ert and[18!],the heart of the fish5!ח!brother, what medicineלת!,him , 'Azariah0)and s]aid[-12

3אgall?'ג'מו

,41

"8]evil[מפdemon or8woman afflicted byפman orפthe presence ofא[תyoul smoke[.13

8for anointing the eytes of5!the gall6/9תי.inev]er occur again]1;ילthei [r] encounters[6תב].4]

)human being

get wellt . IoWh~n they entered Media , and he was alreadyייישlwhite scales , and they].3]

]said6פא89איי.ap[proaching Ecbatana

theמ?',him0!am' . He seid1*נ1*ז',him10the

~

youlth , 'T[olbiah, my brother'

.

And he said10.16

],the night55בקhouse Of [Raguel sve shall

]beautif~d daughter[ tzandפfrom the house of

~

our father. He has4the [mlan[6תב].7]

inh~ritס?her [more than anyonc elwt0)re[lat]edשאYou[."8חסתone elsel bu[t] Sarah0ת]he has.18

]her

.rightשח!oul belongs,[0!;wineפ]85yourself0!her father . Take herlס!that belongs]]בand[.19

[oung girl')ך'5יא]

(ן[גי!ג[[%ז%

.YewlToקפקהTOO waelov49שץ[םאףMaa~ , dUd*4dpyזdpyuplWהק

~

pLOV.5.cf!.]peclan ~a quam1118:818ג;meo0!!מ:MS ]; adds(811sed purganlento,ב11ןLa: nunquam esset pecunia

.the Aramaic0!Latin version corteaponds exactly0%.)purgamento essem sine filio meo

Lovn8at4e]talwt "opiOaEfat,(ן*AB;%4ג add55%)u*rov

~Xe

Kaהזלםה4א

~

elnev!5])2.].nlius noster"16ueren, saluus!!0אThobis]י!ו(dixiא:La.עפקי

.[פ:*ז"

oeoo,אש48 we

~

abiiBw*ה".

~xe4עלמ.Oval~wממן49ץ4סav6:5.cf3.]

soror,11ס;timueris deא;מא.die

~

ua uenerttן!!פuidebunt illum1יטoculi!0584ח.םfialuus rcuertetur

timuerisן[omitting[0]זסז50)). proי[%%,[:טח)

bene dG~ponet uiamש].KiatOUVaאע44(קairroO . . . . Kal%64ע

~

obaeftweTaK0al e:5.cf4.]

~

hitWS; Danה*nwa6~Kal ev,191צלהלפשדשתקQLevi~ ar4.ctssault plorare . cr)ח....illius.20:9

GV ienkeev~

ET aOTOe . , . Kal iwdpe

~

etaavK66dvyekoS VeT a("oD. xal6

~

ra:5.L~ f5.]

,ibant p~riter1*;canis secutu~ est tos11,0!1ןangelua cum!ם:La.שפקק[ס~ TUXe" a("ois]0%,6ק6*ן0קשז

,'orderבמnonnally mean~ ~ putסוז-The verb.(צסחproxima nox ( MSS GMR: prima105]]comprehendir!ם

whiah,(1001.2regularly, follow ttgt~lwly' (AHffוטם)ס'but Akkadian saddru has also the meaning.the sense here6ט

0seemsי

ep~l/l

*aaet fok"76עסאיםץ

"~TlypkhS "oravoO. Kal Kafk71ץ4ססKQl noua"naav;5.cf6.ן

man~etunt ~uPer?*249םסה8ךזזאע4[ש8צ9ם47קא4ססזסז6ש?.שral.ם0ק0זסדTlypivע6זvdeag elg

exailiuitפטמ8פמש pigi~ de aqa1*,fiumineמוdescendit Thobias lauare pede~ suos)2.numen Tigrim

.artittt; gfשפיאו6מן*שש4פu~ed hereחרפןThe numeral.נדדפסןחרהןשק;immanis) . Neubauer:1ל(s~s .5,14י

QI

apten xlx

*0197י4

)4dyyזםד;יק60 A(KלnatSa

*ou KQl eKpa(( V . Kalססזffbaaע6ז"t.Okro KaTaW~(i:5.cf7,] 1ן

ו86%(4.14~

falbdp~ ov TOסףז6קאו(ק6זyew

~

. Kalיהז2קאץססז[609%פ*Kalססהםגוץשדelwev (ילן

-CXL_[1ויצינו;;;41)י I ~ nlault pucr1ןcircumplexu ~ est pcdvs elus ; pcne pucrum dcuoraucrat coniprchcnditחייייק)(י(ייייונ pucrיןadprehende ?) cxsupcra llluml:אh

~ S((ח?י;;תט?))?Comprehende terram:בשתא'לואפקיה. . Neubauerתןillum

yyfkogטפגן,"וב . du(iaxLauv TOV66K4al elv~ v airr.1דקףזעףי*ral

~

VhveYKEV a(rrbv:5.cf8..!h ~ nL1:ותיג(4ו,anKrlus putritון1ןציה:aOroD La

קםזזי6avז Kat(e6eehe Th" Xok

~"KQ, ThV Kap

.fel ?) cor )! iecor illius?011!!?,piacem

'ap~ aKOl)7י)yapקן7נ,Ta Verd aeavroO Kal

aT

eyKaTQ IK

~

akfK6al a"*s a:5.cf9.] .Tbtץבדייונ(י -

Xl

OOv,ן0וק66יםחTb1סםע7%6בס

~

nap a(rroe . Kal6זKap&a ral4XokA ralףXPhaLVov

alt ,tulitייק((ת)י;;תט).(וexintcrault pucr1].cttcra intcranca prulcc1)...repone ?! habc tccum)נ!:La ,

~ ecor)ס(זסססfel ,וב'

~oT

u lxei~- KQl l

*ayE6זקבן4"ובדדנ-סף(קral Th" Kap&av KQl0ק4ג%TtV:5.cf10.]

~nlanduו aurlrunlן1י.יי'(וulaח;rultrunt)סassaucrunt15)5;קLa : ?! partem.גה[קס*ק0קa(rroD?4d*~KEV

the1.,1;י,י,י,~- hrrras,אתיואןplural s ' crb tor8the La Llses01ג!5עיcetera autem salicrunt . Notc howQpapTob4.using'ז318;. the singular . Cfתן,Aramaic

M"יי1ין:אגן4''[ן70בלא.171ל

~

blaששע0סןליף(9ן?,enaav hV*TE

Pot

KOladg6(Kat

~

wop:5.cf11..! -

lhL.,4_..(1ג,יי');ת1ג(נ;תנ)1ןןregloncm

~

lcdorumת;coeperunt iter agc

r

~ donec peruenircnt!ס;La correctן(;5חפcthlcalי11בה'?. reading , then

~tוז,(, aTLםא;יזTfi Kapbivע,Tb NPiaKov)%4א4.זral elnfv aUT

~

'ACapta:5.cf2!.]טלז7לו0גו1

-~

Xoוםת"~

nap KQl , Kapb(

a

6effTIז

V

xo:ז(

~a

;

( s~ ss ABע4מזKal8609%)

Lוןי(,,,1(

(

ltdcו)hoc fcilcח;est(י?ח)הס;חטLa: interrogauit puer angelum dicens Azarias frater , quod

)?ircorr1ח)?felחו)?corde Isto1חest:אMS(,18015ק

!..!cf3.6:5א%א(קססדשע4(ק0טסץנקפעyUeQIK46*,614ד6-ם4ךק0קוב6(ט0ףm'EupaToTכד;לנקר ;m1uliere , qul Incursum aaemonis aut spiritum Inlmun

~

unl ha ~ c)?0]וטLa: cor ?! ~ecor fumigatur coram.omnis

incursus10]1f,giet ab1?

actuall ~ niea~is ."" drl '

unJ4ייסחרn ~ s ' tr encounter their ~ncounters ' _ Thc;1;1עand they,.!4!_ן!..!-artak'.((.5,"ום4[4י(וב7 k.00,.?ח(וי1חטtradesman) ' , but here ; ) has the connotation885)about , travel

0לוקג47;

.

xo~jהTbv alava . Kai9ן)VeT ~ auTouעס4קק([6ק)ס(יKalם"dwךןק6ד4 ' a(rroO wav

~airroi:(1חייחן4תק4(וילחי

.

La'בסךסט[*ד*heuKdק6*עססךיןa(rrCv'4,ק4

~

aTa06b

*eakioOS6ק0ע4(ט0ן

.fel facit ad unguendos oculos homini!נ!.aete

rnum

ן'(7ן

".Kaiז6((הקו,

live.5:ודrav4ג(קשז6קששט.Kalן7ט0עוםוץט" ' . cf111.1they5!.ו!.,'4חפ!.,! fiyy,(EV:(יט els EKNTaVG ,

"yEl Ta

*at

~ I

_ aך5ףKal(6קםסי77ףז0זד,מץ)1טש0קד:tav (MSS AB6

~

M

pus ~ quanl1].ad sanitatcm pcrutnlat1ט.ipsis oculorum macul ~ sחוad fiandum1זט,fuerint albugines

Raphahclיוגן angclus1נ%ון));regionem Medorum adpropinquauerunt clultat ~ Ecbathanisחןintrauerunt

.)omits nameעל

Ka'[ן'ל7;7 ~ elnek~ QUTg.460ו(נץ'~aptw T

~

a daek

*. Kal el~ev aOT8~a"5:שז.cf6!.]

Rafacl anVclui(וגן,1גRaphahel angelus!611ג!?:La.םז"קךז8(ז69קיגטם!וםעף8ס

~

ayouhhou Thv vatra

responditק'אב(= ) , Raguhel , penes QU ~fil hac nocte mancre nos oportet

.

Th ~ (orm?11ן)?,Tobia frater

.Kutschrr..ג.]further542*_ססur51,6!)לlQpHabחו~Hebre1חalso found5ן,the house orח'בב),'חן '

",ז!esp.110-83(1969)33.108,ן!.ו'ב;ח0.לשוניוחדגריח'פונית-ל"חולשן--ארםית-פניקית-עבריו4-כנעניו4

,Atlanta:2955!ן)cf. ] . Qimron. Tk Hebrrav of the Dead sea scrolls.5-73!(!195)27KS,ונגץק'לשן' .39(1986,GA : Scholars Press

%,adds : Ka~

-

l319emiv, ral Ea~nv airr

~

ovy

~

Tn

"(sts006ad

~aoi mwevhs6Kal:5.cf7!.]

.tuus ?) habet filiam speclosam nomine Sarram5טטףחוקסיקwsa Zdppa . La : homo est6

ן,קהZdppas"9ךע6Kal,6ס?ץץ[בזי~

airrק4ץס%ושew~

rnp%06dp(r

~

v1469ral:8.cf8!..%

a(mlv _ La : sed neque masculum ullum neque feminamוםסמן4אסקתגאapd ndrraS

~

vepaneui")שaOrfiT

possideas(15גא:(ט1111 eam)טproximus es illius super omnes hominesז2!ט.aliam praeter illam habet

~se,עלthe comparative use of lhe prepositlonת().)possideat hereditatem)ם,$proximus es preter omne .6lQapGen xx;4:6;19:3ת8ם

THE IUDAEAN DESERT xlxאוDISCOVERIES48

~etKataDt04)Ta imdpXovra vo~ WaTpds:319MS(כמזלםIaTpt1bvTa Tg4זKal:5.cf19.ן .tf

~S eiuso8mnem substantiam Pם:~ahiv ywaita) . La2ז"עךral]319:%אזססיםאS~ S(]קנעסקהוא~םס

.

Accipe illam uxorem

18-12:6Tob1]4.Frg

חכימאהיאיאותקשי

[להיהבלהדיוכללהרחקבוה*ולחראהשבירא

ליןשמעוכעןלקסבהגזר"קשסאדיןועליךלאבוהאלסירתגזיר]ך[יל

חחי]

"לפלממלל

"[לאניהלךותסבנהתקימנהדןבליליאדאא

ידעהואי4בדילננךלמכליהרעואליכוללאדיאנהוידעwntibhlלהנעבד]

אכלמןברחה4למסב]

"לגברינחנגההןדי]Dfiiה4חאריש

מנה'ונקדןליליאדא[מתא[בעלינמללוכעתneiblספראחרן]

עזרי4ל[לרפואמרטוביהענה4יאדיןלך]

"שמעתאחי

ל

"כומיתג1הוועליהעליןז

דישדא1מואנהל"[דוכען"

לארחמה]

"ייאמיי

לאחרן[אובריקברא

"פקדךיי[אבוךלפקודי6יאנוןיקברדילהוןיחי

"ום5דן*שי1 [וי]

"עימימה1ןמןפתרוה

תדחואילן

"[למסבהגזרדינאולחחליקאהאלודי

nן

~

ieftולחווןבניןימנהלךלדווןדיאנהוקידמה

שוכדיכאחיןלך]

"רפמליטוביהע

"ומןאחא"לןהיאדיל

8%ט1.יח133.1

181.43,217.42,353.41,625.40PAM

*0!97ל4

READINGS0הNoT~S

thoughקקט(ו the1914,?,?ת.frg0חof this column

~

llows directly"1!חThe first

space separating them8can be seen , svith3!-4The ends of lines.05י!marg~n has been

contaln(ש,),?4.the following column . Three small independent fragmcnts (

(

rgsחזסז!

8theסח19-1611. remalns of

זי(ו)אחיתחואיח.,1

1ג1"

~

lsL- cfnlhlcיו,ap*810letter , probably belonging8of11ב!The bottom2.ןmrmבrhe trace of the right sidc of5]thereן[סחthe end of

the

theסח11.זג

),1cacil

ac

bc L' OLIId rathrrתןlcticr;11ת1(גcertaln . Tht)0(מקימנה[05חand0,ממללThe reading3.]

~th

, r);11lircausrק,י~1חth , s1גcrslofis-1sorne of the,0s~ erbs.51ןק!the0יwhich might correspond,ת

letttr41ח

"theטי1חן,ח14((י.1.ה( ,.,

rbt

preferrrdחן also15taw

.

ho*'ever , thatבbegins with(רתסבנה)verb

.taw8probablyסחו51ןthe0ח

f) nal m~ m8

oI

ok l , kc]ןthe Icather makesחןcrackבrei , es~cn though85ןThc last letter5..! ,thrיי cair1ח.-agrec hrrc sh ' lth

ht

c AramalL15!ןק!theח~)The verb forms of the versions6.,!

~W ( ) Lllסנה.מקthough5בlook1ןu'au, , w' hich mak ~ s1חן(81ןthe leather above theחןhole85)there,תקיפנה

bcforcיrrbחי1theויוק thr11),]פש)conJunctionבand La have5be preferable . Moreover , both

hal

י,,od'13undoubtcdisק[((טי(4" thal

fo

theן[זח15 beginning of the]8lerter8The trace of8.,!writttnסח1ןחןן'עלל. above the5ןlamedרנ.dalet8may be

LIppcr4יןח

~

ftcr thr lacuna thtrt..4ק010ב1ז)dot , probably thrבpreceded by5ןThe lamed9.-רhnal8dotמאמ. , probably the head Of

dale*ח'ם,,ק.

t

andבletters are probably thos~ ofסיר)The traces of the first13.4!

the fragmrnt0חthe photograph but citar0חvisible!0ח.small stroke5ןפtherrצש,מAfter the6!.]probablyבשםש. part of4%;itself

lamtd Aftrr*,0

rt

acc*1יBefore the lacuna there.!,4סfrgs0ח

ra

e preserved1טחיParts of this1,.9ר.kapפ1פחאresumes with the bottoin Of1סתיthe lacuna the

.

ta~aגprobably15The r' rst letter.8.!.4ס.frgs0תareסתררParts of this18..1

btginsט,3 agaln w' ith the remalniן[זחAher the lacuna the.8.)4rrgs0ח~ar11טחParts of this9!.,!

.he

TRAh' SLATION

hcrJI10,)יושthat he has he11ג.es [her.W1~St , strong , l and very bcautiful , md her father lo15].!

right decislon ~ ? has htcnבdetermined] ; and5]]her father0מmd for] you [ the inheritance[.2

me , l0)t

~

ake her . Now listen0),behalf]ח0טסץdetermined

engage her and takc hcr forטסצ111ש

;

spcak about this [youlng girl tonight111ערmy brother . l You[.3

yourן wiEe

Sh

Ithhold

0!be able)111יי0חknow that Raguelר

.

]feast [ (or her-8חן44סירAnd we shall make] the[.4

becaus[el he knows,טסץher from ,his,ן daughter than ani~one el [ se . For hle kno [us) that0(%8ס!mdנhave more rightטסצthat[.5

0)g~ve her0יhe were

Mosesיש[[י] . And now [w~e shall speak about ] this li'oulng%600מסmother] man , ] the[.6

tonight , and we shall engage her

brother , ! have heardוח!,Raphlael , Azariahש"ווק0יobias said'דhen'ך.for you[.7

.her0)חןand they aied , wh]en they went].8

alfraid [o]f the demon who[רתפ!]Istqow].9

~

oves her [ my [falther and my mother.10

0theח( grave anlother [son they] do0)].ררhther] who ordered youזטסץthe commands of4י'bury them10have[.2!

las [delmon, but take her].3!

THS JUDAEAN DESERT xlxאוDISCOVERIES

[],5!

1from[קטbe w]ith her, get10].16

%the deeision ha~ been made[טסץfear [because] she [has been destined for] you, and for1[0חdo[.17

]take her

be [children from her] for you . [Andווויןam sure that there1]save [her , and111,יyou1].15

beי,ו[וtlhey

you like brothers . ' Whenl Tobiah [h]eard the words Of Rapha[el that she was hlia kinswoman19.[0ז

]and of

C ()SIMEXTS

warhp aerfis Kakig6Kal tahbv Alav, Kal6ע10שק6עpdvt

~

oP Kal

*[.6Kal:5.cf1זעסיס4קסא ]

:addsי2דףזא4שמזabutv26"ם ral aa11afttt which,214י672עףזז:Kakdg!0reads instead319s~ s(

US,1ש a;l;g;t illamp11spater!ש;constabilita1טbona ualdeושLa; est autern haec puella sapiens fortis.(]0ס

.tradet11הquaecumque possedit

decision of8פ!yout behalf there0מinherit her father, and0!decidedטסון(8ןand for',.)2ון.]ad:319MS(עהז6םat aot AaivL7KaiWK8a( El~ev Ae:5.cr.חו%her4because he.1.ש,'ighteousnessיז )

.0Kat:107106dvס MSSA61aOeiv aי0ס"ם%(ףש(aln

~

g Ka2748ש6(2א[ו2זשי2סתקסע0קךגאע6ז"2ק

posaedeat1טvv : aequitas est eius8!ג)ergo destinata est haereditas1ו6ו:La.טסקdKOWev]6[2א[2קש)סא

.below18שחו!nunc audi me . Compare81.oportet acc ~pere illam11שש,haereditatem ) patris eius

001%k

-~*ie2עד,ae

~

7vKOpaaiou Thv t/l~raוקשד00זTa "aTplשסהגפגdk~*e , Kal:5.cf3..]

,nunc audi me , frater!ש:La.?2ץ(ק[ףזלreads rather the imperative : hanaw3195]גBut.עך4ק6קaerhv

.uxoremי6ו1הופוון)accipe:4הaccipiamus ; MS:11acciplemus ( MSזש,hac nocteב11ןloquere deוס

that of theוחסז!clearly differa5חסן5זטץtheחיThe order of some of the sentences preserved4.ן

.airr

~

Y76ע6דעסקwa

~

aovev:5.be given hereפי"וון]and5text of11ט!Aramaic . vor this reason the

.4(שס4[ע"

kWISaea~ tr

~P6%6ס0סףa(nrhv)2שגשא~% ~ayouhx6ז6[06יקשKal ~ "(VTQVQI

~ta&hte2

6Nekou[66זץ(אס4ה([עוז016סקסעסקךגא( Mauatwg Kal?יזMvaTov KaTh Thv Kp

~

alv

.ט8!ג!reads3195:1ד6יששס4ש7ע46אס46עהז26~vra de

~

wov"126קeUyaTepa aUTOOעןדAa

~

iv

scitoמסמnegabitת11181ן6ו1; enim)

~

uia Raguhel:אLa: f~ciemus nuptias eitls . scio autem (h~ S.]669ע

1161quia SC~tיש:Moysi66ן!dederit illam uiro alio filofte periet secundum iudicium]5enim quia)וטסח

.maxime aptam esse haereditatem illius magis quam alicui homini

thisמןclause1שפ!the1סcorre$ponde5מוNothing.1טחוfor the previous5See the quotation or5.,1.alao fuller than the Aramaic5ןhas irs equivalent . The La9]3חוו".ט6!5וג

theמ0!תן*continues8.4:21ש comtnentתוFor the first three words . see the vers~ons quoted6..1"1םא84שק6סעשדסףאקםס(

~KOpaa

~

ou Th" VeKTa raelוםאעשקססהגמגקשץ!0סד,d&~*e.עסקvev drow

~

v

:La.3מסשתווthe commentמןthe verse quotedתןTobiah0!a (nrhv . lvhich echues ~vhat Raphael said

clauaeמו quoted8La . however , immediately precedeת,secundum iudicium libri hloysi . These words

ergo,ש! , ftatert audi meטתטח:continues!ןafterwards;(ותוחוסא...er quia(4ח0טחוןthe comment ןdesponsemusון[חזפן6ון.

"loquamur de hac puella A(ap(a(88אAB:א02%4א dbeh

*e ,

~

KOWa'2גי*2ץ

*Tז

~

TE enotpleelg Tw

~

(ag fln

~v:5.,)7.]

.aixit Azarias frater , audiuiזשLw : runc respondit Thobias Raphahel angelo.(471

tubiculo noct~ , eaמןLa: mortui sunt.6שאקךי4ץelaeWOpeeOVTO "Pbg a(ndv, Kal)65(ן.%6:5ז.] .fuerunt111פhora qua cum

a&Kn. d]atס*אaowv1)6--atiovlou Tayoui86:319ם006זSIS(474]002ק"0

*!,.Kal:5.cf9עפע

nunc timeo hoc d.emonium, quoniam diligit1ש:v . Lae0r6ncaat ainqS, dwoKTkw/e~ aע6ס(ךסהג% .illam

:8.cf.14!סthe find

"$d8פאbutאמlamed before0תwhich has,6זפ!4וQpapTobt4See0י.]

*idעפוף4ם.wע6יels441'1פקaab

~e'ז

"infP* VOU?14אiOUW69aTp700KaTd(w Th" (wtv .ad inferos0ס6!שזmatris meae cum)טLa: deducam patris mei u

~ tam La: neque habent dium filium.0%2%%שOffdpXe

~ ahrdg, tva0646?סקשזש?צKal:5.cr!1.]

105quiה. sepeli~t

*0197ן[

Tdgולזז4קזםץטקסזל,וע.(ז(,,ב-"

vI

T~ /hdTי5-71148.((.005ק*וםסףעק'Qpap'fob4See12.]praeLCpוירון , l,1יטף,1,1.יי,,],,mcmorr ) mandatorum pit

r

ן0ס;La:ומעסתו0510(15ג%אזגח0ח(5

TOUTOU~יייו[ייו,,1י.יני,ןאיו,4.1,י"ין,.,,,י[י"~ג,י Kal kd50ססזט0וקסקו)%?~yov5:"ף.cf13.] postula illam5נט4111טGM : timcrc ) daemonium55ע)

~ק(,,יר

ac

b7ת],יין.יצין[",,1[,,יוסיh4r'118!6To

b

areותסק prescrved15וט11טOnly four16.]

"*ז6(י0קKal%ס0ק(0סם4ט(ן..י[.[.,ווי,,,י1י"ן""(,ן.,.יt%קסזשק4 (EytpKTE.זפק'זמזטם~y9a(vee

Dominumוייקום((1ת1ותג)(surgite primo amb,18]1cum

[.17חליקא.15his'1ו16הוסואתני8C'p1isslק,יי(קי[(חלקכן,,קיי,,יין,,,(,1ןיי"ום,)י4".יג,ו,,,ן בוזולוםוי,ה,וי0"וה7""זהי1..

"Ydpקיזס4ק(ק(ךק4קסוק(וי"AB:0ס[QUTtרו4קססקן0ז4,ו ,,,,,,,,,

.,"

cn;1סט1מא1111גתאי,ן,(,).,1ג,ן,יי,,,/,... ~ m dcstinata cst antc sarcula161ן,timcre011ח

(,ת.1',71ון.,7Aramair(.ים,4)Oxford:(1*י(ת" Fragment) of Vumrdn

aנולכןלסר((ו,,ן'ןנן.),ו1(ייתלם.,~ ~ TnT)400י(eaovTa6שעחקםג0ן16זKQL:5.cf18.] ~ratrt[511161(1טerunt1)1118%י-1105י)La : credo quonlam ltabebis

6aliTם(,ר4,אז(,ו ~v4ם,לבווזל,1-0ן*

'םץ

~eyavשפז

TE

~

KOIVEV Ta

~

( at6KQl5.

fc

19.-! ,י[יף,י,"4י[

lldpildייג"

) lcl['ן](,[יגיי.(ן[י).,יי(י'a ~rou . La : cum aualSSct9ש6קז%TOe01ס0%זםקק4?ססזט0א

.dc donlo s~ nilnis patrls ill , us)ס,USl1ll)5טsoror

Frg.1114ך.606:;7-8)י1,

margtn10ת

"ולברחמהגיא,סאבוריזרעןביח[אמרהא)אח6לנואעלווכדי;ילחדף]בה(דבק)

[לביתואזוץוודברהאחונארעואללביתקסימאי:רגראדיעקריהמוביהלה

להוןואמרלקדמיןשלמהושאלותהתרעקדםיקב1ל*.יע,לואשכיורעואל

כמאאטמנהלעדנאואמר;לביתהאמןואעלאחיבשלבןועלואתיתוןלסלם

אחיאמנוןמנאןלהוןואמרתעדאאנוןושאלת'רדיברלמובידןעלימאדמה

[אוצטאלמוביאנהוןידעיןלהוןואמרא'בנימהשביןידיןנפתליבנימןלהואמרו

cלהאטחן5אידעיןדילהואמרין-

~

anף[ואמסורםלהולמרו'הואhiU~

l

[;ובכיהנשקהרעואלוושורהואאבידי

[Rla'mpלבראב1ראנתהןבריפללךמבא

[יובכהאחודיברמוביהצורן

[ח]מבעןדיידכרוי

[שרהליינתןדילרעואלאמראחיעזריה]ולמשההלמאכלנו

[רעואל]יושמץ"'nhkי,

T

~

E JUDAEAN DESERT xlx1אDISCOVERIES52

Mus.יחנ.133

*181.43,217.42,353.41PAM

READIX~S0י

'

NOTE_S15there,18That.1?11תpartly visible above the cen

tre

of18111.The upper margin Of col

!0that0חfollows directly118ת]some blank surface , but only the eac

t

that the tex

t

of

the top margin . Parts of thirteen lines are preserved of this1811indicates19]ן.col

Despite,תו1?1 the lacuna.11.column . ,vhich begins after the space following col

,the columnחוbe the widest10seems70011טחThis.1911~continues the text from col

better8would be6angular brackets . Line1חvord has been supplied1omitted1ט6חב

.

cm3.12measures aboutינ.gauge of the ,vidth of the column

the right of

theyod

. The scribe0!the trace of the foot of agimel15שחוןthe beginning of the!ו.1גthe right bottom15letter preserved)15פsce the versions) . The(דבקprobably.(לבהerb a[ter.1פomitted

.tnem8

ucvr

e of

or the!קקט?זזפקletters . probably tayi"

:

and tayin . TheסיהJust before the lacuna are traces of2..1

.also faintly visible4clear: the rest of the letter5]רעואל

~

rei of

Two.עוא-וThe bottoms of four letters can be seen after the first lacuna , probably representingן.נe[חי?. been added above the.h1a,דך)letters

פ

rt

ace of the top of15פAfter the second lacuna.במ%מthe bottom of5ןlacuna51זהAfter the7.,1.rei , and then . a [ter another lacuna , are traces of

the

last three letters ef Tobiah's name

.8of

line

theחןרעואל edge of

the

leather below the rei0חbet0[בthe top](ןtrace5ןבThereל.,]

.eet8he bottom curve of(לןThc lasr Icttcr11.,1

het . The last two strokes belongפalep and)0[חבbe10seem0ץי11?1!?5ןthe rirst,0rhc

rt

ac ~ s'1..1ג

ין)the(ק0ח[ב"[(ו"andחב%ג'חן.

TRAYSI . _ lTl ( ~ Y

)love with her , and his hean ~cclungת;he fell [velry muchן,rclativcs oe his father,0the housc[.1

]llyhen they entered Ecba[tana] , Tobiah [saidי.her [excccding] ly())

%00!Hc.'זטסמ5שש!מא,the house Of Raguel0!atraightשח!my broth~ r , tlake,1בנ4[[אב;'.him(י).2

theה0 houaeס)]

cu

nt[צטא]]him , and

~

aguel and EOlifi

[

d IRague[ l sl ~ tting before the gate of his dwelling. They greeted him nrst ~ and hc.נ

.his houseששbrothers ' , and he brought themח,צ,peac [elת;come ! Enterט0יp~ acv havc14.'ח

Edna,'ן!י01 , his svife0!hcn he said'1.them, 'Where are0!of my uncle ! ' ) Edna asked them and said50מthis ,- outh resembles Tobi , the.5

'?

OU

from , my brothers?

,them0!tSh~ said.'חןץשמוא?אthe Naphtalites , [who] are captives]סher , ~ lve

ra

e0ןThev snid."'

ounk

l)a

~

Tobi , ou [ r] kinsmani)1.)(].we[lllt ~ [And Tolbi~h15her , ' Heשwellr ~ )They said?5א!,.'know him40[ט]'4י'.her(ן]Thcy said.7

.salid[

]1teaן rs0!1מRaguel jumped up, kissed him, and broke4'[א?ח.'mv father15)11'.א

righteo[usl man. [He fell uponlח0פare the) so[nט0צ;sonי'ט0.צהו]~ lrssings upon'.9

5ofן hi$ kinsman , and wept50מthe neck Of Tobiah , [ the.10

ram[ן of the nock8]slaugh[tered1ס!'.]ו

]Sar~hשח!Raguel that he should giwוושי,drink [ 'Atariah , my brother0ןcat andנו.0י[נ.חו,kins~voman.'[ייי%יסטש8]heard[ן

7,0197*

((,"חא5%ז",,אטט7דס,יזבקק_(

hק3קמ4.!.ן,1,.ו143ון4(, , s f. ther '

.

Sec)0the sccd01~ the huusr,.!1_!!._!(ן?וךייב,י0י,,7(

~~

apNa a

~

TUL' LKUiAh4a(nrhv, KQlזד6ץף!ס(קnaTPIS airro

~

, ktavס0זOIKOUססז

LI

l ) dldtlilll(זן)1א(וט,ו1ן(י11,.1יוןוון.141וטוEKOdTava , Uyet airy

~

, La ; hae ~ it cordi e ~ us'?1)ela

~

kefv

.dixit

7,,,ן.

~-'PayoL)0קד

A(ap(a,ים7נד6(וק,(4,]וב, d

~

k

*e!5.):).5114!וש'QpapTob4See2.]

rt

i

~

lcr . ~ Uk,4,,4,ו"_ג)

"4.1dKOV'!ייו,ייו.י..,[) Payouhkouו?ק6ז)Kal d~hyayfv aOTbv.קנ

"hkף

*av

meא:rect~(נשתוט1סאטא8א.א(ucncrunt(ייגג!.,נמ"ייייויייו,.י"ל(ו,,.יי.,;,י,ו,,,ין,,,י" uiam rectam ( AIS

L-",,ב:([.וק,ן.UUTO~'"ף0ב"(~,יי ~ f,11114]8'QTob4They asktd h , s peace f' rst . see',.!נ1ן.] In,תנון]

~ lcr)crlint4.1(וL' Li7'Ka ~ E ~ ne

l

, QL.ן0זשקדa(rrbvע

%4wapdס1ז4קום" Thv eepav ThS aOk~g Kai יייוטוייינ4א"

atrio~,ס!7salutaueruntחטווןק[יי,"יון , circa ostlum aonlus sua1חsedentem

Kal66(ן4ג)1.ובא,ב,ללו-ף,וזב0ן,ץ~וום.וט,ז(ע,Xa( peT( nokAd:5.!:).714,8וי'ob'Q1pap4See4.,!

ualcatl ~ . tlatrrb)יםא(דז(ע-[9ע6הזוםקטץ"ומזלב('1%?4.1!!(ת.OIKOV a(rroeן?ק6ז)flyayev a(rroiSltar-יויג11ן]ת(ו

~

nal ' l!1חונ411%תתג(יוייג_domum suam111105חinduxitס!1ת1:58טintrate salui _uxori suae , Quam

VfaV(aKOg(--[לש,]שז66(,4.לן0ק,ייויי.11ג obTei6

~

otos5:5.cf.81481וי'QpapTob4See5.]vaייוין:%א.קח(סךזל(י.ב(,וז,ין KQl EI

"

fk

'

aUTO ~a6S

~

TOOg -'Eקךזנקף(קKal.(יוטסק*Tdשזק4(

~

lT

15LaחסטטןThub~'וגן,יאק'1'ן)יי"ן,1(ו06יחיו~ית,יית"א~ : similis est hic:)0*4זס46,4(גTayouhk) ndkv S . iratrcsi .

~ part

( runl thet1stיט,יEthna) dictns L ' ndc:)15גל;Hacdna!4גAnna ( s ~ s11103interrogauit

~qutתוlhcו(1,יחיין stloncr

~ lf

[crs)(וו~should notc ho?תס,different rorms of the namcs of Raguel 's Sh' Ift

.5the Aramaic andתןand

~

pciTגם(קן()*Qirjעננא( , EK TdV,מזסם(וג".8גKal el~av:5.cf.9;י8!4ן'QpapTob456סס.]

66N~veuh(,ן46'קשקת,La(1ווון . Kat fl~ev alrroiS rlaaKETE Tds" Tbvק?tvT~r9vav atxvahane

d , xit xostli13ויFLInL.1)וין"א)(,חן)(טוחחןsumus . ex captiuis Niniur05חdixerunt Ex filiis Nepthalim

~

Thobin fratrem nostrum

Kalמ67ם[סנקן"04(י'קה(י?auTbvי0א(דז(י. (lvav(5.cf.11-10י8!4ון'QpapTob4See7.]

dixcruntון11[4 Xou ~ musון:La.%4,09אשזKai.מ)Ty~a(vel ralמז6םairroig Tytalvet

;

Kal elwav

.uiuit . Tunc Thobias d ~ xitי?dixerunt , Fortis estס!ו1ון!aixit Fortis est

~Kaע6(סך6ףק(עגרן70בדKai.40:5יקיזםן406עוזס.

QpapTob4See8..1*י148יו!1.ם,

oskUlatus11CXS(1י ~ lllt Raguhrl1].15]ס3טף~Khat/aev . La : pater meus est de quoוםאKaTE*tk

-

aev a(rrbv

.illum lacrimans

00Kakouב67[ Kal6י2ד(ק6.0ססז,eDhoyla ao~ yeVOaTO:5.you '

.

cfחסקט)Goodness (be',.19.זן.]5ט11ת5ט!ט.

uq

oalam boni ? ! optim ~ LllrI,ן;ו6ן5!,11חLa : Benedictio.(6ט0ד)קשע4

-

:g (MSS ABa6Tp"Incubult1ן:rpdXnkov Tae(a TO

~ ~

Sek

*oe avroe

~

Kkawev . Laץין4(ענס1ד4ע6זKal:5.cf0!..1 .fratis suiוי1אlacrimans super collum Thobiae

.occidrrunt arictcm!ס:La.קשז6לסקדeKק6יק")eataev ( ~fss AB: efkivav21":5.cf1!..!*תב,.

elיסולשז4ז'ם9 ~ev.6(דן),וםסףTe ~koeaaero Kal ev(*avro ral dveneaav6:5.cf2!..1

dixit Thob ~ as1ס

,

~

OL Zdppav

.

La : discubuerunt ad cenandum61"נ?קפ'A(ap

~

a a~

qk. El~ov ayouhk

.det mihi Sarram!טdic Raguheli,)8(ס))ad Raphahel angelum Azarias

aud ) ult1ן

,

Myov

.

La : soror~m meamע6ז

~

PQYOuhעףטסק."1םעשסטסאף*46Thv:5.cr3!..1(ג

.Raguhel hunc sermonem

THE JUDAEAN DESERT xlx1אDISCOVERIES54

4:9-17:8Tob5.Frg

[ולחי4לןן[לרחמיחיידון

[פזחאימממתןדףלעבדוהיופקד"

[ין]הייתרידבר9י

לביחעמךאובדל1ינ

[בוך*

[מך*חצדפחבוךגה*צריו

ן9:ןt'acat1ברייחל[חאל]

ןעבדיןאחבעתהנאמןעמךדבראחייעזריהה[לואמר

ת4,ביואפהה]

גבןאיאנתהן"'כספאב*יכתבלה4הב

יואבילהתה(מנהדי1ידע

"ןוהתיא

]0nphib

lus~?-עח133.1

*181.43,217.42.353.41PA~I

ReAnlx(; s11יN (

IT

~ S the second of,(6,58.two fragments (frgs0תThe remains of this column are found

quite t~visted , but for the most part legible

.

The fragments preserve parta of15tvhich

least!8verslons reveals that148מחlines , but correspondence with the Greek and1חס

.t~vo lines are missing bet~veen the two Fragments.

yi

od8probably,*1[חletter begins the8tracc of%;2..].rei,פש?ע,three letters are preserved ; they are probably taw,0Only the topsג.]

.~ald8ת

rt

ace remains of the right side of8only"חו]the end of this416.ן

.bet8,0letter, probably the bottom8vith the trace of1begins)ח],rhe'7..1

long[[מ*. vaeat occup~es the rest of theג.dalet8that of the head of5ןThe first trace8_]

.he. Despite the tsv ~sted akin the rest Of the letten ar~ I ~gible8the remalns of5ןThe first letter9.,1

.!)space after8with,ביcicarly5ןtaw . The second word8be0)lettet seemsח;(81ן]Theל]..];18:3AP;16Aramaie (see Bar Rakk~bחןtimes!8found5]'Though this rorm or the word for ' house

QI

apGen xxl.125AhiqGr;35,13,12:12;11:11;21,2:10;27,12:9;25,8:4IAP1,B514ן:ון%הפ.%ן:%ו:%

restoration of the final taeu for the*א!the absolute state . Henceח]other~vise attcsttd only5])1.(6

8giwtelש6!. and8followcd by two raised strokes , probably Of5ןneeded here . The WOtd15cofl$tru(t state

the1מcan be seenיהבpr~served , and the traces of5!lamed8.~ fter the Iwcuna of one Ictter . the top Of

,letter8or10קthe9]שזשא!the end!%1.of this part of the fragmentטח]]shrunken and twisted second last

.samekפprobibly,ש1(!זשof another09)u~aiet and the8probably of

5,0197*

.cle~t , p~ctdca prubably ](( * mrwפי,צוז~re'1!שחאthe,0]. ! ! 'roward the end

arr?טמת. PUhb ) ~) lואש(חfuur Uf)שפ]The tops or nve Irtter~ are pttgttVtd , the2!.14

TRANSLATION

their]ן live~ with mcricy

and

with

joy

].1

(.upl the holrווהthey ~hould)אז]פservants8!אhe ordercd2.[ד18'א?ת

takeן two Jsteerls9]].3

[].*[].5

yourlן fa

~

thrt[,0the housc"ו()אויאט0ץ)cariry6.[מ

ourlן mot [ htr')5י]Imy son , ! am you

r

fathrr , and Edna7.ן

fiearי1[ן ,

my

son .

t

'acat!0מDo[.8

(f")m hc

rc

fu[ ur sla ~ -csט0ץl 'Azariah . my brother , take

lw

th.01וא!ח!md he said[.9

שחאא:(1[,זוחו(ויחי

,

~hlm thr

bkin3[י'י),Caba

~

cll0,יt45che hou(10)come]11.1טסצandJ].10

]טסץ14)

[],1count ~ngI the

~

dlays ; andש!1!6[ש! ! . [know that my fatherl

oath[ן of12.!ן

5יאשאע0ם

ultdnlוש(חוחט5חיי]נ:iuou . La]5זע6ססקבש

*abTj~טש ieT8עהז(עהKal mhwekeaov:5.cf!.]

.eorum cum misericordia ?! laetitia

'olKiTalS

Va

TOL?דז(עיסז)Tbre(5.,'].~tthen he ordeted hia slas.es that thrY should ,] ] ] up,.2[1ו.] _

~repicrtnt [ossam quana tiictrm!ט~Td*v . La: ?! praecepit scruis suisע6זXaaa .La : adduxit uaccas duas.660

~

YaYev *ag:8.cr3.,!

Kalי6קץע6זnaTkpaטסס.La:צש(0נייטף Ovaye Hy~aLvavקף[טסha~

Oavt aOTbeev Tb:5.cr6.] .sanus cum pace aa patrcm tuum!זuade saluus)?,חו4)1ת8ונוpossideo accipe partem

c~ o.111,.510)La : fortl an ~ mo.בע6ן4קףזףקטסס.Kal4חד4טסס6קהזםן.alaw",845:ישסק.cf7..! _Etna)

mater tua:)(515;Hedna.אA1Snna (hמ,pater tuus suum,Mpae~

,

walb(ov

.

La : omits the repeated encouragement:8.cr8..1

kaae~vTEakv

)

~

er& a~

auTou

15elwevגי107106%: aiv

~

. A(ap(a d

~

ehh , "apdha

~

e8:"1ם.cf9.]lkavapag dKkTGS. La : tunc accersiuit Thobi*s Raphahel angelum dicens

.

Aaar~ as fra~er . aasumt lrcum.camelos duos!סhine seruos quattuor

ק0"ם[

2קץ6קי*

6ד%,

~

a7u669ralםק%י4הapd")אףelg fdyaS ral65:קסז?1זףש.cf10..1]]11rcd

~

r1":ciuitatem Rages ad GabelumחןhpYOp~ov . La : perucni6ז)kaOe:107106MSS(0ים)ק6א .chirographum suum ?! recipt pecu

~uam

~

VepavשסאסקצKai

~

dv,ק4*9םקTdg6"קייםevav

"[.ae:5.cf!1ק6ץץ(ישאס4א?671?ימדס&

.tardauero una plus dic51סו;i(av

.

La : acis enim quoniam numerat dies pater meus

a.(ט[5ט~

oae"~

ayouhk. La : uidts quomodo Raguhel iurauerit]5:וםא%קש([9ד.cf12.ן

.

possumusחסתiusiurandum spemere

?Tob6.Frg

כדי[ון6פיגיי

THE JUDAEAN

EDESTR

xlxא]DISCOVERIES56

Mus.יתו.133

*181.43,217.42PAM

READISGS0יPdOTES

column8two.יו lines From the middle of0וThis small fragment contalns the remalns

.which this fragment belongs0זTobit01identify the part10yet been possible01חhas

15clear dalet and yod. The next letterבfollowed by1(5ן_kapשbe1ס~rhe [irst letter seems1.]

possibly the Mptelparticiple15ן'?מפ.clear pe , yod, gimel8follosved by1(רן.memבdoubtful , apparently

!ofl~t

~)(TRANSLATI ](they(י are1"חרא]and.ו

]and[.2

Tob7.Frgו

ן]גלה4י

Mus.]עח.133

*181.43,217.42,353.41PAM

REAnrx(; sי"N ( ITES

whichפ ~ay be)0This small fragment contarns the remains of four letters , the first.f~ate8kap . The last could be

SI.AT ~ OX'T5RA

of the [m]]1.]ב

~

QT(,bitv ar.198

PI.'ירו . ATli(

Physical Description

Srl[י,י1וי eral.1]]יי[אי,1ו(3[1וא)~frugnicnt0,1015ת)6ח0תof Aramaic TobitיקסםTIilS

"!1!.וייייו1י!1

"upperוי'ט![8spacc3as!!!ו(,[ margin us8יטן'8ט!חof the first fragment

.ll

~lcs HrL1!8(0[חנחטין[1(%!.0יי17[!(ט

5this[טט(1, fragment contains the rightזפאז

"'י.'1.!טוthis[טתhas1ת0[יטחוק1ז(1[(יי(,מטן( first fragment ; the lastח!preserved

.

~

rt. aי)!CUlt

h1

iL-

h

ra

c

~

ifi%.5טח]!conta ~ ns the beginnings of fis- e)חטחז8פז!second

~PalaeographJ

5tate(,טוח1וויטי"ט[ייי( Hasmonaean or earl ~. Htrodian book hana

iu

th88!scriptדמא~'.larnl:53138,תג(ית,זיע,,וי, .scripts,5%0זל))

~

:BL50'r5oughlנחסן!datesזו.features

.(53176,edition

Frg.061יך6-2:14

top matgtn

ושבעתןברהלטוביהוקרא'רבותהולה1ודיהלאלהאלמדחלודוסףצדקהי

"ואמרומקדהבנוהי:[*ה

[בזיווהמלל.דאלהא

ןישראלנביאימקילודיילוה

[ידין:לומיתעבדכלא

ואחינאןיהאיייעאכלאאלקנאאמרדיבכל

[ן]כלליישראלבארעיהבין

שראל!י]~

[עדוירתמלםה162ריןיה

[אעןאלהאטרחמיןיחיבדי'עינא

[נריעדנאעדןכקטם*וי]

IUDAEAN DESERT xlxאו8אזDISCOVERIES

בועייירושלמייבען]

6ישרפלעבףשי4ללו1

יהן]פליל5ליירמוןבקשטפן

4ן4ןסן[ן

Mus.עתנ.231-

*152.43,325.42,595-41PAM

READINGS0אNC )TES

.betפbe the foot of0יThe first letter seems2.]yodפמממ,5andן andמאמ,פclear8of fragments withקטסזשthe second0תbegins1טתוThe4.]

.the bottom edge of the fir~t group0חlamedפof0ק)continued vith the

0tawת( , butפcoutd be!1.the right0תrepresented only by the dolvn-"shaft15The last letter6.-1

.

certaln15even that

dot of the hllowing letterפhe , followed by8see the right side ofו[טח0תםת8םthe]סAt

the

end7.].wawפpossibly the top of,(325.42PAM0חmost visible(5"[תthe,0the edge0ח

be the right0יvisible . The last letter seems3ןof the first wordתן[ו[8[גם.,מmcre trac~ or the9ג.].et&8side of

.yod8be the remains of10The last letter scems11.]

.alep'תפyod

:

andפletters after the second lacuna , whieh may be0.1!01Traces are visible12.].lawedפdot . ptrhapt the bottom Ofפrepresented only by15The last letter13.ץ]

TRASSLATII ) X

majesty . JHe summoned18אack[nowledge0)fear God and0!and gavel alms . and he continued].1]his son , Tobiah , andl his [seven

sons!0[אחז4] , and ordered him , saylng.2

]

~

od , ~hich he utt [ered about Nineveh. and.3

[Israel utJter[ed!0~vhat the prophets;4.טחו4ו[אטי

theirl.ן tim[es[1חbv done1]ועוof those things1]8,5

]pass . and as fot our kinarolk10be brough [ t]]ן!ןעיOf][]ג].that Go [dl has said]81תן."[of ( he

~

m]ע,the land Of Israel11,41,7ט[4חחי

(becomeחט![[] arid ; Samariia and lerusalemעו[[ו])llsrae[.א[mercy[תןbring [ theml back1]1.יthe t ~ me ilvhen iGodl.9

81אן

"the time[יייתט,was befo [ re)18501חbutl[.10

[they rebuild] lerusalem with hon[our[.11

[the proph]et [s Of Israel] h.ve spoken[bמ].12

[their] idol [s[וופcast away811"5truth] . and thev13[[ת

Cf 'StSIE~TS

AB: NBdoeatעושיסג6שע6ד*ע6ש(88אnpoateeTu!1םש*ז.inotY

~

ffevג4(שסע6ס0קףKal:5.cf1.]magis:88א)efoe . La: faciens eleemosynaiססזVeyaha~atsmvעיד~dv) Kal itWokeytiaeaעשקששע6ד

*0!98י"

c(ו (tlcll

~

unl llrur~ ) lנצa

~

lccir tlm ( Ircvl1?:4!%,ג)proposult magis Deum coltre1ש,)fecit helcmosinaa

.confiteri magnitudinem c ~ liS

uiuDיז,טUIOLSשוr0co0י%'QUTULע0גוaOroe (

stss

AU : Tbv146עtKdieafv Thaa" Tbv:5.cf2.]1,prdcL ~- p1)~rlus11[[יייscptcnl1)acccrsiit Thub~ am f~ llum ~uum:8.ן.uyawשזלסetkaTor7al tveT1oDa6

.diccns(1?:)לad illum ; sis:14sts;,1!,:שגMS(5!11ן

qu(1י ( ~d It)~- UIUS.]1)ז'ucrl~ lףטשייא.!.צ)(ז(ייט(ייאewl0ס0ז%סMian4ץשז*EkdW7~ ff:5.cf3.] תןטוחוא?ח.

s.יניי4(ו ~ pcrי,[.נA~Opקוא(הט.0Kalס6*קססחג4גי0ח,םזף0:4ז['סי- Kal'8:*1ע.cf4..! _quae locuti sunt prophctat lsrael,טוחוא?ח

SU ~ bאחיית(,יי[קוחז,ית,יט,,.Tag Ka~pOtS airrde . La : srd ( ~ mnlaס*יםזשסאKal "dvra:8]cf5.ן~vuFrtkea&haeTa?ן0דס.4.1(ן(ייניטף,ת14ח) Kal.6%6זelnev6,dvra"65:ניידסוץיז.cf6.]

.t)ominus , erunt ?! perficicntur4"אomnia , quac

י0-

n7a'rre

,

btaaKopn ~ eeheuv1עמזמץ.גף0קס*KarotroDweg01עשקחdkk*d01Kal:5.cf7.] _

tcrra Israrl , omnc~ aisper

~

cnturחןhabitantוטף,fratres nostri1?:8.ן(ra,ום'ן(סק[,םס,קףסן-ם:

~

pflaום",epn~ot,ףףץ0סז'[ף0קסKal taTal n~aa:5.cr8.]

.erit omnis terra lsrael deserta)ם:tpwos

"

La

~a

)ou9ז17ץ(ל(י

66ש?.%י0*

Kal KaUehaeTal HXpt x*

wu. Kal vdAIV tkftffel aiaoiv:5.cf9.ןeritת15ltcrum1].tempus1וח(י(1ט1וח1ן[וחנויי ~rserta usquc1ט:La.טסזגףם9סיYhvעיElg6אש .terra IsraelתוDets

~

SC3-1KQtp,~ tמקףגץ!מ5%60מיק-קנזav0מ~x*WUשששטסז,nparovע6זKal o

~x as:5.cr0!.] .priua ; quoadusque repleatur ten

~pus maledictionum)חסחט mnrs ac

~

) ficahunt)(ו):La.שונקוזקןKal otKobo

~

haowlv

eI

powaktV:5.]:).11כ1קר0!ביוקרא.].Hierusalem honorifice

lapaי1"י1טsbintונ[1;4

~

k. La : SIL

Ul

ץ(וק01aernsופזף04קץט0ד'

"

Kahbt exaxfiaa:5.cf2!..1.omnes prophetae Israel

ABוםץ,ז(?6ז : Karop

~

ouatvi%,!גןKal d

*~aowiv.69ומעיג

~bvוםזע0סמ9ףחסע6ז*

:8.cf13.ן8relinquentט5. omnla iaela1ש,et~hika abTav. La: ad timendum Dtum uere

10:14Tob2.Frg(ן)

[ןלאי

[להאשין

*וסק[ונדן,]ס

[רבדה%ומהאןלפחנפל

[ק

Mus.עח231,2

182.43PAM


READIXGS0ג

ON

TES

visible811חantiquity and repaired by threads that areמזסז!מThis part of the tex

t

was

the!לאבalso seen after15Part of the thread.3and2as horizontal bars between lines

8leftמו1. end of the first

.waw , none of the letters can be read with certainty8,Except

~

or the first letter3.]Aלפח.

~

er that comes perhaps.נפלbe0)The first word seen~s4.].qop8lamed, or possibly of8the curved right side Ofו[טת5ןthe0תThe only letter left5.]

TRAYSLATION

[.0ת([]

0face.2ז]himlherן

]and Nadin].3

destroyed.ן himאthe trap Of [death , and10תןfell.4

5.[ן

(גוג0[[5זצ

84ainrdv (MSS AB: 'AVhv6%4עשסשגeaV~

TOU, Kalססזhv "ay

~

ba'9ןשKal Naed

~

E~eaev:5.cf4.]

.these words10a Kal &v

~

hero) . La has nothing that corresponds6

~

Elg Th" "ayן4ע4(ס(ע

~

QT()bita ar.199

lelיוווע .An

Physicat Description

ftaיי(hrtlunוייחי.

~

nicnts1יוח00ייrepresented bv5]THIS copy of Aramaic Tobit

tcxlחמיטקקט a , thוניlincs0%1column , sho~s' ing0(פpreserves the beginning1.Frg

.words0'%0,זpreserves parts2.margin . Frg

Palaeography

Hasmonaean'0ז1(1(81(.א((יזנ,יא, script , dating ruughlsמופwritten18The text

enough distinctl ~

c

Icttcrs054176).)(ז,edition$800אidem , Anchor;54138,'' Scripts

.more precisely11date0זthis text0חare extant

11:7Tob

1

.Frg

top margin

ןאשתההא"הנאאכוללאדיטוגיהואמר]י

Mus.עח231.1

*182.43,945.41PAM

READINGS0אNOTES

l6a6letter?-8אא. ~ proפofקן)lamed there " the81תאBe

~

re the1.]

TRANSLATION

6eatתפshall1מ[יdrink0ן (anything) htre01מshallו',]and To]biah [sald].ו2.[ן

5דא8אאסם

dixitחסמ Thobias Hic egoזט;

~

vla) . Laקkwfe

~

v obbe4מץ

*[.cf1.21:8אעשד1שע8אשז4oeק

.quicqua~t nctlue bibmוצש6ש


10:14Tob2.Frg

נדיעיבדיןין

Mus.יחנ.231

363566IAAwasתן newly photographed1ז.any PAM photograph0תfound5ן01תThis fragment

.1994

READI~GS"0NnTES

.be watu and bet10The nrst letters preserved seem1.]

~TRASSLATIO [[the

deleds

of

Nadin

].1

((8אאו"5ז

.oa Na

~

da knotylaev 'AXIK

~

pw . La: Ecce filius Nabad, quid fecit Achicaro8,05:אז.6%א(ט.cf1.]

~

QTobitt200

("[-.ATIS,צ-וצ

physiral Descri

~

tion

grtין,)(ן~6טת![ותאנ"יות ) ups]ייfragments)חסח"תfound8]Hebrew text Of Tobitד"חוו1the(צ!י_ Aram ;lic T, ,h , t85חיas widtז0חbrown skin . The columns

ra

e1יאאוof

Palaeography

early,..3(ו11(א-וו2(ו1([ין"י. Herodian formal hand , dating from818חThe script

.au~ and J~od ar~ hardiv distinguishahlr*55176).י

,

Anchor Book;55138,'Scr~pts

6:3Tob11.Frg

ס[ןן

כפרססס[ן:

חרפותכילחיותי[מאש)י

לדדויחאמורעמידבהועצבתשמעתישקר]

ומים%עומן]ואי

שמחף

[ממניפניךאח],.

Mus.יתו.848

*183.43,218.42,368.41PAM

READIKGS8ש07אאס

.columns![שחז8 From the additionalסי)T1his fragment contains parts of lines fron

preceded![ח"preservedחcol0.ן: the first"18[חbecomes clear thatם,ינ.Of colקטיtheremainsח0 . The ends of four lines are presersed0ז[זletter belonging8trace of8only

.this column

,

space*5]thret , thereזמיrepresent ~ng the5)60visible . Aher theיז*four letters)0Traces2.ם.elear%פ8אי.ת641ץפרthen the trace of

i

0the(ז%!"ש. beginningזשthe root

of

: aref

1Aaot

remains of3]

L' DAEAN DESERT xlx1THEאוDISCOVERIES64

"יויז,[יזג,,

ו.[]

-ldUSt].2

false] reproaches[0סזו1.!זס)tha]n].3

mos.e (me) rar0זm1dine . Give commaTט1ז!15ן

"]have heard and] much]].4

,hidין0חerllaslt ) ng abode . Do.I1from [or the e.5

ourנ face [rom me-,[.6

[ו.,ג[י,זין,

conuersationeפdimittar)נ(:טiam dimittar desuper terra (s' s)ט;La.1פקשעףי

"7ral.5.Cf2.] .)terre

magisיזסוחLa: txpedit mihi.?6616:5וג)ז1ס(זשגיסק6,ע7שעב06עמגג6קף(עף1ז066קסן8וא.cf3.]

.L

~

Uam uluere . quonlam improperia

ohda

.

La : falsa"&""67pLE

,

inlraEovi6~

oD. K'41ז

~

ou"ס[ךיז6ג"HKouaa?5!ל(5ט(ן.cf4.]

.dimittar1ט,taedio . Praecipe ergo

,

Domine5תוטmagnil1טחן,attdio

3i*dnoordיקal

~

vtov Kdlע6ז"e'g Tbv rbnoק6סטג6וז6שק.Talfr

~

g?6%6:5רץ?ץ6ע6(ר.cf5.-וadds : anima mea) . Da mihi refrigerium!גLa: ab hac necessit~te ( s~ s.00

"4'61,oou . KUp~e66זזש60קז[ע

faciem:כנניפניךתסתרואל. tuam . Hebr . Fagii"8"וauerturt1ט0ח[י,aL' tCrnO]חייטייו

11-1)1:3Toh1ון.Frg

[אבית%יחרשי

[יחידה5הללהחיה2

עודןלואלתתלותכשראיןעלינ

[יי1אביישמעולוא4שמע*llrהחאין))

*BFn]

5טוג.יו)י..א4א

41PA.נ"א.42.א43,21.נ18* ~ l,ייי),,,יא,,ו;יי,י,

" the fitSt five0)c ( ) lumn contalns the heginnings of five lines, corresponding1טט5(6ח'fhe

lincsן,!וי1ט.ן.

.~lep8מprobably1ן5ן;preserved5ןrhe last letter,ייthe h( )ttom!8

rt

; ~ L'Cו,.[(יוחי,י

.letters remainזט())

rt

a ~ t's ,, ) the last.ו,.2()יוח."48possibly5ןlerter"הוr' llc-(..1

.he skin(חןtear45ןיוון4ק'1051חןl 'he l(lt~rd'4.,1

1RAXSI.[ייי . . I ' l'"[fatherיחו]reproach(1יחיו111ו1חן).1.1

onlyJ[ן daughter[4חhaye had al ~ t'e]1,1'2.י

"2(10י,י4

hiangת(1שתיין[[, m ?

self

;

ht

at1)1right)סח1(5וטת]For.3

~]י hcar ( thenl t: , thrflטת')hrar , and [ my father ] ma14.מחן

5.[the,י]יי0את1',טתsht8[~ת]]10ק[טיfavour,[ן

(נ(ג1!11ג;רי.5Inlpnיוניוןייינן, ~ pk. fl- llt1.ג,ת(1,,ן[יnaTtpa .ouק6זbvfib

~

ao)alv)ן_.1(-(5:זסחחקaolן0,קךז6ץ1dyatwrh.ג,ה~]ו(ונ];יויוון~וייייין,,ווג,(.,יייין,ו,.,,,, inriipx(

v

[.2((.5)םוקן,וק,,,1םךב-1(ןטוינטן..יו,,.ן,וין,ן!,,.

"cf3..1.5:%זנקןסתק(ק6קיסקtffTIVיק1.יולן3,ט[,%חק"ן

laqueo(5וייי,)חיוח(ויייינןח;ןו]~1)וטתוי]]ט(1 fu ~arcות8[תיפח

rraT,י,,~י,ן..י.ו,.ווי, ~kl,,משק(טווין.)וין,שץובי)

")bv~ק4 lS,apoO

~

dKoOa54:אתק*וז..] ),,,,

improperiumחןחווןmcaייצןגזי1ג.')(,ויחיייןי(י(las~ייווניי,,,ו,ן.,י,..,,;יעי,.,,י au~ iamותטן1טח ,pater mtus

lיוין,,ן[ן,יי.ייי.י,י,ו,ין.,,נ _ a,ייחז)Kat(יף)6!Oupi

ba

%(]סק[6קח(ק4ז

~

bLa~eTdaaoa Th!55..1

יין')(1ט(ק[י("נ1(.וו[)ן,[ו]תטחי](ווייינ."((4(ןנ,.,ק.ן.,,ין,.,ו,,'

~

lss()יןfencstram dcprecata

9-3:4Tob2.8]17

רצ[

-

וןאלה)נ

"ן.רוחהוזה

ןבמעיהאותכהיסבול,1

יוכ:,,,,,,

-ןוגיןהיהלאלהיםהכה-יםל

(

"ןייכה]הימיכילעושההיתאמק,",,,,.אמר

בעסותכי'סקר;בדרכן)

[0ן;עמךיהיהיאמת"

כולןמןפניךתלתרואלשדקותעושה]היהבניידכהיכארך)

אלהיפניי16תרולואמפלהאףעיי;

"היהןכרוברובבלילכהיהיהיאם

"עוס;יac::צעקו

"מעטלךיהיהאםןן"ח]

כמעין

hpבעשגהך)~

sפ51הישימה[]

5%ט1.עח848.1

שמגע183.43,218.42,368.41*REAnIXGSגסNOTES

8י.6)

.frgs

0threeיתOf,חכן) fragments , the firstחסed.p1reser15partial column"איד.are extant11חוח"5סחeach other . Parts of0נ[חalmost

.nr$t four letters are discernible)א)Only the botton~s of1.] .and ~

oa

the?.וש'מן last tvvo letters are found , probabl01Only traces2..1

Jusl.יחנןtheי860יritten0י(טייז8בזי15ייThe.סחףthe beginning of the)8cacat appears)(3..1 0thert,[וא ar

~ traces)2.the top Of frg8).נס.(חןtrace Of886תclear he85ןbefore the lacuna there.and reiעם

"bottoms Of

THS IUDAEAN DESERT xlxאנDISCOVERIES66

.tacat8פAfter the first preserved word there4.].he8the trace of5ןJust before the lacuna there3.]

-.waeu8be seen, probablyl1u1etter before the Aap cי0פthe head*1מ!the!0the beginning)16ע.]

yI

od. Aft,r the lacuna8or less likely,8שפשand then of,8"חאbegins with the trace ofזת1וThe7.,1 ,final mem8!0resumes with the trace

the[ש* .lacuna8now15whatמו

~acat8There may have been5.,1 .begins with the traces of three letters , probably wawt rato

,

and final kapטח;]The9.]

~)(TRAXSLATI [4grieve her spirit[!0ת] her] good ple

~sure , eandl do (]her] womb[טסץחו] land (shel bore

[]son , [remelmber Godוחו,days11בזטסוracat )And

[the days of [your] li[fe[8]וו] [ his command . ~acat B[e] honest

be.7[ן with you[94ווhonest4doing wh[atתן,the path]s of wickedness . bpoח;]

out face frvm anyl[01מ]your ability , my son . gi [ve] alms , and hi [de10] JAccording

,have [much, mY] sonטסץSlf.טסץbe h[idden] fromוווייזסמ]hen [Gold[' s face'-ד

.

[p]oor person

]bounty

"]accordingש(ט0ץ

[))you have()]141theשaccording,%יאוhaveחזסי1![סי(פ!1]ו!טסץ[giv]e al

~

m]s er

[.good deposit [you98,By] your [giv] ir~g alms]

[זגויי,

",,)

.

navrt "PdWan4ףז6ם?ע~veOiaתק09סיוטג6זoleb Tb

~

p(rrbv iv

~"lOV a(nts Kal":5.!ן.[ס

nec:)לulla re (MSחןcontr~ stare spiritum e~ us;]וט0חconspectu eiustחןplacet hoc fac11י;La : quod .)m

~dico spiritum eiusח]contrlstes ucl 511aerfit , La : quanta Pericu

~

a passa9%)0אev Th1ד014סOVOUS "OkAoOS k

~

paKfvK6

Vl

:5.))2.]utero.סבצל SUOמן(*1portauerit0)מן10ט:adds5עג;SIR add: * ! sustinuerit%]חקא(ג)ui (Ierit:אsis(

now missing becau~e of the lacuna. see4the infinitive absolute , resuming some finite verb form that5;

biblic.lפו1ו%*-late postמןLlsage found5,9.י51ןפDan.6.1and Cf. Hag25.34י7.46ו'~QTob צ123.

9loaon-" hauraoka, GBH:11329~ritings . See GKC

:La.

"מע

"n

~

oe700,0םן(8(א,aou749ע0ק4קתral "daas:5.cf.298ז*QpapTob4See3.]the lamed before the airect object , see GKC]0ק.rnente habeמ)Deum.)וח,omnibus diebus uitae tuae!ם

.post-biblieal Hebt,w. Hebr*ש!"~object precedeיא!used especlally with participles when19ח17.!(5ן

Fagii:אלהעהוה'אתכור!בניחייךמי'וכל.

truth.21:8ש4קאיקהגש8קזשזקםק319MS(4:קמק4,ששע4) ' . cf*1אbc doing',.)1].4עושההלץאמז.]uelle011ח:aou . La?49ז9אק4קףיז?(משtKa~Wivag wole ~ "~aaY8,Tds irohd~ alroD1סעףהסק0זזKal

.praeterire praecepta illiu$ . lustitiam fac omnibus diebus uitae tuae1סטpeccare

]0

~

aTt.?9ףז%4א(םTdig aarףק9מ9עשאסןral:5.doing the truth ' , cf5האכחבעשות.[1ן.,'חן.]

~

vyas?%0זEkdkatk*ra~ kv%64[עפ)the Hebrewמcloser5)aoD , whichv9olo~rro!319"יג]voLoDvrsg

WM : ueritatem) erit88")ex ueritate?1uiam iniquitatia , quoniam agenteמןire1וו0ח?:a("av

.

La

.omnibu~ qui faciunt iustitiam1י)eritושיbene:,5יל")operibus tulsחןrespectus

be aoine,משthe tength of your hand, mY10according',.!6רוךת%עחשההיהדבהבני'כארך.[ן.]Thנס%:*read319but MS,18-7:4om~ts Tob5.110QpapTobt

!

ar4.giving alms. cf.י.ם.~righteous deeds

vi

~

v4ש:AB5458.עססt*awdvשש6ז*

עמע6ס10םש4קפן4(4קזז

"mdpxovrd)6תב"OIELג4(ף aou

awer~ere haiem!ששמ,rc eleemotynam,]ם,substmtia tuaצ*:La.0עףעיס"0Onapxbrrwvץ(ישךשג4 oot.tuam

wawhS486:AB88א.wavr*wrexoO416:319cf. MS14Possibly one should read."1ז.]

:~k*kg. La6דOWhxSh , Nafd4ים"

*מ6דעש9ו6ס6קדססד00ש.1הםקזססע4

".6TWXODד04סס06 Kal"

~facie,וום,8!סמפ2*!11יי%פתפתץ8ס. Dei. Quom~do h.buerie*18nec auertatur1םפאח*1א,ab ullo paupere largior,8טוק. rtitr

~ t substantia116181

4(נ?וו0,-

יטדו..,,י,וו.,"imavxיז,.ג

". ~ u ? aן,י"bu

t

)v6א*_aUTWP

~

Atfi

"oaevnvח4ן0ן(ע0סף*ש.cf8.]

ט"ן,,,יי11,וין,,.4"

rxiguum,ס11%,ט1יייקן(יא hahurrts51;fac elNmusynam

((hviva9~'דםים,-ן(1..יוין.י(יווי11~יו1...1,יי~ו.

~

aeaurםק6700076"קטםסי(((9ן

"04:AB.)9ט.] ,

,1thיוו11יו111י",וי]או.ן.,י..הן~י1'1ון~ו1.1' , u~ ilt%1(%1ן5)סותו1סוח.die ntctSSltal ~ s5סתסקשזי116חו

2:5ub'3ך,Frg

ן,:[

ןאותי1יודעאיייהוא

[ןודאמין

ן1שמה,ללכ

Mus.עח850.1

43,218.42,368,41PAM.ש184

NOTESא0ים4שא5%ם

.thr [irst,1)~traLח11יי()ןח)נ,This fragment preserves the beginnings of [our lines~prestrי8סא1נחטי10"זזחין.

cd

the)0The(~ןבח"ע";5 bottom2.].-

aI

u4viSiblt . probably15Only the top of the lasr letter4._1

TRANSLATION

1].1

1me0ח([א0חוsince he does.2

1]and believe.3

[thert[800).4

COhfhfEWS

.nou ~ t"111La : neque enim me.)

"00Kalץ!אסנוו(ו a

~

rrbi:5.cf2.].

.

credat)סme cognoscat)ט;ba.1:8םאיזוד(מס6ן0ק.cf3.].noul5טו11ןLa : neque uias regionis.8:ס0זקסז(ובעף6ט*א(ן-cf4.]

9-7:10Tob4'.Frg

[1החזנהימיעשרארבטתןלדבהשלמויכאשרןי

[1אליובאבוצלשרהלעשוחרעואלנשבעשר*:

ומה*אביאשיץיודעיביכברשלוצילוואנצרשתבדה

שבין]

שמכקעוד[הר4בףחשרמ28חיכהאמיף*

THE IUDAEAN DESERT XIXאוDISCOVERIES68

כבראביפל5הלכתיתשלחנזפשרפביגותגהאניי

%לך6פרתי"1

~

iSבנילמוביהרעואלייומר'בתים,ל

אב1יכטוביאלמלאכיםפשלהופניפתיהך7

""ו

[מה]

[ה[ת[19

hlus.יח850.1

4PAM].368(חןחפק),2.42]184.43,8*

N,י01%גוא5%ח ( )TES

.column8eight lines of!0the beginnings0[חז!Three joined hagments4theזסיו5ןוואפק second01מאמThe.חב)4(קשthe first letter , probably01trace ~rnans1..2()צ1חב

.the skin!0the foldחיh ) sr

the end)פ;yod ( be

~

re the heבand then Ofשסווfer and8of the first u'ora there are traces of(..ןטח1[(י1ן0trace(8ז(1.

lvrittenטח11. above the15(עתהThe adverb4..1

kapבthe trace Ofי(א.%begins1יחי~ fhvנ..]6sameטעזם8שזק;

~

OnO the tops of the letters of the third word areבprobably15The first letter".,1

.the

~

uah word,0truv h) r the first three letters,1samv)1ח

.het8undoub~dly15hc

rif

st lctter'17..1

,t ~vo

~

medi are preserved]0the tips.יוח()".,]

ד'לוגא[.ן]יייו

thenb]0!weddin

~

vvere over1טא]the four [ t ] een davs of[4חגי,חיה],ן

h1im0)]carae1ד'0[6]אפ~Sarah , his daughte0ז]make0)Ragua ha~ svvornיי"1(ה.[

01knowח] a

~

eady that [my father does1

~

him , ' Scnd mc of0]

~'saנחג.(

beg[1]see m[d again . Now111עוthat she"'601חיט11טn~ther does'.וחandl also.)4.[ט6:יטו

have a

~

eady1mv htheh0זgo?1רחוthat50]01send me0ט(mv father , that.יי)ה.,,Tobih. uay son0זthen said1סטשבא"'.them behind1ז1טhalt1tuld You h

~

] w.ל

]Tobi yo [u ] r

th

heh and th [ey0)shall send nAesserlgers1stav ,vith me , and,7

א.[]

(ן,י[י:ו,.ו.,

~

consununa)י0ק4קי00זטסק74.[פ:1םט~

ra reaaa

~

sיםauveTeheae

~

aav)6זKal(1ן,.ל.]

~ ( dies nupharunl111:)(sunt quartu ( ) rklecirn O' s aGrk La: ae quibus69קץeUyaT

*aOTO

~

etaveev7גהטס7םק%וםסתיסף'a~

oaev49!5.].)2..1

CXוחט1וו. ~ " ad.1טאטא4אlurallvrat

ע0.[פ:'[8פן06אזש

"ar

~

p"66ק74נץ4וזas Kal elnev EEanboTEI~" "

) , ylVaaKW(4~T!5.,)(.,וC(פמור)9ןr1teSWN0)usedפ . sclo enirn qu~ pater meus . Again , the infin

~

ive absoluteif1)!נ;צ;(וווןו)ויוחןhnן,ח4(נ'[06'22. ~ e vcrb ; ste COrT~Tltrlt

rnater na~ a)*:14פ

.

vgp heta21א.ertש

"o~uK

*06סט60שזסוץ[קוז66

~

ouףקףזהקKal:5.1.)4.,1

.uisuros me . Nunc Ita(lue peto5טcre~ untח(חו

La: pateh."

9%5שםש%4שזס0[9מגשקKalשששקסן(694קןע6זםק74סוvou7.ף

~

dTe".)ן.5(,.5)ס

ae

~tl ad ~) atrctn nleu~rh, lanh1טmc85)1;וח1ם indkaui quomodo1164ד'[9אש.1.פ:יel

~ev Tayouhkי0סשנםשף44ום[ע81.6אetlhO8vt:

,.]]

"..1 dixit Raguh

~

Thobiae1".rcliqt)erim[חוי11ן

40200ליי

0dnoaytkluaקץ(יש1[ו'ד"ן' dyyi

AouS

,e~oD*של Kal.שק(עסעק!ז.ietvov. natb(ov:5.cf1..1La(י1יא:חטק(יmc,!111,.1ז(ייא[יוטי[י"י : teman~ h,L- ptne~ me.ם"9זwartpa aou ral bwokleow~v

0mittamמ1,זסindicabuntי[וןdcטז. patri

14-10,11Tob5.Frg

ןסןעדבמקרח[לן!

[ןבעיניותפוץדו.בהדנורת[ומר

דססן1ושםאביחיראאל4יויאמרן

ןן"ןוחרוקעיניועי

ןבמ,איוירא]עימודצריוהן

[5מןס[ן.ן

MIIS.יתנ.850

*184.43,218.42,368.41PAM

RehnlNGs00785אא

colunin8from.1(3ח, the middle or15[5%טחןparts of8חן8זחססThis small fragment

the~ט loeer Oneb . ha's5hrunk somewhat, and the beginnings of the lines , especiall

.vistedb1ecome t _letters , prQbably qop and rei0'1)begins with the traces ofטח,]The1.,1

.6118cannot be)1.lamed0(בprobably the remains,ץ?ע

'

small dot precedes)ו_.4נiemin ~ nc noun8,0possibl ?' Ihc cnd.108שof1)18be the10left of the first Ictter scems5)What5.,1

~ uf

ht

c"01עש4ו4י.'(0[ח((

.

'ket~avaTa . ' %

h

, te scalcs4זthe construct statc , agree

~ng with citherח) ,)eyes

.Only the tops of three Ittttrs are preser~.ed6.]

TRAh'SLATION

[[,far

as

85tol

meethia

son],1

]his eyes00!11י[חhis hmd, and he scatlered (

some

the(תן fish (was!0and the g]dl2.[יי

the medicinel)טקbe afraid . my father ' . [and heז0חand he

:

saidl % him. ' Do].3

hisיןsmanedן12ן eyes , md4.ןס]ח

theת50ן Nhite scalles of his eyes

.

Isl

~

nd he saw [his],5

[my]ן son'6.[4י

8יאש1אאסם

alrrdv:אThobias)11)occurrit;ס:occurritחןobviamוח~0 . LaשאץKUl kN&aev TakNas:81ום.]

"subject!0md also the change,לקרהNote the defective writing Of.במשו-לק:suo. Hebr. Mimterii

.and Hebrחס)also85,son5שmeet0יHebrew the elderly Tobit mkes his w~ayת1*ש.versions1שח

.his father.יוהאי,[.םand the ba Tobiah meets8תןMiinsterii , but

DISCOYERIES ! % THE JL'

AD

EAN DES

~

RT xlx70

.~naev elg TOOI N~kD*

iv ainmD6

*~ Xe~

pt au~oi. Kal eve4%4ג0עסז[960%?ע4זral:5_))2.]

iniecit:3)תן;פרגasparsit:ג!45ג;aspersit illud:11insufflauit ( s~s!ש.manibus suisתוSC ~p1Sוש)La : ferens8rcsumingגוץof86501ש1טundoubtedly the infinitive15מן,.Thobis patris sulתן0[115ט)oculis

because the watu,0(מקperkct1לשאunlikely the22.!(נ'QTob4חסpreceding einite ,-erb ; see note

.the contextתוcalled for15active

~

orm8תand,טעת0[51.ט)be01חoula.1

Fortiש!%61ו!11[י:alrrdv

.

La'4ץ

~

dpVaKov4ץ%4ג(ע6זehpael . "dTep. Kal15סא(דז(ק.cf(.]

animoתאם. esto , pater , " ) iniecit medicamentum . Possibly one should restore the infinitiv

e

absolute

scribal818!1this context , Hanhart ausptctsת]sense1111[סlyhich makes,ל4ד4"א"קKal:5.))4.]

.)eum)(3:ת)הס)וטזסpraebebat ( htS]]11morsum!ש,$oculis eiuתן:smarted ' . La,]6י0ח4(54(ף.'1ןי,rrr () r

.probably the latter5ן!!absoluteiז0ת8תן![ות!טעוform5ן1!8חטסחbut.3[ח01)0(חרקcicaril15חרוקllebr:אביתיראאל'ויאנן. .

~ldnsterii

rav Kaveev4עוסקשץססז6ם6ץreads : Kal dweUmafv kKaTtpa~S rais53!:,!fur,2!יlacks55.]עשTO*11069גם648

*(expressed:(ז!2)וקז4י6 . hISS AB8ןobject of the verbום[06(0ת"%T

~

V b

*eakV

T,01אlhbvע6ז!ע46

~

V KaVhnv T

~

P b

*eakV

~"airro

~

T& heuKhaTa6%4Kal ( he"(veq131.י).a

~

ToD

.

u~dit filium suum5טו1,?ז!)dccoriauit duabus manibus albugines oculorum)ט:ai~oD . La

video:8].dv!ש,י1ח. oe

t

TeKWVe16:5.Cf".,]

4:13-20:12Tob6.אפץ

op margin'

כולאתכתבון

"[ינן(ג"ויוהעלהוהוהמעשה

חוראוןעודיכלא

"[אלהיםאתומהלליםמברכיםם,ץי0הדמה2נוהיוב

מעעלאוהוומודיםן

ילדתהנראהאיכהוהומהיםדגדולי"מלחךן

4אמורן,בתשבוץתהלהוכדובטובידברניבכן:'אלהטטן

"אלהיםרוך

"מכהןהואלואשרמלכותוהיאהכשלמשלכולאשרי

ודיאן

"מן]מחהימעלהוהואהתחתיהשאולהעדמורידמרחם

י5[גן"

"ישבנילוהודו)מידויפצהאשרומה[האל

לפנייורוממוןגודלואתספתוושמה'בדמהנדחיםאתמהאשר[1הנוש

לפניאותו)כוי

אלליכמהןיהואאדניטמהןהואכיאחי

ןןולמים"לכוי

5ט1ג.!יח~.5א()

*184.43.324.42.368.!4PAA

I

יאיזי-4ן,יא[יייחג;יcolumn, the upper m~rgin8)0top?8(אזlinesחס!the centre or8ח0(5חן)This [ragment

.preserved15~- hich,()

710200*

45sumethשatitletl!חhc1זקקט( ~ng that,0~trace)ת4חAbove the firat PRRNtd word ~rc very1.]'[.,זו[ז

-

llAb bctn Ik~ Sf1[זתth ~ s!0p ~rt!010!5"חlayerקקט?זlegible . The!0תmargin , but the trace~ ate

l)cgirtningטאו4!וון)~hort varat a[tcr the last preaervcd word . SS'h ~t

uw

ula vurrcspundפprobabty was

the!8ואחוו?. end Of!פprDb~bly began21עof

hr1ז(,11.הוש(]זחוןthrי)1~skippcזנבא

~

?scribr ' s Cדזא.has bcen atruck outדיהThe word after2.14 ,,יוו:ג,['~צהן14חון(י

rr

aL4"(ה,.()ח())ן

~

ana then crossc3ן(חןסחוןcopied here the WOt

~

found under

letterת1the0[שח,probably*שקוי.

),1.lluf tilcrc,ו[,זווו,זחיid ~ Cf,ןיי~rhe skin has flakr

The)שי0'ש.' first two lettcrs arc either3.]8he"חא. , and then ofפclear traces of

t%ן,[נ. ' urat beiore the 'irgt prrser~ rd8There may have been4..!thr,יי)

"אק4ו.י,,]n5lakv(])1,זין4ן

!יי"

despiאק(, (r thr,?4פ')cltarl5]The last

"reservea letter5.4!

.kapפ1בחמbelow the right shaft of the he look tike that Ofא8,תי,

י"י,ט!.[)]1ו4[

ht

c *, ~

as

latcr scratchrJ]60.וחזט)the lueativr,לי)שפ:The scribe first wrotc6.14

thcתייץאה ft~au!,0the skin ha~ fiaktd,0dlep. The top laytrחפlook somew~hat like

ft1

(

ft8ddl, t and8טתו,!זא(5ק0יין!the beginning of the!פdots remainסיהOnly7.]

mrm4!01055theג(!י11נחי.י(,יו" skin has causea theתןbreakפthe second preserved word18ח.] _reiבprobabli' that of150,פ!?(!?וthe bottom)0the trace,?חו!

lraL

E

rc)11(1)(טון ~ umcs1יתיAtier thr lacuna the.שת;]abos.e theאדתיעסה115וע1!!?ח]The waw of9.].eaw8or

.s~ isible15

:

lamed8OfקוזOnly the10.]

TMNSLATI (YN

that([:1ן has happened ' . And he asccndcd ,

ut

rat[811downל,וז!ס'].יmore(,טט.] . l zt

~

ut the)- ~'ere blessing ana [prats ~ ng0ח]and they aawl h [ilm[.2

his(ו4וןחגןan~rlי,1(;י,נ: great

~

aelca md thu Am

azln"

idCt0חand acknowledging him because[.3

~

.

them0!]had appeared

andפsongחןpraisc,5*ץ[[אח.] composeaקטTobi spo

kc

4.י)'די'א?ח

~ ctsl1)agcs : Jbecausc hc l* f811,זאfor5ןBlest be thel living [Godl . because his kingship'[.5 gr ]eat ab? s

~

s . l[קט0ין!ת!טאlow'est Shcol . and he ralscs0)shoa~s mcrcy ; he brings doan[4חפ].6

Isra [el , bcfurel)0chlldrcnל).himט48טי01חחט1נ(?his hand0ז!תthere the can snatch fr5,What.7

ex ~ lt4נח.rherc [ h , s grcatnt.is[)]טו41(0"ח.the nationsl ~ because you are banished among them[.8

himJ

[]ourl God'1[5וLord ; he5ןזט0ץthat lives . For hc1(!פbefore[.9

1for).10פ]ages]1!'ן

גסם!אמ5%יי

Theהעלדו.[sccms1];strange5[יי form.0י80קטthis deed . ' And he caused him]1..1[ן!,י'[זקל;("]1ב [ח

~

also foun5ן.sensr _ This SCfISLן~refiexil8חןPronontinal sllffIX Ufit

d

0ipft,'על,ויג(א8 hrm"8be

:5-207,esp.10-206(29-1925)1Lei.'ח-הש',Abronin.4:see.3:29Ezekחןand possibly,16,7:78זן La ; scrib ) tc.

6ypa*aveזau~OdvTaע1קKal.6ע4*ךי wdwa raDra.-loUon,,יורנל5ן5.146: Muraoka

tgo enim ascer)do ad eurn quI me m) slt ) . Thrrr:1רascendit (s~ s!8.ergo omnia quae cont~gerunt uobis

.sentence$0((מthe end)פuacat8was probably

ral

~

vow T

~

Vעע0ץ6ג6ףKal obiky~ haa'avyo 'gv (MSS AB: obKkT, etbov) aer

~

v. rai:8.cr2.,1.benedicebant ?! decantabas~t Deo!ם.poNerunt illum ~lldenש?מסח:

~

dv. La

areפsingularרגדול clear andש(aince the traces of.שלה14(מעPerhaps one should rcconstruct3.]might$סעםה.agalnפ interpret !! a?ש,חס'one reads!1.$different from the vetsion18followst whkh

theשtheir rtorlaget. e~fcnת]proaominal ~ufr,x was presentפversions, however, show that*אז'.sitaular

ieydAa TaiTa ( MSi6זepya a~rroeית6ם1ע64זt0eQIiOAOyOt$tT5:יסא.plural. cf5!'noun for 'deed confitebanturא:La.00

"8~DTSg dyyfkS60סז%ח0ס449*ת&eat~werrג0ש

AB: T& tg

~

a Td Wdk

propter quod apparue

rat

angelusל(: Dei ( MS1115!omnibus operibus magnts illius ~ quia aPparuit1!1!!פ

TH

E

JUDAEAN D ~ SERT xlx1אDISCOVERIES72

does!ן.Plural8the Latin versions . Bing0חומהים)תן!correspondsוטם).שתואי0אSanctus angelus5)]]ן

.coordinate substa~hve8rnust be taken as!]50~the preceding noaועו!אagreeיסחLa: tunv.(עש%))1%םdyaAAla~v9)ססקן(ט%עהש"Kal TwO

~

T eyva

*e:18/Kal (lffev ( ~ ss:5.![)4.,1

BibNcalתוEDundהחסמטבוחת5ן01מ!aixit . Theתו[טב(8וון,אorat ~ onern!ט(50!ו5קו,hobis-1locutus est

he rnote nornud l

~

ebrew'1.824(511ב2ו8;6(18נ;

"plura(11510()4:8,1רl ()haתןViebre~i but occurrs

The form here rnay' be an

Arama

~nh.2(:5155משבחך(א1?64444),3ב;תזן)~ rm agest The sense1!5,ז0ב]grhose kingdom,306)One could also traniate , i

~

lessed be the nving3..ו

%6hoyאap(6ש(9ז"

~

Tbye9:5causal sense . Chזן,תבand La have taken5.debatableאשר5ןof(ח

~

uiu1ט

~

Benedictus es , [)eus , quia rnagnuss esב]aDTbT

~

aaTIyCi6וז

~

aUTO4גוסםל([םalOva Kal85,restoredאלהים,0ת!אל,5ו~iuiu

"qu

~

ipse aagena51טsaecula regnunaת0טכ[ב"1תי0"ביתן),aEternurTI

.96:32'fVob(4תן

vא94הזשגפח4[9ם.~

yel6y

~

s . Kal aOtbtפזנזפזםעףז"sou#9;נןKaT

~

yEl.9)ג*Kal:5.])6..1

.perd~ione8nnlseretLIr ; deduc" usque ad inferos deorsum )) reducd1ן:La

r

~

v(6וםזשש)

*%4%eaT~ V%)0;eK

~

fteeTat (vss AB6,4%0קOUK EVTIV4(9ךגנץ,"וםT

~

S:5.])7.]

~est qui efhigiם(תסת,wtov . La : rnalestate sila6~v,י010וט'[גיםקס,aUTg)14"ץ0ג0ק0(0ס.XEiPQ aOTOe be!!ו%that',5ב8לן,ולקbe read0!פצה'5ןPossibly.I11srael coralן[[י1[[וו"nlanurn elus . (] onfltemir

תן

~

)the rnore usual sense , ' open ( the mouthתןfJund5]פצדsnatchca frorn his hand " The vcrb

.]1(4Oen511ל5.442נתן)4

eteevעיי Oviv6("aOTaiS " Kal ~

KEi

o4עle""elpev o~

as6aOTbs67ו,iovov78(,.")קפ..]05ת)תן(1[(5;א

~

disper

~

t LIC

s

( MS % : dispars"5קן

~

eyah)aOvnv aUTO

~

Kal h

~

OOTE

.

La : nationibus , qula

"8וhostendatur!וזם5וה(זס ibidem)ל(:טexaltate ( MS)ט,elus(ת[ט5[ס1()נן[תב])adnuntiatc!קostcndit O ' sוחן

~

cxahctur1ט~ us.agree0!)מאמcannot be!0!1ש6:ןlast Ivttcr hc

~

orc the break has clearly the head Of kapוון']',,.]

עפ69יק6שעו407,

aOTbv~ה"

~

viv,ov "avrbF (

~

VT

Xh

KaeeT~ aOTb5.]).)noster]קפס

La]0",vith.ת" .uiuente ,

quoniam ipse est I)ominus [)eus rloster0[וחתiHum corarll:קפקה.[,בaUTOY e( bsום"pater"1ט5קן:a( avag

.

ba069זEIS vdvTaS69%Kal aOTbSקפקה

Oa

Tbg "aT

~

pיו,([.5)"וב..].13:145onnnla saecula saeculorunt ) ]. Psחןnl ) srvr " ] I) cus

14-13:13Voh']7."

Fr

"top matgI

ודוצישמחיחוזןיאתברך%הצדיקיםבני1על2

ל%כ[י'עולםאלהי])

ך[בשלומהשמחיםואשרין*

hlus.יח5.1א()

וק%וג41.א42,36.או184.43,2*

la[,יייייא,.יי,ייי;י

Ivr

of one column and the0ק)the)8lines0!יטסיfragnlent contalns the endsך'5וח

the second colurrin0.חהזט01ש.דof the follosving10קthe)8beginnings of four lines

Of ",hich11ק10שחvith parts of

~

]ur lines , the,(76)belongs another fragment

*0200י)

hc,יי

re

hrl ~lng8שחיוs that thr's14hoח11?יThe marg~ n above.78נ.frg0זcorresponds

theפתוחט01ס. top of

theחפקשןי. r~ret letter , prob~bly)0trace rtma~ns14.!(תל[צפ

'1CUSיז%111(,[?11(יו'1'[ו(),.וז( trrd fht.*18.43P1Ah1תviaible51111,Looac nakes of skin2.]~יווווון1(

crit

)11'1'.~ lcaril(תא1טחן)(י(תזana thc final kap61זthe50and,1993June150חremoved

theת1טא1זשי%[5ח0. plural , as01ח,aingular

final kup4)0ח8ק.r6he final Ictttr rcmaln)0Only the trace4..1

T~ANSI.ATI ( lN

lthen reJolce and exult].1

over]6חאhlessזון1 the children of the right~ous[.2

eternal.[*ן81[ God[.3

].our [peacr,)[חיrejoice0"1עand bicssed are those).4

COhihtENTS

Jerusalcm*י4אונ(.,.%ד6ז( . scc ~QpapToh10The feminine imperatives arc addrcsaed1.]1aoosן) T

~

V &

KatwV

. La tunc

"au ~r ) ) l ,trtarrעטסזsfss AB; XdP

-~

)

ral dyaNdaaat vpbg()זףשמשק0א.riliis iastorum

bL

-

C()861ט1יייI1cnfln ~ tI8,תשprobably the infinitive construct uscdברך)5ןThe form2.]~c.%"וםEDkoyhaotvivע6י"ייוקל"ד(,(, f.22'

~QTob

.cf(חוס,זחסחח0 the;,52יטJoUon-. Muraoka.~

BH

aelcrnumינ,יון,1

I

. F , , urת]PR : benedicent I)uminum%%יג)benedicent Domino aeterno1?:alavoS

-

La ,

someתי[יחי7 form or

the

tetragramn]aton should undoubtedly be restorra

felicesיז. qLll diligunt:8.1

.

~

yanav$ts ae08:םק"49(י0י-cf3.]'ndaalsי0ס5(רטא-וססךיף,,יל:ABיי.י)elp

~

vv ~ou1סיםזע0סיקםצ1ץ4מזKat iaK

~

ptol:8.cf*.14

.pak~c tLIAחיs~ ss RX: felices qui ) gaudent(91שוט:La.(טססrdlt idm~Elv

2:4!-18:3!Tob117.Frg

top wtart~ n

[ברוךישירושמחהתהלתירוסליםי

אסהאלהים:

~

[וברוךאותךמריםר

[.לשלםהקלוששמואתיברכובכי]אשר

[]15בשלום,וימןטוביהודתדברייותחו'י

[ס*וחםסצצנהבןוהו4:]

ןחיהותמששתבע*ו4חרמף4הן,.

Mus.עחש.850

*184.43,218.42PAM

THE IUDAEAN DESERT xlxא!DISCOVERIES74

READISGS05שזסאג

.frg0תare

~

reserved8*11מThe begirulings of four.17.READINGS Of frg0אSee NOTES

areת0 preserved,3110ןשתof which belongsקקט(א0חחand parts of four lines , the,78

.lines8חthere are parts of1!76.]חב.frg

.letters0,11he followed by traces of8can see the bottom ofטתטתס!]Toward the end of the1.]the!!טמ. end of the1בpreserved8!11בחright side of2ד'טא.]

mem!!שת . Aher the lacuna theפletter , probably ofפtrace of5ב]Just before the lacuna there4.,!letters , probably bet and final0יווthe very end are traces of!4).tawבand)!ב!מוresumes ,vith traces of

מאמ.

endsפ1ן%.. with the rematns of4תשalep'חפthe remains ofוש!אbeginsטתן]The5.,1

*ale*תפof19יthe leh5!begins with the traces of re

~

, 'alet, he . After the lacuna thereטח]!The6.,!

.,reפandמפל(קשthe end of the lines are traces of!8

~)(TRAYSIATI ]psalm of [exultation Blest beב]Jerusalem [shall slng.1

[the God wh[o exalts you, and blest.2

bless!0([זטיט.] his hloly [namel!1!עוyou theyחן]because.3

the[ן age or1פpeaceתןthanksgiving , and he d

~

iedל'Tobi!0lpleted [the ~rds0!ח]]vere1[150.4

[

~

:Hle ssas fifityl -eight years old [when.3

].Years0[זט][-a [tersvards [he lived rifty[6חבן,his

~

s ] ight.6

[יגי[ג[5%זגplural ; the5ןpaatms of) . The subject of the sentence',ח].חהל)possibli' the plura]0,מהלה]..!

)atrrfiS]91פגהש:MSS AB(קהגםסטסק)!'~ebpa!פKal:5.cr.'רוטלשhas been lost beforeשער'construct

plateae Hie ~~ rusalem) eanticum:4תplateae tuav ; MS:אlius ( SIS]]ןostia!ט:IpaToi ipoiha~ v . La4664ש?יגגסץ

.

laetitiae dicent

שז,

al

pa~L, La : benedictus Dominus (MSS MRX: Deu~) qui exaltat'700

~

bs6?01..2((.5:(6,6זךץ

.)omna saecula saeculorumחןbenedicetur.צbeneaictus O's)ן

:Laמן quoniam.וז~avoע6ז1alQNaםש* etg6זbw

~

ta6זeoleyhaoua~v]0זךד0ג6יKal.5.]3ן..].aeternumת))hiR: sanctum55!ג)bcnc~icent nomEn sancturn suumט)

Tiig itoVoAay**

ewg Tdhe. Kat014ץ6גauwrektaiftwav5:יםא.cf.2]18זב*QpapTob4scr4ל]

,Thobiמ0ש!4מסן88שconsummati sunt sermones1ט1ט:La.646םאשkKaTbv4קפזelp

~

vv4קd~ieavev

.pace

,

annorum ccntum duodecimח]m*) rtuus L'SI

TOig?4ע4"קי1(וevfToi76עף,שד"~

eT660Kal k(

~

Kovra:5.cr.3]18זט*QpapTeb4see5.,1La : quinquaginta autem.(?]ש*

ABטהiravע(םזע0אףדקפזא6,ד4n(iheafv6)6ז?6 : Kal""]יןb*aak

~

oig

.cum oculis captus est]ן[וו([י)חח1י~),וחט([ב

e(naev ev(1ע

*שגה4ע4

~etrףדש&AB : Kal .er155ג)rbvd0va

~

U)aL a6ז&KaL

~

er:5.י('י).]

quadraginta quattuor) annis:8laginta quattuor ( MSטquinql!ם:La.סא[ג4(םע6ס0קף?4"0[סף(עhyaOois ()pןגוט(. st

~luam lucem rectpit

200ט74,

tfnidentified Fragments

8.Frg

היואוד

5ןנפליה"ו:

151יכ

" מ*

Mus.ח1,.850

*184.43,324.42PAM

READINGS05ש07אא

0thisז small fragment . The lerters are s' erv diff, k' Ult0חare preserved118סחParts of four

.324.42PAM0חmore clearly?]8ו[זזread , though they appear

,final kapפbegins with the remalnS Ofטחו]The1.].glmel8)6י8חיthe last)0rei ~ and that8be0!Th,

rt

acc of the first Ictter seems2.14

our?א'אא"brt.)"נ,טנ,(1 letters , probabl()0can see the topsח?שחס]]the beginning of this!ם,3ג _prcserved hert5ןlamtdק0,פ]!Only the4.]

TRANSLATION

]today1,ן

2.ו1141[

yourן handחוland.3

][.*

3:3Tob9.Frg-ו4

אשפפואלי

לשל4תטר:

" ע (4

Mus.א850.1

*184.43PAMREADtNGS0ט1ד0אא

.This saall fragment contalns the remains of three lines

IUDA ~AN DISERT XIXאו8אזDISCOVERIESא

.of

~

the second word44שש

~

letter aher the second9)0ttace815There2.ן*48lamed8)0פשא%thisא11.

[.3ו1מthe0ז

TRANSLATION

]judge[01תand ao.1

]have kept for despoilmentטסץJand.2

][.3

COMMENTS

.then the following quotations may help,4-3:3Tob10this fragment does correspond)ו.n*eisu8indictasn sumas de pecsati8,1:שמ.Tdig hVagrlalg

~

ou?יקק(ש0%4ק4זKal:5.cf1.ן.diaptionem405מtradidistiוט:h~(ag

~

vas ets hp~ala*. LaK8al g:5.cf2.]

QList of Falsc Prophets ar4.339

)PLATIיןג

Broshiג.ו'טן8(יח.'(חנא([,",הנהralsc8י',י,ייק,י,7,,,,,,;י,:,יין":,4,-:4 and.יל:Prclimin~ry publication

falsr~.'ו!%טאט,1'" prt)phrt]0151!בAramaic L'Ontalnsח!THIS small fragment s~ritten -.!)

5theirי(יי[ז" cump( )siti ~ )nsת]Hebresvיוחסobservation that the Dead Sea sect used theייזs ' irlvpolnt a' as acceptahlc5!],sectarian composition . Nevertheless818?!8זסח!the

.Qumran community

Physieal Deseription

ana conles from the uppt- r5%3(וה.%'?The leather fragment nleasures approximatel

the.חו mid

~

lrת]ts~' o parts almust0)וזז0זתןcolumn . The fragment ~' as8side of1)"!andיבהט lower hal ~'es there are parallel holcs .- hich mightקקט"יside of theם(ז!the .u

,

dth5)1foldcd al ~)ng5%11בthe two pieces together , This indicates that00נ[ח!served ,0t1shis part rcmalI1ח.another eold10from the left margin may point3.3וחםtear)34andןנ lower margins as well as the left margin are preserved . Reninantsקקט"זthe

large , black band which has been ruhbed off can be seen along the margins

.

Thesr data

asט2ן5יי

hose

original11.,'reconstruction of this small square 'cardבsuggest0!allow us

str~ng passed throughבand perhaps even held together bvעח[(שcm , folded75.8צ.)

~mentioned here mrrrl154arrangement ex~ st , andחפparallels for such0א.the holes -.dark5]color115very wrinkled and6as

* suggestion . The document

Palaeogra

~

hy

formal Herodian hand , areב]!]s~ritten,11*1of the%11710ט111חthe ends ofחל!ע)

paperבered bv'c1o15remains of traced lines , The back170preserved . There are

appliedבsvhether!0determinationן!. recently for preservat~on purposes , pres'enting.contained writing,100

Mus.עח377,2

*248.43,928.42,050.42,614.40PAM

Hebrtlk' ~ . The e~rlier(54(4(1993)62;rarbi4WbS publiahed%644*ewliet

~

ebrew version of this4מ]

Thc authors btnefited from_4640339פ344מdetailed discussion of the pataeogrphy Of both8wrsion conratns

1994,63Fdse)3ך68,5-2ש[י48. Proph~ts ' ,. Tarbii61%].1the Interprftation Of theמ()',Qimroa,1ו:~nvo papa .1994.13Nahrett, April84!6[פ

ottt#e de~ Lapt,ger'-ו:Q""taaptoblta.'אפםןש1חם8משזפם0*(יd~rמ]Segen, 'Die Spraehen-Fagen.82

miascheni8de~n, '$prachliche Bemcrkungen zu einigen ~r;9!-3!3(1963:~f*glWewa ( Berlin-088ששsyw*oei~ew aaw 33Texten(1965)%19פ2. van Qumren', ArOr

JUDAEAN DBSERT xlxאו8אזDISCOV~RIES

1.Frg

[ישראל]בקהצדיאהקראנבי9

בעוריהנלעמ

I1Pftn6כיתפל

לנ4להבןקיה[צר]

blwrRIעולרהבן

פעשיהבןקיה[מנד

ונאל6ישטעיה)

"עוייבןעיה

גבשןבןדינביפה]

יגאיך%[ג.ץ[,יו

]lsrael[ת!alse prophets ,vho arose[1-דטא

Beor0הBalaam [son_2

from Bethet18ת"olat1he[_3

Chainalanah01Zedelkiah son[.4

of K [ol ] iah50מAha] b[5

8Zede]kiahוג[8]548" son Of[_6

Shemaiah the Ne]hlemite[_7

.of Azlur50תHananiah[א

from Gib] eon)"09,[8ק!חק

ג!זיאוג"

,).)

the Hebr~w Bible, Sesondמן

~

ound4שת'false prwphets',שקר?נב-The expresslon.ןא-ק[וט'מ4א.]and5.1,Sanh.ש)Miahnaic Hebrewמןfirst found411.Aramaic epigraphy0י..Hebre~v812(א

~

'omrImonu.e

use,תGreek1!ז!found8מ1 this exprtsslon0!the earliest Semitic sourcc5ןpassim ) . Thus , our documenttheמןhave been mede10tranalatton commonly held8-תןא8ותוטזטןand several times2:3!* Zech

the forrn

*ftEOWPONTS ~ J8([-תןsecond ctnturv

the Bibleפוdealt with frequently8!.Balaam son of Beor , the famous seer.2בעורובוןבלעם.]

,Deuteronomy(.יא18 loshua, Micah and Nehemieh85,24-22שי!85תןNumbersתן) parti] ): ularly

Talmud . i For the talmudic sages,1א"much disct~ssed4md4,5תן(ז[תסו1קthe Deir 'Allaתןmentioned

.8-*)Mo~eiסוcounterpart8,the gentiles10of the seven who prophesied85י]prophet , the85ןBalaam

the,משפז15(,ע?7?3($12%195-32(ז1ששפנ1). History and N.ture or Prophecy0ת',Seeli~mann.].!נ

Note.(1991:tteidenפא4ו8"4ש6פשנDtir9ס(Balaaw rtxtמס0א.45ש.ן,ז"וvan der.0Hoftij ~er and.ו* .7-55,thc bibliogr~ phy

-1944:Phdad~lphia(7.

YWNt

, vot'*4,ףGin~betg, Lttendt.]ון~ he image of Balaam

"telmudic litertture0ח,

.6Prophet*פאפש of the Naian~ end1מםא.Urb~ch , ' Homilie~ Of the R~bbi.8.8cf. also.5.ץindex,(7*;שמ8)א8יswnfiary.(,פין).

Hebrew

stories',44פז195625ן)89-272)

lul1(t,!,,ן.,יה"ן," ) cuter ( ~ nזק5זי(יי(זוקוג.(הח,,יfcrtaln50ז105יתן)sLIpcrlor20)החגחזין.Num . Rdb ncיטאי1(,,1הי.יןיייי[.י,,1

~ dillC4יו11[)].יןl) ICbS

~u!י, as madc)ט(]tursc

st

racl,,!19.5),י.1),)ח)1תגי

~

bot

~stnיי,יון..1~,י,,יו,יין"ן(.ןי.141]יה[;",י.1,,1 pl ? bCLdU ~ t),,ח.falsc pruphrts1,18[5!יhe deserves ] ); ( lpcn)68)

t '1r~Lhara1ן,יh , s archcl ~ ' pal01~ hc Biblc . but also bccausc1ת)חז([טיח0חbe0!first

ייה(ן~י,הן.יןי"מי1,י(1)~1,ן(י4יןג,,הן

.

pr,,phct of llc ~ hcl11015זחI , u refcrcnccr1l.ןה"[.)מביתאלקן

".311-11:13Kgsו)man

.Zcdtייי[),,1lvnaarlall1'L1,,(יוין,ק,,(יי,ין"ן,[,,ן,,י..,1 klall,1י%ןl ' he rcfL' rcnL' c'.1114ה)15בןד.ק[ןצד.] וך

aga[יאAramaeansיש1וושנא-(;טגזןן(Kg1,%2-1,22.2(ויןין1-: ~ nst(0וץ[!זAhab

י(וגו.ייק,,יוק(י..ג,,,ו,.,,,,,,יא,.ין.,,,י~

'rctcrtייי1, nce5-(,ה1ע4שיהבןה'ק[ןצדשילךדבןןאמאגזאז.]]

~נתבrilalsן,ו)1ז("4יי,י)(ן(ין,ו4י,,,.,הייןlllrrll,,וו,,,,ו,

~

laasL- ith , contemp( ) rarlc0150תand Zcdekiah ~1conlmlttc)1ז"ייין11[י'.י~זי..ן([2'י:ו-:1,4.י11י,,;.יי. ss

lth

thrir(יןז)הת18ג%()ווו1טטג'?[alse prophcc ,ןון4ה",י[י[,,,,,,,,,,7

"legcnd-ק[(י1זאקוscdutc10attcmptcd)((ן214ןתם4ון7הין rccounts h (, e tllt' SL -

.71.3Bubrr.87'4ח,lhc quccnן(יגייanother s'erslon claims

Icaת361א,ן,חו~ויויי)י,4[]ח,,ל~),(ני11,,[1,,(

~

crגhilltnlalah the Srhrlamitr

au

s.ןשסעידbhhl)n'7.]

"ייתזנ"ת(הןו,י1וי,י,fdlSt'וק,,וק,(י,י,

crernlah

Inlnllncnrל242-ן32.[ ( Jcr,ג.,'ltl'r1cturn from the captl

321,,'2)~~ , pr, ,plr(ן]

"anlon10ום,י1ןmanג'

L1

la1ות,ןhc shall')8(1]foretold

prcscrl'~.[11(,(.יתין[,(,,יי,,,יי,ןין,1,,(ין

L

rsnl(ןתו).(יו(וthls01Ictttrsזחון4[ז 'l' ltoughעובן

~

[.8ר ,

archrtו4ו,יק,.,ייוק!י)(ן,ן,,ן.,,,:י ~

pal

certainתAzur.0150.חגrrsarv'a1dן,,Jercmiah,יןחג . Hananiah .י~

ftcI

r.ויי,,מ"י~י)(יוגthe fBCt rhat hls prophcc

~

had hecn prolcn.(1'0יות)0תshosh' n5]His falsity

'171%2l

~

rrוי.)(d11c5r.1),thatתן,

~Jrrrm

) ah ha

~

predtctr1)(היום.יגutterance , but also rhat

י".גיעיןו,י,

~bיי,[ , bl , cal [alsc prophct ss

husc

patrun ~

nilL

cndbין0חl 'hcrc'.1(9ן)וב14מן'ראה'ב.]ויי[י)זnanle-':שמע.ו,י(.,יוין

"5stlggCSttגtheמינמן

~ rcaalng the Itttrrs

Qimron2Rofiוח1(י11בו, and

~turוה1, hcr pl) srulatt

~

ht

ar , hct1he Srcond ~'ornmonllcalth . ' l'hr1(ח0)[יח,חתendingתאname with such

tulcrן,luJaea1.נתי,י~",) ( cthnarkhlד.[(טתג,)י[1)י!name of Johnשמשןבןחען..(ין!1(ן6(ייname was ,

~Sln(חיי((ייייין"ו)ייק[י'יוייייו con the Hasmonaran Juscphus rclatcs0150ת,)BCE104-135)priest sullrt' Illc)[

~וי hc ll , ghcst prilllc ~ cs1ייh , s pL'

rson

til [eeחיunitc0ןman0יוח[aculties : ' He u~ as the ,prophrcוי,(יו,ויי)יגייheיוין,,ן;(ו ~ F ( ) r01hc gift1החג.command of the nallon , the l, igh priesthoud

~,ין,ילי he tra ~ ttilln].311.13יייAur,ט.ן,.1."5-ל'the futurc,0

rc

Ignl) rant'w1ith the Deity . that he u'

as

nc

late~4,',,1"י rabbinic SOUtkt' ~htch cla ~ nis lhal hc llcdr45(1ווק,(טזיןזיחוhis supernatural pog' crs u' as ח)ויוק

-3331s(lru.6)humanity10111%5'00;)u.יייי11(,(ן,111,,~ llik- h rcs ~ ealed,י'01(סdivine0זheavenly8 sincc,חיןי,Azur1י.4. Hanan

~ ahזחוןא

read(;16]ח0ט'5בcontinuatlon8ן), here ~ [ the prophet (rum0!

.;Idrht'6,חיל)[חהתיfortheom ~ ng papcr8חןbe elaboratea11]שfrom Gibeon . This

_306.6.~the Bethel prophet , cf] Ginzberg . Ltgends of ,the

ym

6ח0

.7-336.4,Ginaberg7

389.6and,8-297.4,Ginaberg8,תת.19-18.

QList of Netinim4.340

fPIיוצ .ATE

1'ויויין,,י,ו,,,,,,;,י:,וי,י,:4,-(4

~ *lsrנח*tWettnim4מ8א.ו'יחז4ש,'(חו~Brueh.וי:Pr~liminary publicatiun

,11uilat apprarsירוושזטזTHOUGH badly damaged . this miniscule fragment fortunatcil

11nefttttm,י , and01ב%11זtext . The composition contalns8be the opening lines of.Hebrew1חwritten

Phyaedl Description

leathurבright side ofזטקקטcm and comes from the9.25.4צ'Phe fragment measures

~'rinkled and darkened , especially the Icft sldc . Tht uppcr15scroll , The teather ar.חוtheננייח[ט.

~ prescrl~ cd(7!וחת.))mm) and the right -end margins5.))margins

fold8שחוחחסז

rt

ace Of5ב]the right -" hand margin , there!0the left106!מ!חsome

,lengthwise

Palaeography

areוחזזי*חחוב preserved and thes- are5*%11%51Only the words of the first

5tracingן((,י.(,נש . The back1טחיevidence of5סמ!Hasmonaean formal script . "'here

determination ofבby paper applied recently for conservation purposes . prevent~ng

palaeographic grounds the document Should bcח().toot contained writing,אwhether

.about the first half of the first eenrury BCE0?dited

Mus.יחז.346

41PAM.י407.43407*

JUDAEAN DESERT xlxאו8אזDISCOYERIES

1.Frg

[ומתעיםפלה

[פהזם%*כ4מפשר

[]ועקוםיזןא

ftwb~

n

]

[י,ךך

[?שיביהקווך

READIS~Sא,.5וזוצויthe Judaean Desert or(הס"the Bible , the textsתןappear01תThis expression does.ן.2כומאשך

.Rabbinic Hebrelv theמן

and pasrim) ate uwd,זוג6,ךQM1(שמותםand(5,11:1311CD(שמותיםBoth.5%2מותיהש_]

.scrolls

but(56-46:7Neh,54-43.2of netinim ( Ezra518]1known from the biblical015ת]This name.ן.ניחרא

25:17Sam2)the;מו Bible ror the husband Of Abigail and father of Amasaחןappears elselvhere!ן

Israelite[מ butמפdescribed as5]Samuel he5ןיתי).חוthe form17:2and ! Chr32,5.2Kgs1

point9ןסםbe preferred , because there0!4seems that the latter version11.Ishmaelite85חהChronicles

rnanאאזתשתז who teside~ among Israelite$ . The foreign origin Of8the appellation ' lsraclite ' [orחן 1

theמ?!;מ;ו9. prtvalent notIOn about the ancestry of theועו!אagrecs

thereפ are traees ofשתו!the end of theוג.vice versa84תyod85The ~'arv could be read.נועקך9ן.]

netinim?א!one Of,עקובprecludes the very tempting reading58?ו.יד"5יletter ~hich cannot be

"[ה0

(17:9Chr1:19:11;45:7

42:2gatekeepers;שא" ; Ezra(ןערימeamily of8,0name8~vell as%,(45:2( Ezra

.the temple personnel during the restoration10,yho aiso belonged

ן.4מ6מרת;ר_(זלreadדומ6מרן.

הרת.(זלreadהרחן.

",..1

orקויך. rc ~a.1..6גךוך

Theמשי1* children of Tobiah are mentioned among the returntts: ' . . . that.ן'םOr read.1..6ה'מלב .(62-61:7Neh:60-59:2their fathers ' houses . . . . (

Ezra

01fremחא[[ re hlelah . . . but they ~ouldק])

inferior status becau~e of their foreign0תפ)who s~ere relegatedמ(י,מ;"יor)5;]8This namc also suits.תן8יזו]

-[5צגא[.זג[(צו

hese arc the netin [ iml'1,]

]sere designated bv [theirl n [ames1SVho.2

itraעקו[ and'1.ג

hntsmrt.4ן

[Arttv-5

?quwk To[biah.6

vrey , corpw htetiptiomta.8.פמ14ממ.ס!נustd auring ~ he Second Commonvve~lth (by]];!585,1?[ח8ח~fhe1

.]30!(952!:

Rome

(2IUJatcarkw

QS%י ~4O

שאע0ם75%

drastic[ח drL' llncבSometime during the Second (Jommonwealth the nettn~ m suffcrcd

the- , r,()!ח1הthe slightrst!08ת]their statu$ . During the restoration there

the,- si ( tt~ ld111יר.באח1חוdiscrimination . They migrated from Babylonia of their frtc

thr(ו)'?als ( ~ partוו?!מוזוו,טזטייhave done had they felt discriminated against , Thr!0ח

)f[י1[ו( ) rrlgnrrs (

this

Covenantח00זז1ת0קט0themselvesח!0ז11intcrmarrv'[י1 and

~ב%,ו)ט anic stalubו,טו~

clear proof of their sharin29:10)--פNeh,רצות%רעמיmeaning of

*~thu talmudic rullnהיrcticctcd15their statusח]rest of the people . l The change .ב%בט9ט,יי11[1;1(prohibitingי their marrying unblemished Israelites . Indccd , thuir rank certaiות_11ב

~) ls%1

~ hts-נ'.and passim , and the talmudic parallelsI1.4.Qidd.מ'

)of bastards

the secuna(חי)ל!Aramaic indicates that ] ! St ~' lllS1!85חן1צז5חו;rulingפ1,ס

6and(8.3.ינ2)ז.ב13):'ב5bastardןsuprr~orלי1ב

.

Hor.?8150מ.cf(.עח10חחוסכ,1פס!א!

םמ?!מ'.

r(

Im

timcsח()(ת0[)'] can be drduccd1תסעסח1זשזפreal entity8That the netinim were

~ב1ר% hichדורךדה%s' illagc call~aפliterary sources (the Babylonian Talmud mentions

cpiטתא.

~

raphicחבfr(~ m()15בbut((28.70.Qidd.קoccupied by descendents of netinim

Jcrusalcm)ו)the northern outskirts0א-1טץחTell!פshort inscription discoveredג0Hananiahז8"מ,,מ..י((,! Bar Hagab , refers most probably,רגבבררמיהwhich reads

COnJunL 'tlLlnח])ttatf ~lבname of8Ezra and Nehemiah asחןonly does this name appear

)(thesc arc als6בד)ה,.1טthe form ofתןappears!]48:7Neh46:2;חןEzraחןwith Hanan

be(0(,1(א.1 dated0),]inscription , ,,

hich

Ugaritש[-1טץ . ) The Tellת;names of netinim

.fragmentזטסroughly conten] poraneous with18,BCE

ofחט(ו!(יnlarriage0.ב blemished people51]18154(340לlikely , then , that4!1theת]sage ss'hose floruit occurredפ,A~ai.6Rabbi Shimeon.51]1negative genealogicalgeneration'ת1 following the destruction of the Second Temple , relates that he sau

:u' ritten85.%זןhich115(וו0ז)חיgenealogicalפ,famil ), register ( literallyפlerusalem ~

ifeייour neighbour ' s.50הthe lalv]0transgression8]bastard throughפ$!one.-פ-such' 6

.)after Danby,13.4.Yebam.?מ)

thr]1ב.this time , normat~ve Judaism was s.ery keen about genealogical ptirity!1ל

sumc,580ץ)the Dead Sea sect who nrere notoriously extreme . Needless80more ,orן less normal famils. lis~ es . Tllis)זסתו(plausibly, most) of the sect 's members led

.(41Q3sו)

~

essianic Rule5as svell as the(9=11ע))תפתזזס)the Damascus1מattested

'the Hcbrcs' Ostracon frorn .Arad0חidtm ,

Nt

OttS82(1963)207-ינוYBL,בא;יש%Levine , ~ Thc.נ8.ג

.Bו6נ(71-6919561.~

SOR.'מחי"%Ful Jar Inscription and ~he-]1Tell"איד.,Puech.8:51-49(1969)1912לו

V ) ) ] . alsoH1rbre(15-414.54,1957:Epstein, ProlegDBe~a ad Littrtas rdnnaititat (Jerutale~-Tel As. iv.%.נ(

"1PrtstatfJשפ)ו:Hoffner (ed . l . orient and Or(idrn

t

(חא.ג.

"bevineחthe0פושאא , '

Later

Sources.4,.8Bi,thda-ו.,ט,ת:7-10119731.ן(סחיי110).ח~5,

~

t (Neukirchen%ע-

"84h ~s4lhe OccasiowפסGordow.ס.א

_

corrrct4though , ehai Epstcin,5%50!1.the time of Etraשdisagrea with Epstein and ascriftw

s

this halakhah

the f,hh ccnturb' BCE , andטdiscriminated againstשזסשnttiwiwשח!suggest that0)shrtd of

I

evidence1ךך*שזן0$ם!פ

.that cxtentסמ!סזcemimy

.71-69

"Inscriptionא*ח6מוו and theשנPueeh, 'The

'

Tell "-Ful]ם*

.3and2.מןחמ~Levin?6cf. dhe papen5

~ew-%-0מס6מ])"~auh "tstor1!יןStudies

".8.)70lerusalam before4F~ily Impwity886Bachler, 'hirity.116

Fa'thn

'tS1chaart.70,גyahreזמRemhtit ua

.

Fawilie Mkl iw

yerwialha

4זסד-Toronto:1956)8-64(=?ש44שש

]Bwlin:13319171-ן42.

THE IUDAEAN

~

ESERT xlxאוDISCOVERIES84

bout.8ננששפטidentifying the sect with the Essenes , the testimony of Josephu~ whoחן

married.2.י8150should(61-16ש86פ01ת.י Essenes Lir.

UF

Mentionבסרבר should be made of Baumgarten 's ingenious observation that the term

refere(*1*011*)QFlorilegium4מ

"7Sanluel20תthe midrashמו)foreigners.ו.פ)be excluded from tha111?וhis interpretation, the netinim0)the netinim . g According

was composedשאוunlikely , however , that thisזנ8ן.sen' lce of the eschatological temple

deal with the personnel of the eschatological tewlple . The problem of0)orderח]

.genealogical purity w' as certainiv more urgent and relevant

ed . by84מ.rtv(11.af fft", c*ritt , vol1*4,thfמןye ~it

$

h peop

't1,י~יו,ז,"/ו*זhr'7.1)%,ן,וזזיי

ייי,י,ויין(.,.1:וויוג*ן,טח8וג1ח*(1.אאוט6חן4ש.578.57019791."Sfedi~tמו1O*wm**ש

E~cluston"4ת8שוץןשז9*,חב44חתטו8שןון0וק r'f "~rtwtי(',1וגט88",חזזזשא..-ו'שאpublש].hl_*סז8שןן.DIDץן(4זס1צן:5-5319681. ~lhrd1_..זהי.~י1',7-75771א_וג41"וין(א~ואס*א)

the Flood0מQAdmonition Based4.370

111I7Frl_Aצ

Admonitionחחthrיייוק,ן[..א,.ז()וג(י5אייוגנ-ג4 B. sc ~l470גנ41):ח.,NrKsomט.ג:Pielimin~ry public~tiow

text . ' ' fhe tirst]י)L' olunlns(י[ייז.י)es parts'p1reser4(ס37נTHE~ingle fragment of 1!;

אם"giח8טטה(י(!זח(י,theטם,

~' es.ז?ח!!5שחcolumn . n'hich contalns portions or 'kLום%.עה. il1(hr5!ט()!חוחםthe,1)The rcst.9-6Genesisחו)partח!guage sh'hich drashs1

~1 firstטהז](יי.יי[5נןthree]1)1!1;ם[0יוז!]are the0ט!חוחטthe second!0rcmalns2111זפ6ז

preserved,10!טח;(:טזווון:!(ט()!.!!ם!ם!1(1ייי)!ו(:!!ח . hotves'er5!of text . Enough115שחnsnc

l) t~ ttcr"1111ו1יד[()"הא(1(ז.rt'nlitfksוחם8()0זות[עbut rather homiletical orש-.m1ore fi ~ rratl

fairiv*"ח4שון(י!ט5ו[ו.ט(1. regular par;tilulistic st~

- lL8.prcsersted parts of the composition

'litL' r ;~ rs]ז()זחטנן!!עטו1זחטא["(יdiffiL'Ult5!1!of the text preser~. ed80שוזזווSVith

f1lllt ) r L' t' rti111)יוח!ח"((קרחי:5יזי,5תpossihleזו5ןhelongs , hut4(370נsh'hich10tradition

religiע;5,1טם(ץוו(י"ע1[ו ( )us10[אמיהטאטgeneral terms . the traditi( ) nמנ

.

features of the text

'llihlical litL' r ;Iturtח!t.stablisht'd!!15א(0[!8ט!קרח8צט!5ש!5טייand explanation Ofשז(זפז1!4)מ ,,-Lי llillltt' rs8י.ט[ן5(חי()!!זוזן(טו1(,ק"איייווThe pseudepigraphical sloses us~ s.!1ש5זו

IS1,Iא7.ן(1).ם!הוי1,!י.(קי )Siil0וח]]~

Deuteronomy . kJlearer examples can be supplie

crs't3heחןג1ג:ו((.;!!ר"5ט.'1.טה pra9(,יfrom Deuteronomistic prayers such as .Nchcmiah1stllbh,[ר1":1[(' , , rrlncss'1י!ה(1(זthemr15]des - elops1!1-11L' Dמ!exhortation found

L' hrlstia ~l15וי(11[רהט[[יfina8וען5"81ה1()טח"8!ר.serics Of historical examples8through

1Hebre~vs(אוזןי?א!.חוrather8ם![!ט[1ט!(5טן!1ר(י!5,1טז(;!חטוח(:![י and85w

.rlttngs such

basis:וחטן()ח[י1()ח. [or p ;lruunetic8literature also uscs histori ~al narratl ~ ' e as

4of(37נ(!tamilv8hcarט5טי!י1וו!חא(ט,ז1טט5!5וו thesc tcxts ducs,זפ!ץ!!,To w'hich

Lln(ן!!1!55(,[15.[!ו(טthurt'5וח(ו

C

1שו11חט?4that(370נ5ןNoah!0testament8ז0

liku thu"יייוייhuקקם"5ייייייthe retelling of the stor)' . Thc spcakcrחןNoah.0זreference

or.1ן%אמיםוטיו!-ייו(יזייו the Da ~nascus Documcnt75didactic s~ olct of Psalmמסמפ?85ס1ח

the]י)'StUtLה[(חי"חthe]י)audicnce . Becauscפ81זשחשא~ nstructקחזפצש!ש0זhistorical

!י"7scriesיי(ייי[י.(רי:י((,[( ) ( ] L' xa ~llplvsםthe author L~ SCdזשהזש"

.%1'knosh8שחס(זסחחtext

~ratllt"צ("5ח!י."!ע. r5טחטשnarratis' c5ז!dcs' tl [)ps2370)4clear . howes'er . that15ז*.aooddramatic(ו[ז!tLjXtS"1[ט["[[טטייז dcvicc .

~

I'hilc na ~ * st8using quoted speech asחשעש

brief!()םnunlher(,[ן;!ו[טי:ו[ allusi ( ) ns0ק![אחןקdidactic po ~ nt bv8make0!abo ~' e tend

.theט5%חטז[י.ט ir4(370בחןor figl~ rcs , there

ra

c somc w' hich rcscmhlc5ש1קוחפצש

.t' Xlt ~llplu5ה"זtheל5%ןthe Hebren' Bihle Psalmחצ.particular episodes,0destelopment

p.4(370נ , , irlt5)1nluke0)the nurration05;קרח[)'חsvhich rriles,5לPsalmזט8חט!שון

e.t1he- n;trrati1!!(5ייי)]distinct from and that5ןparaenet ~ c reilection that8~hav0שsecms

lf(טהק[1ט[1וח[ז4ו,[1,,[ין ) rיא*איז0!שח[!חשז*(קיז([ח00!4(ס8237[םיtitrugnell fur.ן.Prof0!tndebted*י"edttישודreadin.[!%1ב,בו,י'יוייי,י111 ~ s1]י,חם[[טיהPuech wl ~u macte ~mportsnt ob ~ervati (tns.שd ~ epoeal'(פ!ומput6שwhich .

~brloן4*(ם**ח0ןtheחןfulle~rd*!ש6ז!ש%זpal*eogrVhy of

T ~

E

JUDAEAN DES

ERT

xlxאוERIES'D01[ SC56

Exodus and Wilder578ייסתוproper . There are other differences , too . While Psalmtheת().does4(370בreflect the tex

t

of the Pentateuch asז0תdoes1],ness traditions

,78Psalm0זsimilar1זwhich makes,40370הוother hand , the strong narrative element

have characterized later10from the exegetical style syhich appearsזוdifferentiates

general tradi10פrelation4(370כתוplace0זpossibleיו5ןna

~

ogue homilies . l~

hile'S3

compositional structure andטן,that uses biblical examples for moral instruction0ז[ה

.~'ay Of using the biblical text

ra

e distinctive5,1

.cm19%10.שmeasures4(370כThe single fragment of

Palaeography

threeחןlate Hasmonaean semi -formal script . Mle

~

, writtenתןב~vritten5]4(370כ

0shortת and generally shows5וshape . The right arm'ץ'strokes , has the inverted

the upper shoulder . The0תbe squared , losing the tick0זthickening . Bet tends,shape'תבצן~ right direction . Gimel , which approximates-ב1"[0-1זbaseline often sholvs

the twoתוof the rightק0זformed vith two strokes . The left leg joins near the5ן

the box-headed, two-~ stroke form , readily distinguishable15preserved examples . Dalet

~closed horizontal fvפ~vritten with two parallel vertical strokes and15from rEi He

.

late Hasmonaean and early Herodian formal handsת]the right vertical

,

as0הresting

the simple vertical stroke without5]"'azu and vod often cannot be distinguished . Jlayintwo strokes . The1תmade5]the Herodian period . Hetת]the thickening ,yhich appears

typical of the late Hasmonaean or early Herodian5],do~vnstroke , often curved11ב1ז1ה

the left arm and base first , the curved head and,5"ז5[וסt~YOח]formed13period . Tet

straight,ז0ת or angular15kap]0right downstroke second _ The right do~vnstroke

,angular base . Final memתןdistinct final hap . Medial mem has013חrounded . There

be01ת0זalways closed and tends15,final positions-תח0ח]which sometimes occurs

small , with both the upright stance13"loop . c~ayi0חclosed and has15elongated . J]amek

.occurש(and the clockwise rotated stance attested . Both angular and rounded forms of

the10addition1ת.rather long tailstrokeפshaped head , above-,5'תבQop hasare influenced by the seml-"cursive traditionזוווseml -formal style , some examples of

:with two movements;111.col;9ן.the pen

:

col,0single rnovementפ( made ,vith

two-stroke hrm8;Taw sho~vs the influence of the cursive tradition.(7,21.col

.crossפform10intersects

Date and Provenance

comes40370Although.40370תוThere

ra

e very fe~v indications of date or provenafice

have been composed by the Qumran community . None0זunlikely5]11,from Qumran

such writings as theתוof the distinctive theological terminology and themes

rp

esent

Moreover, the text.מו4(370נJ]erek ha- Yahad, the Hodayot , or the Pesharim occursfrequentlyuses the tetragrammaton , while compositions which are indisputably from

.11the Qumran community avoid

has similarities with Deuteronomistic -style pietyה4(370כ]The theology expressedotherwise unremarkable . The use of the tetragrammaton might provide some5ןbut

disappearance from free15]indication of the date , but the chronological evidence for

8740370

8assess

,

While the late Hasmonaean palaeography pro ~' ides0!difficult8ןcomposition

relativeםquo.4(370נ date can be suggested for the fermtnus8only,!ששאשterm*nus adthe10be dated0זtext probablyב,the Creator10QPsa Hymn110!allude0!appears

40370there are clear affinities bet~veen1ע[!אאטסא.late Persian or Hellenistic period

.uncertain4wisdom admonition, the direction of

literary

dependence8,5%4(1ןand

(זכ*עאעסזש0א

conservstive . Pronouns . both suffixed and independent%401(פך3נןThe orthography

full orthography . Onlv original long888א,however,(דם,דוא,משניכם,פנויים).ליאare shortrepresented(הני). bv J~od8]81חחשNote that.(ברחש,שיהם,בעיני)ay are indicated).8] and

Neitherא5norי(י151 short.(מבול)מoriginal long5]88,(מוסרי)represented8]atu)6י

accented(כל,אכל,ההמות,ארבוה),exceptחןtheי'6זטיזכור. syllablesתןrepresented even

~אכל) erb1from the(ן!יוכלו.col(רצוני,המון;זט6צפר).תוsometimes represented6.(ם8ן

the Deadמ]observes thatנת0זות1ן)

.

for orthographic reasons0רכלי!preferred"60!18

the6יmost often represented50ןSea scrolls , radical hle

~

Eollowed by the vowel

represented bvטשmavזו,Some~vhat less frequently.1ין!עש-מ1םע~ lep or-110פסdigraph

otherחן eltidence50פ1ת%]would be unparalleled . Thereויכלוalone . The spelling70010

errors or unusual spellings ( seeסיleadingעשוב,however , for quiescence of,4(0ך3נ

COMMENTSת0ויאמרוcol.[ן2.

and Genesis40370rhe Relationshi

~

bettueen

While the correspon.370,4נshows the relationship between !" of Genesis and1Table .(6be explained0זexact , and the differences are norזש(ז10זdences are close , they

seems more likely thatזן,different textual tradition of Genesis . Rather80זreference

appearזמתVOLlld1citing Genesis from memory . Exact quotation440370the author Of

%appearז"זאhave been intended. Nor ao the slight divergences from the Genesis0!

.have been exegetically motivated

Genesisס37נ641חםomparison Of?(:1TABLE

הרעלבםי41וכמחשבות370בן4ןנהישכלרערקלבומחשבהיצרוכל(תס56:63

נלהיבהשמיםארבותכלמהרשלנבקעווביש40370[4םשתןצהשמיםוארכזרבהתריםמעעתכלנבקשדחהביום1:7Genשו

בארבהאשרכלשמחוןכןעל40370[6226:7Genמשבחרבדאשרמכל

כנףכלשמרוכלשהבהמהיאדםאמא40370[6חשיתםשףועדרמשערברומהערמשרם...מח'1(ג"מ238:7

146:7cf. GenויצוףוכלrQb11כנףכלששורכל

.120(1986,Atlanta : Scholars Press.2958א:of the Dead sea Scrollsז%ששז4א,Qimron.1ש

THE JUDAEAN DESERT xlxאוDISCOI' ERIES88

40370Y1~p[ז flW4ברקיוכור'לצעןבשןםז15,13:9Genשהבריחיתכרחי...בשן?קשןמשאח

דבנל4י40370[8

" בשרכללשחתלמבולמ'הםעוריהיהולא(נ"ת156:9 la) , b1:9cf. Genהארץלשחתמבולעודה'ד'ולאדמבול'מסעודבשרכלכרח'ולא

of the languageפס0ז!תסו"the,תן4(370בthe antediluvian period,0the descriptionתו5:6cfוירא , Gen;(01ם.ןנ)הורעלבסיצרוכמחשבותof Genesis begins only with the phrase

this!1!15פthe biblical account1וס'הכלרערקלבומחשבתיצרוכלבארץהאדםרעהרבהכייורה.חthe10counter instanceפthe narrative that the Hgure Of Noah " introduced asח]point

ment~on;תו Noah!6040370"8טתofז0אזטפBut the.(8:6evll humanity (Gen]0mass

human0!oniv"ץ[1 the statement of divine judgement as the response5]there4(370נ

the Hoodח]and rebellion . This selection Of detail suggests that the author % interested

story of the deliveranceם.8.,פ

,

punishment rather than6חפstory of disobedienceפas

the following lines , which1חcarrled through18of the righteous . This emphasis.describe the actual coming of the deluge

With.].001the end of!פlines have been lost?עוסאתפחןOf knowing?5סחפיי]There

rainbow sign , one can be fairly confident that the8)]6חפthe coven

ant

0)the references

,be narrative0זappear!01.ח60"05ת)close . Since0זפdrawingן'5פnarrative episode

admonitory comment was0זfrom narrative5חפזז[חסוזcan assume that the"חס

accomplishedתןtheש0תlostח0ק[ת01of0ם.[,

and Ezekiel4(ש7נקParallels betzueen

striking number OF parallels betweenפdiscovers8חס,Examining the prophetic passages

:note?פותmessage of punishment and restoration. We33-19:36,פand Ezek40370.cf(36.ש208קדשישםאתויחללוEzek-(40370ן2-נ.cf(36:ח19שפטתיםוכעלילוהםכררכםEzek

4(370נ[2);36Ezek:פ30השרהותנובתהעץפריאתוהרביתי)cf.4(370נ11);36Ezek:פ31חכרהם

טוביםלאאשרומעלליכםהרעיםדרכיכםאת)cf.370,4ב[2-נ);5:36Ezekפ33עונותיכםמכלאתכםסדייביוםimpossible , of course , that such similarities are purely!4(370נ[[4).1!015ת.cf(

the two0!מזסס!חסחnumber of expressionsפthe association Of such,]1])5.fortuitousname ; judging deedsצ01אfruit , produce ; blessinglProfaning God ' s,זחטסחן"חן)texts

require.זו further investigation0)enough5])being purified from iniquities;6חפ5צ8עוcould never not~ce the association40370objected that the reader

~

hearer of"6חו[זאש

00concordanceי8serve0)scatteredפ , that the corneon terms are8without the aid of

the author of)1.know what came before our fragment!0חallusion . of course we doחפ

earlier partתומפrnore explicit terms36מנEzekiel0!had discussed or alluded40370

8recognizeפ these allusionsסיthen the readers would have been prepared,זצם!of the

worthאי" carry~ng"א,the realm of speculationתוwell . Although this must remain

was being3641%"22speculation further. Even ]) one were convinced that the text Of

prophecyמ1 of restoration for language0פ,appealזסאיטפwould theואש,used here

choice as mightפodd50!4סת!]antediluvian period ? Perhaps"1חnarr~ teי,א"א0ז lraeit-Endzeit(תפone assumes that the author was working with]],קקפ"זפfirst

itself. Ezekiel 's36Ezekiel0תו!already alluded8]typologyפfact , suchת?.typology

940370ש

svhich the people defiled1מס"תeschatological prophecy recalls the history of Israel as

the land through their sinful deeds , profaning the hoIY name

,

and provoking YH

~

YH ' s

sprinkle the people ,vith purifying0!15YHVVH ' s intention8זט.wrath and judgement

period of0ב!restore the mountains Of Israel0!waters that rernove their iniquity and

that ' this land that was desolate has become like the garden80,agricultural abundanceterrnsתןthe author describes rhe antediluvian period35:36).מ41(370נof Eden ' (Ezek

God , the]0bless the holv name0!commandפ,of mountains crowned with abundance

at~ rs of'תsudden emergence Of evil ways and deeds , and divine

uj

dgement through the

-.the delugeperiodמבן-of the antediluv6"8(תסוזקוזinfluences the36The possibility that Ezekiel

WOUId certainly help account for some of the peculiar features of the narration ,vhich

8pre ~ent the antediluvian period as0!the author wished]1

.

have been noted above

Ezekiel ' s eschatological prophecy , then the apparent telescoping of the0!countertype

paradisaical abundance makes more5)נentire antediluvian history with creation and

50be)0תsimilar motif from contemporary sources ito ,ldפsense . The lack of

peculiarl

~

r designed'(ח1פ8שthe antediluvian period were being describedשsurprising

That the language.4(370נthe homiletical and exegetlcal needs of the author of"80ט!

argumentמבbeז0מthe (Jreator would0!the Hymn0מdraw0זappears11.OE col

sophisticated exegeticalפVOUId represent1זוRather.36against the influence of Ezekiel

and the period of creationlante36bridge between the eschatological age Of Ezekiel

.diluvian history

40185and40370The Retationshi

~

bettueen

clear that the"!1.(2see Table(30ז$4018ן13-חclosely related189-540370הvork . "

'he1that of tsvo copies of the sanle0יח15ז0תrelationship between the

traceחפ)' of05מ]significant . Moreover , there00!differences between the two texts are

and the(11.col0[מנ].col1תeither(370נ)4Of1108תoverlap between the preceding11precedingח*4Of8(185נ.

concerned svith the theme18terms of content the first part of the similar material1ת

the(40185ו13-9;40370ו[6-5).40185ן9-נ1 ephemeral nature of human existence]0

There.103Psalm1תthe expressIon of that theme0יpart , very closely relatedט]forיבbut103andזסמ Psalm403701תwhich occurs(עולכוערמעולם)however, one phrase,15

Vith remem1do0זhas4(185נand40370further close similarity between1.44תו185נresponse of the faithfulקסזק(זGod and the!0the wonders0)ng attentionb1eringlPaY

thisמו material0ז]parallel015מThere.(9-7370נ1ו)4(185נ1-131ו3;4)those wonders0י.103Psalm

be accounted for ? Since the theme of the0!pattern Of similarity18!18חHow

;6:40Isa.ש.*)biblical poetryמוquite common18ephemeral nature of human existence

dependsת0 directly41185נclear that!15:29),[!"סתChr1;2-1:14Job;6-5:908ק

another5]40185and40370But the question of the relationship between.103Psalmsingle cornrnon10בrestricted!0תmatter. The similarities between these two texts are

Span two distinct subjects . Some!טח)topos (the ephemeral nature of human existenceseern probable. Given the pattern of loose citation of various16טסשliterary dependence


and36perhaps Ezekiel,9-6the Creator, Genesis0זQPsa Hymn11(370נ)חן4tex

ts

whichחס4(185נ. dependsין[45(370נsuppose that0!certainly easy5]8:10),1ןDeut

section ofזז0ס"8תו6תסקפsignificantly shorter than that of the5]40370The text of

the4succinct text"זמת!usually assumes that the shorter and8חסholvever , and,40185

the nature of the0חdefinite conclusion8reach0!be possible01תrnay11.older

.relationship between the two texts

403794Compar~ion:2TA"ע,and"נשנ0נ-2(,3-"ג ~ I, E

4(370ןן[נ-44(]2-1185ןוו-י[נ

הארץקלשיהםוכצלטימאו,והשכילו'עמששנעוועההWa"גל1.יםכצלשואני

מליאקוכרויהוהומרת7עשהמנלחשוזכרואלהטmallמן?ודצןפחאש442ימאשכםותשמחפחחמפני%.פחדכקנילבב65ויערץוטןולארץוסופקיובשמים[נ

דרךלכםחקרודפביםכחסדיונמשלםתשמחהלתוועשו1

ירדה'דבחתמרוחלמשניכם9יהוהדבריהמרווחלבנישמשמסאפפןלשואשפשקםנ

זחו.341

,

Mus

*369.43,506.42,916.41,865.41,601.40PAM

].col

top marg~n

וישבעויוכלו

אמררצתיעשהאשרכלכלנפשהשביעפובופריפניהםעלאכלונשפךהנקיבההריםהניעטריוה[ה]4

ליהם[במנעליאלויאמרויהוהאמרבעיניהרעעשואהםוהני*[קדש]שםאחויברכי2

כלויקעובכחנועליהםוירעם[לרעלבםיעיי5מחשבותדרכיהםל[כ]5יהוהוישפפםנ

י4ירמליםתהמונתכלופצוניתחוהשמיםארבותכלמתהמותנבקעוומקםץ]אימוסדי*'D]0ןבמבולחבדם[ומפהקו[חןריהשמיםוארבותנ oה[ןפ5ר*5כלם

נמלפולואים[בור]והנכנףכלצפר[וכלהלבהמההאדםאמאחרבה[בכלאצור[קמחועלכן6

"לבענן]נתןקשחוואת]אליעש[בלסן4הת7בריתקכורען

מיםדמוןיפקיחוולואלשחתדמבולאיעודיהיהולוא]

]למים[]יושחקים]9

0]IOOI]000[

91.40370

READINGS0א

~

NOTES

the0יsmooth . unlike most5ןwith the baseline!שןof the right downstroke ofס(מ[

~

he'.1ו4ע6ר.]goodן",. for15,The left downstroke , although partly damaged.מן4(370נexamples

after the0יbe restored before0!5ןclear whether the interlinear correction!ו_.1וישבשיוכלו.511ן0מhave betn inserted bcfore the0זthe correction was!ןOne would assume that.רצתיעשהששרכלphrase

the t~vo lamed's]0the right. But the

rp

esence0)phrase, the correctlon would have been written f,rther

theהןplace5)ןrhe left of0!'write the correction slightli0)nlay have caused the scribe(אשרכלכלנפש)text,וכלו'5ן10preicrableויכלו

.

Alth~ugh suaw and yod

~

cannol be clearly distinguished palaeographically

.orthographic grounds0ת

,equally possible

"[.1רצוני.רצתו

schematic and basedיןrather low for the head of

)

~

od. The restoration5ןThe trace.2י[ןקרששםאה.].biblical literatureתוthe frequent occurrence of this phrase0ת

restore two letters . The restoration follows the10too large simply5]The lacuna,נ4הם%בלעלי.]4:1Zech!0ofליכם'ומעל. the hetib59חוווטק

consistent svith5ן01תlhe right of dalet0)י5ט[As Puech notes , the trace.1'3דרכיהםטכייהוהששם.]spaceששכל bet~veen svords . See0תlamet The scribe occasionally leavesיחWOUId)6כדרכים)טkap (for

(םח111)andכןעל([תו"6).

,could also be the base of bet or , less likelyמאמhe trace which " identified as the foot of'1.1,.3ויצעו.the foot of tazv

rhe space appears rather rlarrow for the restoration proposed , but the two parts of the1.5ע[תרי.] ,6he space availab

~

e can also be estimated'1.4"ומתןתוו

"fragmentוכקעו are slightly misaligned . See

באאיחןחוו*6.

"comparingיבה

exclude0)Enoughכיעבדו. leather remains after rei.5;5ןפשר.]

TRANSLATION

them . And (with) goodתסקטhe crowned the mountalna with proeduee andl poured out food[4תי/]

.eat and be satisfied ' , said Y [HJWH11ושעwho do my811Let'.1]פfruit he satisfied

said.'תןיוםהץסevil15vhat1them bless my [holy] name. But look! Now they have done1אAnd( ,

their d [ee] dsח]YHWH . And they rebelled against God

]the thoughts of the [evil0זyS and according3'1htheir1[1ב]10And YHWH judged them accordingthe1

inclination.[4תג]" of their he~rt . And he thundered against them with [his] strength

the ~vindosvs of1]1ו.from the depthsזס(ח!foundations of the ea[rth] trembled,

~

and walters broke

.the de[pths] overflowed tw'thl mighty u' aters]81the heavens were opened , and

[],the delugeמ]And the windows of the heavens p[our]ed forth rain . [so] he destroyed them.he exterm~nated them . For ] [ he crossed over

dry ground was [wiped OUt , ] and humankind , and [beast and[0ח'

~

herefore everything whi [ch was

.escape)10!birds , every winged thing, d[ield . And the gi [anlt$ , too ~ did[י]8

the cloud so] that he would rememberת]]And ] [ ] Jand God made ] [ his bow

he

set

the covenant

;the earth) ] for [destructionח0קט)] And never again wouldJ the wat~rs of the deluge [come.056ס[0ןbe01תand] the tumult of the waters [wotlld

[]they made and clouds ] [ for watenנ]

COMMENTS

the Creator (noted0)XXVI Hymn10810ח)strikingly similar18140370

~

nhe text Of

only)0מ

~

'he similarities are.חילכולםובאוכלתמבותהריםמעטר:)independently by Puech

4cannotתpendent*1~וח be11088עsystematic. Although the priority of)6טnumerous

QPsa11has cited the first colon of4037פappears that the author Ofא,demonstratedslightly adapted form, and . then paraphrased or expanded each of the3ותופXXVI


becomesטחיך$הלכל.create his osvn text0זorderח]follolving terrns of the second colon

פניהםעלאכלואפך;פובbecomesהשביעשובופרי;andחילכולbecomesששכלorאשרכלנפשכלרצוניעשה.

creator , with84304פdescription ofבthat of3ו8ןQPsa XXVI11ofזצ0זחססThe

the separation Of light from darkness , the establishment of the dawn

,

and10references

There the description of the.(1[85ת1ן-2ן)the responsive acclamation of the angelsthe description of abundance , hrms theח]which culminates,306)creative activity of

the0זthe response,100,306(בכוחוארץעושהברוך).תו4(370כ)the praise of0ז!groundsdivine(י[וקדששםאחויברכוחזו"2). activity includes blessing

the Creator and the first0)Having noted the strong connections between the Hymn

whetherתן4(370נ18 the account of abundance10ו5בone has,4(370נpreserved lines Of

merely part of the description of the immediate antediluvian situation or whether, for

ofצזסז18חthe ent~re primeval,0!4(370בthe homiletical purposes of the authorthat the pattern of creatlon-punishment50,has been radically telescoped5-1Genesis

the expulsion from Eden, the Hrst0תthe events of the deluge rather thanחס" focused

!0the Creator suggests that the author0,murder. etc . Certainly the use of the Hymn

have[ת translated1describing creation . Moreover, the divine speech , which1540370be fruitful and multiply10the command0זrough parallelבprovides,1006תthe jussive

.1Genesisתוthe conclusion of the priestly accountובthat occurscontext and syntax thatוחסו!clear411.1כלנפשהשביעטובופרישיהםעלאכלפך*[1חלבהדרים.ע6'ןון.]

preceding"אש.composition*אוthe first column of)5ןסחthe fragmentחןthe first column preserved תן

continued5ןtopic which8,ן5(חסןאטdescription of the antediluvian8apparentl ? eontainedס0,ט[חח

complexפportion of text quoted here there are three cola , exhibitingח1(טא,of our fragment3-1lines .פק(!חוטparallelism,0:ן6םן8'ס'6'ןם"8"6"

andעשהששרכל the understanding ofרשימ,רשנניnoted above , the readingרצונעשהאשרכל.5ןע'].]take the0)have chosen1.speech are deeply ambiguous4טחויוpart of theז50בprecedingורצוץרצוני5ב

8asרשוםעשהששרכלread0!be impossible01חof the divine speech . However, " wollld85אבקphrase

0variant!נפשכל.

Although the reading and syntax or.ואמררצוניעשהאשרכלשכעיייכלו"[[.2-1וקדשףשםאקויברכו4ה

the subject of the verbs of the divine851]have construed1,ambiguousרצונעשה-אשכל8זב'phrase"1יobservationתו of the people's disobedience5)00י(אזcontrast"4out685תא"part becauseתן,speech

likely)05ומand " theמש]occurs some twenty-one timesקדששםthe follolving sentence . The phrase

ofתומ(, verbs 'eat and be satisfied ' occur fairly frequentlyזןפקWhile the.2תוטחךsupplement

uninterתוoccur('88*61three verbs ( 'eat , be satisfied , and1!פwhichחןthe single instance310:8ןDeut .rupted sequence ; see further below

the beginning of)פThe abundance of particles and pronouns.2יהודאמרבעיניהרעעשיאהםוהני.]

500with independent pronoun and finite verbהוהFor.%פיחוםthe sentence makes for rather curnbersome made even more

emphatic by the addition of the8]the construction22!32ובאחי'אנכהנה.ח41(370כNum

Hebrew , one mightתהחןandפזparallel for the combinatian Of8find01חdo1ISrhile.אוparticle

be contemporaneous10Since the divine speech appears.1[1כארין%דAramaic

Qt

apGenחןcompare

as[מא5סנ31:22

""should'וסמ be translatedש,them10subsequent01מ,yith the events narrated and.היוםafter4%א(5ט

~vhere abrtptly followed by the divine5]eat , be satisfied and bless10The sequence of divine commands

fact happened. Indeed, the highly emphatic and overloaded syntasמןstatement that something else has

theתןshock and aisrupt the reader' s expectations . Note that the text never describes, even0!~serve

apeculation1מmuch interested50!05ת]follow ~ what the nature of the evit was . The narrator5טח11(81ן very sharp juxtaposition of divine beneficence

and inexplicable humanפestablishingתןmotive as0ח

of8א*עסזק[ווסן]',biblical admonitionsח]worn pattern'-11*915פingriratitude . That comitbination of motifs

ingratiמןlessonפ$the part of the people are used a0תthe s~ilderness and the rebelliousnessחןmanna 8ן

Deuteronomy stressחוDeuteronomy. Repeatedly4403700!closer parallelטא)But.78Psalmתןtude

9340370

providing abundantly for the people when they enter the land . Thcת]the generositY Of God0תlaid

CIOSt vcrbalפeven5,with disobedience . There01חrespond with blessing and10people are admonished

parallelתו10-7:8De,t:ווטצהונפןהשערהושהארץ....מיםנוליארץסובהארץאלך?מבאלהיךיהוה'כsimilarly Deuteroת)deacribes the settlement27-25:9Neh....אלהיךיווהאהוברכהושבעתואכלת...

nomtsttc:וישמימוישבעוושכלולרבמ9כלועץחיתיםכרסים...ויירשושמנהואדסהבצרותעריםוילכדו style

להםויצרוצריחםבידוחתם...ווםאחריוירהךאתוהשלכובךוימרדווימרויגרולבטעךויחערמ.biblicalח(טח:attested1]5ן1י'טrebellion0יThe moral pattern of divine g' ft and human ingratitude

rendering or the8such,4(370נone must ask whether , apart from)8ט.exodus and conques ~ rradirions

~ biblieal literature . rfhe mori

~

of abunaance uf-)05קbiblical orתןantediluvian period has any parallels

locatc10been able1Genesis . Nor ha~.e1ןתוobvious part of the aood narrative as we have1!015נןפ]food

such,0פ

rt

acc05ת)the Second Temple period . Thcreחז0ז!other documentsחןdescriptionפsuch

Enorh , yubilees , Pseudo--Philo, etc . One might compa

re

the dcscription of theת),motif, for instance

sald'ת0קט that God '

rained

manna15)1the Pseudo-. Clementine Homilies s : s . Thereמ)antediluvian period

blood . Human!0keep their appetites satisfied . But the giants longed for the taste0)orderמןthe giants

seern)0תbeings , following their lead

,

soon corrupted the earth , provoking the Hood . The parallel does

.particularly close , however

varlous formulations , there areתן.later rabbinic Midrash whereת]More promising material appears

The.6ססחalmost Paradisaical conditions imme

~

iately before the10,material abundwce10references

0)this connectlon . lastead , abundance itself seemsתוment ~on the giants1001תrabbinic sources tend

:Isaac said.4ן':(22:8Gen0))13:34.Gen . Rabתןhuman beings , as0תcorrupting influenceפhave had

10because they sowed u~ithout having,וןסתWas,"ח!VVhat was responsible ror their rebelling against

forty years . . . ' . Traditions ~hich are related1תsow (only) once0זhey used'ד:Isaac said.)!ז"קפ,זסץ.6and1:501.1both43.[תand sipre Deuteronomy,08פ].Sanh.6,6.3Sola.!ח,one another occur0י sald that ~ the generation of

the flood became arrogant only because of the good ~hich the151ן,.Sanh

.36and21lob0)contention supported by referencesפ,'~

oly One, blessed be He, lavished upon them

the!0three illustrations]0טחסcited as5ןthe example of the nood generation,43Sipre Deuteronomy1ת rebel against God except

out of satl ~ ty . . . Likewise )? ou find that the)0מprinciple that 'one does

,00),generation of the flood rebelled against God only out of sat ~ety (translation of Hammer) . Hcre ,0the discussion1חintroduced5ןSipre Deuterenomyתןcitations from Job are quoted . The tradition

.~

our'1cattle-andא[ th ,s you shall eatזטסו~ he fields (orחןalso provide grass11)116-15:11,'1יDeut

makes'0אש!"0ז"גמי(,sipre.(8?7)!)'them0)serve other

~

ods and bow0)be lured away10ת(סTake care

need Him , seelng thatטזיdrop of rain do0טחeven for01ח,the cr~me : "Yhey said)חthe punishment

have1them , You use the favour that0זTherefore God sald.(6.2mkt:

from

the earth ( Genשthere

,

goet gp

And-טסץpunishו(0זuse]]1י(ןexalt yourselves therevvith before Pvle . Therefore10youתסקטbestosved

.)translation of Hammer('(12:7the rain u)as upon the earth! forty dayt d~d~ forty nightt (Gen

and these partict~ lar rabbinic40376genetic relationship bet~veenפsuggest10my intention1(01%ת does give evldence that the main

elements of this interpretation of the flood generationט8(4(370נ.texts

period of antediluvian agriculturalב,were developed verY early . These elements include : firstbiblical narrative ; second , the close conjunction of abundance and rebellion0חו)referred)0ת,abundance

.against God; third, the connectlon with the admonitions of Deuteronomy

occ

urs

seemsחן4(370נ.של % be the preferred term for GodקמAlthough the divine name.2של.] .7

hereתו1[ח" and occ

urs

propheticמעללי6ודרכט denunciations and even the pairתןcommon%2ליהם,עלי%ב.מעללט.]appear , hosvever , that01חsvotild)1.).etc,641:יZech;31:36Ezek;5:7;18:4Jer.6.ש)numerous times

and40370the parallels between0ת.these linesת)any particular biblical context0!allusion15מפthere .see INTRODUCTION,36Ezekiel

would appear rnost)1.1"[[.13-2רע"לבםף%יכמחשבות.דרכיהםף[טכידודוישפטםליהם[עלי,במאלמרו

as YHWH ' s quotation of som~ offensive language of the.ם.],'as and they saidוקשממtranslate0)natural

people which contrasted with his instruction that they 'bless my [holy] name' . Rabbinic sources know of

;1088.Sanh.6verbal rejection Of God; see818of the generation of the Bood5תוwhich theתוtraditionפ

,of

the

following lettersיטסintelligible statement of

that

sort can be made0.35:29אNumש.~

Raשש,?

they rebelled' ) . Unless the formפרה('4תפ

;

the HipYI imperfect ofךאמח8פread0זhowever. One % forced

internal materתבbe0)which seems probable) , then the a~tep appears(1'מרוfor!תפסזזםsimplyצ)וישמרד

TH

E

JUDAEAN

ED

SE

RT

XIXא]DISCOVERlES94

whichשuse s'

re

y rare outside of IQlsaa .) Significantly , twa cases are attested8

"8.lectionis ror short

this.טע! case substitutes for heחןalthough blep,באמר"reads26ו,וIQS.מרהthe rootועו!אused4'aiep תן

85the sarne wordן!5ןwhere context suggests that,101צCD0סאמרםחן!ISrernberg-~ hleller* Points

intemalחפwhich case the ble

~

wotJld beמרה.תןthus be the Hip~

lparticiple of6]11'261.סאמרםטסיlQS

.'8'mafer ror short

.see I~- TRODUCTION:5.6derived from Gen5ןThis.1,.נם:לני44יכמחמבוחshaking the,0The language of thundering and.]סוסרכלנעו[ויו;בכחהם'על1ירעם'rl

~R4-3.]]

1ofטל course , language taken from the Genesis account of the

~

ood,5ןיסחthe earth,0foundations

10:2Sam1.Y;8ע8:18,י4ו16;

~

WH the divine vvarrior (cf]0rather from theophanic descriptions

common term eor815וסת,be restored here0זperhaps4which,עעThe verb.(34111lQH.5_4.37Job.the trembling of foundations , being used rather of s~agging heads , shaking leaves , wandering steps , . etc

.4:6cfרומפיםאמהזושן). Isa!6ט)

the descriptions of the activitY of the divine warrior the1ח.one oddity about the imagery5)There

instruments of85,5-4סמ!,85(ח4(370נ,~vaters and the sea ordinarily appear as objects of God's wrath

theחןpunishment855זsuggestion of the use of the

~

ood water8there518:24ןIsaחןishment . Onlyותטק

description:"ארב'כ Of universal judgement , one reads8ת),context of divine warrior language _ There

used of5ןwhich such language610מחתןhave been able1The only Instance.ארץ'מוסר71עשובשקחוממרש0!terror8,he thandered loudly...':224-219.1.Noah comes (rom Sib . or]סthe timeחןthe deluge

the springs of811the storm winds were gathered together and]]11.mortals . sending out hurricanesvere released as the great cataracts svere

opened from heaven. and from the recesses of the earth1svaters

'and the endless ab)rss measureless waters appeared and the entire immense earth was covered.)translation of Collins(

thundering and trembling , the0!After the referencea.נכקעוימןוםhi~nna6תחו)ם'דשמארביהכל*.]

116:7nextכלנבקעוהוהבים pair of sentences that describe the aood are closely modelled after Gen.נפתחום.השמוארבהרבהחיוםמעיוח

alwaysפה)exceptתן1where,144Psalmן construed with5ןwhich.פצהnot be fromc1aIן.4ופש.יפצוlarge100שSince the lacuna.שץrather15Aramaizing usage) . The root8תdeliver'

,

perhaps0!'means

17:1modelling the phrase after the syntax Of Zech,מ4יםתהמואhave restored1,4יםתןשו1חsimply for .)

'my citaes svill overflow with prosperity'(ממוכ'ערדמוצעה.4:93ps;10:15see ExodאדיריםמשFor the phrase.44יריםם4ים.]

10The following pair of sentences seems.השמיםיארבותאיריםם'מ4חהמווחכלופצו,?Tpl'~I5-4.1.מם]

theתן12:7Genהנשםויהי rain mentioned10paraphrase and expand the preceding description , alluding.לילהוארבענעםארבעיםהארץעל

form8might be restored either withמנשגן[יןד1שמוםוארבהז-The phrase.5ממרהרקקוהשמשוארבות.].27:36cfלארזמטרקגןמשנטפיערעכי). lob(זקקor

i

.3:11cfיריקורארץעלנשםהעבשימלאואם) Qoh(הריק

~

of

.nuance for the context8וזקסזקק8(סmore8hasדייקverb"חיך

describe the0!Where the biblical account turns immediately.ן.5כלםם'4סןבמבולוןחברםstate the0!proceeds4(370בthe author Of13:7)יthe ark (Gen0)תןNoah and his family0יentrance

.'~ he delugeתןhe destroyed them[50]':his own narrationס)conclusion relevant

10allusionsתןand11-6Genesisתןused only4מילthe term,10:29$pתןExcept for one occurrence

.restore even schematieally10difficult15letter-spaces6-5The lacuna of.(17:44this account (see Sir

Since the preceding sentences.מן-!.ושno

un

ending.]8קhe exterm~nated them' , follows',6זסיזכלםThe

completes the sentence that began1]כלםמ'סwould assume that"תס,WOtds5-3have been composed of

.the first clause0!parallel8and providesבבנילברם%וwith

.the lacunaמןloat5]the preceding sentence0!the hemistich parallel08[[יAlmost.ן5יכבר"[.נ

18,15:28Perhapsה:היבששטף1ששעבר'כ;Cf.ח110ץ35. supplement with Isa

the!ש Qumran Document~ ' , scriptתןGottstein , ' Linguistic structure and Tradition--חטGosht.4תsee(

Kutscher, Tht La

~guqge and

letusalem,1958)112;חסזומוNDSS,0,22מ.18;8.ץ. : Magnes(1יHierosolymitana

.160462%197,Brill.1.8

:

Leiden;6STDJ((.%101)of

the

I$aiah scrollפ8(4%תאסזשLinguistic

.112(1957erillt.2.ן:Leiden;1Wernberg-Moller, The Manual

-

of .Discipliwe (sTeJ.4ק

9540370

8,the destruction]0account of the results8תcontains"11תThis.רשחרבה[בכלאיסרטמבוןעלכן"

6.]would)חסthe restoration,%הוןwide for00)עלכן5ןperished . The lacuna afterי8110ו(0אsummary

erbs of'1Inverting the sequence of,ח[ויןמ...11מהוןrestore1Thus-.23-22:7the basis of Gen0תexpect23-22:7Gen(עדמאדםהאדמהפניעלאשרהיקוםכלאתוימחמסדבחרבהאשרמכלבאפיוחיםרוחנשמחאשרכל

ailableי(5י , and's1eems rather short for the space aומחוEven.(הארץמןוימחוהשמיםעוףועדרמשערבהמה ]0possible that some other synonym should be read here . The specific mention or the glants as

~ . lctims ,6:59Enochזי7:165:נthe Second Temple per

~ od ; see!0literatureתןrelatively eommon5ןthe flood .7-6:14.Wisd. sol

the(;תן15and13:9:'נתת'קשקאת text renders]0This portion.1ן.8-7מזם...ת[ואבריתיאותאלויעש

בשרכללשחתלמבולהמיםעודיהיהולא...ובירכםביניאשרבריתיאחחכרתי...הארץוביןביניבריתלאותודיתהבענן

reference8certalnסי , though there may have beenטת5811ן01תThe exact restoration of.(11:93תם).cf( Note.(ק.לרבנשבעאשרודבר.

briefבריתקטרללוען(" phrase that parallels8rhe covenant and10partiesטא) andטוון add ~d,15:9לשחהלמבולם'הםשדהיה'ולאGenותסו!phrase6ט)has cited4ט8(זסח0!370נןhow the

the paraphrase and0)similar5ןcomposition!0The style.1;טתמיםהמוןשאחוולאbiblical parallel-חסת

Forמיםהמן,seeאסו4111and27.1611ן,6ן. the phrase.5-4lines11:7תןexpansion of Gen

theתןoccur01תdoesשחקיםNote the interlinear correct ~ on . The word.]9למיםןושחקיםשי"ם.].Genesis"13111המוןבקולשהקיםמדיו.ז0ץ4(370בחבlQH;28:3סlob:12:18Ps5טט.Genesis flood story.see INTROOUCTION

11.Col

top margin

מןידרשומעוןו

]שיהוהיצדיקנ

]מעונםויטהרםנ

לרעמגבבייןבדעתםרעתם

הארץל]עימיהםוכצליצמחו

]ירחםהואעולםועד

אות]נפלוכרויהוהגבורת7

נקשכםותשמחפחדומפני

יהוהי]דביחקרול*משניכם9

READINGSאסNOT~S

visible traces of

ink

. Me~n0תbut there are,ש"שVQ for11space before15There.%1ידרשומשן.] .faint but definite4before the lacuna

;3]1.colתעתם)cf . the byin

'

s)6ט,byin01long for the right arrn

8Theןחי8ז" trace.ן.5דארץשי

.

See COMMENTS.40185חריעfhe reading receives support from the parallel'.4]].colדעתמ

THE JUDAEAN DESERT xlxא]DISCOI? ERIES96

TRAI-SLATILIX

]seekועייfrom iniquitYt thev.]

]declare innocentוש!וHIVH'1.2

]vurih" them ftom their iniquity!!ושAnd he.3

and evil006שdistinguish) bet [~veen0)holv(שפוייסתםtheirתוtheir evil_4

5shadolvוב06[תtheאחבט are their1[ט1ןbutקטthev sprtng.5

ermoreיי;[1ינן"compassionן he'a1nd fore.6

lvon[dersטא!or YHIVH; remember")8the mighty_7

]rejoice!!וי]yourl SOU [l[86ת;of him66נאaccount of the08_ת

vord[sאענטז of,טא)rebel against01תDo.ט0ץfollolv0"ייthosc.9

5זץ

גוגי1[")

INTRODL'CTIONאסקל4(185ב,8 . From the cornparlson5ז0ן640370ת401858,טט

:be offered0(40370!491ת8םschematic reconstruction

כחצירןהנהכילרעשובבייןבדעתםרעתם*

rפ1לימיהםוכצליפםחד5-

Rnמעולםכיפתאיםליוהשכילועמינאשמעוועתה]

מ1ןוחכמולעשותםפקדיוזכרילכלוחסדיובריתושמרי]ירחםהואעולםועד6

[לבבכםויערץחםבארץומופתיובמצריםעסהאות]נפלזכרוידוהגבורת7

הסביםכחסדיונפןשכםותשמחפחדומפני8

דבתארואלמשניכם9

-

יהוהי]

dweliing8'as!0מ,'from iniquity'85should be understoodמשן,or the context!1מעון.תו!אשו.] .belolv3

placv[;ח" ' . See Participial8Perhapsחיזוק01שובז0שמר. supplement.2ליהוהק'ןד.]

;8-7[11105;4:51ps;8:33זסנ.Similar phrases are relatively cornmon ; cf.ן.נןמעונםמטהרםpassage8תןוטשי33:36,תןoccursעונותיכםסכלאחכםטהריביוםabove , the phrase6ט01חAs.3211(וענ .)see INTRODL

'CTION(40370ייןhich shares other similaritiesייSolomon'sתו prayer8נ"ח17,9:2;6,22,5:3ת).For the supplement , Cf.4לרעטובבתןבדעתםרעהם.]

39:1the;1(88ב11-101). capacity tbr moral judgement (cf. Deut10The phrase refers.9:3Kgs1

used metaphorically5]growth of plants andליAlthough nas denotes.5הארץפולהם'מ'וכצלילמדו.]

biblical passages about the ephemeral"01(אnone,(19:806ן.cf;4:441585טט)human flourishing01

quality!א"VOtd1,ק"%שחאזעוץ(5ק6:90;15:103),יצא(06נ2:14)orי of human existence uses

humanlPlantחן4(185נ2-1וhowever,10-9(ישה'כ comparisonטאזpart of85used(5ק6-5:90).צמח5יdirect8following Lichtenbergers ) . While the usual use of this word suggests,כציץפרח'ופארשיצמחכחציר

textsשחן.0arm(1"סverbתן4(185ב,andטא11ק.תן4(370נ. , note the10ייrelationship betu~een the

sa *A~

oleeie4,4)(euwra"; Sa

",Lichtenbcrgerמןdenט0!חשח!מט6מ(4(185נ) ' Eine ~s' eisheitliche Mahnrcde.יןן

;Leuven;6*Delcor:ץאאאותטאשזף,!978)154. BETL.41.6ט)*miliet"19))

740370ל

10fheפ9"יrather5)860חיימש0ט(טט55ק1()12:2:ןנ,חא:ל. comparison of transient human life'

האעל)ימיכצלוהוא

"rcaזן

~

s14(185נ2-1יגThe corresponding text Of.(15:29Chr1;12:6Qoh.2_1.14Hereחןnumbcr:אחן5.חי40185טת8ק[.חי4(2370. . aga ~ n . notc the differcnce.(556(,( Lichtenberger

humanחן4(185נ transicncv0חhear which follo~vs !""meditation0!Perhaps sonle form of the call

0the!4(370נון5. no

nr

lost portionתןalso occurred

this~חן40185,וט.5ק3,11:ג17דוד'רכד: phras0!parallel5ן0חWhilc there.(6רחם'א)הלם)עעד.]nlakingי,ו dircct Llse5,4(370לmeans ccrta ) n thatן!5ן6)'0חAlthough.ראי'עללם)עועדמעולכ(

phrascו'רא'.חי'בר'שכר.ט[ו'פקד.וכר,,יי l , kvטחון6,י'ן(חבsupplement0ןwould bc suitable11,18-15:103Ps p1r'וג,י, ( ) babl6

4(370ל,theי"ט()טח1)41(י)יחון"

,0Civen the generally parallelistic style.18-17:103Psחן

.and () heaienrין))ןאare0(1י.thoseח)God ' s tbithfulness and compassionh8emistich concernin8contained

iollol0)does~'4(185נratiler1412-1י1ט.,י1ט5~. appear7112370)4Although.7נפל1אוחזכחיןךה1כ1רת.] .(

YOrasרה)ב ininicaiatell prece

~

ing1reStOre the0!'uncertain hoss)ןmakes4(185בthe text of0!damage

Hc'6ח8 translates.,ידכמ(scribal error for8asוהכמוtaking(1נמןודגצץ

~

rea)אלהינירת

~

s(270)Strugnell

s ~) nlcss. hat_!צט!idcs the'1

~

i(156)Lichtrnbrr

~lrr

.(273)'

~

od]0draw wisdom from the might)~ lvisdom

translates ' Toren kommcn um s .or aer hlacht UnSCVL' S,מ)ימ(differently and, reading the damaged verb as

thrחןa ~ dז0חaoes4(370נand unfortun~telv.סתועח0ס(8חwholly5ןGottes '

.

Neither solution

40185vith the tetragrammaton . .Altl, (, elgh1God0!refers4(370כreconstruction . Note , finally , that

sometimesואלהימ. uses the tetragrammaton , here the corresponding ~vord

veת)נפלא(טחון7)ana'מפנ

re

identical bet~veen14(185נand4(370נcould assume that the text Of)1!חס

1ג

~

Icttcr-' spac~ s . suc62about!8~4(370כןVidth Of1could calculate the column"חסthen,(816חו)פחד(

vithיי'6ן!א4Of(370כ1. the column1width would agree reasonably well

ad

~

itional8חcontaining4(185נdiffer here , u~ ith4(370נand8נפ1שכםמשמח)פחדי'מפנ.4(185כ.])(,1considerabil ' longer tlTanחן4(185כ1112-1-ג5ןThe materlal preserved.פדרוafter(((נו)רצו)עשphrase

"טחון

~

loreover , the beginning of.81140370now lost irom the end of15~hat1corresponding text of

discrepancy'נפןשכם between the two tcxts . Consequently , ~ hough onc shoul (l probabl ? ' rtSt ~ ) rL8indicates

,uncertalnחו1"5ןthe content of the r~st of the.4(185כfollol~ ing,חטבקםכחסריו

0!correspondsו(65ז00[יי!וו.1ןrebel against theי0ת0זThe command.9יתהרבתיה6רול%משרכם.]differsחן*0185('בנ'שמעונ). from u'hat precedes.סשניכם,but the preceding word,34(185נ2-1[ו

s1econd' , the suffixed tofn.סשנהfrom]1.כם'משנclear how one should understandאו01$ת,Moreover

.

,

sec Jastrou:'10ט0ץour follolvers ' or ' subordinates ' ( literallv , ' those second')'85might be understood

the(ייafter'0110ט0ע'. ~vord could be constructed temporally . ~ those vho]1_('חוע"ץ0י,lieutenant',משנה 2ון2.oneש10parallelפחריכםלבניכםחן4(185נ1- would have

Rerp,".6,0ן0נ%חrhe Judaean Dcscrtחןtrles'd1es " Disco,וmarge du srolumeח"Sttugnell , ' Noles.6שש81508נ .270(970!)7

the Exodus/Conquest Tradition0תQDiscourse4.374

.Pr%ווי, ATE(

יו(Deu~צ,'"the',.יייר. ExoduslCenquust 'rradition0סDiscoursc40374:ג.,Ne

~vsom4.):Previous publication Brilll,,2לוי,;וי-

~ lagncs(

Rappaport:ן ; Lcidcn

~

Jcrusalcmטscrolls

:

fortv Years of

Researcl

~

( cd . D _ Dirnant and.52

one medium -. sized and fifteen small,0consists(גMoses,0olim Apocryphon(40374

much about'50זלבdifficult11fragments . ' Although the bad state of preservation makes

the exodus from,0traditions10the nature and purpose of the text , numerous allusions

the largest fragment . The recounting ofתןCanaan appearחןEgypt and settlement

,simple narratll'e8rhetorical appeal rather than8be part of0זthese traditions appears

indicatedב bv5ןprominent . Direct address5ןז0תalthough directly hortatory language

be0זsome cases the referent appears1ת.number of second-person singular pronouns

5moreןaddressed(".ש. likely that God5]יוothers1מ.(3.frg.א.")the people Of Israel

.identify the referent u' ith certalnty0זpossibleזו15ז0חyet othersמןAnd.(10,7

.

frgs

0part5]equally,ב possible that the text1511,Concerning the speakeranonymous[5זסת discourse . Unfortunatelv , thereתבpseudepigraphical speech or

]0or against the identification0ז]provisional caseפmake even0זenough evidence

the,ז1 text hinders certalnty,0Joshua as the speaker . Although the broken conditionthe(0חן land are referredתוappears that the events of the exodus and the settlement

.Aaosaic pseudepigraphon1540374פthe past tense , thus precluding the possibility that

none of the.ו.ם,the textתןindications of Qumran sectar) an authorship0מThere are

assoclatesב with u: ritings ,vhich express"תסdistinctive theological vocabulary or motifs

Qumranתוthe tetragraninlaton, avoided,0sectarian consciousness . Moreover , the use.sectarian texts , would argue against sectarlan authorship

לל(ן01שזןןז,(נן)4

vhat Oross describes as eariv Herodian10זconforms closely4(374לThe script Of

.Note the strong curve of the oblique axis of the gi~)tel2(ט4ונ!6וי)4.semiformal (cf

andא,לשם.the right cornerק100זב-semlפcontinuous stroke withמב]drawn15Dalet

be shorter than that of the0זof the vod tends1ופ)yod are often indistinguishahle . The

e of'a1lways . Note the curving right leg of het and the pronounced cur01מtuaza , though

final ?ade the top of the left armמןmedial and especially1חעה.מthe head of the medial

.often quite narrow15the right

.

'Yhe head of rei10curves

thankת403740 Prof. ( . Strugnell who made his transcriptions and preliminary notes0)The editor wishesי .her

0availableי Essays ," Honor:)01שJewish Scripts ' , The Bible and the

nAic

ent Ne~ r"א)Development Ofטא]",cross.54.2ץ

Wright,!4.י.:see.34-224(1961,Doubleday"קfig.5.2.[חו"5. ; Garden City.3ש)_oxwell Albright , (ed2of Willam

T

~

E JUDAEAN DBSERT XIXאוDISCOVERI

~

S100

Orthogra

~

hy

consel~ rvative , with few differences frum the commola

"40374,Orthographically.are spelled without Nasu(2ח9,5;10נ.frgs(כלand(92[ו.frg(לאEven.זתspellings of

areח attested .~

?he diphthong - atu(14

.

frg(לאלהיםand(6]]2

.

frg(לאלוהיםBoth;412.frg,הרצות)elided$וalep1.two instances12ח8).ת.Erg(חפנו]represented by soaw

Pronominal suffixes are the short arms Familiar.(4]2ן.frg,2ון5;שרית.frg,הארצוח.cf

fromת(.

Mus.עמ476.1

*080.44,359.43,499.42,823.41,821.41,210.41PAM

Frg.ב6-1

ססןס[[

oo1]ויןארצו2

5החחברון[לנותלס6[נ

לסןלהדת[4

סופוען[5ד

שו6

TRAN ~ I.ATIOX

][.1

]his land

,

and he[.2

]when he was

joined

נ.][]]become0)[.*

][.5

6.]ן

[[)ג[5זאשע

single8small pieces of leathet constituteסיי)StrugneII 's early notes indicate that the

.fragment , distantly joined

;37:20Chr2;23611:יseveral late biblical texts (Danח)attested"0(חכר

~

Htipa'el3צץץדביד.'יייץ.],political alliances!0accountsחןChronicles the word occurs2Daniel andתו.(3ו:2sir:35:20Chr2.)ן

0the!יש, word were the Hip

~

l!1.Iret, etc,ישread0)possible"א,Palaeographically.]5סושש.]One could.פעלor the nounפעלparticipal of8better " read8])1.יפשhowever . one would expect

01!40374

%phrase similarז0פ).etc;4:14;9:6;6:5Ps:8:6Hos;2:31158)אוןמעליperhaps restore the stock phrase

.(12:74Ps(הארץבקרבת)ע)ש'פעל.the interlinear spaceחןwritten5ןDalet6.]

]2.Frg

[סן[

הרצותגיסתאמר[

וירש[

סיני[

סל[

TRANSLRTION

the lands!!4.ןפ

you shall speak5.ן

and he took possession6.ן

Sinai1.7

(.8

COMMENVS

0phonetic(הארשח. spell ~ngפprobably$וfhe word nura'.4חרשית.]the[ת conquest of Canaan , especially10references1מoccurs frequentlyירשThe verb.6ררש.]distinguishרש'יז0 , one cannot exclude the readings10Deuteronomy. Becauae tuaeu and yod are difficillt

exclude the HipSI converted0ז,preserved before the Erst WdNIYod, however%1Enough leather.,ירט.the verb would be Israel0יapparently Qal and the subjectשוThus the verb.ייישimperfect

and6מו11=טtaking possession10references,(סהיthe correct reading (rather than7פמ.ו(סעיח.].Sinai here establish the context as that of

-

the exodusiconquest traditions0*

TH

E

JL' DAEAN DESER ? XIX1אDISCOVERIES102

112.Frg

]ויתםיחדוי

בגרןגושוירוממו2

תמעשיובנדתבמעלליהם)מ0ןולצאצשיה6ופליטהשריח[כם]לושין4

וימע5

ני"בריןהארצותכלחמדותבארץבחירו

laDלפרעה[ומחיג1האדיריםעללאלוהיםהיחננו]6

בכ10ירחם[1ופ[ה]'קרבוימסולבםויתנועעויאמיגגו]7

ויעחןעוימן]לבזויגבירולמרפשי[ןשליהםפנוובהשירו8D1allmt1ויהמועוידעוךלאולל9

לשולג1"

וסןשבס[]יבעלהושיעיס]לדב[]0י

לן[יי

TRAxil .ATlex

together

andi

.1

[anger1חere lifted up'1~nations4.2חין

~

bv their deeds and by the impurity of the acts of.נ

[

ha~'e neither remnant nor survivor ; but for their descendants11]'1oul-)[4./4חי

the811]0the most desirableיוthe land which1ת,his chosen,5[ח]planting for8And he made.5

landsi

]

~

Pharaoh10]cause of reeli [ng8God over the mighty ones and85he made him[4חן,].6

dissolved . [But] he had5חפקthe)r melted and their hearts trembled and thieilr inward[(4חן,)7.ן

[compassion upon

shine upon them eor healing , they strengthened [their] hearts0!vhen he caused his face1And.8

[agaln

.

and knovledge

the s[ound of81they rnelted and trelm] bled . They staggered.חשסחןט0ץone had0חAnd though_9

erance'f1or]]ן deli[]1(,.]ט1וחיחו

ColIAIE~-TS .lsraelites-ח0מthe land and the dangers posed by the1תsettlement0!סן]These lines refer5-:.ן]The verb eay be either.17יםיירומשparallel for the phrase050]05ן0חThere.[יבגחנויםירוממו.]

be takenז0חPolal . Given the negative tone of the following two lines , however , the verb should0זPolel

expression of arrogance and hostility . Although8תas!6ט

)

expresston of praise ( ' the natlons extol855ח

.the visibte traces of the letters85fi 's the context as well!ן.certain!באף015ח

'

the reading

Strugnell]0suggestion8Perhaps,ה1רעז0יורעחם. supplement , following.מעשיובנרחהם'במעלל"[.)ן

legal discussions . The most0יrelatively unusual outside Of technicalנדה5ןthe word"B1iblical Hebre1ח

dissolve mixed0זthe contex~ of the atternptתן,There.!1:9pertinent parallel comvs from Eara

of the?זסיחטתוmarriages , Ezra recalls the ,vords of ' your servants the prophets ' and invokes the

0340374י

eonquest;שללפהמפהיה%מל-אששבהרשבתההםרשח%דעמיבנדח"הנדהארץלרשההבשיםשתםששרהארץ tradition

12:9The:בנותיכםועתה following verse conta~ns the prohibition against intermarriage, Ezra.צם,בסםrmaן8טש ~rriתן(םThe unctean deeds of gentiles and the defil (lemcnt of.לבניכםחטין~אלובמזידמלבניחםהוצו-אל .(17

41ofש(ם.ש.21-16:22;1:25;7:30-

yubikes

as%600theת]are prominent themes

.(40379and40378)Joshua]0with the Apocryphon4(374נConcerning the possible identiiication of and

4least(374נ some interesting thematic and lexical connectlons bet~' een these lines of!פthere are broken8חןimpurity before you ' ) occurs , unfortunately

theלשיךנדך)' phrase14(378כ.חו4(378ב theטחיו nextחןtbilo

~ed,('1סתט"חנmake them0!')0לממאם!reference5ןפthere113ח41(378ב.context byחפintermarriage0!allusion,לבנידמבצמיך(.זטסץ5their0!daughtersת50,).

Biblical~חן HebreחןoccursשאריהforסריתThe spelling.סלצאצאיהם)ופליטהשריתלוכמןואין

"ם.4

.etc;13י141;יYQSחןthe Qumran scrollsחןand39:12Chr1

refer : Although there4"חו]whorn does0!,Israelite inhabitants of the land-ח0מthe0זrefers3*1!תוןsee0!one might be inclined.17:20016.3-2:7,זclose verbal connect~on with the language of Deut04מ

the phrase ' ,virhoutחןexterm~nate the indigenous inhahit~nts of the land0!the command0!allusionמפ

make of the5ןטחסשthat case

.

whatמןBut.ווסוןorלדם]one wotild restore.50]1.'remnant or survivorshould be construed differentiv . Theממ]]their descendants ' which followsi Perhaps the'0)reference

Yho1threat agalnst those8as611and CD14,1יQs1מ]occurs'5ז0ז0י1זזטphraae 'without remnant

.(4unlikel(374נ4 that15"falsehood ' . But]0of the spiritץפ'%theמן'depart from the way' and 'walk

and31טחוlight of the close connection beth'een1ח.influenced by the diction of Qumran sectarian texts

theתו Bible occurs1טה'פל)ת'סחרתthe phrase0יmore significant that the only occurrence4)1,11:9Ezra ,0continues the practiceן!1ןthreat aga ~ nst Israelפinvoked as part of5ןrhere the phrase'.14:9Ezra

madc5ןthe threat,00),intermarriage with ~ the peoples who practice these abominatiuns ' . Pcrhaps hereassociates itself with

the deeds and polluting acts of the peop

~

es . The follo~ing clause!ן!ןagainst Israel

.might then contrast the sad fate of disobedient Israel with that of the descendants of the Canaanites 5ן

the settlement of the land and0)alludes"חוןThis.1'5הארצותכלחמחהבארץבחירו%);לטע.]before or after the5ןdeciding vvhether the historical setting of the text0ז!particularly important

past act ~ on . though10converted imperfect referring8be0!crossing of the Jordan. The verb appears

simple imperfectן!5ןפcannot absolutely exclude the possibilit): that"מסbecause of the broken context.consecutive

Another problem concerns the restoration of the short lacuna after the first svord

.

Lamed seem

s

reconstruct0!'(זזnarross~ letters . One might0,1for one broad or15תוססזcerta~n , and after lamed there

see ss ~ hat0!difticult""!640.ט)apposltlonבחדיי0חןconstruct withתןnounפ,object for the verbמפ

10be possible4]1!ט0ש.seem right for the contextאחdoesזוbut,)חwouldלוי,Physically.יאwould

lack(ח of agreementפor with,(5"פע=ינ=חו1[ח.cf(בחירייforבחירוwith,('תצסאםhis,5טfor((לעread

.

object of the yerb"),0number induced by the collective referent , Israel . '

~

here rema)ns the problern

15object!סconstrueן!absolutely(וס , and perhapa the best solutionתבtake)0תneed(סעBut the verb theland through the metaphor of,0etc . ) . The imaging of the settlement;9:18;10:1Jer.22.65Isa

.4-3:44ps;10:7Sam2;7(:5(several important biblical texts : Exodתןplanting appearsprophetic and psalmic textsתןthe pleasant land ' ) occurs several t ~mes'(חמדהארץ

~he expression1

expresslon8תandת)חמדS'Otd1have the cognate0)appears"תסBut here.(24:106Ps;14:7Zech:19:3(Jer

.)'RSV : ' man greatly beloved(חמדות-אישdescribed as5ןwhich Daniel19,11.10,מןthat of Dan0)Parallel

am correct about the tense1]1.the conquest and settlement]0traditions10appeal5-2surn , linesמנ

progress , though theמ]leastז0אalready accomplished4the conquestisettlement,5"חו[,מor the verbthis09חissue of the Canaanite inhabitants of the land remalns problematic . The influence of Ezra

~ your]0quotation of the words8as12-11יץthat text Etra introducesמצ.likely8וטיוטףpassage ]

0the prophetic texcsתוstatement0ץמש!correspond!0מaervants the prophets' , though those vctses do

pseudo640374פworth asking whether the text of4!1ט6ו,the Hebrew Bible . One can only speculate .Ezra

's allusion,0supply the missing referent10prophetic discourse intended

be10151*חו]clear how the end of)1~י041מl[UWמ.6עב1אפיעהה%ומחיפריריםעללשליהשwollld expect some"מסbut,1051unlikely that more than four or five words are4יצ.supplemented

0prepareיhimחןמו1(6. for the allusion0זorderמו,Moses0יreference

one cot~ld read the first word,0[4(374נthe scriptמןBecause iuaw and yod are often indistinguiahable

say , the suffix could0!15he made himlus ' ) . Thatיצמ'11ן('4חפhe made me' ) orתשי'ען('6מפeither6*1מוof

THE IUDAEAN DESBRT xlxא!DISCOVERIES04!

the10later speaker who refers backפspeaker Qe vith5פbe read as consistent with Moaes himself

.Moses]0historical example

,Here , of course.1:7שך'נביהיהשודךואריןלפרעהשלהשמיתיךרשהמשהשלעןהרשמךrecalls Exodשתו]The

.and the word which precedes nwa

~

% damaged and uncertain,שרירטassociated withלאלוהש5ןthe te

rm

verb which8,חעbe assoc~ated with105ןmay be that the ~vord1ן,suggestion Of Strugnell8Follosving

stagger

)

. '

~

he10.,נועfrom(ינועוsimi

~

e about drunkenness and whith parallels827:107תןPsת]occurs

both,7*תן[[מ,Similarly here.(26.ץ)the saGe descriptionת!melt

)

also occurs10',מ1נfrom(תתמובverb

which describes Egypt ' s,(לחנשלמצריבהודה'אדמהתה'וה)17:19occur . Strugnell notes Isaנועandמונ.related word)0תsimilar sounding though8dismay u' ith

restore10beעיחם room0)appear01מThere does.ה?קרבמפו'1לבםחמעש'1אמונמ'ן"[.7בכע41רהם

beסזwhich appear,11!ם!thisמןlight of the three other verbsחן,And yet.ט[!ן"[[טתthe beginning)פ

mistake andפas well . Perhaps the scribe made5ןconversives . one should assume that the first oneש"?סwhere the spacing,8*מו[תוoccursזסיזטsimilarפomitted the ruaw. Strugnell ' s notes observe that

secondarily ."'here)ןand only added1'חןרו'נבwaw]ומן([פsuggests that the scribe originally omitted the

lightק!.verbsתthe1![טמ, of the otherשסחן1עע1)וית.תו%the lastחן%יס'זםdot Qfבbe0)appears

10tempted$ת"8ת0ן]]the end of the1ג.indication of deletion5ןתפunlikel )t that the markן(ין,er'h1olveused , and the last visible trace cannotכל5ןhowever , the spelling,חן4(374כElsewhere.בכללsupplement

.the orthographic practice of the text, howeverתןbe l~med. There % evidence of son]e varlety

most often assoclates the motif of melting and trembling with"ו[טת.תסConcerning the motifs of the

interpret the ones10may be better1]this caseחוIsrael 's enemies . But0תthe effect of the divine lvarrior

make the best sense of the10themselves. That inter: rpretation seems08)י]~ho are afraid as the Israel

the occaslon

~

The allusion5]compassion and healing and becoming strong again . But whatטreferences

,the crossing of the Reed Sea . There10reference8Aloses and Pharaoh might be continued here with0)

,as experiencing great fear14Exodusחןby the Egyptian army

,

are describedחןthe pcople , hemmed

There are tecollections of the.4(374כ~'erbal similarit)~ between that passage and10]5ןtl,ough there

and24DettIteronomistic historical rec~tals , such as Joshuaתןross ~ ng and of the fear of the people:ם

which the Israelites wereמ]one of the instances0!could refer71טמו,Alternatively.9Nehemiah

theת]demoralized and fearful ~vhen they confronted the Canaanites , either during the conquest or

The sharp.(חעם-לבבדימס)5:7slight echo of the language Of Josh8even3ןperiod of the ludges . There

correspond with the way01חjuxtaposition between fearfulness and divine compassion does

%11.and repentance are regular motifs5תן,the Bible , however . Thereתןconfrontations are narrated

10referred8ןthe lacuna andתןand repentance followed50יחןpossible , though , that some reference Whatever

the historical allusion , the.1טתוthe followingתן'healing'0)the referenceחןelliptically

.recovery through the graciousness Of God5%of courage and1055evocation of theתב%rhetorical point

be takenזסתhealing' , need',4זסיוסרפשThe.(ל5ךנבירו(יסרפאיןאלירפפמ)ר'%בר"[.5,ולעעוין

and as the,שיום81!4אצשזcommonplace metaphor, synonymous with8frequently used as5]literallv but

Strugnell notes that the lack of space.(17:13Prov;6-5:33;19:4!;5!:8see ler(בעתהandרע

.

antithesis of

was added after the verb was(יגבירו

-

the beginning of)8suggests that the uJasoוינביחandלמרפאbet~veen.u' ritten

5:12$intransitive).ח1 meaning (pתפBiblical Hebrew only once , withחןattested5)נברThe Hip

il

of

and(152411.י23,81;יintransitive meaning ( lQH8תoccurs several t ~ mes with1ןthe Qumran scrolls onceפ!(ין1ויתפז'ם(1(4תכנ(!!!15).

problematic5]the.ועלorומל first word]0The reading.ל1"לו)ויחמוןחמובו'1ידעוךלא51ל"[.9ול

be translated10words are apparently"ץחfits the context better. 'Yhe firstיכלSYOUld also be possible , butpeison suffix24תwhom does the108ש.'one kne~v you andibut ) ,( they melted and trembled0ח'and There

are two choices for identi

~

ing the,7lisIe85מןreEer ! And are the subjects of the verbs the same

who have beenקסטק[םIsrael , then the0)refers)1!ן.God0)Israel or0)cotild refer)1.person suffix24ח

%switch for rhetorical effectפsing , Such24תtheתןare here addressed.וקthe Jrd personטחןreferred that case the ones who melt and tremble

would apparently be the nationa , the1ח.certainly possible

;16-*1:15peoples of Canaan who experienced fear when the Israelites entered the land (see Bxodassume that the10God, then one has10person suffix refers24חthe)1.).etc;24,11-9:2Josh;25:2Deut

God. WNIe that seems10airect address0)8-6linesח]discourse about Godוחסז!author has switched

person SUffiX , do24תby the0)God % referred!1.transitionפsomels~hat abrupt , one cotild imagine such

,seems somewhat unlikely1ןthe Canaanite peoplesi Though0)or.7חן[[טתIsrael , as0)the verbs refer

105.40374

,.recognized']0the senseיתץ0תן(ת."00!one]יIsraelt0יone had known you' might referסת'

one'.ת1 had known you ~ they melted and trembled0חacknowledged , had experlence of . Thus, 'and

exploreתי the situation before the act of deliverance, as describcd0!would be returning9"11תthat case .the vtrbs,0assume that the Canaanite peoples aru the subjects0זme simpler0!seenis)טתוו7.מ8!ן

e.u1'ould be effecti!ןbe the referent of the suffixed pronotsn . Rhetorically , toot0!one takes God]1even

-the Canaanites . Tht0!nolv passing5בdeacribe the fearfulness which the Israelites had experienced0! ~ ere struck11

preserve the tradition that the Canaanite peoples11פvarlous biblical passages listed above תן

the Recd Hca and1ןwith fear when teports reached them of what Yahweh had done for the pcopic

S%-859(ייי0י01! , schematically , one might supplement and read lincsw1ith Sihon and og . Thl0טחח0ם!חסן

one of them had0חknowledge [of their )= Israel ' s ) deliverance reached the natlons , l and though6תפ'

46-44:18known:'לשמעו'Irwלשמע'עבדונ'.דעת'לאעמ you , they melted and trembled . . . ' . Compare Ps

יחם"ממסגרךחרייבלונכר-בניכחשרלינכר-בנ.object , the folloK ~ ng8חoften takes!להושיע05שAlthough.%0יסןשסס[בש.נ"להושס%ןדם!.]

hc'-9:14).דler:!:63Isa:31:25:6:14Sam1.used absolutely here (cf41)watulYod m~kes " appear that

.'terrifyבעת.'0זfollowing WOtd might be from

3.Frg

looחה*[1

לפדותךן40:י

]בצ5סי[

]4שש4

IIMNSLATION

]Jyou.1

[redeem you2.]0ז

][.3

][.4

COMMSNTS

"חוסEg)'pt(ם.ש.connect ~ on ~vith the deliverance1חoecurs frequentlyפדהThe verb.2לפדוהךןןסו.]

.(42:78Ps;4:6Mic;26:9;8:7Deut

)0markפabove the

~

ade could beות]dot ofונ.the interlinear spaceת)written130י[.(קסלבצי

3.14

Vhich106ז'%rare8part of the word

,

then one has here8]the

~

ade]1.ב

*which case readתו,deletion

accounts,ת1 of divine protection during the ]$'llderness svanderingsתןBiblical Hebrew onlyתוoccurs21:9Neh:בצקולשורנליחםבלולששלמתיחםחמחלאבמרברכלכלתםשנהוארבעיםandתן4:8Deut:לאפמלחך

precededלש. by0115חHere , however , the word.שנהפרבעשה!בצקהלשחזלךמעליךבלתה

JUDAEAN DESERT xlxא51אזDISCOVERIES106

4.Frg

יישס[[ויעשיגיישיר2דיל[הבנ

"ו

""5[זג[

ז"ג" ]God0)and1.ן

)1]Jfo[ fine gold and he nlade.2

]g] reat8]טhe lmade.3

((גו[ג[[8זצ

.823.41PA

~

I0מclear5ןThe reading.ן.1ילאלהשmost of the other examples , butת)more sharply angled than5ןpe!0The head.1,.2ייעשי1ולאפיר

the top left1בsmall portion of surface

" lostבkap . Strugnell notes that]0good for ber)5ן0תthe letter

usually spelledייפיר5ןbe impossible . The place name and noun!לאניר)14טס01תof the letter. ~wem (forOne might cons~der whether.11:10Kgs1"

one of the tsvo instancesתן,vith zva~t,

,

though g'ithout waw

0)ftwle

p

seems40374תןElsewhere.ס!פררthe "ipal infinitiveתןerroneously used for he5;תןלאפירalep1

See the discussion of the.(2"4,שרית=שארית.and frg2[4הרצות=הארצות.be quiescent (see frg

.final decision hereותבLack of context prevents.25.ק,Qimron , "DSS1תu'eakening of gutturals

.suffix.1קperson)158separate' ) with0!בדל(י

~

ofתזיס!Hip(ilבOne could also restore.][.3ו]%רי

5.Frg

]ץ[[

]ל0אי2

1]leaeat

I

6.Frg

14

" )ימ[2

ס[נ

"

107.40374

TRANSLATION

]the earth1.ןתן

7.Frg

1-י4 11'0(יםן-4:

]לעמךמליץא2

ומעללןשחקים[נ

]ס60[

TRANSLATION

[

your[.1

mediatorוטסוpeopleן for82.ן

cloudsן and above3.ן

][.4

CO""ENTS

leadtr8recognizedתן as5ן)'mediator , intermediary , magistrate'(מליץThe.6ן.2לעמתמליץן~en theG1i.תן8"2:10:מליציוכןעםכשופםand27:43:ביפששומלשיךחמאהראשןאביךIsaת]Israelite soc~ety the role

of]0might think?תו4(374כ.חסrecollections of the exodusiconquest traditions elsewhere.the Hebrewt Bible , howeverתןMoses10applied015ח]term"20-18:20.אקוExodתןMoses. especially

8.~

rg

מן[[

]בסת:2

]ולסהם[)

4]"[

9.Frg

][ooן

)קונןאשרקונה2

]אליויהוהוכאמר%

THE JUDAEAN

ED

SERT xtx1אDISCOVERIES108

חסןמןהרו[*

סןאשרל[כ5

ו5אגחז.1זג()" ][1

]the la ] ment that he sang.2

]him0!spoke!3_חיון"תי'[!ויו

]from[.4

5.פ]that11ן

C (_) ~ IAIEXTS

0!appear115טתvvho uttered the lament . The followingזי0חןlonger0חcanן.נקןקינןאשרה)י.טייthe contest of the0!keeps"11חס.contain the entire text of the lament!0תand probably do"5סזקbe

lament (see8exodusiconquest , then the mourning for the death of IVIoses might provide the context for

.ps . -Philo, Bib. Ane1ח.mentions this mourning(1440378)Joshua)0The Apocryphon,(8:34Deut

great that8015the angels nlourn biloses ' death and cease their song

.

~

loreover, Joshua's grief,16:19

and why do youחזטסת!do you(חטא,"ל,ןofחסיloshua the0)him ( ' Then God said"5טסזGod musr

.)trans . Harrington;2:20.!4מ,.that hloses yet lives ! '" es . -Philo, Bibתןבץ"hope

Qumran sectarianתוNote the use of the tetragranimaton . Although avoided.3ן1.אליהוהשאמך.]

,,Syntactically4.יnonsectarian texts from caveחןOccurS rather frequently08!ת~ ings , the tetragramml!שה0!Horeb 'when Yahweh spoke1פthe day10~s'hich Moses refers10:4,מןDeut0!very close5ןthe phrase באמר).

me'('אלתה' .mem0זeither dalet5ןStrugnell suggests that the last letter.1..4חסן

10.Frg

ריסן[י

ופחדךןסממך[2

כוןואיןאזה[3

*[ubneiמריאים

TR..XSLATION

ן][

]and fear of youטסוfrom2_ן

5youן0ח!anyן and there[.3

Jmore than the fat pieces of fatling[s.4

Atlanta : Scholara;28Pseudepigraphir (?olfeceian (HSS4,:"~ Canonical Psalms Iram Qu~rd-70מ?,Schuller.2( .40-38(1986,Press

109.40374

COMMENTS

25:2Deut!0think(פניעלויראתךפחדךתתאחלהוההיום here)אשוחיAlthough one.2ופחדךאסמך.]

~hich fear of YHIVH leadsחיdifferent context

,

one8suggests4תןמתווsacrificesשreference"העמש),(ח201:119ings ; cf. psווbetween obedience and rich sacrifificial o [feIקוא5תסןthe relatiתסקטmeditation0ז

יראתיוממשפכיךבשרימפחדךכמר.the fragment . The)0the edge!8traces compatible with mem are visible1..4מרידים'ן6חלב.סילוד

agantיןנן5[יוק' religiosity.c1ombination of injustice and extraטח)where11:1phrase recalls Isa

condemned:ים"מרוחלבאיליםעלות'שבעהיהוהאמר'ובחיכםרב'ללכה.

שזזו.11

]ומך[

]לסשיבנו[2

COMMENTS

Heשש6"ו'. caused us',תקיימוPerhaps resto

re

."

[.2לפןיבנו

12.Frg

]0על0[ן

]יוהצלפנו2

COMMENTS

the)05]0!78of theץ0(שתוש80יtheתסן5טוו58ןסיcorrect , perhaps the4the reading]1.]2תהצזפמ.]4:11pursue:מצריםלחילעשהואשר the Israelites ; cf . Deut0!Reed Sea when the Egyptians attempted

פנירמעלסוףיםמיאזהציףאשרולרכבולסוסיו.

שזע.113-ט

].col1].col

]0[ן

]0י5[ן1[2

THE JUDAEAN DES

~

RT xlxא!DISCOVERISS10!

*!.Frg

)[י

"ימזלףחם2TS-גט[יווג]

1288mightןד(בשפזי be Rd either)1.ambiguous15The first comptete word.1-2קרקץמודדתם.] seresrss0,מוד=מארד.וד=%!8במז8101זסייsuffixed formבeven as0מודד(.8ש5מתק'ן.זor as,(.4תפאher

.the prectding word!0~ head' . but does no

c

help establish the meaning83best read

Frg.כ1

Icaratקי[!

16_Frg

4ע!

מלאעמ2

[he

bne

ן-4ששההץ4

ז"י-זגו5[י)י ][.1

נ.]hisקסטק!"[

]he began[.נ

[Jyou make yourselves lords_4

[גוגל[יזיו

playל"שש18 the ruler, make oaeself lord') a*xun onkrשדר['0זThe Nitpa~l of_4ףמהררק.]

Kon~li D)thaa01the accusations lodged aganst Moses auriag the r~rtoAtח]Biblical Hebrew , both ttmes

.dundשאappears4.singular. Hettאש,Thert , however.13(6!Nwm6and Abiram

QApocryphon of Mosesa4.375

)PLATE%י,1

and',הן Similar ll'orks.4(375כ,4(376כ:Qumran)גPrevious discussion : [ . Strugnell , ~ Moses -. Pseudepigrapha

the,1990)56-221,(;.0ווט. Dead Sea Scrolls , ed . ] . Schiffman ( Sheffield , UK : JSOTמ,/~ rchaeology and Hiyrory theחן4(5ך10ysP,'13(1992)51-19,ין-cditcdחן Sect of the Judaean Descrt : Studiesחן

~aws of the Prophcts-1ך'סא' .64-28,(1994,Sheffield:176Biblical Law (JSOT Supplc

~ent Seriesחן~Studie


heyב are'ד.leather of medium thickness that has become brittleמ0פTHE fragments are

15red where stained . The surface111%11light buff or dark yellow , becoming blue

ro

well preserved , although numerous minute5ןmost placesמ]smooth and glossy , and

sometimes wrinkled , and5]precise study of the script . The leatherבincrustations hinder

85]has disappeared from the surface . The backחת]somet~mes ( though rarely ) the

l~ erv)טח,vertical dry lines0חbe10dark gray . There seem10grayish blue , staining

.these0תfaint horizontal lines can be discerned , and the letters stand

Measurements

lines . The ,vidth95ןcm . The height Of each column75]The height of the manuscript

vertical dry lines , and because of the]0col . ] , measured (because of the lack]0

7.115],irregularity of the left margin) together with the following intercolumnar spacegive0זtoo hypothetical15ח.corrected letter-spaces ( the restoration Of col43-36cm , or

mm . The5.55]firrn dimensions for "( . The average space between horizontal dry lines

The width of the.5.2-25וחוח!)tazu,1[ח,dalet , rei.ש.")height of the average letter

mm ; of the lower margin , measured from the lowest horizontal dry5.15ךupper marg~n

.mm18-1615,11ית

Orthography

many of the Qumran0זpattern peculiar11ט!consistently of the8ןThe orthography

pronominal suffixes both nominal,(הושה)5מט0תסזקhe long forms for'1.manuscripts

are standard . fod alvvays marksכישandלושand the forms,תה-ן)and verbal(_כה-,יכה)and[להשיבכה] unaccented,[מפי,שעיר]subordinately accented,בכישaccentedמ8!(תן

vosvels.תו are markedןotherסשחרי;0תandמאלוהיכה]aijhiתוpositions) , as also

cases(ערות, of ) both accented8מmark0יcontrast , we find euatu used without exception

both(ם.ש.המקום,נסתרות) accented(ם.8.יומת,יוצק,ממצוקוחיכה);0'(םand unaccented(הואה

subordinateבand with(בדול)u both accented<&;(ש.שלוהיכה,שופטיכה.")and unaccented

Note the combination of historic and phonetic.ש40[משפו"and;(בכול,פרוכת)accent

.)READINGS0אcf. NOTES(91ן.frgרואשו[מandמלוא]orthography

THE JUDAEAN DES

ERT

xlxלוDISCOVERIES112

Palaeography

,40168,40167,40166,40161.the rustic semiformal series, cf. e .gתוThe script stands

the nlanner Of forming some of theתוThe early Herodian changes,4(171נ,4(184נ

(5"1.frgבמרsome examples of the two-~sttoke bet (cf. especiallyחוletters can be seenshaped downstroke but-,פ3יhas0מ!ווחסand of the ret ; note especially the ha

~

which

characteristic for the rustic18that of bet . The cayin as0תbaseline modelledפalso

early stance , but occasional forms show development towards18!hands , usually keeps

rare instances also shows the formalתוthe later , niore horizontal , formal scance . Qop,(611.frgק'צך.longer vertical as well (cfפyith,,(711.frgקניכה,ו.one -. stroke letter (cf

.thiS scriptתוbut the remaining specimens are of the typologically earlier fonn standard

8,least sometimes818!11ו,יפclearlyעשן4ן.features , however , are early17%חב

strokes8,!the end of1פ,three-stroke letter , ,vith only rudimentary thickening , or keraiai

18this scribe0!Perhaps idiosyncratic.(61ו.frgדיאהתוand the First4]1.

~

frבש)מ.(cf

.the next letter0יח]movement10",[.ם.פthe0יleft leg that turnsבalep of'ח]the use

the wordt the left leg,0the endזפmedial positions ; whenח!This ~ve find mainly

The het rarely shows the.(41ו.frgאשרביא)וה.the right (cf. e . g0זusually curls back

the Herodian period , with theת]of script"קץ)characteristic of thisי0ווו'ט!חםה![וחזס-one

large number of spec~mens are instead made with two orפ;right leg15]ק0ז0זcurved

the(".8.מממfrg.1ו6) mem of this manuscript11ן5).ת.frgמאחרי.even three strokes (cf

thisרתסז]many other nlanuscrlpts1זו"תregular , asנthe strokes]0the eariler order

18

,

QNumb4,series . Indeed , Cross ' s typical spec ~man of the rustic semiformal

18,these scripts18חוoften11this letter . ~ The tazo, asתוuncharacteristic of the seriessome(8.8.חמאתfrg.1חand6יומת instancesתוthe t~sto-"stroke style , and indeedתןdrawn

.separate third strokeפthe left formsאthe base(61ן.frg

periods of the rustic semiformal series are gimel, dalet , ~ayin, and1]0[פ]Typical

Waw and yod can.מתpe, Fade, rei , and,מאמfinal,ששש!,ו!((מlamed, the squat final

two- or three15ז8!11פthat yodחו(1ן9.frgש.יוצק.")usually be eas ~ ly differentiated

hook (sometimes quiteפone-.stroked letter which has either5ןבstroked letter , lyhile z~azu

0!sorne cases this circle beginsחו,the top . Howeverיפsmall circleפlarge) or even

of this]1פסש%יand,(61ו.frgיומז.resemble the top of the many-.stroked yod (cf. e . ggreater length . As for he, the left118yod byפcan only be distinguished from,וס[ח,

many cases ; under cursive influence theתוclearly dra~vn separately5]dobtnstroke

theתולהסתיבכה left , as0!right and then back0זleftובסז]often drawn first5ןcrossbar.3]1,frg

18fairly early member of the rust~c semiformal series; that:

judgement

5sumופ , this1ת

reinforced bv the degree of ornateness of the letters

.

The strokea , and especially their

and,80excessively!ט6!0ת,this style 's characteristic fashionחןends , are usually curved

.forms of 'ate

~

, lamed, and reiח].irregularly found , e . gווחסtrue keraiai are

.יח1.פ122~

lus

*359.43,819.42,894.41,891.41,590.41PAM

"cross ~ t ~' he Development of the Jewish scripts ' , The

~

ible and the Anciene Near East

:

Estays.ץ.אsecי.(1961,Doubleday:.א.ז,Wright (Garden City.8.ס.Wiiliam Foxwell ~albtieht , cd,1Honor

40375נון

Frg,1ן

top marg~ n

[אשרכולאת]יתה.ושמהנביאמפיאליכהאלוהיכהצוה,

בכולאלוהיכהיהוהעדושבחההאלהקים[החוכולאת]]

הגדולאפומחרוןלוהיכה%ושבנפשכהל,ובכולבכה,]

בכהודבריקוםאשרוהנביאממצוקוחיכהה[להושיעכ]4

השבמיקוםדכיאvacיומתאלוהיכהמאחרילהשךבכה1סרה

נביאהואהפייקכיאיומתלואואמיממנוהואהאשרן]

ושופטיכהוזקניכהההואההשבטעם"ובאתהואהמן%[נ]7

לפניracשבמיכהבאחדאליהיכהיבחראשרהמקוםל[א]

המשיחהשמןאשו[ו]רפליוצקאשרהמשיחכיהן[ה],,

botrom matgin

READINGS0א

'

NOTES _unambiguous15The two-stroked head of the yod.41מה.]

decepti ~ ' e , being5ןshape for this hand , but the appearanceתןThe second he looks odd.1כה'אלה.].hole that has taken away much of the letter8caused by the shadow cast by

,beneathטתו]theחןOnce one separates those traces that come from the head of the lamed.2.14הוךןקים

the head being10תןthe reading gop becomes certain , both the angle of the upstroke and the mo~rement

.characteristic

,5]punctuarlon mark0זthe apparent spot(%111301תAfter the second he (which has lost much.2.14ירלה

.hole8fact , nothing butתן

.Only two uncharacteristic traces remain.4(,להוששכ.]formט6 uncharacteristic for this hand , but this shouldשThe second mem presents.4קותיכה)ממצ.]

and then avk~ardls' corrected,[,מטל

~

start of8.מכ(1.טdismissed as accldental ; the scribe has first written

.mem810תןthe

~

ap _TYbiguousa15ןThe head of the ybd.5להיךבכה.]

.The reading of the damaged letters % certain.ן.6צדיק01eralח letters , though they are-s1e]0traces matenally could come from any oneןבו1וחןThe.1,.7עמן(1נ

.inconsistent with our (contextually inspired) restoration

.certain5]The reading of

the

damaged letters.7וממה.]

remaining"עו9ע.ד'ן!traces represent the pseudoligature of the kap and81ויותןThe.[ה]9ן"ל.]

.are certain1טתוtheחןdamaged letters

.space require supplementing with the full orthography01Reasons.9הואשו.]

RANSLATIONן

"קטטcommand thee by the mouth of the prophet , and thou shaltע,1חthat Jthy God[1]8].1

1theseש [sta] tutes , and thou shalt return unto YHWH thy God with[811].2

HT


turn from the fury of His great anger1ן4עthy soul and [or: thenl thy God1[81ith? heart and ,vith.3

and preaches among theeקטthy distresses . But the prophet who riseaחזסז,save thlee0)as50].4

there stands!1,death . But10make] thee turn away from thy God he shall be putשas50?

~

apostas.5

the tribeקט

8,truthfulםdeath. for he1טק0זbe)0מvhichl he comes from. and says 'Let hirn[.6 ,that tribe and thy tlders and thy'

judges

he,ש%א ' , then thou shalt come$אקסוק"1ןifallthful.7

the0)תן,tribesמ0!צןGod shall choose among one of [sc . the territoriesצ

")the place ,vhich0[ז].8

!0presence

of anointingןוסbe poured the111וי

~

the] anointed priest , upon svhose head.9

TS-1ג1ג0ם[ג

,50less1511.sense , while colחוquite clear151.be noticed that col111'11ז[

col~ldמששכהfar as855תסוון05קסזקthe811,The translation % slightly uncertain . Alternatively4-1.1]Hpodosisתשב. beginn

g

with810חform the protasis

.1:1Ezra;9:8see Zech,רנבקעמפיregarding;5:9ms'l - cf . e . g . Num1.].12.part of

~

the law or

~

chap,1.13cf. Deut:תמיתהrwl . Alternatively supplementן.2כול2:30andוככללבבךבכל...אלהיךהוה'ושבתעד especially30:4cf. De,t.2.1-ננפשכה...ושבחד]

נפשך.added under the influence of passa

~

esהנרול

'

with,18:31אפון)מחריהוהערבcf. Deut.נהנדול...ושב.]Noteאלוהיכהforהוה'. here.23:29;4:7cf . also Deut;26:23תדולאשמחרוןוה"שבKgs28יsuch

8of0(8.לחתרעכה)ז)infmitive80[תThe supplement could have been composed either.4נכה"לדיש.](19,13:107ps(תשע

-

Considerations of space favour supplementing sorne form of.ודושיעכהן_~ erb ( e .1gfinite

space perhaps0ןconsiderations;(6:107Ps(דשרל

'

of the shorter"חםrather than(28:107;17:25$ק)ז00!א'צ]ה

.vith lamed rather than the finite verb form,וחחתן(יזןalso favour the

-16:28Jer;13:59Isa;6:13cf(פ).32:29ש);CDי21;311%;1440177 Deut.5-4.1סרהבכהךבי]

Deutבודוןדבר88מוrather than(4ו)ע4(376ב1vhich see below,0611029(חand especially314;140448ן .22:15

Qumran Hebrew Cf. CD43:14;581!ת11:15;[חBiblical Hebrew cf. Num15מאחרילהש5בכה.ח.] )

?nonbiblical(8be10seems1ן,sense , however117;4(385נ139.ת!IQS;וץ1אלמאחרישראלאתלהשיב.cf',23ח.3. Brin, '

Lavrs

;6.13Deut10הדרךמןלהדיחךתןdevelopment equivalent

15The whole passage.11(דנ'נlate Biblical Hebrew; cf. also"ושםretreat beforeן.5יכע.וכיא(5,ת.2:13Deuteronomy , though linguistically % resembles Deutתן,vithout parallel

0be10whereת( the sense would seem,26:41of prophets , cf. especiallY IsaצדיקFor.416יק.]for the,31-28,'cf. Brin , ' Laws.(שמעד)5:42ונאמןbut rather ' truthful ' (cf , Jer"

~,01חתן(1ח righteous

.Vith additional texts1,with prOphe~yאמחassociation of

I

prophet8truthful ' or ' reliable' , of',(ינ,16.זסץאמןIQHכזב'נכשתןfind7-6.1ןנאמןשש.0זי]

""עהא:41.14Macc1מןthe very significant and datable parallels(20:3Sam1compare ( rather than.46

*1[ע6דסandחן

the'2:21(דשפפיךזקניך).זסץand(חקניכםשבטיכם)(20)23:5cf. Deut.ן.7פטיכה)ושזעיכה]...דיבט.the regional in

~

uence of prophets027,ח,'tr~be ~hich he comes from' , cf. Brin , ' Laws

.7-*3,'cf. Brin , ' Lawsלפנייבאthe late expressionןן.8-7()חparallelחןו)"ט(0תסזט!צח([אand(,0ת(פ(, expressionaחוטח(5טסוcf. the.8כה'שבשבאחד...המקום.]

our(,5:12שכפיכםמכל(וטhad*6באחד phrase(14:12Note especially Deut.(בחר,0ח!צחרyhich reads1

Theא[ת Old Greek omits the whole phrase , but later Greek revisers have.17:23שעריךבאחדand(שבשיכם the!זס[חשבטיךבאחד.

seem~ng possible(2311)נcf. CD(ממ1ח,the reading0תmight hesitateטחסMaterially.ן""ששהן

-9.]

The qaerl form rather.המשיחuse of

I

clearתןן!5 yod8offers1211even slightly preferable; but lQSa!ן,0חBiblicalת0המשיה. Hebrew and Mishnaic Hebrew; cf. belowמןstandard for this word4than qat~l

for0!המשיחחכףעbut with substitutioa,10:21quotation OF Lev8%This.9שיחה%דשמן...הגיהן.] and;המשיחהforהישדה. ofמאחיוהנדולהכהן

15].40375

4forמ;) that form , cf. perhaps Svriac(דמשוחהשמןprefer!אחיםPalaeographically wc.9דגירחהשמן.]light.רמשיחהשמן of the standard hdishnaic Hebrew alternative1מbut;נישסהשמןthe biblicalחפשrather

be.8[50רמלכותבשמןמשיחתן4(453נ2ן[6. preferred . cf10perhapa15(8)1נlQM8150תןfound(

8זץ.1י1

[והוהאחדהשילבקרבןפר]ולקח

[ססן[הכפורתפניעלעו]באצב

אשרןאחדעליםושעיר[האילבשר

[הדםמןינהואדרוןהעדהכולבעףר*[וכאותוושחטיקנחלחטאת

[מצוותכול]אחודרשהעדותלארוןף[עונגשהקודש]פרוכתלפני

[אבותראשיקוללפניצא[וןיממכהיות[הנסת]לכוליהוה

]ל[ןוזההעדה

"bottom margi

RBADINGSאס

'

NOTES

04,8small[י fragment that ntfed here but % now detached, one reads clearly either804ססן[.ת.] .lettersטא)clear word division bet

~veen0%תrayi" or laNd. lrhereמאdalet followed by preferred for5ןwhich,85)'4ס

rei,35קטיי , or he,1ס1םסMaterially , the traces would allow.51הא1ןל

.

contextual reasons

.of the r' rst letter1[קlo~verטח)Almost any letter of regular height ]$ possible for.]5.14הסעיר

.materlally possible5ןreasons of context ; almost any other letter]0!ואסread5ןZay(n.1,.5מ'ן,ע

of"68381(טןpseudoligature of the pe gith the reiפreconcilable with,8)Tht surviving trace.11,.16כ

daletתכרטס. are materiallyצט[קטthe letters1111.1,.66לףpossibleט5"!5מbetter(ן.ט.ואחרז0ואחיו,). . Prima facie het4"51ןMaterially , either he or."6חרון.]

the!0theאשה4.ש(0ז" lea0)projection8

:

ofטרפזיminute8,gone5!However, although part of

:

the surface

,8survivesתפthusואהרון. perhaps Favouring he8(1ח

or final mem , but scarcely,!שז,dalet8586אbeסוmost likely151ן-ל1שtrace before"7אש.אסך.]5;,certain photographs, which suggests lamedטמןמסThe trace appeartng above the.(ן*.לארוןננזף)lamed

.the hagsnent!0by the edge)085shadow8Ect merelyסו

..$scarcely unambiiiguo~lu8!rei!0trace1,.8זשסקיית.פורד

.be impossible08.14תישא.ומנמש1"14ט

.would be impossible readings8עor,סחו*קם,השנע,"תאFor.1,.8עול

THE IUDAEAN DES

ERT

XIXאוDISCOVERIES116

NT

LNSLATION

ram and he shall apringeJ"תסof the herd , and508ת,btilock8]take]81

"5and he.3

[the kapporet,0the aurface0חvith [his] Eng

~

er1.4

5theן] fiesh oE the ra[m] and ] one] go[at which.5

behalf

~

of0מand he shall [ make atonement!1S ~fi offering shall he ta[ke and he shall slaughter8for_6

]sprinkle part of

~

the blood811

"5)the assembly . And Aa[ron (or: aftenvards he1]8

theפ[[[ Ark of the Testimony , and shall study0)]before the veil of [the shrine and shall dra~v near.7

the[ריפ'5מ0

the11]8have been conlcealed from thee . And he shall [colme forth before]811YHIYH for.8

leadersח0

[]the assembly . And this.9

,ך(]ג[5זצשוג.details are clear118811זסחcannot be reconstructed excep

t

schematically , and1].colprophet was being brought before the high priest for8,].the end of col8ז,Fairly clearly

unlikely that this entire test could have4זנ.establish his reliability0יtest or ordeal8

nesv section of the work starting thereafter . Sfe8with,3_1מ(01.ון]been dealt ~vith

although they belong,7-305"]1therefore consider the sacrificial procedures of

special Day8account of8מbe0ן,accoullt of the Day of Atonement80זת)( linguistically

intercalated day of similar expiatory rites , introducing the ordeal8תor2,!תטמ0זג"חof

then have continuedי"11וthe prophet . This sectlon0חand the high priest ' s judgement

endמן4(376ב111. preserved115may be that we have11;onto the next columns

the description of,16Leviticusתוbe found0)the nutrterous linguistic parallels"זסאthe,ם.ש.:באצבעווהוההפרמדםולקח(ץ.14);ושחט Day of Atonement0תthe sacrifices offered

לפרכתמביחאלדמואהוהביאלעםאשרהחבאתשעיראת(ץ.15);ישראלקהלכלובעד...וכפר

(ץ.17);אהומשחו'/יסשחאשרהכהן(ע.32).

810the association of this ritual with that of the Day of Atonement, the referenceזסץ

0)the terrn used%88,very strong argument8(ארון)5ןtransaction concerning the Ark

partially[6]זסת restored and[8]18,latter, however"אקף).describe the goat sacrifice

,another occasion0!the sacrifices mentioned here COUId belong811,tanambiguous. Indeedareמו mentioned[40376Ofבקרבןפרand the[אילthe,8081of them , the811although

sacrifices later understood0מ,should also be cited25:15Perhaps Num.5and3:16Lev).occasions Of mistakenly permitted idolatry0תbe offeredש

.quoted above4]:16.passitn , e . g16cf. leviticus4.]

the rite for that day , thia0תour rite depends]].50and,16"זסןת8עולהof LeviticusT1he rarr5.]

us anything about15]%nevet16flesh. Strangely , Leviticus5י)eating0חbanפhave containedן[ווsentence .the sacrifice of

~

the ram

13)7Num;19:23;3:9cf. l~ev,לחטאהאשראחדעויםישעירSystematically , we supplement6-5.]] required

by the evidence of

the

supplementa called3ןlonger lacuna8!לעםןadding also(11:29;)occurrences .(7and6ח1[05מ]for

which could be(וכ4ךאהץושחטישח

~

supplement of the order ofפThe biblical evidence suggests6..וslaughtering here , rather than of8!0rnentionפnecessary ) -Cf

~

infra ; we need!8[[(ט11ןverbally lengthened.sprinkling8

,Milgrom.נ

,

discussed by!ןemetgenciesחןthe Day of

.

Atonement)סThc possibility of

I

the repetition of !

""rites2

Surely the alarming case of the.14.83(1976)393מ' lsratl ' s Sanctuary : The priestly "Picture of Dorian Gray'" , RB

.whole year8ter0מdrag1סbe

;

atlowed!0ח

~

false prophct remaiaing undetected could8possibility of

11740375

bc0]one appropriate act(ב)whether we postulate10differ according]ו1יעfhe reconstruction'4%.1]

.the Ark0!relationship!ת[815ק5([פ]the parokhet itself then being describedי,performed before the parokhet0!difficult)1makesןפרוכתלשי.done before the parokhet and the other w' ith the Ark)תס,two acts(6)or

get the priest16ט0יוalthough that,(לפרסזמביתאלדביאתיהכיש)15:16the basis of Lev0תsupplement

,the Ark!0the presence0)תןbehind the veil and

simpic()ו supplemcnt5:4),ב

~

um,13.2:16the Ark (cf, Lev0!relationתןdescribed5ןthe parokhet!1

For the rare use of(.,4:5ן)חארשכעדS'oma.11,wol~ ld be materially possible (cfלארוולמךאשך

-

the order of

further.(אשר preposition'(חבlVithoutלערandעדQumran Hebrew generally uses.34:2068טן.Cf,לער-Aaron does somtthingטהו(י]the end of)בexcluded palaeographically . However , since610טhasלארוןל)מ

the0תproper5ב5ן,the interi . al he hasתןsuspects that0חס,he comes forth8תןסחוןbefore the parokhet , and

of the la~' s contained'.("5טו.and started his(70תו])the presence of the Ark0,תןDay of Atonement , gone תן5ין

used here:52.9Cf. ludg,ערFor the verb with the preposition.לארוןעריצשtherein , e . g . schematically

11Oumran'4:27(377נ3 (cf. IQH)8)also found (though rarely4~thi,h,לעד-,later biblical Hebre~v form

).cannot be excluded.טל-calque of8.לשרו1אשרחמסךHowever(.ף)ן626,7;4(381נ324;4(420נ210

svillדומסךoassim(ז0הקדש(זטן6.4, have been followed by the biblicalביזכתeither case the constructחנ

felv ss~ords later makes8ת0[צthe use of the same ~VOfd---(24:נLev(הע(6?ןחscarcely)6ט.)Brin 's preference

.unlikely supplement here8תthis (

beיעמירם required , rather thanהדםסןזה'ועו[ןor0!חהsupplementחוו(6פthe end of81,either case1ת

.(7.16.Lev(

the latter parts of Exodus . and rareחןfrequent5ןLeviticus , butחוfound7העדותארון5ו01ח.].3:24;13:16Levחןoccurs alone h'ith the same meaningת)העד;Qum

ran

theא Bible andתןelsewhere

publicיסlatc biblical s ~nsc5!11דרשתtaking!0The present editor initially had thought8-7.1]Tllree?4,the Lirurg)~ of,3-27-5ח1(29נ)analogous phrase8תןחof Scripture , as did Milike4xposition

see;)ןremarkibly like aur work and ma)' indeed be identical u- ith5ן~- ork which8)Tongwe* of F(re

[apri,ט s,)הקהלןל)טע)רצל)לכהן)הכדרוש'ף:ואהז6'םThere h

~

ilik tranalates.(376ל)תן4CONCLUSIONS

Biblicalחןrare and late5ן,assemblie ' . This sense , holvever'1toutelפ...].son gre8pr

~

tre commentera

the accusativeץ1[!אMishnaic Hebrelv (eitherמ]though frequent2:111)יand Ps10-7Ezra1ת0?[ת)Hebrew

7:iaditionsliteratur ( Leipzig7~ermmologie der j~dischen7Bacher, Die exegetische.ין.object or with bet; cf .1cf!!!םדזרש the61ט,necessary nuance8rarely1511Qumran!)1899--1905)8-25,1;3-41,11.ן,Hinrichs.ם

this10supplementפused for the sect ' s principal exegete . That sense would then have called forהייימ ]

implying'110ב public imparting of these lalvs,(שראל'1לכוליהוהןחן)מצפמדרש

~

passage of the order of

theחו pronoun10close50say the least , standing10,awkward15.sim!שרשל,שע. . . ' ; but the supplement

fairly8)1'העדהשבותןראשיולט'לפנצאwhich has the same referent . Furthermore, the subsequent,ממכה.pilblic=אתthat point10certatn supplement) implies that Aaron WM up

Aaron does something round(8):ים'טתסalternative series of8תAccordingly , the present editor assumes

about4010learn ~hatס!probably.ו.ט)he studies laws(6);iapporet) ax~d the Arkזס)about the parokhet

0)he comes forth(ס);nosv1]1חטIsracl0י!חthe Ark ! ) frתו)laws that had been hidden,(ו-the prophet from col

.cf(.וק.fem8

um

st supplement"חס,their chiefs , the resulta of his study . Accordinglyזס,the people11ם!

the end Qf!8have the same margin10order1טוזו1ך.חthe end of1שmeaningת))מצתןlike(81נסחרותתן8תוNum(15:4);אבותראשיcf. Lev(]קי.supplement oft e . g8Pentateuchal style would suggest,7"תמוו]as8טח]!

,Qumran2.32.13.31.344).תוNum.22:16Exod((שיאי)or (biblically the most frequeht phrase.(26.3125,24-231IQSa;4111;711lQM11ו,3;ח)אבראשיQM1צה.however , the frequencies are different, cf

.rel simשרשל")למלbeש!!1י0ת,then,8the st

art

of

line

Theפ supplement.4)נCDשופמיor;162;(16.(cf

can be7nor,6,5prophecy' . Unfortunately neither lines01their details ' or ' for every caseמוי1פ.but e.g.be Elled here10g~ve us the precise length of

:

the lacunaשexactly reconstructed

.

.

the parokhet only rarely , and frequently of the kapperetיסhowever, makes mention,16LeviticusמוThe accountיf1or'15:16רחה kapporet, and supplement ( following Le(15often185ן)corrupt5ןOne

I

"Gy suspect

!

that pavokhet here

But that construct noun would be odd, and.כירחי)למתיה...:vw ) with something Hkeהכפרה'ולפוהכפרחעל

.

ffiuggestio

n

argueaפ againat such

theמןש. Day of Atonement0תthe Law!םpublic readingסןפstrange referenceסח)or perhapa we should note4 .historical difficulties,זסיסא"ז,which presents,2-1:7Yama

xlx858ם%ז

HT

E JUDAEANאןDISCOV

~

RIES118

of the book or,5=ץand note CD(14111Cf. CDמןFor the Niptal participle with.8מנהתמיח.]the idea here that Of eschatological revelation of

laws

theי,11111:נ(15.61 Ark) ; IQSחןthe Law hidden ,Israel0!currently,ז50ןן!0מ!,rather,טחסCD10parallelי,5-2 unknown

new(8.6....הדברחהor...חמטפטןדההה),0thoughמ! paragraphפthe incipit of5]This.9ןהה.].fonned part of

I

the precedures concern~ng the prophet1%משmarked by any nacat; probably

Conclusions

style1ת.apocryphon of Mosesתפ%literary form and pseudepigraphical sett~ng this1ת

pastiche from vari~us parts and levels of the Pentateuch, withו!8ןפand phraseology

the(ם.ש.frg,1ן4-3).תsuch1פ rest of the Hebrew Bibleחזסז]sonle elements added

.

surprise us)0חMosaic pseudepigraphon the use (tsvice) of the tetragrammaton need

those works that may be ofת]infrequent!08ת]use8!]One can alternatively note that(

).Qumran composition-"זק

overlap vvith0תpresents40375.similar apocryphon known from Qumran85]0221nothing that15positive proof of identification; however , there015תthat there80,1(22נ

factתפ describes the rites ofש140375ח9-3תןeve

n

8018excludes this possibility (this

of that passageקפוזexpectיס" any!0תintercalated Day of Atonement, for we would

text , which describes the regular observance of that day)

.

Considerations of5'022],yith

andתפ style of each manuscript g ~ ve strong arguments forתוזס]the literary

as two manuscripts of the same genre , perhaps even0221and40375identification of

perhaps by chance , lacks the,1022being copies of the same work (though

would provide the dramatic and pseudepigraphic framework of1022.)tetragrammaton

.40375Whether we may draw any clear historical conclusions about the eschatological

18say. The first column0יprophet of the Qumran sect from this manuscript " difficult

clearlyמ18and13Deuteronomy1.ת1 inspired by the discussion of false prophets

contrasted with the true ~Ptophet like Moses ' of18prophet8such,18Deuteronomy

the,נפמןנביפהופהצדיקכיא plea made here by the candidate 's tribesmen13.later times

authenticתפreally18claim that he has that specific status , or Just that heהואה,פ111;concern8!1מוthe fomler case the document would become eschatologicalתנ?prophet

Macc11תlar phraseologyg1eneral legal %%! . The slm8the latter " would merely be

.necessarily % the eschatological oneיסתfuture and true prophet, but80)refers41:14

,'Brin , ' Laws80)13that Of Deuteronomy!אקסיק"י"0חthis0חThe test imposed

pass of0!revealed teaching; even the coming0זprophecy"conformityן of.5-44),[.ם

teaching8support0!used]1,acceptable evidence!018םpredicted by himמופחorתפשות

ש"

],18follow other gods. Nor % % the test % Deuteronomyשthat persuades Israelites

the nanle Of YHWH but his word stays without effect , thenמ]the prophet speaks

the sanctuary and10brought8]sald that thing . Rather, the prophetזסתYHWH has

definedתוcol.1,1פי5 proceedings-1בthe high pnest who, after some]0the presenceסזתן.some way resolve the caseתו

Mosaic eschatological'8,800the0!refer0!this section oe the work should be taken]1

theי0םfigtire was8least for this author, such8ז,thatטיסמprophet ' , we shouldTeacherof Righteousness . That prophet was certainly also the sect

s

anolnted high

have been brought before himself. One may further note that since01מpriest , and could

the thought of Qumran (asנח,probability the Mosaic eschatological prophet wasמו11פ

11940375

0!would be difficilltז],identical with Elijah rediwiwus(23:3that of Mal8180[מprobably

85believeא8148. that this author thought of his own eschatological hi

~

h priestgiving general5]merely that this text88צrnore prudent exegesis WOUIdפBut perhaps

01figt2he arls0!refer!0מneed!1.occur111שprescriptions for any case of prophecy that

the eschatological prophet, whether the one oe the Qumran sect , or the one expected

.Judaism1תelsewhere

!QApocryphon of Mosesb4.376

רוצ

:

~LATE

and',;ח Similar II'orks.40376,40375:Qumran!פStrugnell , ~ Moses-. Pseudepigrapha.ן:Previous discussi~ n .56-2219901;,~erchaeology a~d HigtOty

," the Dead sea scrolls , ea , ] . Schiffman ( Sheffield . UK :

SJ

OT

Liturgy of the Three(29ל)1another manuscript of the work first published as184(376ן

.)CONCLUSIONS"80;Tongues of Fire

Physidal Descri

~

tion

"THE leather of this fragment % of medium thickness , brittle and glossy; the surface

partזפ well preserved , although the entire piece has undergone shrinking!108תfor the

yellolvishזנ;5פ.crescent or semicircular shapeבthat the fragment now has80קסזthe

brown . The0!coarse dark gray , staining15פback8!ו;dark red80!orange , staining

certain[08מ ; there!0תpresence of vertical ary lines may be suspected , though they are

.

trace of horizontal ones

Measurements

and,25-201811-1[חזמ.the space between cols,1.frg12[מ[מ.(מנ"The top margin

the shrinking and0!measurements are approximate due111נ)

.

mrn15,111-1י.between cols

Theמפ height of.5.718מזמזtwi~ting of the fragment) . The space betsveen the lines

mrnת11"5 . '~

he average space betss~een5.2-2")lt~lep, het, medial mem.8.")ave

rage

letter

corrected50-45cm where least shrunk, or10.)%1.frg1אמ.mrn. Th~ width Of col718

8measuringן(.11 as much leather as survives, the column width,חו.colתו;letter-spaces

.corrected letter-" spaces, as restored54least!8cm where least shrunk , or

Palaeogya

~

hy

formal,ש one8%the cursive, the handשסוinfluence8י0חAlthough occasional lettersthe Hasmonaean period, or even among those hands that show theתוbe dated late

the bet0!can point08תthe later dating]0favour1מ.transitlon % the Herodian fonnal

project below the separately0!(note the odd tendency for the downstroke occasionally

the gimel , the two- stroked,(21ן.Frgבןand1111.frgבלשנות.drawn baseline ; Cf

the style of,(11ח.frgתוצדוexamples of dalet (note the idiosyncratic head of the dalet

perhaps the changed order,(1חו.frgמ1מצא)of the specimens of Fade"חסdecoration of

somewhat uncertain) , and the usually18mem (though this feature1מof strokes

that feature also,]1פ!archaic shortתפhas alsoיוone-~stroked late qot--although

.frgתובקרsurv~ves spasmodically " later formal hands (note also the cursive specimen

yitt preserve the earlier stance; some have the later . Also late1$c]0Some specimens.(211

HT

E JUDAEAN DESERT

Ix

xאוDISCOVERIES122

yod!0these letters , ,vhich are of the same height , some examplesתי;and vodט1"(טare

do , and the distinction1]01תפbut,(1]1ן.frgתןייצאbroader head ( asבdo indeed have

.

grounds Of morphology and syntax0חbe made10letters has usually0ע"yeen theb1et

hand"-1!"1very short115the three-stroked ale

~

, with1תEarlier features can be found

stroke ; the simple and remarkably archai~ he (made usually with three strokes , but note

]]1.frgתהגלה]the curslve-influenced two-stroked specimensחזזס[ח]the odd order and

15the two-. stroked het , the crossbar Of which;(3111.frgאמהand,2111.frg2,הקהל

stroke"מסof the right-~ hand stroke or makingזטס~vays , either coming0,1תי]drassrn

the three distinct manners of"01ת)

~

the left-~ hand descender ; the relatively early ha"יי[ז early order of15]s ~gnificant both for5ןnarrow head ) ; and the taw , which15]drawing

conslderation also the10תןlonger letter than most . Taking1[515[11פ]strokes and because

10relative paucity of decorative elements , such as thickening and keraiai (which are only

the earlyתוdateא11),פdalet , (ayin , Fade , and,4!קש(occasional specimens ofתןbe hund

.the data observed here10best answer1]]ערtransltlonal period

Orthography

completely regular . Pronouns and pronominal5ז0ת]The orthography of this document

suffixes follow the comrnon hrm when Masoretic and standard Qumran practices agree

Where(אליכה, these differ the Qumran spelling " usually used.(8.אתה,עמו,עליה.")

plural nouns may have been written phonetically0תrd person sing . suffix3The.(שירוכה

and81מאboth8יREADINGS . Yod always indicates0אcf. NOTES,איבוas2]1[ן.frgת] ,andום) also,(כיnote the Biblical Hebrew spelling;

"'internal(".א.הנשיא,המשיח,רוכה

alwaysחפ used as18other ! vowels are indicated . Wazvבמחנה);0תbut cf. also8.יעיני.")

.frg1רחוקהתand also,תשמור,כול.and of accented u> o ~ cf,לצוריאירוכה.cf,4indicator of

only irregularly indicated ; with the15good )

.

Per contra , d)d15the reading]])31]]1

unlessתןבלשנותand contrast the two Yowelsכלו

.

always indicated (

cf

1]accent we find

,Aramaic pronunciation of the penultimate vowel)

.

Furtherתבthis could be attestinguncorrectedהכהןandאיבו.זסץ forms of1בו1ות]with the2]1ו.frgהכוהןתןcontrast

1perhaps[51משניforמשנה[מconstructמfrg1.1ו we should,איבוphonetic spellings besides.cf;8.,תובמחנה.",the transcription] ) . the absolute occursמ]appears]וקסt/era lectio]1(ע

,Atlanta : Scholars Press;29Qimron , The Hebrezu of the Dead Sea Scrolls (HSS.א.34.5100(1986

Mus.זתו.355

*478.43,*972.41,421.41PAM

12340376

Frg.1ו

)underlined(1029:Parallels

top argin

המשיחהכהןניס[ןי[ןואילבקרבןף[פ]2

לא4רים[1)

[כאשרהאבז],")",

ReADINGS0אNOTES

might be suggestedהא(5פ"read the ligature of

~

pe before0!p~esent editor initially proposed1,.1ס4[.טאקך

Hosvever , the.(9-8375נ1ו)1הן15הן'לפנ4.cf,4(375לconsidering the association of this fragment with

the leather0חvery doubtful ( though the separation of the first traces4baseline of pe8necessary

rt

ace of

the base , the vertical movement would suggest81certaln) , Without the ligatureאאמ5ןfrom the head oeratherן(מ(ן.ט.הכנהןמשני,). ~ayin, het, or

One:אחףפר. may perhaps read.2ף[פ.,]

.Puech.!1certain , as nottd by5)The reading.1,.3לשורים

5אגאז(א10ז4

the anointed priest)1.[1ס

8bullolckהתשן[ן from the herd , and2.[טמס

for

the

'Urim[].נ[the stone when]4ש"

8יאשעאסס

between40375ת]could be tentatively placed [% the lacuna)0(4(376לPerhaps the isolated words1.,1

the presence of the anointed priest , upon0!מן]':the translatNn, thus renderingון3חו.fine as~d colן!מ.col

theזק["ז5'. presence of

'

the depu] ty of the anointed10חןof anointing , and]]0whose head has bten poured the

which Aaron EntCrC

~

the Holy ofחן,that of the Day of

.

Atonenlent0,described , related8ןrite8)1ז41(375נן

covering.(סט5 the start of Aaron' s sacrificial t[ansactionsס(4(375לthe gap10ת)fits4(376לן.Holies

vhich, when combined with elements from other fragments of the same work,מ40(376לןןCOMMENTS

01beת accepted or0!4demonstration of whether the prophet8חןפ4נתgives ~kS the,תו29,1נpreserved 1ו].)

4(375נ

'

the end Of81material now lacking[

the.הראשכוהן form, CFז0ץ.READINGS and ORTHOGRhPHY0אcf. NOTES.משר:Perhaps read.]ן.1ממtheכוק)[52er:ה2, construct phrase withמו,the nemen reetum18מצמ,earl~er Hebrew1111.מQM1צצס

Chr11711:יNeh;3:10our phrase) Esthחוprecisely!0תte

~

etu , cf. (though%*01%עbut later becomes the

.12:31;7:28Chr2;18:15

40375.4wouldיו9. be materially easier, but1המשיח.דמטוח.]

These sacrifices are.פז0ר[אחפר)-reading either5אסקקטNumerous biblical parallels would.2פו.]though(40375ועthe corresponding placeמוthe Day of

.

' Atonement, as wcre those)0re~oncilable with thoae

that day0!confinedוסתthey were!63:16לעלהוירללךצש8ז-בקבןבפך),טwith the e~act words of Lev01מ

.)]

~

or the consecration of

the

altw[25:43or Ezek18:23(cf. e.g. Lev

would also have beenם.ל'שblas~k space aher the laNd; otheNist8חcerta~n that theN"11,.2הציל.י

.the conceivable occasions for this sacnfice would have been increased accordingly84ת,possible

THE IUDAEAN DES

ERT

xlxאוDUCOVERIES124

Frg.-1וו

"חו"6):1029(4מט(

~

ParaUe

top "tatgtn

צדיעלאשרהשמאלותהאבןאשבלשנותעמוויצאזאזייכהנעלהואחרלדברהכוהןכלותעדהקהלכוללעיניתגלההשמאלי

5ה,ל,ואזילףאשרן]ל[כושיתה]דלתשמוריאחה[לס0ןל[ן)הענן]

[והנביא]

ןמיההמדבר]

[]אלהוה[י]ל[ן6

FIEAI) "V(;S50זו[צ)אand'יי;ש["84 aherכהthe space av

~

hbk and the traces denend t~vc letters be

~

ut

ן.ועיחכה.אז80also5ןwhich,[אוריכןrather thanיאירוכהvor."61]ם0556קת1ןthis poahon WOUIdים0[,"1תו,just

.coxrAIEhrrS.,ס.pos

~

bl'(]]ח]8!נחט

posשמnughtם6.

~

bk eadin

~

but8be)0תwo

~

d3ש.את.]

4theז0יי,butי"" salrle1064דבר,8תשתסtraces preceding60"!0ש!Phma ~cie thea seern.ןן.3דבף;

made[ת".Accordingly,יידבר,אדבר,4תפ by!סח,the leather518[תחסaccidental5חס[)'תא]former of these

.space between words , seems bestנpreceded by,דברs~rnple8are excluded andמדבר

5צ4איד[זג[(.צ1

(,),the cloud ~ ) shall go foah together with'0י'the priest'.".ן)",

theeא" a~d0!they shall give light.ו hand%

"1his04תstone ~hich

vithז6-14חנן flashes of fire . The1

theאפ"ז[(נ) priest finishes speaking. And]]!חטthe assemblyועthe eyes of0!s~de shall shine forth.2

the light] has been removed0ץthe cloud

~

t]hee11"!קאי)the priest.1.ן)thatl he[1[1פthen thou shalt keep and per[formן].3

1the prophetשחבן-*[vvho utters rebellion].5

G[od?5[]!0יאפךק~"אאו

COhISIENTS

Some of the other.11אחז"08תcontext of"אזenlarge0!allows us1(29נofזצאThe

prepare.10,the COMMENTS ; butקטתוpicked"611]יוdetails implied by that manuscript

mentlonsפ also1029thatא0ת,us for the general understanding of these three lines

~ hand stone (here further specified as-אפויstone '

.

That, and this Fragment 's4תפא-' right

twaשהםor"ע760םק4ק, stones of"איthe high priest) , clearly are]0the left side0חbeing

of the ephodכתפוחthe

i

5the"1ת0 sons Of Israel , which were01engraved with !""narnes

.(12-9:28Exod(

losephus 's!6ט,mention the oracular shining of these stones!08088תBible"הידstrikingly sl~nilar and should be15,identical!0תaccount of the use of the stones

,

though

citedא"ז"(ומנן.15-214.3):

1250376*

.detail which ! omitted concerning the ~'estmcnts of the hieh-" prlesIפHowever, ! wot~ld here ttCOtd

)UKO

*GVT

~

V SPL",:עמזף

0קי*

)possible open~ ng for the malpractices of ,' prophets110For Moses left

~

fact be any capable Of abusing the aivine prcrugati ~ ' e (HapeyXekpeiv Tq TO

~

Oeoתןshould there

pitased501]s ' hen1,attend the sacred rites0)God supreme authority svhether0)&eLaaTk ) , but left

10but alsu?01תHebrelvs())י0חbe madc manifest10absent himself; and this he lvished100ז,Him

said titfort ~ the15ב.of those stones u- hich,עו"ןן.be presentה)an)r strangers who chanced

indicatc0ןsuperfluous1יdeem1high-priest wore upon his shoulders-they svere sardonyxes , and

cf. Epiphani~s , de Gemmis ~'ho adds sub lapide-"Georgian[8110)familiarג"15טירthe nature of

~

Goיטחטאוו.יט,carne atlout)1-]'elations.r1e115gained by15text-~

and

knowledge of the future

rightון) shoul ~Ider bcganח0(טאb ,ckicd11'5בthatטחסthe sacred ceremonies ,, that the)8assisted

hichסה the stone had befbre betrt'ed-%1,0,t1the most distaTשlight glancing frorn " , visibleפ,shine

.trace

butי111 tilcre.533Deut)וח0יןmight renlindיאוריכהThe materlally possible reading.ן.1ואוריכהthe last5ןsince Aaron,6טAaron lvould also0יaddressחבunlikely here , as5ןGod (which0)auffix refers

thr0זeither lsrael(פ)10person Sufnx could refer24תthe,יאירוכהthe readingתו1"2).חו.speaket , cf

~ hc's1hort spccch

,

since almost ccrta ~ rylבbe1סspeech of Aaron ; but this would have8חןwe are!1,prophetspeech , but of the nuthor ' sבpart of such!0ת~ar(2129נ)1see("תו]of the precedingכאשרהאבןwords

the ritual,0part of the pseudonymous author' s prescriptlon5ןthis!ן,Israel(6)description of the ritual ; or

singular subjcct1:.apparentכה-יאק)5ן01חor, svith difeicultyt(יירכהIsrael . 'fhe subject , however , OF

i

0ז

ablvלשער, be't1he plural verb which probably should be r~ ad could concei,0God . The subject10could rtfer

rhough,(9-75,[1596]16'42,ון)Biblical Hebrelvתןfigurative srnsesחןnoun occasionally masculineפ

Qumranח)masculine)ןSometimes sve find.40מןand regularly(32t9his document (cf. IQZמןfeminine,grounds of gender; likc~ise0חbe excluded0)15אבן.)very figurative sense6:6(פYoma.,מש,Hebrew, as

shouldח.1). also be excluded (see(ם'והם)כ'אררaga ~ nst the50חיו(29נ

~

beפ read10so(10עסוand the reference,ריצאThe subject of.1,.1עסוויצאsveיאירכה. abstain from reading4editor) , are both dubious, especially

.gender]0grounds0תmust be excluded from either role(8)אש ,0tonguesמסformחן[(סא'The Josephus passage rnight suggest that God con]es forth u' ith the prlest(6) .

.

'firehere

"5thisן01תasחויח0ט[~ח restoratlon)6ט.)!with whom0זmight come forth (with whatקTheט)

.frai1T.215מן[~שמ"as

this solution;6,,אשלשמחforth (with the prophet ) , accompanied"וחסםcould(2229ל)1.The priest (cf(נ)testing . l5'אחקסזקthe]0the ritual0יcontinuationפand would argue for(צרועל.seems preferable (cf

Note the translat~on , ' flashes of.3:2and Acts24:5idiomatic , cf. Isa15The expreasion.ן.1ששבלשמתprecise and00)0[תייס]the word tongues ' probabli' rempts oncח1וייEnglish10חןfire ' ; translating

Acts the symbolism of tongues sensu Stricto speciousl ? ' fitsמןpiclure (especially because1ת8"0ןןקזסוח0קסזפ

.)that passageחןthe gih of tongues' discussed

the preceding textכאשרהאבןחןorכאשרWhether the.בן%דapodosis clearly starts withהאכן.חג!.]formצא.1ררכה'יא)015ח(clearט6( part of the protagis ( u- ithמון"01זdirectly or distantly with(291ני)חן0ג

;010possibleת. cf~ the preceding

theמד%דכתפהעל. stones were12:28Exod1צדו.!ת.]

the older ritual of9יVOUld b~long more1coming forth. Thac)10סזבreference8unlikely that vv~ have here1!51ן

.very different stones10ע)the shining of?6,losephus85חן,displaced heR5ןthe ' Urim and Tummin ' , which

thoseזסחתן)his account of the high prl~st 's VCSCmentsמןment~on the Urim and Tummin)סתfact , doesמן,losephus

65:7and Neh63:2described) . Ezra5ןBible lvhere their useחן(סןPlaces1סpa~sages of the ~ntieuieies correaponding

ע,

re

y earil'1the eschaton. and later rabbinic sources put their disappearanceס)remit their reappearance and use

the eschatological high pricst by the0)edQ16umran , they aa implicitly ascr)11.481סthe exact0מalthough differing

theחן,them except

,

perhaps0)reference5ן0מfrom that , there8מ4(175נ;1שק)cited5]8:33which Deutחןcontext

.etc,1ו)plaad(64ונ)4,2XVIII:23,6ע!Of ~ QH(ז0אורתם)שורהטproblematic

HT

E IUD.tEAN DESERT xlx%וD

~

SCOVERIES%1

Semiticשthe two hands!0described . The relative dipity15stones0יחClearly , the reaction of the2.]rnore favourable8would be(21029ת~)the right -hand stone,0cultures might suggest that the shining

earlier8מdescribed1114(376נof the left . hlight u' e go further and suggest that1ג,)omen than

later , successful , onei82a9nd IQZ,!105)unsuccessful prophet ' s (cf. infra

As Josephus shows, the sense.20CD xx.610271.16.42יNip'al, cf. sir'p3robabl5יThis.ן.2תלה.later liturgical textsתןalso foundזרח5יfor

i

0shine!מלה eorth ' . and the use0)'5י

.)natural error , but one that deserves correcting8)לכלותעדread0)restored2כלותער.ו(29ב5ן.]

late0יbe characteristic0)usually consideredלעד5ן-.ilthough the usc of the compound preposition תן

Qumran and)8reversed5ן)correctl )t observed!ן)Biblical Hebre~v . one should note that this trend

plausible8,תה)לכלעד]

,

svith the infinitive only onceלעד-find"יוQumran!ג.hlishnaic Hebresv

these real

~

y are!1)7)3377,4כand,32440381תןthe same phraseתןand,121ת1(22כ]restoration 5ן

בואםעד)

hu

ile the use of the sirnple form

~

of the type(כלות;כלתes ; note the alternation'i1nfiniti

-לעדןיי(א

ac

se ofטתסfind only1,the Alishna10liaso~ski ' s Concordanceתן,exceedingl ?' frequent , Also

.

exceedingly cornmon5]עדthe infinitive , lvhile the sirnple"וייand none(5:14.olIOI.ן.ם.א)nouns

that both verbs5"01"5(4229כ)עלה'חר*ו(וThe combination of

this

with the expresslon.2נעלה.]

the Targum . Biblicalתןbe taken uplasva)r ' = p*ca0י'NiP'at, Kith the technical sense of85must be taken

~of the cloud(6)of the light , or(8)that this would be said either(11:10suggest (cf . Numיי'14טסusage less1(5ן,was moving from the tabernacle)ןspecifying that]0,direction5)10)lyhether ,vithout reference

where we must,42I9QZחןgo away '

,

though0!'!05וזקact of the8חdescribing85take the verb0)probable

his(!טו concordance) rather thanן!חןregister)0חalso Habermann , though he does50)'משעלהread

plausible85of the editio princeps, ~ the priest' might beל*ינgrammatically and palaeographically impossible.~subject for the Yerbs as ' the cloud8

the)8his deputy-the space0זspeech by Aaron8the start of)5ן0חThis probably.],3חשמוראתה.]that fashion-but part of the pseudepigraphicחן~-ould scarcely allolv ror supplementingסחווstart of the

.the priest 's discourse; cf10his addressee , Israel . la)" ing down their response10author ' s prescriptions

.thisחוthat work andת)the dramatic characters involved0מ,iafineח40(376בandג0~ג(5זצשת0רוכה'יא]

afiת]may have stood,15"1that form, unlike;47-5וחז0שמור1חן29כ1יIVote the plural fc.3תשמל,]

have ; Pseudo-~ loses himself may have fluctuated between singular!0חneed1ןaddiess of the prlest , rhough

indeed aia his Pentateuchal model85)specific individual8)0חhe u' as addressing Israel and!ן)and plural.passim

the811)חfact40(תThe supplements are only exempli

,

gratia, but.טיפ1שיתה%"[.3י5ה1%איילףשרן

.traces

1029examination of the fragment of)1,ו%וה,טלDIDשreads , according5אליכד,1029וAfter4.ן materlally thebest (after allowing for theלקא%יד5ןbe impossible , lvhile the reading0זreading8shosvs such

further indication that this885the leather) , and would be of interestת]crack8of surface caused by1055

15infine. This4(375נ~ve proposed ad85,column presents the continuation of the testing of the prophet

certaln,שבההמדבר,[10ת correction of the following reading of the editio princeps0צ6זטtilrther supported .5-

*theתן4(375כ1, same phrase recurs:(611029)סרההמדבר

Frg.1ון[

top margin

[]ונ0העדהלכולפשר*הנשייהיהבמחנהם*ווחההמשפמככולייי [אשיודברלכולאועליהלצירלעירילכוכיפועמווישראלפיבו2

קהן%רההשדה[אט41ץ]*%לננ

127.40376

READINGS0א

'

NOTES

.extremities have survived15)or11פ!זטס;certain!6טbadly damaged5!altp1

~

he'.1תם.]ratherןה0. than readחן!0תסןclearly separate the tr~ces!$טיתOne.1,.1פסן

~the shado0)dilC1,ה5ןbut the middle stroke of the apparcnt,קעיר

'

fhe photograph suggeats'.2לשד.].fact certain8,מ)hole .

~adeבlef

t

by

ta~ atu?,.יcicar1ן5יז0חaccidcntal stain , but01חחב,The interlinear watv was intentional.2.14לכוול ,

was written twice

.cf,שדהthe gender ofחל).be identifiable0זdamaged00)the traces areהשדהBefore.3השרהן.]..TSc4oMMEr

ery Odd-shapcd-פיdifficl~lt , and the rei and qop are certain ; the waw has00!!8ן0מfhe het'.ר%

"3.]

.head

'NSLATIOhT4FL

the811the Princc ofקחןבסtheח;there shall be]ןthis judgement . And11בaccordance withו.מןcongregation[ן , and

any businrss0ן!,ט[תbesiege0)0ב[ן!י!they march]01ן,with him15of his enem~es , while Israel.2

that[ן

]distant5וthe Prince ] [ the field10.3

COMMENTS

ne ~vפWith the possible exception of the nrst th

ree

words , this column deals ,vithunrelated:חן subject5ן0מ(מבsubject, the Prince and his military duties . This

afte

r

such legal cases , and011028-27[5יי.Deuteronomy the mil~tary legislation of chaps

closely, Josephus , immediately after the"זסמזdissimilar. Even!06מthe Tem

~

le Scrott

passage(ה44,.18-215.3). quoted above, continues

theז0ן shining of the sardon)rx stones Just described] should be marvel enough.*.ן]That alone

have1religiousפסץ( things ; but811disparage0!wisdom58ז0וזטקטcultivated!0מsuch as have

record

.

BY means of the twelve stones , which the high priest ss'

ro

e upon his breast0!greater marvel

brilliant50battleפ . For]0the eve0חthose0!God foreshow~ed victory,חשןנ=]the e$$in0!מןstitched

the ~vhole host0זas evident'%1ו]motion. thatמןvas yet1light flashed out from them, ere the arfnythat those Greeks ,vho revere our practices , because thev5;!)their aid. Hence0)that God had come

Ho~vbeit , dSSi" and sardonvx alike.('0[18סב')way gainsay them

,

call the etsJ" logionמו0מcan

the)פcomposed this svork , because of God's displeasure1hundred years beforv0ש!shine10ceased

.

transgression of the laws

0)thought from the use of the sardonyxמוJosephus then parallels the transitlon

,re militariחשןאוthe0מthe use of the twelve stones0!the cuitתוattest God' s presence

these twelve stones were11וו.colמוfine and!6תו140376חand we may suggest thatvery18these stones811of luminescence by1088mentioned. Josephus' s date for the8180

of '

Urim

and1055more than that . Ezra attests the0תsuggestive, but unfortunately

part , sets the disappearance ofתו,Tummin' by his own time , and rabbinic tradition

these,בdisuseסח! stones11בthose stones much earlier . But Josephus dates the disuse Of

,taken precisely]1,the rabbinic tradition, quite precisely. The dates givenמנmentionedapproximate figure. we areו$מב'years200'BCE, but107and122between*1114ט0שי


that of the death088יthe time of the Qumran sect 's foundation0)near88suggestively ג

which!ו86ז![מ0. Thackeray refers the0!,of the prophet-~kirig Hyrcanus

note that even,2-18"11תthe end of8יFor the size of the lacunae and supplements

18the surviving text of this column118תthe end Of eachזבwithout postulating lacunae

.be prized015יthe supplementsתןbrevity80,ח.already slightly longer than that of colthe,(לויעשהדתהסשששם)31:21Exod10intentional allusion8תscarcely15This.1הוהדמשפטכמל.]

Biblical Hebrew, cf. aimilar phrasea1ח.this documentתןhome!8erse being barely'1subject matter of that 111ע

Qumran; cf. IQS!8infrequentיחההפפט014ת

;

The phrase.7:1"05[;5:31;8:4De,t;12:9Numת]

;where the translation 'case ' seems inappropriate(22-21!1)8,נXX,(32xlx(,19-1811],דCD:19contexts particularly1חNone of these occurs.(.ש)וand translate 'judgement ' eel,'עשוunderstand

.perhaps panJlel5]31)Qplsad4(*והקומיםהשעריםבמשפטתן16,4לour passage . The phraseזס!suggestive

and terminated the discussion0)may well have referredחההכצטפםJosephus suggests thatחןThe seqllence

.military affairsתותוthe]0the use0תthat10the use of the two sardon~ stones , before one proceeded0ח

TheחןCDנ(14QThr4and23(4(274כ)are61צ1חparallel0תו expressions.041ן.והיה'במחנה .subjcct rnatterסח(מן,languagc

late Biblical Hebrew. For thisמוQumran, but also)פfound passim"ן.והערהלכדלי*א*הנשי.ושיא1(4(138קנ')36-5.

~

Qle;20,יlQSb(כלand ( ,vithout(העדהכלא'נש)1'2011CD;1ץQM1.cr,4טן!fuller

theיא6טח,של. later01biblicizing calque8probablyלאשר5י-וט)dependingתwhether0איבו

"The~ר*1נמorשה simplest supplement would be of

~

the order of.(1נסן.]phoneticallyופזטוק). writtenי0בsingular5בשunderstood5ן

the former1ח.singular or plural5)4רבוfirst glance ambiguous whether81411.2)עמוקשראלאויבו.]even less likelyח5ןthe prince' or 'with the enemy (unlikely , butועו!א'.sc,עכוcase

,

Israel could be either

besieging

i

asז0 ~ his people ') ; and who (plural) perform the marching outעטshould understandטשthat

.inverse orderח]These ambiguities can perhaps best be resolved

any0ת'would march outנשיאthe men of theצותסsurelY6יט,city8Either force could besiege(8) 5ן

addition whateverו,טת.40ןwe must understand the end of the50for'נשאbusiness oficoncern~ng the

could be added; but we couldיהיהthough,(1לאשר=שלחןטחוו-.cf(נעשיאandאש-necessan. bet~hteen

4any matter which0מsupplement , for8or , with'א'נשagainst any property of the0ז'scarcelv translate theערא..

I

)0against the interest

specified that450חincursion, and0חב!army before responding8תneedsא'נשthat case the1(6)ח ועו!אhim(עבצ)'.

5י

Israel

'singular or plural , remains , though the plural would be4.ייבו

'

The remaln~ng ambiguity , svhether(ם)

0!could be used collectively , otherwise one WOUId gready like)1,00),the alternative caseתו;less surprlsing .0!the individual referred!0the identityייסמן

BiblicalתןNote further that.4ח375,40ל1וthis biblicizityg usage

,

see COadhIENTS2)לכ'כי.(תל.]rather-להלך. thanאל.וןז0עלהלך

'

VOUld expect1Hebreiv u'e

.should be predicativeרמקה

,

any case1רוצקהדשדהכי.מOne may perhaps read.]3קת.ר4השדה.]Biblical Hebrew (but perhaps influencedחןunknown4whichשדהferninineבimply0!The adjective seems

QHIkt4.feminine, Cfפelsewhere usually masculine (but forשדה5ן.Qumran , too!ג.)the plural form6צ frequently

ftminint) . Do we have the4"h

~

ishnaic Hebrew and Samaritan Hebrelv(4025!)29;מו

feminine8construct phrase where%ר

-

should we make the subject ofnpw0ז,ishnaic Hebrew gender here1

~ ,0Unfortunatelyם! the preceding letter cannot be identified, but certainly % was,חשךהnomen ~egeyu preceded

)Biblicil Hebrewשדה(תtaw , The nature of the operations described (militaryi cf. the sense 'battlefield ' for;4as(15,10:20fragrnentaryן. compare perhaps Deut700being1סתוthe01cannot be reconstructed, the text .)Geshen-Gottstein once suggested.]ן

New York : lewiah(8,

~

fshulah:-))2Lieberman , ra*efta.8discussion of the Josephus passage , inler alia

,

, seeבFor7

.(3-2.13Sota.,0מ)1973)6-375,Theological Seminary

129.40376

2.Frg

lbןשובני~

O

:1~

1

*972.41PAM

READIX(JSא50שזסא

The traces of letters.1.that Of frg0זstartlingly close8]The appearance of this fragment

.that can he said8115]this hand , but unfortunately that0)"זקסןקק[זפ"the forms8150זח

.057]now5]and the fragment

Cone

~

usions

1929and,1922,4937649375וThe Relation betteeen

ork

anothrr([ש%1 manuscript of4(376נ5ןyn thath1ave sho10present editor hopesך'טן

0third!זן: manuscript4(375נ5ו?"זבprobability811מוthat;188(29נfirst publishedthe same genre and COUId sltell be vet another]08ן)Divre Mosheh(1022and that

manuscriptחזסש. of the same

vork as that1certainly the same5ו,Liturgy

"the Three Tongues of J?ire,1(29נ

0andז helps(1.frg(29ל,]which overlaps one of the fragments of,40376מ]reflected

the left -. hand0חprovides the connection bet~veen ( the shining]]140376.clarify others

the right10iyhich refers,21029speech of the priest , and also overlapsפstone and

and[ת after the corresponding text(129כ)1hand stone, and which probably came after

alue , one'1distinct8took place separately and had"5מסזthe shining of each!1.(376נ)4the more important,(21029)svould expect that the shining of the right-.hand stone

!0the reading0זalso makes certain minor improvements14(376נ.corne later0!,one

.11029what occasion the0חthat clearly specifiesמ1(29נ]or40376מ]There

"nothing either

meagreשtheות.0 . He refers5וbe used . Josephus 's information here0זstones were

distinguish the difference!0חsame ritt~al , since he does"0יאןnecessarilyז0מstones , but

0)stone or the other , Furthermore , his reference"תסmeaning between the shining ofמוhalf of the stemma of the manuscripts . Does anything else"מותסprophets

" Eound only

rite for separating true and5'41375נhave the rest of"ץרrelnforce the hypothesis that

4the(376ן11 suggestion that0תwould depend101חו4(376ל11-וו,1עfalse prophetsthose of the0זrite related8specifically,4(375ל1ווgives us the same sacrificial rite as

some ~vay ~vith theמ]deal0זcertainly requires that rite4(375נ.Day of Atoslement

placeאססזrite5'40375the false . Thatמזסז!question of distinguishing the true prophet

Atonementסז seems clear , for Aaron has!0or followed the ritual of, the Day,0מ

8,be follollted0ןthe procedureתטסמתפ"שתthe Ark beforeמוconsult the lasvs hiddenday liturgicallyת0בthe Day of Atonement or0מpresumably do only16ט0םthing he

HT

E JUDAEAN DESERT xlx1אDISCOVERIES130

concord very closely with40375ofוז5תסחקF1urthe~:rmore , the ritual desc.0ז!יassimllllated

mentioned) , while the!05ת]those of that day ( though the special rite of the scapegoat

irreconcilable withיסתcertainty, areזס!fragnlentary00יthough,הו4(376לdescriptionshaveב provided us with029יand4(376נ,that case1ת.those of Yom ha-Kippurim

divinatory orפlike008ש!process , with the alternate responses from the two stones , that

,hypothesisח8[1ב.expectingןטhad left40375testing process

,

such as the end Of

.tempting oneבbe0!perhaps ] ) mav be allowed

theת0 Divre Mosheh , this rests only,1(22נAs for the proposed identification svith

theצומסconsiderations of style and possible pseudepigraphic setting. Since we have

get beyond general prescriptions for the D&y of!0מwhich do1022columns Of6ח[1פ]

sim .

t

the lack ofןששvork describes special Days of Atonement1Atonement , while our

.grave obstacle5יסחב]textual overlap

stylistic,"22ל29,21ק375,11קןand,4ש37קן4

~

farhs:1TA~LE

029],4037640375022!

*.*Imitation of Pentateuchal (especially Deuteronomic) style

***.person sing2ח6מ]Israel addressed

Israelתן6חperson2ק[.** addressed

Godחן3"ק"ח0ח* described

rd.י** person sing3ת]LiturIrgical

rp

escr:riptions [or high priest

Moses , Moses reports the0!Divine addressבafter the framework of,חנ1(22נ

.ex

~

arte Domini01ת,Israel , usually speaking ex parte sua0זDivine commandments

excludesבpseudonymousזסחיטב, such1(29בand4(376נor4(375נeitherמ]Nothing

pseudo-Deuteronomic style) and ritual subject matterב)and considerations of style

would have made the possibility of their being Mosaic pseudepigraphs worth suggesting

likely8only151022been discovered . This association with1022ת"ץ"יeven had

provides the historical or11(22נone which , ]] true , would mean that1טח,h),pothesis0ral,phil[1(29נ,4(375נ4and(376ל. ~cal setting:שיpsel:udepi

Date and Prorenance

as[מ made,376-ת40(5ל3ןthe varlous redactions of the commentariesיבLooking back

assumeב that this was0)note how any tendency0)pleasant"1],1984and,1975,1960workבhistory (rather than beingאוvork which reflected the Qumran community and1

steadily di~inished . From the(0,זוthat might have preceded or been independent

gives laws that presuppose the ready1]contents of the manuscript we note that

the work!1.)availability of the sardonyxes (and perhaps the Urim and Tummim, tooconnection with sectarian history, one might plausibly then have1טע0זתןbe10were

combination with theב;useמוwhere they wereבקטסזאcame from1זassumed that

Hasmonaeanתנavailability.-ח0תevidence from Josephus (which suggests their' mainstream

Judaism ' ) could then have readily suggested that these high priestly

8Jerusalem, and " would then have been onlY0ת,[ת,Qumranיבperquisites survived

Israel after]0propose that the fitoreh haSedeq (perhaps the high priest10small step

1(10376*

;consequence of Hasmonaean damnatio tttrttrorraeפus as0זlost15Alcimus , whose narne

his flight0חcarrled them o[f Kith him(1505theת]inter-sacerdotiumמפcf. the thesis of

rheחנ)the house of his exile0)'yhen the Wicked Priest pursued him1,Qumran . And0)

the Fast-~ dayt the0חmake them stumble0זyallow them up , ands10זDay of Atonement ,m5ore'תפattemptז( precisel01ת~l ' as this,(8-41)לSabbath when they rested ' ( lQpHab

that'ן[זחב, das0ח,estments ~I'hich.יregain posiession of those bejenrelled high ~-priestly

be ~rearjngi0זwould haveתסקקס"זחhis

and4(375נ,,More soberly avoiding such historicistic exegesis , onc can sa ~ - that

implאקסזק"(ז ?. the presence of16טסשQumran , theyיפwere both eomposed4(376נ

similar groups , and certainir attested forחןany case

,

asת]there (which " quite possible

the Essenes) and of the oracular use of the sardonyxes and perhaps the llusilett or essitt

impossible ) . Josephus urould then provide another parts" s alternativeז0חalso15(which

theseזז0קקט5חןsee realזטת0ז.explanation of the Mystery of the lk

~

issing Pontificals

m~sconstrue the nature of these105ן.hypothesis , or chain of hypotheses8texts for such

possibleפbe put for~vard as11!5זcould1י;documents and of their literary form

.QpHab1Josephus and]0the evidence1ת0)'מסbe based0!ld have1~hypothesis, but wo

).these treasures0תsilent15Scrollקקסנ"ז)Unfortunately, the(.376-375נ)4ofיסתholvever , one approaches the documents ,iritholJt such historicizing,!1

presuppositlonsז50!115ז(1( , one should first observe that none of the lingustic

time of cornposition rnoreבchooseתס"0זallows376-ת41(375נphenomena present

1preciseש[1 than that of late Biblical Hebrew ; obviousl

~

r , palaeographical considerations

post8except insofar as thev exclude"זסעי

define the time of composition of theז0תtheological or organizational details can be found that0ת,Hasmonaean date . Also

composition from Qumran . Neither, of course , do15פindicate with certainty that this

rnore5]the total absence of characteristics typical of Qumran61!,זטthey exclude

these considerations are combined]1.weighty than the average argument from silence

appreciationוזסיי.זון'11ןbeמט[[1"ן1' of the Mosaic pseudepigraphic form of theמפwiththe Prince 's militanr srentures0חthe testing of prophets or that0תthat either the section

Ve1-.the Qumran community ' s historvמןents?v1eiled manner about eתוbe telling us171ח

may safely conclude only that this pseudepigraphon ss? as transmitting or developing

general legal traditions concerning the presence and testing Of prophecy and the use of

the u'riter ' s30ט[מthe sardonyx and other stones , which probably imply their current

.even early Hasmonaean Period0ז,tlme , whether that was the Persian , Ptolemaic

ewmran!שMoses the Pseudepigra

~

her

pseudepigraphicבShould these Mosaic pseudepigraphs be envisaged as reftectingancient Israel and the earlyתוmany such ' schools ' found0זanalogous3,'' school

lJhurch , and can the individual works be illuminated by reading them against the

Stylistic , ideological , and sociological5"background of their 'school 's ' history , with

,the case of the works of Pseudo-Enoch, Pseudo-Ezraמוcontinuityt~ This can be done

prophetic guilds , philosophical 'schools' , and)0'use the word 'school1~what followsמןbe noticed that]גז11,ח

~Lenaairא " Le, Jtcoles.4analogous groups rather than of the institutions of

I

more elementaV education discussed by

,RuprechtשSuisse : eairions universitaires, Gdttingen : Vandenhoeckמ"Fribourg.39Br.ble (OBOש,

fI

o~mation aeם! .(1981

intentionalחפ~nterpret . They could indicate0)diff,cult5ןpseudepigraphsמסס(וטמן(ן"רחןThe presence of

;

stylistic4

English litersture marks rather the parody and theת)usage Nhichפ,suggest common authorship0זchoice of phrases

THi JUDAEAN DES

ERT

xlxא]DISCOVERIES132

should the same questions be asked about;0חא[-~Pseudo .-. Paul , and Pseudo

Judaismתוgroups]81common property forפmuch80Pseudo-~ Moses , or was A/Ioses

his ovvn , without the support of any like-minded group, circulate0חthat anyone could

?the Legislator 's nameת]svrnte further works0ז

!1?ex~stence around the turn of the eraמ]What corpus of Pseudo-Mosaic works was

least initially , those works whereזב,exclude erom this investigation0זmight be prudent

yubitees) or for Godת]the angels ( asזס!amanuensis , eitherחבYVIoses funations only as

both of these texts , the choice of style and subject2ת.~

the Tem

~

le scrolתוHimself (as

presumably conditioned by the nature of the putative authors , God or the8]rnatter

,character ' for them , and consequently the partי[תleast by what wasזפangels , or

,fact1ת.the account of ' Moses ' himself was somewhat reducedסזsh~ llStlC or other , laidsubject matter and style between yabilees and the Temple Scroll mayח]the differences

largely follow the lead of the Pentateuch , although new11]91be insignificant; both works

that of the.ש.*)literary formsת"עןthe heavenly tablets ) and even.8.")topics

the history of the Jewish people . sח]these new timesקטתוapocalypse) have been taken

8)]

,

)l

~

oses,0called Assam

~

tion.-50yoshaa ( the0!Regarding the Testament of l

~

oses

that of4obscure; e the controlling form8ןother Pseudo-Mosaic ~vritings10telationship

.proclamation of lawבtestament rather than of8

0)belong,4(376נand4,1029,1022(375נ~

rapha, likeק[שMost of the Pvlosaic pseudel

0))the first-person singularח]the genre of ' proclamation of law' by Moses (who speaksMoses ) , God being usually01מIsrael or sometimes Aaron , but5]thou ' (,yhich'ב

the third-person masculine singular . This genre , or Stylistic model , or0זתןreferred

..Israel during the first millenniumתוldepigraphic setting, " of conslHderable antiquityטpsel

early specimen of the genre; ourתב,of course,5ןOf Deuteronomy itself%600The

characteristic features of style

,

form , andמןQumran fragments share with ] ! eany of

empleזט6 Scroll'2theתוlation of lasv , ast2he procl]lam10itation]ש.ב[[!ח.")substance .'

unlike yubilees) , and are 'Pseudo-~ Deuteronomies ' or 'Deutero-Deuteronomies

theתוhome81of course , other forms for the proclamation of the law, equally

where theזס,can be God'1'Qumran, forms where the1בPentateuch , are also attested

own8)]of the high priest . The Tem

~

le ScrolI has0זused of Israel5]third person

be1ח7יthe moment, this discussionזסו.pseudepigraphic adaptation of such forms

andת1,1022(29ב,4(375ב]works with the same use of persons as " found10restricted

butמו further pseudepigrapha, using other forms , may be closely related,4(376נ

fact!מ orמ!,eommuwity or movement dependentמב;they could indicatc the continuity of linguistic features0י,fake

explanations should beסיהthe eponymous hcro of that community . How should one decid~ which of these0מ,i-aith

Biblicalמ]elsewhere"!!]!פ,'~

HOIy

One of Israel1!,ט)Second Isaiah ' s reust of the Divine)0cascח(טא]invokcd

lesusז0 , with the introductory -

I

formula)סthe creation of further sayingsר]?the First Isaiahסזconfincdן6טא(ש

real saying of Jesus ~ t8ר;literary device indicating 'This8any mo

re

than

"marker,ט0 '

Amen

, Amen , ; say unto

,other.י0 with other auch sayltgs of

.

Jesusזסlvithout either implying ror that saying

_

any special association, ttaj~torial

.Lebtni cf8מsitaזסown special theological intetests5יןsaYing of

;

any particular 'school ' , with5יבindicating that this

.82-177(1972)65Strugnell , .The Do~inical Amen-Sayings' , HTR.(

grounds or date, are theיזסonly1סמtime being , and thatזס%1ט!be excluded from consideration0זOther svorks

I

י.Moset,ף

~

EEae ( bevause of the vast problema posed) and the Magical Baoks1)Ahe1,ן(פ

4-31Rewritingר'זן[ of DeutפMoses asשInterpreting Israel 's History : The Testament''חןHarrington.(.ס.cf

(1973,C~mbridge, MA: SBL;4508)Nickelsburg.ל,.ש.;)

.

Moses

:

sainar Paptn, ed,ףthe Testament"0Studies.48-59

133.40376

)9those works, and even use further literary forms that could also have been0!ideology

.Mosaic pseudepigraphaתוhome

Qumran and presented!בThe style and vocabulary of the spec ~men works found

good!0מthey are.".ן)purityתןב[[5זןprecisely those or Deuteronomyיסמabove are

general , svith their phrases and usag~s1חthey are rather Pentateuchal;()1fakes of

make our0!expect these authors!0חover the Torah . One svould1]בfrom.6חpicked adand % , g' ith scientific,ן,[,[),קmodern critical distinctions between the styles of

.prec~slon

,then , the work or works of Pseudo-~ Moses under discussion here are examined,]1

losaic1/and ideological , with other10!115,(51one finds that there are contlnultles , both

and theologv that'5~'ocabular]0works, but very few works sharing the peculiarities

characterize the Qumran group . Like the Temple SrroII , they share the biblical "-legal

,ו[1זז"

]1subject matter and the priestly solar calendar with Qumran , but contain

anything , that might be identified as of specifically Qumranic or~gins . The authors may

0find1groupח Of priestly ancestors of the Qumran nlovement , but0פ!have belonged

that thev had adoptedז0ח,Maccabean times or laterחןcertaln indication that they lived

typical Qumranic language . The editions0יdeveloped specifically Qumranic vlews0ז

theפ! assumption , lvidespread0מsonle years agoקטpresented here were first drawn

the histors' andתןprecise settingבthat time, that for such works one should search for

implausible , but5בעיזסחgroup . Perhaps the setting suggestedת8זוחטנ)thought of the

EStS ( probably fromg1roup of prב,betterו[ז0ת,as weIIו!51טנ]the documents wotild

Jerusalem) who were forerunners of the Hasidaean and Qumranic movements-as the

..later redactions of the commentaries have emphilasized

standard procedural assumptlon , frequentilr elevated85ן"New Testament studies1מ

almost contemporarv8ת-of the Nea. Testament5%00חdogma, that theבthe rank of0!

COTplIS-reflect the ideologies and needs of communltles , and only rarely those ofshould be!ן,oneבobvious00)!0חgeneralמן)individual authors . Can this dogma

the,0yorks1Jessish0)granted, for Greek literature of the Hellenistic Age) be applied

demonstration ofב,Hellenistic Age ? SVe need, beyond the comforting presence of dogma

idual'L1ebe" ssthere these indiמןor some such communal sitz

"theפ'5(1001 existence of

,writ~ngs.זסץsuchב and especially groups of wntlngs , could have been composed

.common biblical sourceבdemonstration, we need more than the presence of imitation of

the case of1ו!:חshared biblical inspiration and shared divergences fromפWe need

extens~ ve enough for such!0חworks by Pseudo-Moses, the surviving texts are perhaps

can be!1,the case of others , e . g . Pseudo-Ezra and his corpissת]demonstration, butפ

.made clearly

we can ask,40376and40375,29,1022סוthe instances Ofמן,Already , however

whether any Stylistic , legal

,

ideological and theological notes and themes un~fy this

perhaps , whether,4מב)the growth of the older Torah0)1יMosaic corpus, and unite

the cases of theתו.the Tem

~

le scroln0זany particularly close alannerיתו]they relate

,the presence of similar,מאסנEnoch , Baruch , Ezra, Paul , and]0other corpora , those

shared features of vocabulary , style, theology and law has made the presumptlon ofcschool

' , plausible . This " the case even without ourפassociation among authors , or

eachתוspecify what ' school ' ssro~tld mean0!having soclological and organiz~tional data

school of'8,however tentatively,811ם

~

'herefore, was there anything that we might.0980 ?

'Pseudo-Moses

HT


4,religious life8י]motif of8founder, asא]group of8The conscious imitation by

rarelyבני directly attested , although the existence of guilds or prophetic ' schools ' of

Firstמוsvhichבקטסז9 Temple times . One of the rare casesח]attested already15ט"הנב,the phraseמוwork " foundפideologically associated with the putative author of5]

Baruch and0יGod01addressesתוBaruch21ת' thee and those like thee' , which recursthe time ofתו,his community , Here , surely , we have the attestation of the existence

.community Of Baruch followersבPseudo-Baruch, of

ancient worthy's style, subject matter and personaמפHo~vever, mere imitation of

couldמב be found when!1;purely literary nature8phenomenon of8COUId equally be

the putative author's prestige , wit

~

ollt1חshare0זindividual ' s ~vriting was intended

questlon , Veryמוschool ' of the saint'8there being any

~

ikelihood of the existence of

the gnomal ofמוclear examples of this purely literary imitation can be hundthe nunierous counterfeits of other literary works (usualiyת]Pseudo-Phocylides, and

claiming the!8Homer , the Tragedians , etc .

,

directed0!Greek) , e . g . the additions

authority of Greek authors for this or that Jewish practice , but scarcely demonstrating

the existence Of Jewish communities or ' schools ' of Phocylidean , Homeric , or

.Pvlenandrean 'monks ' of one sort or another

vhenמ1 we get several such works placed under one authority, separated1,However8least partially by ideology and theology, the question of whether!פtime but united

thought may legitimately beת0מזתזס)cornrnon style andפcommunity underlay such

~.raised consistentתו style and ideological content8which one can detectת]casesמ[ת

ץש" these 'schools' . Thus, severalת]several books , one can also detect changes occurnng

common authorship and betraying several other shared featuresפput underיי"8שחח of one language80טnevertheless show notable changes when the cschool ~ shifts from the

Aramaic1מEnoch were written2another . For Instance , the earlier books composing0!

Greek, andתוEnoch was, however, written2Palestine . The clearly imitative1ח

3called-80Enoch, the1more distant and later descendant ofבEgypt , while1חprobably

Semitic tongue , butמופEnoch , used Hebrew . Again , the earlier Ezra books were written

.Greek1תthe later ones ~yere clearly written

the community1מlanguage also imply social or geographical changesתוStch changes

have occurred7111יchange8profound"זסחזschool ' that produced them; surely , even'0ז

agaia',תו the '

Ezra

School40880religion.- The clearest8!]when the ~schoolt changes

Etra, theתנ]play!ז[11ב$Ezra are4which the peculiar concerns of the Jewish

even Jesvish!1.".0מ)the Christianמ]Ezra , and40י' Jelvish ~-Christian' prologueChristian)ApocalJtpse of Ezra, Apocalypse Of Sedrach, and v

~sio Esdrae. Another case

the Sibyat.ne Oracles. 'fhe early1מreligions may perhaps be seen1חchangeפsuch]0

shared theology. (though8ones are contribttted by Jews , some from Egypt and withfromvaried dates ) , others by Palestinian Jews . Others , much later, were clearly written

contlnulty with the1188!מbe read0!intended their poems1]8מby Christians who

;2.11Stone (CRINT.8.4א,the Secand Temple Ptriod, ed,סCollins , ' Tcstaments ' , yev,$h W, ;tings.ם,נ.נ analysis of the Sibylline corpua

that shows"58"ן5ח!יןfor,81-357(1984,Assen

:

Van Goraum , Philadelphia ; Fortress

fragments show differing degreea of unity with the other books or that collection, or5%600זסV rhe individualh1o

.the cotpua0!belong0)consciously pretend

35]-40376

be written bv0!continue0!others, of the same late date , seem5!1ח_~earlier Jewish pkece

.sorne contlnulty with the writings of their earlier coreligionistsחוJews, who stand

figure known from the80!The phenomenon of Christian pseudepigrapha ascrihedalwaysפ presume!סחof course ,

" very frequentone , and we need,19Hebrew Scriptures

'continuity with earlier Jew~ ish works and ' schools1ת'school ' standing behind them

0!too incomplete18some cases our knowledge of wo

rks

that.מ1 same worthy0ןrelated

the relations , ]] any , between the Je ~vish and Christian ~s'orks0מjudgementפpermit

the same figure (cf. the Greek fragments of the AtocaIJ~pse or ApocaIJ~pses of0!ascribed

seen~ s certain that

ap

rts of the former!1.)Elijah and the Hebrew Apocalypse Of Elijah

are Jewish , others Christian , but the relationship between the Christian and Jeu~ ish

eariv.ת1 estidenceץטסparts cannot be defined because of the incompleteness of

look for the1]5ןזtheir current form , we canתוcompletely preserved works , Christian %

8survival!),ם1. of Jewish themes and Hebraisms of

degree of continaty that might justify the use of the name ~ school ' doesפEvidence OE

imply that there was any degree Of special plety toward the Eponynlous author-the!0ת

the fashion of Greek philosophicalת]-questlonחו'putative founder of the 'school

the,(חthis piety ' necessarily shown8]schools or of some of the monastic orders ; no

r

thether11%88presence of abundant narrat

~ve details about the putative author . IYe may theח]vas there1(Moses circle8חופ

"408theח person ofמוthere was as much interest

חסק)'5חזחן

"circlesof the historical Deuteronomist ! ) , as there may have been about their

the circles Of Enovh , Baruch, Paul , and John pseudepigraphers . One instance may

mav"ו[עי)'indicate the difficulty of assessing this ~ cult Of personality0יperhaps serve

redaction of theפbe0!Yhe A

~

ocalypse of Sedrach can be demonstrated'.(!1call50

the Atocalypse of Esdras and the visio Esdrae , with the sam

e

sameתו work we find .'school of Pseudo-

Ezra'0פ!belonged!1%11111!theological affinities; one would almost

the group of three holy ,touthsח]Sedrach ? The Shadrach0!ascribed4א,Why, thoughthe0!promising pseudo-. author . Clearly , the solution8look like!0מDaniel doesמ]

EZhYAX ss' as]0original EXhPAZתב:recognlzlng textual corruptionתוaifficulty lies

85]which there1מbookפthe clearest example of$1ZEhPAX

.

Now thisש"corrupted

:end such sentences as5!1)בpiety centred around the putative author . We find

,see the place of punishment111שזסמSedrach ' s] nanle.ח.ם~Whoever remembers your

,place of refreshment and rest . . . ' and Sedrach said81תbe with the righteous111ץלbut

,honour of your servant , deliver that oneתוliturgyפ'AIso , Lord , whoever performs

.)]Agourides ap . Charlesworth , OTP[4-3:16=]Wahl[7-5:16)evil11בLord, fromspecial5!1special piety to~yardsפcommunity that showsפlast we have!8,Here, surely

far50document whose community hasץ(וזthe15teacher and founder ? But, alas , thiscannot even get his name right . What cult Of personality!1forgotten irs founder that

could this be , what reverence toward his historical example ? Other later descendants of

.'the same founder even call him 'Erra Pater

the ideological coherence OF the Qumran]0~ve can satisfactorily answer the question]1

The Image of"01()ת81'א0פgtOUp of Moses-writings, should we locate their composition

demonstrateש except0זex~stence " hard1טsomewhat too concrete, and8פ001ח111880ה

.

the case of wisdom texts

which theמ]the characterization ~ICwiSh-"Christian' for every such work, but onlY for those%חטסא08ת!ט!we8

.introduce hlrther coniusion,1בעbeing lewish-"Chtiatian . Otherwise , we85theologoumena are attested elsewhere

IUDAEAN DESERT xlxא81אזDISCOVERIES136

the0!leastפascribe our works0!audaciously hypothetical888]be!0מ!]Would

,of Zadokite priests who themselves have already, sorne centurles earlier"מןוcontinulng?Torah largely marked by priestly influences

i

swallowedקטDeutיי7ומ0מסזמ1!80

elaborate their own0!school continuedעBCE , descendants of the419.)תו,Similarlytheתו,Mosaic pseudepi~ igraphon8using the form of!0תlaw, though,05חסוזtradit

.)Elephantine8יJerusalem (cf. e . g . the Passovei Papyrus found1תimperial capital and

we see from the continuing process of the88,808250.)תוactive1]511Others were

Leviticusתו and Deuteronomy found]0the texts0!and modifications)0enlargement

different8the Tempie Scrotl, especially the Laws of the King; these wnters used

,the Pentateuchתוhome!8"תסliterary framework from that of Deuteronomy, though

vlew1מ.divine pseudepigraphon8ofומזס)theתוthe mouth of Godמ]presenting lalys

continuing circles ofס!worksזטסascribe0יbe simpler!1!0תthis , vvould811Of

their refugee0!or perhaps,8"חזוזJerusalemite Zadokite priests of pre ~-. Qumran

~

Qumran itselfתוsuccessors

S9teck0ח.the Qumran community0!מןwhole8school went off as8that suchיסאOf Deuteronomizing traditions transmitted, he claims , byקטסזשstudies another

.perhaps unlikely) spread throughout the country15' Levitical preachers ' ( the namethat of the Qumran community, but both groups may haveיסת"Their subject matter

,had common ancestors . Steck also investigates questions about the soclal background

history , and function of his ' Levitical School ' (which perhaps survived the disaster of

Reltolt) and such questions merit being posed about the 'school ' studied here!178'1the

.be left for another occaslon!5טתוas well ; but they

Neukirchen-Vtuyn: Neukirchener;2נSteck , lsrael und das

,

gewaltsame Geschitk ddr Praphrtm (WMANT.14.09 .(1967,Verlag

1QpapApocryphonת Of Jeremiah4.384

(עדטקוחצ

larger collection ofפfragmentary text has been identified as part ofץ"צזTHIS

manuscripts describing the life of the prophet Jeremiah . ' Originally designated bv

Dimant labels this collection of manuscripts as.ו],'[ . Strugnell as 'Pseudo-Jeremiah

third - personז'118[ם[תחקסזק"

Apocryphon of Jeremiah ' , which describes theמ1נ'

being prepared5ןvhich,,1648(385נ]narrat~ve . The best example of this group of texts

involves some pseudo(81QpapApocrler4(40384for publication by Dimant. That

vhich appears,,27.frg0תחפעסן[ח!apparent from the reference18Jeremiah material

theתןnothing5ןApart from this evidence

,

howelter , there.1111641ת3851לalso

connectlon with Jeremiah . Other fragments accordבwhich requlres4(384נcontent of

,exampleזסץthe pseudo-" Ezekiel material . Jת7יסחןמוסץןwith pseudo-~ptophetic style

and.17and13.frgsמוpseudo-prophetic second person address apparently occurs

VOUId1Apocryphon(זסקחז0! of leremiah8חPseudo-Jeremiah rather than0!attributionseparate"חואזן document5ןבunclear whether this text8]1י.with this type of material

Jeremiahח403851- material or another copy the composition preserved]0the cycle

indicate this10this svork!0

"questlon-markתוtheזח[ has been placed)390.ע

.uncertainty

belongסיnevertheless appear8QpapApocrJer4asח"ז"נOther fragments presentedleastזבyabilees , or0),(חלקוח[מבספרמ)29.frgתןanother text . The possible reference0!

yt~bileesררסוזן'מ[וחסזtraditions0!the notion of' jubilees , would connect this fragment0יmight be viesved along these10.frgחלגרמ[ת,and the Damascus Document . Similarly

this]0this way , others are susceptibleמוbe understood05ז]one fragment!1.lines

evoking the calendrical,(חרש)'term for ' monthבmay contaln1.interpretation . Frg

Qumran . Whether these fragmentsזפconcerns of

yubilees

and other literature attested

the work which Dimant has identified and entltled ' Pseudo0!are further related

this svork , which,40384תוMoses ' cannot be determined . Like sonie fragments

be edited by Dimant) , shows

am

ny affinities or10)4(390נand24(389נincludes

language,0ת and themes with yubilees and the Damascas Docament .

Unfortunately

.'Pseudo-" Moses'0!4(384נthe fragments Of"6further1115תverbal

me and for commenting10thank Prof. [ . Strugnell tor making his original transcription available0!wish!יDimant kindly shared with me the resu

~ ts of

years.[ו. ago Profך'סיו.several drafts of

the

manuscriptתסextensively

.better perspective4(384נתןplace,,י,ןThe final publication of these texts.390-מ40(385נher provisional work

this391נ44[מand:58-45(1988)13Second Ezekiel' , Ret~p4(נ',Dimant.ו)this corpus, see [ . Strugnell and2,מל .volume

.Strugnell.ןthe assignment byמסBas~d3

THE JUDAEAN DES

~

RT XIXעוDISCOVERIES138

Physical Descri

~

tion

18extensively damaged . The papyrus8וpapyrus which0מwritten5]The textbuffותאן tinge where stained. Usually the fragments are fairly0!yellowish , turning

certain parts , elsewhereתוweII-preserved18and brittle where stained . The surface

the writt~n surface. Some fragments have0!with damage,105several fibers have been

.layer of the papyrus has peeledק0יother ftagments the0ח;holes and cracks

size. Theתוthis text , and the pieces vary greatly0זTwenty-" seven fragments belong

data11ס6שrnost difficult task, especially with theבplacement of fragments represents

.preserves1.marginsפקסי Frgקל0"ז!columns and upper and10available pertaining preserves17.Cftlב . Frg1,12

.

cm and frg8.1,11.cm , frg7.0,5.cm , frg4.1eargin of

,13.cm and frg8.2right-hand margin ofפexhibits12.cm . Frg1.2bottom margin OF.cm9.0left-hand margin ofבshows22.cm .

~rg9.0

the material10proltides the most important plece of evidence pertaining12.Frg

least two columns , g~ven the1פcontained41384לproves that12.Frg.0[4(384לremains

!1,cm between letters . With the relatively small number of fragments8.2separation of

.these two columns0!of the preser~red fragments belonged11פmay be that

beתpapyrus0,08ת81 copied0!Stegemann has argued that shorter texts WOUld tend.11sizableפshow19and18.leather scroll . ~ Frgsבusually bulkier than18papyrIJS scrollב

,50]1.margin between two columnsבwaca

t

orבblank area svhich may reflect either

likewise13.one another. Frg0יmight be placed vertically relative19and18,12.frgs

11.frg,12.ty with frgl1aIt1he basis Of material slm0ח.right-.hand columnבVSS1ho

Barns, the late.נ.7ן.the right-hand, or ~ firsttt column0!belong0!~vould appear

based$מו0נscholar of Eg)tptology and papyrology, examined the fragments for possible

)Strugnell.0ן!personal communicationחוב)material grounds . Barns writes0תpurely

necessarily--ט6( as close as mounted)סתי:directly0מ!מוסנmay13and12.that frgs

.'this orderחןpresumably

He notes his.4and3,2.involving frgs$מנסנBarns suggested two possible sets of

.frgs.0.1)2.ar their order after frg,4and3

.

the distance between frgs5פ0זuncertainty

around the top right!1]might also'2.Barns , frg0!According.(3-4-2

.

or frgs

"-3-2.'superficially only61ט--as indicated3,0hand corner

the sarne0!belong!0םStegemann , fragments with the sarne shape do0!Accordingthatתן fragments differing$נthe implication;(194,'column ( Stegemann , ' Methods

this]1.the sanle column0)theme and language , may belongמ]shape , but congruent

.single column0ב!belong10and9

.

reasoning holds ,

" may be suggested that frgs

Palaeography and Date

.formal Herodian hand with sorne s~mi-cursive f~aruresחב]written5]The manuscript

QDanbע.4ח- which has been dated by4The letters generally resemble the hand of

scrolls from Scattered Fragments', arrhaeolegy awd

,

Nistory!0Stegemann , 'Methods rot the Reconstruction.4א

Schiamn.11.).BaNoty ef Yiaad Yadin, edאוrhe Neee Yor* uni~er*ity Conlerenee:t1he Dead Sea scrollא,.6-195.esp,220-189(1990~Sheffield : ISOT;2JSOTIASOR Monographa;85קטISOT(

13940384

are6"עיז""ח65זסיןThe letters sometimes run together. The spaces5.CE50-201,כcross

this.חone1ז)'ק" mafluscriptחוgood deal of varietyבa~ep shows7The writing of

hand Icg.-ז]"]both the right-"hand corner of the oblique axis and theי(313.frg.8,ם)

stance('זפ and turns slightly verticall1חdiagonal8]the axis,"1[תthe base0זdescend

dia

~

onal asזפפvariation of this type keeps the axis)1[ת".לreaches the baseזןthe point

,(213.frg.ם.ש)the second type1ח.(217.frg18.ש.ושן5נ[חואחהח)"ת]]meets the base1]verticalחן

זסח"andפ5%ן5ן[ the,

"theו[ח base10descend01חthe left-. hand leg does

third sort of alep . Like theמופfound5]distinctive semi -cursive featureינ.stance

and the."ו[תthe base0זdescendזסתalet of the third sort does1second type , the

Hereסזזof5"%5שג the s.ertlcal_ז[זאשthe10bottom of the axis curves slightly inward

a[ep the1and het may be compared ( see below) . However, unlike the second sort of

the("-ש.frg.11ייי). left0יleft-hand leg of the third kind hooks strongly

some instances thevזטח[מ,some cases, the vertlcal strokes of he remaln straightתצ

.)cf. the discussion Of 'alep and /Aet;217.the right (frg0זcurve slightly

tS't1his text . The bottum of zgnzu som~times CUV1תnFaeu and yod are usually distinct

andחב has(317.frg.ם.ש)somet~ mes shorter15Yod.(5ו.frg.ש.")slightly inward

1111ן).

.

frg.ש.")angular head

The/;ש,,ת het usually retains straight vertical strokes . The vertical strokes of

the)ושןמandשג). right (cf. the discussion above Of0יcurve distinctly210.frg

theזפtheקסז.ח1 right -hand curve0חturn upwardפThe ka

~

sometimes shows

otherמ]:(]]37;25;610;111.frgs.ם.ש)pointed88זסמז]some cases , the ligature

sometimes5ןflatter . The bottom right-hand corner18the turn(317.frg.ש.")Instances

other(".ש. instances1ת;(317.frg.ש.")horizontalטsquare , and the base sttoke"זסמז

5roundedייסא8פ and the base stroke"חזסם"ז18זסמזthe bottom right-hand,(!1111.frg.slight angle

Yhe hooks varv'.מ4(6מבל1ל]more open than8]this manuscriptת]hook Of lamed8אקף.sizeמו

.Final mem " sometimes open and sometimes closed

.(]]22;28.frgs.ש.")right arrnת[ט]conspicuous bendפsometimes displaysושצ

Orthogra

~

hy

generally:.1!וחרשחוfrg.1[8פתטסח, full for medial yod and zvan5]'

~

he orthography

of the third person masculine pluralזזסא5!זס!תatypically absent . The8]then svaso

.11.frgמוattested15תכיא]alep1he addition Of final'1.(510.frg.ם.ש)attested18suefix

Mus.ית120.1

*468.43,504.42,501.42,989.41,988.41,972.40PAM

Essa)~s ," Honor of;011שand ~he Anctent Near"6,8Theי,'the Jewish scripts!0crosa , ( The Development.5ע.4ח

f'g,138(1961,Rout~edge.2,[[ח"6. * Kegan:חסטמם))Wright.ש.;).William Jpostuell Albright , ed

TH

E

IUDAEAN DESERT xlxאוDISCOV ~RIIS140

1.Frg

top margint

מדא[!

READIh- GS"םNOTES

possibleפthe letters are clear, except for the fourth one. Dalet would be8110105ק)The.]1יחרי.].the available space1תappear!0תdalet doesשreading , except that the beginning of the dovvn stroke of

.plausible alternative15ב

~

ade

2.rg'1

אדתץאיה[2

READINGSי(]N()TCS

.~hand ligature-"1טthe bottom of the15visible portion of

this

letter,01מThe.יא]

.The upper arm and part of the hook of

this

letter ar~ visible.2ל.]

"י.יוזג,

ז"ג"" ]JLord.1

][.2

3.Frg

ת%דס[ייעמא2אפי[3

"ר

READINCS0אN()TES

.plausible altenlativeפthe lacuna. He rnay beמוost)15The left - hand portion of this letter.1ין.].preserved; other readin

~

s are possible5118ןof the right-.hand arm ofקן!Only the.א"[.3ר

141*4038

TMNSLATION

and[.1מ(?)[

man8with[.2(ו)ן

3.]ממט[!

4.Frg

]0ס[1

א2ילגילי2ס[]0לוישצ[

4]

"READINGS00788אא

.especially elongatedמאבThe right arrn of.3ישיב.]thisחן po ~nt)פthe graln]0peeling , evident from the horitontal direction5ןthere,לוAfter.4?3.14

.possible reading8",vertlcal stroke remains; lamed8letter withפthe papyrus. Some trace of

.preserved8ןThe upper part of the arrn.1,.4א

TMNSLAT~ON

]reJo~ce greatly[.2

]him10(?)aturnש,1נוhe[.3

4.]ן

5.Frg

top ~rgin

ן4ספר4[י4ץ2

READINGS08שיסאא

like the,8(וופcurve inwardאdoesז0ח

,

one81תתthe85long85)015םletter81ו1ומן~

he'.]11.14זספרי

.letter81תחunlike the,פשנthe base10descend ft'lly1סמletter does1ומו[ופfinal letter. Moreover, the .

tvaw88yod and the final one85letterש6ו"These features suggeet reading the

.visibleבof the letterקויThe upper.2א.]


TRAXSLATI()b

]recount]]ו.יthey[.1

][.2

6.Frg

-]e5b[

RIADIY~ SצטNoT~ S

.The very tops of the letters are the only visible portions; other readings are possible.ןhbi1.]

7.Frg

ס[

~

odh1

"תחפנאי כץ4ע

[ooתמסן

]בשסי

ל10[6

READIXGS0א

'

NOTES

.visible5ןhorizontal base stroke8small part ofג.

"1.]

vertical strokes forming he are visible . The lower right-.hand corner and0עהInbir . The bottom1.]letter cannot be81חאrounded . The$ןthe base stroke of mem are preserved . The right-. hand corner

.right10hand side downward from leh-1אםthe0תdetermined . /) slight horizontal stroke turns sharply

forזטאקך"6מזססז.visible$1The letters have suffered fading , but the bottom oe one letter.044.ם.twor possibly three letters

right-hand verucal stroke8partially damaged. The final letter has5וThe crossbar of taru.4הסא.]the extant Portion, but other readings such as tnem are alao)5וטslight angle ; suace wollld8זשdescending

.plausible

TRANSLATION

][.1

TahPane[s102.ן

14340384

4.ןן

][.5

][.6

COW~ENTS

)0the ketib1תoccurs.תח2ס,Tabpanes. The shorter spelling of this biblical place name.2והפמס.]The,תחפנחס,5יattestedחן longer spelling.(1])164(385נ)Jeremiah!0תסאקייססקיןtheתיand2:י6וJer

biblical,0Pr~ ma

facie

, given the bulk.18:30and Ezek14:46;1:44;9-7:43ת1אןand16:2Jer)0the eere

connectlon.אי with the prophet Jeremiah0פ)this fragment might polntת]references, the reference connectlon8

~s'hich requires40384the content Ofח]nothing15reference, thereש81תו$apart from this.with Jeremiah

8.Frg

ן6נשיה6ויכחונכאשר[2

" מנהם'לם6כשיהם[נ

]עףל6שפחותם,4

]עד56ת[י

ק[6~

1לשון[ןף

לד0ןאם7

READINCS0אNOTRS

.the papyrus ; other readings are possibleשhole8and

:

yod are marred by273למלקהם.אא.]lamed

"preserved . '

~

he mem has]0letters are damaged. The top0ירזThe first.4י6שפחותם.]the]0hole8תןlost15suffered from flaking of the papyrus . The bottom horizontal portion Of final mem.papyrus

theמןthisם1". letters,0papyrus has suffered shredding, thereby damaging some%65[.שורד.]hand vertical.-18חסof1לParts of the two vertical strokes are preserved. The bottom.7אם.]

.possible reading8visible , indicating taw as5],slight diagonal angle881stroke, drawn

TRANSLATION

[Jtheir deeds.1

[written18חliust as.2

[Itheir] kinds0!Itheir deeds according.3

Itheir~וו1מט(י)[ familie.4

][.5

6.ן[Jtongueן

THE JUDAEAN DESERT xlxאוDISCOVERIES1א

יג0ם"[5זצש0pseudo-propheticמ! work . This fragment rnay belong8unusual for15WhS. This phrase-ן.2כירבן

.the material connected % yubitees and the Damakt~s Doeument0)61ט,

'Pseudo-]eremiah'0)

9.Frg

]'[fh1%

ש]העחמ4לקותבספר2

1hbiDNלדת

שן1לברית*

ON

TES ox READIX~ S

.ifem % unusuallY squat.1%1.ן

.The letters of this word have suffered flaking.מ

"ן.2לקות

unusually large head. The8מvisible . waw has5ןhbiviff . The bottom leet.-. hand vertical of he3.ן

.

right-hand con]er of the tatc % damaged]"קקט

0)possible4א;hookן(5קסזmissing5ןThese letters have suffered flaking . The final letter.3לדין.]

.read the lette[ a$ yod

theקקט"ז right-"hasld lacuna; the typical curl of the0)מןThe top-"hand side of bet falls.4ח'לבר.]

.the left -hand end of the bottom horizontal base stroke585ן,isible.15ןleft -~hand corner

of this letter which indicate the reading ofחסוהסקfeatures or the preserved0ש)There are.4שן.]

,distinctive bend (see PALAEOGRAPHY

~

AND DATE) . Second8extended with15First , the right-. hand arm.ז;מleft . These features would rule out other readings0)slight angle from right1בthe middle stroke stands

T ~lAXSL.tTI ()X

][.1

the dilvisions of the tim[es0%600יthe2.תנ

theן transgressions[.3

]the covenant4.]זסי

C ( , ) l ~ lEXTS

be0!were1!"חלק[מובספר.significant piece of in

~

ormation8perhaps centainsטתווThis2.ן

~bitees7the prologue

. of10referenceבthe lacuna, then this phrase might representחןrcconstructed

the testimony , of the!0division of the daya of the law andס"))0the hiscory5ןVhich opens : 'This1

theן16! years of the world]81e ~tents of the years , of their (year) weeks , of

their

jubilees throughout

any17מ'.BCE160would postdate*4038and yu&iiees , then29384,4נbetween5ןפסטחחסס(חסןthere

,Genesis. trawtlated

~

vom the Editor 's Elhiopic rext and Edittd%6ח7;;?סז9;4?(;א"Charles , The Book.86-וו

.34:6and14:1.cf:(1902,Adam and Charles Black:01.ח40ת)Introducrion, Noles, and aaices44%

;14VanderKarn , Tettual and Hista ~ ical Studies " the Book ofyubileet (HSM.ס.(( For the date of

yubileea

~ set .85-207(1977,hlissoula, MT : Scholars Press

14540384

0!ate10-91נand14111,]34:6.םand4:1.6%7connects thematicatly withמ

~

case!0לית , the reference

specific verbal0תthematic and15should be noted that the connectlon!1wellt though85be compared

the?8.thisוחפtoken"5.1(י8חו fragmentמתן

~

14111linksזסand10-911העתימןלקוח exist between CD 5חסן(העונות),

ransgressl)5)יand(ברית)covenant)0the contextתןbe noted that the theme of times occurs

states how God established his13111CD.14111the context Of CDמוprecisely,4-3the themes of

lines

The.(עוםם)notes how God made atonement for their trespass18111with Israel , and CD(ברקו)covenant

mentions4-3CD xvl.(1415ג)ו,ווו20CDתןassociated specifically with leremiah15theme of covenant4see(228ב1ו2). also(!י0ס'תבתסconnectlon with theליובלירבהעחשסחלקהקםפרתןthe book of

yubilees

as

10.erg

להילו0סיים[

חלקהץת*[?

"לים[נ4ליסן

Hoaן5ל[

וד0מהםיף[דפוםכולממ*,א6

READINGS05שזסאא

.of four pieces of papyrus308תוThe fragment represents

barely visible . The angle of the do~vnxvard15alep)0The left-~hand portion of the head.*2.,1.constitute ~uaw0)stroke " too vertical

0!of vhat appearsקמpreserved . The bottom!0תthe final three letters are]0095!The.ן.2חליש .barely preserved5ןbe ~uatu

Only part of the top of wa~v surv~ves ; peeling has largely obliterated this letter which may.מ.3למעע.be read also as yod

.

highly peeled areaבguess for the remains Of85ןThis reading.ן.4ש.preserved5,"ונ

.

hQblw. The top left-.hand arm or6.יTRANSLATION

1.ן!0[

"2.]5תסוא0ק0

][.3

][.4

fromן them and[.5

the peo[ple1עthe g]uilt of.6

COMMEFWS

for discussion29.See frg.9.with frg115ומThis fragment contains thematic and verbal

The thematic.29.see the discussion Of frg,6116חFor the theme of.חלקיתof

%1%THE JL? DAEAN DESERT1אERIES'S01D1C146

the]0ן.relationship between them8~)ma)t impl10and9.connections bet~veen frgs .the same colunln , see PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION0זbelong10and9.possibili

"' that frgs

Frg.11ן-ן[

top margin

1~col]ן.col

]0כיא[

~

SL

.ATIOX1.TR.י because[-]

Frg.12ן-[[

top margia

1.col11.col

עגהית[י

]0[

READIX~ S0צNOTES

.(be read as be104preserved , and possibly the letterי0מ"The right-hand side Of kap.ן_1יה _especially large5ןthis manuscnpt , this instanceחוother examples of gop0]Compared.1קן.]

.visible, and other readings are possible18right-. hand vertKal stroke.t5he ver2ת.()צוח.]

13.Frg

0ססן10

2Wbמל8מ2

מזא8ל3

14740384

8ץשוש4

1ניי

READINGS0זסא"5אThe arm of.ט5161חareהעיThe right-~hand arm and the very top of the left-hand arm of.5ן.2פ

.likewise visible5;טתווlamed

,

extending above the

has!1letter would be visible except that181מ!The upper portion of the head of the.3מא.].suffered flaking

TMNSLATION

].1

]he repays%.2

01toldo.3מ[

]jl~dges.4

meן and0)[.5

14.Frg

יבנ0[ן

READINCS0אNOTES

0There!ומbefore1ש"ש. are some dots.]ס

"1.14

15.Frg

]כחובכאשרן

הץ2

READINCS05שזסאא

04Theת( right-.hand side of taw.28.compare frg,פתמFor the reconstruction of this.4ו.1"*כ.preserved

.visible44שThe distinctive top of the letter.2א.].visible, but " might be read as wasv$וThe head of the letter.2.14ץ

THE JUDAEAN DESERT xlxאוDISCOVERI

~

S48!

16.Frg

ItQb]י

ססן[2

READIN~S0א

'

NOTES

which the letter meets mem, Other ieadingsאhardly visible , except for the pointשAyin(.1אמץ.]as,ו(הthe baw0)descendיסמvisible . The stroke does5)plausible. Only the right-~hand side Of yod"זב

04expectedע. eor

.The first letter has peeled considerably , The reading may be mem.]2ססו.]

17.Frg

תישלתיא1תאלואתה[2יןכקשאקוה1סססן%1*

Jobשעדרנ

bottom matgin

READINGS0אNOTES

l1argeשםש.ז!ט*(סhole8[מ head, suggesting yod rather thasבletter shows!8]))מן

~

he'."1'שליג.] ,read,

yod

0)may be possibleוןobliterated and8ןthe papyrus , most Of

,

tamed

.This letter has suffered peeling.1ת.]vert ~cal strokes are viaible ; perhapsסיליvisible . The tops of5!The distinctive head of mem.ו,.5פסן

.ayin~ although other letters might be read(5ןthe reading

TRAXSLATION

]send me!11ויhe[.1

andוסחן yoll , do1.2

]lhope , because.3

4.ןcommandן

](,)lbe missing.5

9*140384

111118.Frg

].01)]].col

סן1[

אן%

READINGS0א

'

NOTES

.possible reading85ןThe bottom of the letter has suffered peeling ; )~od.1יסן]

the right-.handתוpreserved; the rest or the letter fallsיו,possibly yod0ז,The head of roaw.12.].lacuna

.possible reading815alep;"תו]this)0the left s~de81letter8traces of81ש!There are.%2.]

Frg.19ו-ח

1.col11.col

תסן0[ן

תת[נ

לן[נ

READINGS00785אא

but other readings are,%4שThe down stroke of the last letter would comport with.]1.14ס

.plausible

visible[[ת". , extending above the ceiling5ןof the armקסיThe.1,.43ץ

20.Frg

ל1

"דישבדןמד

1טז(ם![2

שבשאל3

Jeacatצנשבים4

READINGS0א

'

NOTES

very

v1yisibleז" . Onשright arm5זוonly;%חthe papyrus has obscured theתוhole14.מ.11ישבץ.perceptible ; other readings are possible18bottom of ~aw


TR~NSLATION

[and they returnedisat1[1תblefore.1

]~laeat2.ן

[the returnees0)[.3

[Jwith those stationed eaeat.4

COM ~IEYTS

repentantעו2). (cr. CD10!טןexiles, but1001מmay referב]ש*The root3,1.]]

21.Frg

ינים]*h1UISי

לב]קושי[2

READIN~S0אNOTES

of the last three letters have sustained extensive damage . The bottom right05ק)The.h1U1ii1.ן.preserved . The very bottom of

:

euate remains; other readings are possible15מצמhand curve of

TRahNSLATION

i]nsightfful-וhard of

~

heart[.2

22.rg'ו

ירששי

READINGS0אNOTes

,plausible reading88180

"of the head Of yod

i

" visible; tuaieז[קOnly the very left -~hand.51רשזם]

[אא0[5דא

the81%10

.

the amount of space0תsecond column here based8Strugnell postulated.ן.column8positive evidence for0מ"

Otherwise , there.ו

.

end Of col

15140384

Frg.נ2

ןר*ס[2

READIN~ S0א

'

NOTES

.The two letters run together.1ן4שך.,]visibleן[טת. , extending above the ceiling5ןThe arm of lamed.א%.]

24.Frg

]גשזלי

א0ן[2

READINGS0א

'

NOTES

.visible4,?"!The arm Of tamed, extending sbove the ceiling.42ץ.]

25.Frg

1[oo1

]0עף[2

(ooo]נ


;unequivocal!ח0ת*vertical stroke. Dale8letter involvesפ~"The!ת visible part of the.]ן.2סעמ

.other readings5זנטthe visible vertical stroke would

bottoms of the lettersסאהך.be three letters are visible0יOnlY the very tops of what seem][3.4]ססס

.haw incurred extensive peeling


26.Frg

[hoטDaCatן


.plausible reading for waw8also15"ס[.0ץ

~

[.1ן

27.Frg

טיזסט[

QpapPseudo-.Ezekiele4.391

xxvl-11%ע

:

PLATiS(

grolJp of fragments labelled ' PseudoפTHIS text has been identified as part of

autobiographical narrative , contains0,מבthe formח]Ezekiel ' . ~ This work, presented

introduce10visions seen by the prophet Ezekiel . l The tex

t

uses third person hrmulas

the prophet ' s speeches which relate his dialogues with God . Some of the visions

.,].Ezekiel]0600יvislons known from the10זזסס"6חסקפthis workהוrevealed

and24+6,5-14(385ל:Pseudo-. Ezekiel0ןDimant has also assigned other fragments

least,בor-4(391לThe clearest indication that.4(388לand,8,7,512;4(386ל;4(387נ

This passage.465.Pseudo-Ezekiel detives from frg0!fragments-belongs$1ןsorne of

.Of Ezekiel600חbiblical tradition only from theתיוסח[ת",mentlons the river Chebar

Physical Detcri

~

tion

0!extensively damaged papyrus , which " yellowish , turning0תwritten$1The textand brittleאז[מwhere stained . Usually the fragments are fairly8%6מbuff or reddish

certain parts; elsewhere , several fibersתוwell-preserved8]where stained. 'Yhe surface

the written surface . Some fragments have holes and0!with damage,!105have been

the surface1.frgתו.other fragnlents the top layer of the papyrus " peeling0ת;cracks

other0!the bottom the fragment has become very thick (by adhesionזבpoor, and8]

.)fragments

,this text . The largest0!size belongמ]Seventy-eight fragments varying greatly

cm85.015,4נ.width; the smallest , frgתוcm6length andתוcrn4.12nleasures,65.frg.widthמוcm8.0length andמ]

aboveאתוdot Of815various fragments . lrhere0מappear0(אתוAccidental spots

bets~een,35.frg0חvarious spots18,[מ.frg2מוand18"11מbetween,9.frg8מ111תן

and,358.frgח]The dots written.56.Of frg3-2linesמוand,36.frg2[מand18"11תthese cases, the writing doesמוappear better formed than other dots , although160.frg

.be that of the divine name0!appear!0ח

Contents

the style of Pseudo ~-Ezekiel. Likeחסס(5וחז00יthis textח]

~

?he style of the material

,20,15.frequently presents the first-person speech Of Ezekiel (frgs40391,390-$38נ)4

Strugnell eor providing me wirh his ori

~

inal transcription of this text and for.סזק(.ןthank0!wish1יDimant kindly shared with me.וץ.~wo ytars ago Prof-ד.several drafts of this manuscript0מextensivelyמזסם!ת*מ!(8מ

better4(391נחן.place11],יe textsp6ublication of the81מ])The.390-מ40(385נthe provisional results of her work.persPective

.58-45(1988)13Second Etekiel ' , RNQ40',Dimant.,2Strugnell and.1~Se1

TH

~ JUDAEAN

DESERT xlxא!DISCOVERIES154

may also represent instances of47and4,2.Frgs.(67,65,55,52,51,40,39,36[ת

second person divine speech . Second person plural speech may also represent divine

385Furthermoreל4,390-44(391נ,יפleastתו , like some parts of.12.frgתוspeech

36.frgתוdialogue between YHWH and the prophet . 'rhe first verbפreports,36.frgstandard telfil forפ,'see0!י0סזרשוףיfirst person converted imperfect of theפmay be

.prophetic vision

of Ezekiel . These terms include600חvarious fragments evokes theח]The language

other manuscripts ofמוotherw~se unknown,216.frgכרב!תand262.frgכבודחוOther general te

rms

insteadכרבתו7-6440385). of[חיוחplural[חיה.Pseudo-~Ezekiel (cf

rhe1.are compatible with the Pseudo-~Ezekiel materlalתו4(391נor phrases found

Abaddonמו4(385ל24 occurs.42440385תןappears also21

.

frgתןEgypt0)reference

Theנשמךקראתו0corresponds362.frgי phrase.425תן4(391נas well as225and6-5,2 terms;ח4and40385(387נ-388.

.the knowledge of Pseudo-"Ezekiel0!few important contributionsבmakes4(391כshows that Pseudo-Ezekiel40391,Pseudo-Ezekiel0!Unlike the other scrolls belonging

reports the instructions for the construction65.Frg.48-40used material from Ezekiel

This fragment may be.45-40Ezekielמוthe temple plan6צof

a

new temple inspired

and,32סן,2(24ל,554,4ל-5,5(15ך)'~ The Description of the New Jerusalem0יrelated

the manner inspired byתןhuman revivification0!might refer56.Frg,(11018

39Ezekielתן240385.

Palaeography and Date

the second half of the second0!formal Hasmonaean script , dating5ןבThe hand

other exempiars of the Hasmonaean0)century . The letter forms largely conform

,However, some older forms survive3.QISaa1QDeutc and45פformal hand such

including the long strokes of final letters and the long arm Of lamed above the ceiling

.another hand0!may belong78and77.ergs."תווclear5וgeneral the spacing between wordsתוLetters frequently run together , but

.(76.cf. frg(

tS

~

ecial l~eatures

andמו111108ץעוThe divine name " represented by four dots

.

The practice occurs

,31QSamc4.".1,other works of the sanle scribal tradition or even the same handחוQTanh4.another hand, Cfתוwell as88;19,1QTest4;105and9.bQ = frgs,7111

QISaa11פthe supralinear correctioh4(176נ)2-1ן9,7,6,וו3;6,8,610",6,10תו)

"Eaiayt:!6מג"!שיאפשcross , 'The Development of the lewish scripts' , The Bibl. and the.ק.אSee(

.73-166,138(1961,Rutledge * Kegm0שס6מ])Wright.8.6ש.ס,Honor of William Foxsoell Albright

,Leiden;1Wernberg-Meller:8.ן.Brill,!957)129,34מ.45. rhe Manual of .Discipline (STDI.ע,adf4roa the Scribe Of S~ek "

ay-y15-14Satnuel2Fragmentaff Manustript of4(תופ5ל':4ן',Ulrich.נש (235BASOR,',105(1979)23,2-1מ.5.

.!4-58(1968,oxford; Clarendon(2)נ7)ץ,Allegro.4%.6נ

15540391

differ127,714(462נQ'Yanh and4theחוThe examples.12,7141חו462נand7XXXIII

larger gapפfrom those of the other texts insofar as the dots are unevenly spaced , with ,0For general discussions8.between the second and third aots than between the rest

Skehanב! , ' The Divine Name.ק.ללsee,%!60vvrit ~ng the divine name with four

.esp,44-14(1980)135)8105,'the Septuagintמוthe Masada Scroll , andחו,Qumran

Stegemann , ' Religionsgeschichtliche Erw~gungen zu den,אand;25,15

son,שsa thiologie,4ן"(den Qumrantexten ~ , Qumran

.

- SaתןGottesbezeichnungen

:Delcor (BETL XLVI ; Paris and Gembloux : Editions Duculot; Leuven.54.milieu

,

ed

.200.esp,217-195(1978,University Press

Orthogra

~

hy

the standard orthography0יoc~asionally defective comparedמו40391חThe spelling;3.frgs(כלthe writ~ng ofמזסזabsent fr156forסש"שof sectarian documents . Medial

written565[015מ.frgכי[מ.written56וElsewhere , medial SUdN for.(17;28;37-6

attested , but medial mem eay be foundפוwith final ble

~

. Generally final mem

The second person plural.(477and265,264,324.final mem (frgsז%occasionallyfinal(ם.8.אתכמה) mem or the longer orthographyפwithout either324.frgתוending

the system0!scribal provenience outside Qumran , accordingפmight suggest

Except for this departure, the systern Of orthography resembles9.Tov.8developed by

Qumran . The use of matres lectionis and final lettersמןthe othography practised.biblical usage0!otherwise conforms

ית523,455,454,453.1

.

Mus

,"469.43,3-462.43,*287.43,*837.42,*501.42,*992.41,989.41,972.40,631.40PAM

*470.43

.below.%2%19

"see7ק

Origin of These0ח!Qumran and!פFound85ווסזסTov, 'The Orthography and Language of the Hebrew.89

10idem , 'Hebrew Bibk Manuwripts (rom the ludaean Desert: Their Contribution;36(1988)13Scrolla', reibs .24(1988)39Textual Criticism

' , yys


1.Frg

?top margin

סושמחת6אי

]דגשסמצר64מלך2

5אונךאמל*[.נ

~

oh1,1

*4[

470.43PAM

READINGS0א

'

NOTES

virtue of the67one another105ת01נcomprlses five small fragments with clear1.Frg

.of the match of the mem68818"evidentת0(

0ofנ!תתו1!מ"1" the papyrus; the!תone fragment match theתו~hand down stroke of mem-1אטThe curved base stroke md.61(שמם.]

as precisely as3מוסshow this01מhe photograph does'ד,the second fragmentתוdown stroke of the mem

the(0י slight gap between theמ)lost5)the actual fragmenta indicate . The tick of the head of mem.of the letter0ק)the!8pieces

.mem81תתpeeling Of y~d and the4sa. There-2ש.].The partial letter may be the upper right-hand cornet of

~

either ea

~

or the hook Of lamed.2הושס.].hand down stroke of

-

he-"1טthe0תpeeling5ןThere.64"ו,.3ן

TRAh'SLATION

]their

joy

!.ן

]Egypt who]0k] ing.7

]strengthיטסץwe , and[.3

4.]ן

2,Frg

יימ6והקלקללפרצך45ת.

"PAMנ470.4

READINGS00785אא

the strokeןטתו!visible , eapecially as "extends below the base9ן"The bottorn of svaf.1,

קלי1.14

.curves inward. There " peeling of the hook of the first lamed8150

וסנ15740

lost . The left-hand arm and leg of the 'alep5ןpeeling , Part of the lower leg of ruatv0יDue.2ואמ.].peeling0זdue!05]8]ate preserved ; the rest

.also possible5]מאמ;The letter after lamed may be kap.2.14י

TRANSLATION

]and he shook.1

]and you

r

land.2

3.Frg

יסןבל[י

470.43PAM

READIh' GS0א

~

NOTES

The top and bottom horizontal portions of the first letter are visible . indicating kap rather.1..1ש.than bet

.Yod

or

zuaw may be read.'

"1.]

TRANSLATION

ו.1פן[

4.Erg

בעאשרמל(י

2hhiוהתןשכרך

אןכחואת[נ

ןל000%6[

470.43PAM

REA~INGS0א

'

NOTES

1ofג.

'

the blep andקסזtheי*peeling15The papyrus.1אשר.].ea~ or yod6י8חזטloa ~ The letter following bet1.]

.the papyrus)0shredding0)dueו

"precisely with0ת![פ"קט

~

?he preceding letters do.2וחי.]1shouldן)1ר1. reconstruct"תסthe preceding word, perhaps0תsilff~X.816ת12מGiven the

.letter may be he or hee81ואמןThe.1,,4ס

THE JUDAEAN DBSERT xlxא!DISCOVERIES158

TRANSLAT [ ON

]which]81.1ן

]and(ו)wages2.ןזטסץ

]strengthנ.]בן

][.4

5.Frg

5תשה6ים[י4ova~atמ2

nQ

[

]מכלשכורי)

]00ף6*א*

470.43PAM

READlh'~S00785אא

.mem " visible at

the

point where " meets;

yod

; other readings are pessible11181וח.ea1.].The first ftaw collld be read as yod."ש"

1.]other10compared1מ1ח"mem81מת

:

of the letters are legible. This instance of5קסיThe.24ו%6צ.]examples

.barely visibleבsorne peeling of the first visible stroke . The second stroke4There."4וס.]

TRANSLATION

][.1

]for drunkenness[.(

7and6.Frgs

מאלאהולך-

]0עלQD1לכל[]ל41פיעה24

אתסןacat~יעם[יעתכעסו5ל[נ

PAMנ470.4

1590391*

READINGS0אNOTES

Room.3"8(חווslightly larger gapבand2"18(תוgapח"

1Theא,with!ו( two fragments

and for one or two letters for the2"1תו[תmay be posited for the gap1"?(זםfor one.3

"lacuna!חח11

.space between lamed

:

and het1111,םvery5ןThere.1מאל.]Thc rounded.9845),נread and might be construed10aomewhat difficl~ lt5ו*The re.2"יזפיע,]

res~lve the difficulty . The biblical and!0תcontent does0חshoulder indicates re

~

. Interpretation based

cites the Hipfl of the middle ,veak11441.ק)loose , neglect ' . Jastrow)"1'0!meansפרעpost-.biblical root חן

the possible parallelsי81'תשtantalizing possibility8

,

make breathe , rev~ve10'the meaning7001פיעתו

4(38ב4and2$(391נ56.

.visible only where ]! meets the follo~ving lamed5ןThe Aap.3ן5ל.]

TRANSLhTION

]0!the one who goes1.ן

hisן people for11בand he has neglectedishall neglect heriit ] [ for1.2

hisן ang~r over [he shall] thunder t/acat]813.ן

8.Frg

ש0ןעל4ופיוי

יום5ויגל2

287.43PAM

ReADINGS0א

-

NOTES

.of byint1he top of the right arn81small hole8פוhere?1.1..1על

TRANSLATION

]over1חיטסתand his1.נ

the inhabitant

~

s]2.]פ

9.Frg

4נשניך[[

נפעשמאור[2

b'Wrהשיאהדיד3

1קימך44


287.43PAM

R5EADlh'G0א

'

NOTES

appear17]פע5טpresewed. The ticks which5]Enal kapפbe0זwhat appears)0Only the top.]ן.1ך.the heads of dale( and rei make these letters implausible alternauve readings0מ

trace8mayוחסזןpreceding8[[טת. represent)סתו11,ןappears aboveחחןdot ofן.1ונ

,possibilityפalso15hand corner remains; he-

possibleם1" , but onIY the top of the8ןeopן.4יקימך.plausible altenlative5ן0מ!פGiven the usual head of ks. this letter

TRANSLATION

]two of[.1

[h

~

s uncleanness person[.2

[saw elders1vay and1.3

yobir(,)ן standing[.4

10.Frg

]%0אסססס[[

מ2

~

]בחיידםלים

ורלליה6ן5שים*[נ

]5חייהכהלכ4[1

992.41PAM

ox READIXOS5]07א

may111.frgתוmay possibly be joined . The bottom of the stroke12and,11,10.Frgs.410.frgת]the top of the kap)ת

the0תangle00קזפח5מפ)Kap and pe are possibilities for the first letter (the base has.,9ס"ק].]diffets34זחןטמאrei; the st

ance

of)סח%long horizontally for mem) . The aecond letter00)"right and

.he15חyod are better possibilities . The final letter0יletcer . ws$]ח)the stance of0י!חfr

.the left stroke shows0תtazu as the foot4The third letter.1אממ.]

.rnay be he, but there are other possibilitiesפתווThe final letter of the.011.ן

ditp , only8ח%the letterש;the following letters0מguess basedל%ק%פQ'aRI

-

The reading3.]

fadedש8 and part of this arm fallsחאטstroke remalns . The right arm of84מ"-the very bottom left

.read0)lacuna . Yod and mem are highly faded and difr~cult

memחוfrg.324(ט.8, or the lon

~

er orthography181!]!פending without either.4מ12קThe4-3.1.1,funher discussionזסע.the end of these lines!בthe lacunaeתןcautions against reconstructing he(אמכם .see ORTHOGRAPHY

~hand vertical stroke-1אטof

the

1the[טמandזפק! horizontal stroke along the ceiling)0b~

rff . Part4.].are visible . Other readings may be possible

16140391

TRANSLATION

faithfulness[.1ן

]their livesחןkJings.2

[Jmen and their feet.3

[their livesתןJthey went.4

11.Frg

בן[ן

ןהבדרך5י[2

דץ,ל[נ

992.41PAM

READIN~S0אNOTES

bottomתוmav111זח of the stroke"חיד.may possibly be joined12and,11,10.Frgs

.410.frgמוof the *apקס)the

bottom rightתן5בe.s1light cur8The stroke has.טחווthisת)single stroke visible815There.41ץ.]the bottom right-hand corner , and theתןhand corner , Other examples of medial *ap have less curve

.this case . Other readings are possibleתןbe longer than10bottom horizontal stroke tends

the bottom left-.hand corner)8visible15of one lamed0ק]be the0זThe trace of what seems.3.14אץ .of the fragment

TRANSLATION

][.1

theן way and0תlme.2

3.][]ן

12.Frg

][ooooo1לםיאתכ16יפא[2

992.41PAM

ReADINGS0אNares

possible , though questionable , as there may be one strokeבor the likeה1חThe readingo4ooo1.14

.many bee~een wafu and bet00)

TH

~ JUDAEAN

DESERT XIX1אDISCOVERIES162

.preserved18hrw. Only the right down stroke of mem2.ן

TMNSbATION

[him0)ו.ן

Jheal Youi.2

13.Frg

הא

992.41PAM

14.Frg

ןס,

"ע

992.41PAM

READINGS0א

-

NOTES

.has suffered from peelingטתוןthisתןpreservedומןslight trace of11.1ןןס.]

15.Frg

]אני[

[ooן

837.42PAM

READINGS0א("5שאother~א"mdש1. possibitities include kap, rei;81"

The first letter may be.412ק.]

TRANSLATION

16340391

16.Frg

מח5הת[

אןכרב[2

botzom margl

n

992.41PAM

RSADINGG055יסאא

possible that the preserved words15)1,both linesמוGiven the space before the letters

.the beginnings of linesמזסזnaay be fr

TMNSLATION

[his camp1.ן

2.נcherubן

17.Frg

05ן(

כלן4שה2

992.41PAM

RBADINGS0א

~

NOTES

.Bet " also possible.1ג.]letter; readings other8would form the bottom left-hand corner ofומנof visible6יןThe.ן.2אח

.than ~alep are possible

TMNSLATION

1.נ[

2.נוע(ו)[

18.Frg

ן4נערי

תארש4נ470.43PAM

TH

E

JUDAEAN DESERT XIXאוDISCOVIRIES164

READINGS0אNOTES

.2and1between lines%חוdot of85ןThere2-1.ן]

TRA~SLATION

1.]1"(ם1[

][.2

19-.Frg

]שםאשר0[י

הרבתמס[2

עסןלרום1

470.43PAM

READl ~' GS0אNoT~ S

nlayעתלסן. beטמווtheחןThe last ~vord.3ן"ע.]

5אגאז[א10זג

]vhich,[.1

[much[.2

]be high3.]!ס

20.Frg

1]*%%

]ואמיהןג

botlom wargin

837.42PAM

READINGS0אNnTES

.legibte18%תhe bottom of'1.possible18yod0זguess. waw8לb'ehl

.

Final mem(ן.]eallsשגpossible . Part ofלread . Perhaps waeu0)difficult5]The left -~ hand shoulder of rei.,2אמיה.] .hand lacuna

-""1theחן

16540391

I

~

ANSLATION

[JI

willset

.1

]0)say1יי1שand[.2

21.Frg

לןהיהןי

992,41PAM

READINGS0אNOTES

.right-hand corner of bet " preserved. The curve of the do~n stroke rules out *apקסיThe,ן.51ן

TRANSLATION

1.]44א88,1[

22.~

rg

הלמן[י

חףע2

857.42PAM

READINGS0אNOTES

.the bottom of byin)8peeling4There.ם.1הגעןhas suffered from peeling. waw or Jtod

:

are possible readings forז(מ

,

The upper left arm of.2איע.]theחא. letter bilowing

TRANSLATION

[the people[.1

THE JUDAEAN DESERT xlxאוDISCOV

~

RIES166

23.Frg

גישראנל2287.43PAM

READINGS0אNOTES

85final letter such8which would suggest,10מוstroke extends dolvn toward the second)11ס[.נ.]kapזסאמ".

.visible15faint . Only the top Of'

yod

[.2ץ4שרלל.חיד"5lamedן

TRANSLATION

ו.][ltor Israe[l.2

24,Frg

ן

באור1"

מען5וח[2

%אאכמנ

992.41PAM

READINGS0אNOTES

.$Only the bottom left -hand portion of the base stroke of kap where ) ) meets WdtG remain.2גיח.].possible reading8Bet vvould be

would,(ט.ש.אתכמה)the longer orthography0זmem818חתending , without either.6ת12קThe3.ן.further discussion, see ORTHOGRhPHYזסץ.other fragmentsחןmilitate against reconstructing he

TRA~- SLATION

[lightשJand.1

]lstrength.2

]Jyou.3

4039!67י

25.Frg

]ה50ליפלובקרבךןהי

]שפיויעל5דארץ4נל2

]ובכיקינוהןועליך

יאבדץ,4ל6לוךמור*[

837,42PAM

READINGS0אNOTES

.

visible4,horizontal crossbar5"irycluding."6Only the top left-hand corner of."

1.].kap)0the base strokeתןholeפ"There.1,.61ל

the0ז,right-hand down stroke . The letter could be bet , memפunread letter involves1-.1הל.0אקך.like

.shoulder5)ןrei missing Part of8likely8ןThe final letter.ן.2אפת.kap81תחOf10קPeeling has obliterated the bottom of lamed and the.1,.13עליך

that ~vould formחתןof!6בפןthat remains]1פ;good guess5פ]The reading mem or kap.ו,.5ל56ד.part of the down stroke Df these letters

TMNSLATION

fdlן all

the

yourש[וו midst1.][ת

elevateן,bring11קטdust(?ון Ephra

~

im] l1יי[וthe earth and they02.ןמ

1and over you laments and weeping[.34.ןAba#on10ן

(?)the kin[g10say5.ן

COMMENTS

rheח1טתוappears31מ1 vocabulary of lamentation1.lament80)rhe passage alludes1you '

,

Jerרס'"זlamentבraise0)',קינהאליך*נשאcontalns the idiom32:27Ezekiel . EzekEzekiel areת]The oracles called na~p.4הי)יסי//קי2הalso contains the parallelism of9:9

.CE;1:19or Israel (Ezek(12:28;32:27;17:26foreign king (Ezek8either0)addressed

narrati~e of8ת]the king of Babylon ' , appears',מי

mayבבל be noted that1:5);אAmos

wollld5מו1[8תking0ב)The possible reference.נן4(385נ16ננ]Israel 's captivityprophetic literature . Theחוthe mourning vocabulary attested!0comport with the use

lament over the destruction of the addressedט8"פmay4"תו1[תAbaddon0)reference

:7]]340387and also(22440385ח]party; cf. the condemnation using this term

-)ltKawl

THE JUDAEAN DESERT xlx1אDISCOVERISS168

26.Frg

ןניםאהן0[

אלץוחומרס[2

iottom margin

469.43PAM

ReADIXGS0זסא"א

.comprises two small fragments26.Frg

.extension above the ceiling suggests lamed115The first letter shows very few renlalns , but.1וס.].vertical stroke8involves"1תוtheחןletter81תאThe.ן.ןן .be

yod

but

da

oto

fink

The[תtheסחון01mayח final letter.2א.]

'~SLATIO-T5RA

wI

illg

ive

rest

(

~

)

l[.1

2.ןandטסץsaidש(,)!ת"[

(ג0[יוג"5ז

.of quiescent 'akp1055withאמי*The verb derives from the root.,2חומר.]

27.Frg

]א490[ן

837.42PAM

READlh' GSאו]N(IT ~ S

letter such asפ;appears only where " meets waw1טחיtheחןletterזוח[1ב]The base stroke of the1.].barely visible5ןpossibility . The bo

ttom

(vertical ? ) stroke of the final letterבhap u ~ ould be

28.Frg

ו;[ י1י[[

נכר1חכ24

410הנ

16940391

992.41PAM

READINGS0א

'

NOTES

.stroke of fnzt are visible1וס8תportion of the right?8תחfhe bottom left foot and'.1ת.]

TRANSLATION

!.ן[

[foreignirecognize[.2

3.ן[

29.Frg

ן0ס[[

ת4ש2

" גת]

992.41PAM

READINGS0זסא"5א

1asן06[ותן5י exPected for lamed. The secondסתוןthe0חhigh8!6[(0[[ומThe first.ן,ןןןסס .bet , dalet, s

~atu. yod, mem or rei8of1יcould be the bottom right sectionא;lower 85slight angit881squarely perpendicular , rather than5!

~

. 'fhe stance of the first letter2.14ש

expectedש4. for yod; the letter could be the left -~ hand down stroke of

TRANSLATION

]3]Jthere.2

][.3

30.Frg

]בף4!

בשר[2

~

ו

992.41PAM

AN eISERT xlxT6HE IUDAאוDISCOVERIES170

READIN ~S0אNOTES

.the very left-~hand side of the top stroke81שחןof68יןonly5ןThe part of

~

bet preserved.י.2ןנשרת.preserved5ן01ת~ hand portion of the top stroke Of kap-1!1טThe

(ג1ג0[5זא8

8part of0ז,'fleshזט0ויnominal form measling8letters may represent eitherנשרח[.ד'טן!.]plus the infinitive COnStrllCtב-the preposition0ז,'give you glad tidings11!יIlhelshelthey',חחס!verbal

.masc

.

pronominal suf

~

ix26תrule ' , plus the0)',שרר

'

of

31.Frg

]גשי

דבוץאת[2

ןשז0ס[1

992.41PA

~

I

READIN~ S0אNOTES

,visible where " nearly touches the right leg Of 'alep5ןThe base stroke of the first letter.]1ןנאש.].ap*0זmay be bet)י

.has faded1ואמhas peeled away . The rniddle of the down stroke of46

~

of0ח)The.2המוץ.].very faded and has suffered some peeling153ן.ש.",א.]

TR .AXSI. ATION

[

firelstinkן.]תן

[tumult[.2

][.3

32.Frg

גאיםהל[0ן[!

נדרך4הרוג[2

469.43PAM

READIN~ S0גN (JTES

.comprises t~vo pieces which match very closely32.Frg

head and the5בfua $" consist of

the

very top point of81אותןThe visible portions of the.42ריונ.].down stroke5)ןvtry bottom point of

!1740391

TRANSLAT~ON

haughty ones[.1

the wayמסland killed.2

33.Frg

עשהןה2

וישש144נ

]קללהל[4

]סצו[

287.43PAM


.letter may be the down stroke Of hap or the base of samek01בThe visible portion]1,.1ןס

.top8!1missing8]שגThe.2.14עסתץ

.thick,(4ט5טתט"[וer1hand side of The-""[.3וישםל.טאיד[

isibly-,5ןpeeling . The grain of the papyrus0!upper arm due5,ןbut]81!05ןThe lamed has.]1,.4לlargel). horizontal lvhere the15vertical where the peeling Of lamed has taken place , but the grain

.following letters are written

.The head OE eop has suffered from peeling.4ןקללה.]

TRANSQ~TION

][.1

[do2.נ

~

washי,1הhe[.נ[curse4.ן

][.5

34.Frg

]ימף[!

1לוגף[2

ןס14[נ


992.41PAM

READINGS00785אא

,the arrn Of lamed411perhaps;טת]]toward the top of the

"5Beforeןof1]68תן mem there.1ן0מף.]

.preserved0115תhand shoulder of reii.-1אטthe vert~cal tick of

:

mem

.

The0י,otherwise faded

.kb. The left-"hand arrn and leg of 'alep have sufftrtd pe~ling2.]

TRANSLATION

][.1

2.]01ת[

][.3

35.Frg

סן[1

קיוסן[2

לכן12דה[)

4[Joooo

837.42PAM

GS'R5EADIי,צN (

'

TES

determineשdifficult4!ן,peeling10Due.%1מnumber of dots of8The fragment has

.right margin8this fragment teflects01the right side)0מ~vhether or

the left-~ hand downתןhole85ןpeeling . There10visible due5ן01חThe right arm of sade.3צודה.]strokeש4. of

.~

qo0ז~read lantedt kapטmay be possible]1.of the se~ond letter remains)]6118[[(סOnly.3לט.]

36.Frg

רנלצליויא1מר"-.,

אלותואומריאה[2

---ן-קשתהואיות3

לאמראלי--..ידבר[4

לול*שיצמ5

73!40391

287,43PAM

READIh'GS085זסאא

.between these lines0[אתוThere are dots2-1.1]

.abbreviatedחrei0יsomeu~hat faded. The shoulder15Datee.44דכר.]TMNSLATION

feet(ו)

of

(

i

) YH

VVH

and he s[aid[.ו]him0יsaid1see and2.ן

the bow of ) ?( Y[ HSVH5!3,ן4(מ

me

,

sa [ying10YHWH spoke[.4

theן Israelites5'נ

COMMENTS

first person terms . The formתוfigure described810'rhe text involves divine speech

.the first personתוprophetic figure told8dialogue betNeen God and8might suggest

The.(7:43Cf. Ezek;2:28Chr1;13:60YHWH (Isaשmay belong1The feet of

line

someתוfound15description8may also be YHWH's weapon; such3"

'bow'ת11 of.(13:9cf. Gen;12.3;4:2Lam-9:3biblical texts (Hab

37.Frg

]פי[י

ןדישכר,נ

]ם[)

992.41PAM

READINGS0אNOTES

yod8or the down stroke of tatu plus,ש)(חThe first letter may represent the two arms of.41מ.]foot"ט!first altemative appears inore viable since the strokes are curved, unlike the bottom6אז'.or euaw

.

of taiv

.lower leh armח)meetsזןupper left arrn asאןconstitute1[חThe visible remains of.)2.14שכר

.of he0ת)theתוhole88]There.2.14ןהס

might represent the1;alone the right-~hand edge of the fragmentחמןOf%66ח8ותThere.]3.14סן

1third8lawied[פת. from8very top of the arm of

TRANBLATION

][.1

Jdrunk.2ן

THE

~

UDAEAN DESERT xlxאוDISCOVERIES174

38.Frg

]%0לןס[1

2

"אענה

ואעגהי

שמסןקלל4[*

287.43PAM

READ~ NGS0אNOTES

.be read1015תטתOnly the down stroke of the first letter remains ; perhaps.1עי.]

.left conler of qop remains; other readings are possible0ת)Only the.]1,.*י

.or yod0ז?שמוdown stroke, belonging perhaps8letter involves81חאThe.4ןשמס.]

TRANSLATION

ן.][

]answerloppress[.2

]1.3

nanle8lcursesן of4

Co ~ laENTS

.cf;15ש%אחלחש4(387בSee.24:2Kgs2and11:24For biblical parallels , see Lev.]4שמסןקללז.].below,362.frgבשמךקרא

39.Frg

)[Jooo

2liQd

סןאנ

992.41PAM

READINGS0אNOTES .At

the

end of

theword

yod

oreaecould

be

read

Theש1051. right corner of

mem

ן.42מ11'.The last letter could be wase or

.

yod, or possibly the down stroke of mem."[.03ןל

17540391

40.Frg

1[oo1

ןאלזוג

992.41PAM

READINGS0א

'

NOTES

thatחח]Of1]68faded . Only the arm Of Iamed remains , followed by4ale7The middle of.2א.]the[[טת2. bottom ofעpeeling4may be part of yod. There

COMMENTS

recalling!וחסי the formula introducing direct speech"perhapsשף,'10טוח the word15This.42.14יץ .

prophet80יYHWH

41.Frg

י0י

2*סןרל4

287.43PAM

READINGS08פיסאא

-.right-~hand sideת80אvery faded especially18rhe fragment1 what remains of the final letter; yod, rua

~u

,

and mem are plausible18

~

he down stroke1.12שןלי.] ,

readings

42.Frg

ויווי[

]סם[2

992.41PAM

THE IUDA

~

AN DESERT xlxאוDISCOVIRIES176

43,Frg

4עי

287.43PAM

READINGS0א

'

TESr40

,dalet or rei]0small diagonal , perhaps the upper right shoulderפןפThe stroke before ta~v.4,1.ם.zaafc0ז

yod

-]0part of the head0ז

44.Frg

ואי

992.41PAM

REAOIN~ S0א

'

NOTES

expected of85,slight curveאפdown strok~ and above8of11ןslight8first letter showa1,.1ף.טייד

.be " possible reading8150possibly tuasu . Rei would0זvod

visible; possible18down stroke8the next letter only the bottom of]0.clearly visibleם.1שת.מ31ח.readings include waeu , YOd~ and rei

45,Frg

ןסןן

l~ca*ס[2

חמהט3

992.41PAM

46.Frg

איתי

1770391*

992.41PAM

READINGS0א

'

NffVRS

.uncharacteristically wide15Mem.1.14ית

47.Frg

]t~aeatאמו1,4

992.41PAM

WrSC6oMM

theאמרש, root)0)This form may be the Qal imperative (or less likely . the passive participle.41אמ.]8the part of0תformula of divine speech. commanding speech80?and perhavs belongs"

'0יץ88.(40alld36.prophetic figure (see frgs

48.Frg

o4oי

~

ohbo,מטריםללמבחי(אלהסן2

837.42PAM

READ~NGS00788אא

very damaged . The middle of the fragment consists of shreds of8]The fragment.fibres

1atraight[8תsuggestsהס9יfinal0מאח. down stroke below the1ק.ג.]the right-~ hand side of the shredded portion of the0מappear"ת]]this0תThe first letters.42יהסנ.]

.fragment

.the only visible portion of the letter15i'he top Of lamed.2.14י6ובהי

TMNSQ~TION

1.ן[

ן

~ltars of Eg[ypt2.ן

THB JUDAEAN DESERT xlxאוDISCOVERIES178

49.Frg

יון

ל[

837.42PAM

50.Frg

[I

'

pih[

~IDWiS

שע(

469.43PAM

READINGS0אNOTES

18bet (or hei) " visible . '

~

he down strokes have suffered from peeling. There!0The top.ן.1ץפקץ

.the leh portion of the base stroke85well85.the top left shoulder of

~

bet0מpeeling

visible . Only the arms of 'alfp are5!shoulder5)ןofקווplausible reading ; only the85ן

~

. Refן.3א

.visible

TRAXSLATrON

]lholders of-1

land he sai [dl.2

][.3

וגא0ם[5זא

47and,40,36.suggested.מ1 for frgs1185תmight be interpreted along the118תEach

8perhaps contains3the prophet . Line10the verb introduces divine speech,2"תוו.'see'10command

51.Frg

ןכל4[י

287.43PAM

17940391


1of[ת". theקסזthe very!8extensive peeling except8]There

would fir the left01חתןfor the first letter . The patternאמ]few bits OfפThere are only.1גיי.] חתןתן

Of!]6"יזיין,unmistakable . There

" only15The arrn of the lamed.ז,מeither Sayin or]0hand arrn

.yod would be expected0זthe position where the head of tua~o

52.Frg

top margin

0ס4151ת

ן000ליו*[

%*אליו%

looיסזמת[

"שנן----לאך

ויאמר1קזו[

992.41PAM

READINCS085זסאא

.extremely faded15'

~

he upper half of the fragment

.alep are visible')0Only the tips of the left arrn and leg.1'12.14

the5ןstroke which curves downward . Tasu0ק)long8has only"11תtheתןfinal letterן.4%3.טאקך.most likely reading

.shaped oddly8ןThe head of the mem.4יסזם.]The four dots are evenly spaced ( for discussion of the four dots for the divine name , see...'.5,-ו

.)PALAEO~RAPHY .AND DATE

TRANSLATION

][.1

]him2.ן!ס

]him0![.3

][.4

]

angel

of

the

Lord].5

[and he said[.6

TH

E

IUDAEAN

ED

SERT xlx1אDISCOVERIES180

53.Frg

סן4ד!

992.41PAM

54.Frg

ליסן[1

287.43PAM

55.Frg

]אתף[

2%---.44[

]עעי"[בנ4סההיפ(1

"בניכםנפשות[*[4*

ובדותן

אידבראםדבריםוישאלוני1נ6*

4bnw?4]4כן

837.42PAM

READINGS0אNOTES

.Only part of the right-hand shoulder of rei remains.%1.]dots , which stand for the divine name (for discussion, see1זטסbe0זThere seem..'.'2.,1

.

)PALAEOGRAPHY

,

AND DATE

.visible15of the he0ק!Most of the.2.14הל

.clear18The head of

suaw

rightוחןחץ,. down stroke are8!ן

~

lbD . The tyPical peak of pe and3.].waw01visible ; the stroke may represent the top5ןleft arm of the first letter0ק)The.]3סח.]

.the lacunaחןml$$ ~ ng5ןOf 'alep1

~

he right arn'.4,חובדו.]

*visible before beפו(8חleft-.hand arm of svhat may beזפקקטof theץ"וזקסיOnly the.%6בן.] .and yod

mem ]$ the reading, the leh-hand diaaond and11.difncultמ11"5ןtheמ)letter!פמחThe.61,.6)אית

.~hand side of the lacuna . waw or yod

:

are also possible readings-1"אthe0!מןtick of the letter fall

4(391נואו

TRANSLATI()N

]the[.ו]YHWH[.2

],0es'e3""!נ[when falls,1?that [day[.3

]lives of

your

sons and ] [ perish4.ן

]and they shall asklasked me matters he shall speak5.ן

6][ןthemן

56.Frg

כילוao]ןI1ouל[2

וישראלביתס[מרוחותיכעולה44

"bottom margtn

837.42PAM

h'GSR1EAD0אNOTES

bottoms of the lelters are visible . Other readings for these dovn strokes7!י.טWib . Only the1.ן.are possible(עריsuch as(

Theseותן. lines contaln miscellaneous dots of3-2.וו

TRAh'SLATION

][.1

]and2.ן

]the house of

Israel

נ.ן]spiritsיטסוfroe(,)קטgoes[.4

COWMENTS

37the[ח manner inspired by Ezekielח!human revivification10might refer56.Frg

"theחסקט sense of ' comeת]appears perhaps4and1linesעלהמן*The verb.24(385ל .

s5inews 'coming upon ' the formerly dry bones . The prophecמו4(385נ62!זסattested

vord'(רוחות), , ' spirits1The.42תו4(385נas(ישראלב5ו)יconcerns the children of Israelthe1"1of heaven and(רוחוח)Prophesy concetning the four ~, inds':8-72403851תappears

great cro~vd of peopleפthey shal[ re~ise ,] andצמםthem0א)מ]win[ds of heaven] blow 10,shall stand up , and they shall bless YHWH Sabaoth

the phenomenon of angelic sacrifices of 'spirits ' of10might allude4118ח,Less likelythe heavenly temple areמ]the heavenly court. Angelic beings svho offer sacrifices

.49(1988]13Second Ezekiel' , Reep4ס',Dimant.סStrugnell and.[0]

TH

E

JUDAEAN DESERT xlxא]DISCOVERIES182

would4and18"11עולהת1תQShirShabb . " The word11and405-"רוחותתו4(400נcalledtheתו heavenly templeתוthe angelic liturgy0!sacrifice belonging0!this caseת]refer

This suggestion appears generally.8וas well as MasShirShabb,15ו]and304(403ב1ן

this text which are identifiably connectedתןout of character fo

r

the other fragments

Pseudoתוsacrifice may occurעולהthe]0with Pseudo-Ezekiel . However , the language

Ezekiel(4(385נ41113).

57.Frg

]5לוא[ן

837.42PAM

READINGS0א

-

NOTES

s~ ato whose down stroke has peeled . The down stroke ofבbe0)letter appears]ותן![בThe.1ילוא.].somewhat faded5ןandקבק,5טזtheתןcrackבthe letter runs along

TRA~' SLATION

0Jand.1ת![

58.Frg

שלומהן[י

2]vacatן

]0ס[נ

סססן[4

992.41PAM

READINGS0אNOTES

visible ; otherwise , the letter has disappeared . waw or5וThe right down stroke of he.1ושלומין.] _yod are also possible readings

other fragments of this manuscriptתןThe four dots rnay represent the divine name , as.....3.,1

Unlike the writing of the divine.56.frgמןbe accidental , asזסת( see PALAEOGRAPHY AND DATE) and rnay

this fragment areת]the dots,(60.other [ragments of this manuscript (but see frgתןname with four dots

judge from the0!,the bottom!ט6!פ,of the written letters05ק)the same height as the)0ח!בwritten

veryוחןתןthis[טחו. few other traces of

.435(1985,Atlanta : Scholars Press;27critical Edition (HSS4,:Newsom , songs of the Sabbath Sacr

~

ice.11(נ

18340391

T4RANSLAT~OI

[peace(,)5!1.1ן

]~acat2.ן

]the Lord3.ן

]1.4

8.1ז.59

]'566[ו

]0הדורל[2

]דםסססל45נ

4]**[

992.41PAM

R8EADING0א

-

NOTES

.yod are aot preserved , and other readings are possibleמשמ4מפThe heads of the."[.561ץ

.or yodשששthe head Of possibly15streke]וחו!8וThe.43.,1taw ~ although the length of the right-hand down stroke8The final letter might be read as.3ונו.]

.

final mem8favours

.preserved; other readings are possible15Only the right-"hand arm of the first~

lep.4א.]

TRANSLATION

1.ן[

]the generation[.2

3.]ן

4.ן[

60.Frg

לתססס[ישביעע[2

]סho]נ

837.42PAM

THE JUDAEAN DESERT xlxא!DISCOVERIES184

READINGS0אNOTES

mayמ1 be either three of four dots ~ representing the divine name asות]These traces Of.1,.]ןססס

.56.frgמןother fragments of this manuscript (see PALAEOGRAPHY AND DATE) or acc)dental marks as

be10appear01תhowever , the placement of the three aots does,56.frgות!ת!Unlike the dots of

,this manuscript!0other fragmentsת]accidental . Unlike the writing of the divine name with four aots

the1ט16פ,of the written letters05ק)the same height as .

the

0thisת(1פ fragment are writtenת!the dots

.(58.bottom (cf. frg

somewhat squat15preserved . The rayin5]ז[מOnly the upper left -hand arm of the.,2שביען.,[the10this manuscr: ript . The two arms of the letter are flattened almostתןother instancesסזcompared

.almost ent ~ rely faded5ןpoint Of appearing horizontal . The first yod

possibly the left511ן.of the letter preceding bet , only the upper left -hand corner remains.]3"ס.].difficult and might be read as he5ן)"*rei . The form of0יhand shoulder of dalet

TRAh' SLATION

][1

[Jseventh.2

][.3

61.Frg

1

"]סת%

501.42PAM

READINGS"0NOTES

.vertical stroke8!0the end of

the

fragment represent the bottom)8וחןThe remnants Of."[1..1

]]-]62.Frg

1.col . ]] col

]6[ל]ירו16סת

[oo1ושסכבודשלמדת[

10000ב6מך%קרבדם

5לי00~

@Aבתוב

100סכאשרסססס

85!!4039

837.42PAM

READINGS0אNarss

.this faded fragmentחוThere are many holes

level lovver than theפפ,the fragment]סthe left edge0תletter appearsפThe very bottom of1.].mem]8פתחthis would s~lggest;פת]!thisח!bottoms of the other letters

the,0theוססן_ cornerזבfaded5!The lamed.ם.2טלמיחshort horizontal stroke curving5יפthere,)וpossible reading. After5פ]Besides pe, bet.0612.14ן

.the right0זslightly uPward

subetantial hole that has obliterated the left -~ hand side of bet and the right arm88ןThere.3נ6מך.].or

~in

.very difficilltם

Twoתוtheו" holes make the interpretation of the last letters.993.14ססן

.very airficultחו51ן

~

lep appears questionable , and thei.5*64ר.]8~horizontal turn after the down stroke of the final letter makes faftפlack Ofם"

[.4איב.ך'.reasonable guess

TRANSLATION

COI.ןcol.ן[

and lerusa[lelm.1

]gloriotJs acts of retribution)[.2

withן

blood

call on

yournafne

3.ך

wri [ttenין5וme as14.ס

]just as.5

6.ן

CoMhdENTS

human10applies eitherזנ.basic biblical usages0עיhas3"סך*בקראתן[!חThe phrase1.cf:9:3Zeph;4:45Isa;19:33Exod;26:4instance (Gen"ח)חוinvocation Of God, as

;2:31human being ( Exodפthe special divine choice of55:3),ז00זLam;24:18Kgs

SecondבשםקראתןtJohen

,

'

~

?he Idiom.םthe biblical idiom, see1:43).זסץIsa;30:35

0Elsewhereז Pseudo-Ezekiel attaches lmportance.4-32(1968)1NNESCUי'Isaiahthe:שמךאתאהבואשר4(385ל22)paralleled[ח4(388ב48);השםריאי[וק divine name

4(385נ342;יקרשמפראלאלהישםעל4(387ן52.

standard15פ,correctIY reconstructed4,א]].colבתניבי**נ[מThe expressionQumran.ן. literature for citation of biblical tex

ts

as authoritative supportת]expression

;121QFlor4;1911,1CD;14111,1;17יFitzmyer c~tes the following examples: lQS

This formula may imply that this11-10!;2.2340178יQCata4.187-4ויQplsac4biblical flgllre , s ~nce thisפrepresent the pseudonymous speech of01תpassage does

.quote biblical authority0)8זזסקזטקpassage

and58י;Chico, CA;5588.881)the Semitic Bachtrownd of the Netv Tditament0א~Fitamya, Eatay.2ינ ,

9-8(1974,Scholara Press

THE IUDAEAN DESERT xlx1אDISCOVERIES186

63.Frg

?top margin

1י~

בשו

287.43PAM

READlh'GS0אNOTES

thisמןthe shape of other instances of bet10squat form conforms15];qulte faded5]Bet.1ולבש.].manuscript

'TRANSLATIOhand

they dressedl~vill dress1.ן

64.Frg

"]ושלי

אא2ןסהין[]0היו[נ

287.43PAM

READI~GS0אNOTES

.with the bottom of the previous fragmentתו0נthis fragment may,0The top

TRANSLATION

]lrulers of.1

][.2

]lthey

were

.3

65.Frg

סןם[1

2[oooבביוםכי[

]הס%ססס[3

]ואראהכברר[בה

870391ן

*

1לל'כאדעה[סן[יןסעשרש1ל4שה6

]חמש000וגב4השמה(7

חמשיתןוהמשפשית*

אחעגים9

(ooהאחדאען0ב0י

0סססן0ל[,ן

837.42PAM

READINGS0א

'

NOTES

s~ennsון,Given their distance from one another.טתוןthiaחחן[תtraces of190here are'1.]1,.01ןס.likely that Mo different letters are represented

Kap.טמווthisתןas squat as the other bet!5ן0תbet . This letter8be)0תThe final letter may.2מ.].and mem are possibilities

.peeling ; perhaps !"tetragranlrnaton appears here15There.]1..3ססס

.

abbreviated right-hand arm8חhas"4ע)The.5אה.]

.

waw has peeled avvay)0The bottom of the down stroke.1,.16סאהפה.the papyrus runs through the word591"תןhorizontal7ה%ימ.ג.].unusually thick5;מעThe midldle stroke OF the second.8והנושפש.]

..extraordilinarily large5ןfhe final mem'.9גיימ.].and dalet!)4the papyrus that rLInS through591"מוvertical84There.10מר*ר.]

compared1;טתthe horizontal grain of

the

papyrus [ this85,has enttrely peeled"תאThe.411ל.]

.

lamed can be read8)0the vertical grain of the previous lines shows; only the top0!

raANSLArION'

][.1

]the day0תbecause[.2

]1.3

savf1rivr]rן Chebar and.4

]knew that YHWH1]and][.5

]thlirteen.6

cubitsן and the height r've7.ן

the fiah[ or3;and the postern(ו)base8.נ

]the day

of

one09.]ת

]the oneסנ.נ[נ11.ן[

TH

E

JUDAEAN

ED

SERT xlxא]DISCOVERIES188

COhl ~-lEhTS

.inspired by Ezekiel18suggests that the passage41מו8תוthe Chebar0!The allusion

,20,15:10;23,15:3;3,1:1Ezekתוthe biblical corpus only1תThe Chebar r~ver occurs

the1ת'The open~ng notice Of Ezekiel reports that the prophet had vislons.3:43;22

midstחו4(389ב1א3: of the Golah by the river Chebar' . The Chebar river appears

the river and the8%14תוLine.(389נ5נ:בשערויביאםכבו)4.cf(כברמפאיועקים,שביםבארצותtheח81תו41, river10prophetic visionary experience . Immediately after the reference

uses,תו the converted form4saw '

.

Line1'the first person speaker reports thatuses*ירע, the verb5accordance with the biblical style which this work evokes . Line

.(20:10v ~slon (cf. Ezek8report of8perhaps as part of

theseתנcontain measurements for construction , but the attested material8-1Lines

be constructed , although objects fitting these0!indicate the object01תlines does

13reconstructed correctly , mentions!6,וLine.40Ezekielתוmeasurements occurthe temple area0זgate8the width of10description may correspond5וחיד.cubits

the height of some object asזס!g~ves the measurement7Line.11:40Ezekחןdescribed.(21,13:40Ezek.8.ם)ן"תmultiple of8orת"!multiple of five, or five plus8five , or

8:41;42:40Ezek1תEzekiel ' s terminology for measurements0,belongsגבוה*The word.22and

one of

the

cognatesא'שפשתן15015[8, include : Aramaic5!1,rareדנשפש5ןThe svord.1..5המשפש מןnotes%4111חwhich,7"88טז;8[ית;נ1פשפשtexts from Qumran known as ' The Description of the New

and826Zebah.6תןwhich Milik finds,משופשHebrew ; and0ן8חח5י1נAramaic ( including Syriac) andthe Clty wall where theתוhailik suggests the meaning of postern

,

small gates carved.276,JYIenah.6

gate ' . Is The verbal8מ]small door8'Greenfield prefers the meaning.ם.[streets of the city end .

I

suggests that the former may be]15015שפששמןand6540391הפשפש[מcorrespondence betsveen

and possibly15,5,555-40554,2024,032נ,11(18נ])'~The Description of the New Jerusalemשrelated

the time of the final struggle against foreign811

~

Theס text describes the c~ty , temple , and4(232נ.6י

has long been known that ~ The Description of the New!117.2"1זבנל[תGarcia0!powers ~ according

furtherשתן16וט6 connects the temple6540391.the biblical book of Eaekiel0מlerusalem ' depends

.tradition kno~vn from 'The Description of the New Jerusalem ' with the figure of Ezekiel

66.Frg

שה*ס[1

נשן-%-![2

837.42PAM

.185;1962,Oxford ; Clarendon(111(72(נ,Milik.'נ.ךseeניthe Aramaic Textt

.

froni Qumran0שApocalyptit; Stwdiaש~or discussion see ? . Garcia M~ rtinez, Q~mran4י .9-188.esp,213-180(1992.Brill.[.8:Leiden;9(STDJ

89Crecnfield(1969)34נ. , 'The Small Caves of

~

Qumran ' , y

~

os.5י7.סseeשipocalyptie.180מ.1. Garcia Martinez, Qumran16

.201,.616!17

18940391

REAnINGS0א

~

NOTES

visibleטו6ן5טפוק. ; other rtadings areה

~

tlep)0hand leg-"1םOnly the.1,.1י

%]prescrved _ The head of the nurt)ם!,5ן0ת)!Rei has faded substantially . The head of.1,.12ז,הריש.the lacunaחןpartially lost

TMNSLATION

[which[.ו]the first[.2

ENTSC5O~ h ,(21.40Ezekתןthe ~ firstt gnte ( as0)referenceבCould this represent.%12'דו.]

67.Frg

מ1יאניי

837.42PAM

READINGS00785אא

.extremely faded4preserved; the rest4letterעו"ofמן

the

ofאחן

[.1ןובי.8Onlyז[7ח6"

TMNSLATION

]...Jand

I

.1

68.Frg

ימעון1bortom margin

837,42PAM

READINGS085זסאא

"shredded portion of the right-"hand side of the papyrus . The readingתובfalls41מעח.אוצ.]

visible ; other5ן/downstroke that could be wauפthe leftת().co

~

iectural ; other readings are possible.letters are plausible

THE JUDAEAN

ED

SE

RT

XIXאוDISCOVERIES90[

69.Frg

"6"הי0[

]ל[]0[2

837.42PAM

READIh- (Sצ()NI) TIiS

theתןthis]טתו readings11בmake"11תof the0ק)horizontal crack along theבFading and1.].problernatic

mem

,

whose8be0!the crack . The next letter seemsתןmissing15"4of the first0ק)rfhe."6י1.]

.the second he are partially visible01do~nstrokesך'סיי.preserved5ןright dolvnstroke

70_Frg

י]כי6[י

]6צרי6[2

837.42PA~

I

REAnINGSצ()N('TES

distinctive right8damaged bottom or ale

~

withבvith,1"שeither3ןrfhe final letter.6גי

~

[ןי

'T5RA ~: SLATICI ,0l

~ike the da

~

t[s.1

]JEg)- pt2

71.Frg

0[

י.. ע2

837.42PAM

40391ולו

READIh'~S0א

'

NOTES

0marginח , bLlt the pap

~

rrusטום,תח)down stroke seem

s

visible near theפ,the photograph1,.]()ח.longer shovvs this stroke

72.Frg

יסן[

837.42PAM

READlh'GS040785א,.materiall )t with the bottom of the prel~ ious fragment8מ01נof this fragment0ק)

~

he'

73.Frg

837.42PAM

READINGS0אNOTES

.short top stroke810The remains of the first letter are confintd.11.]

74.Frg

]שר[י

992.41PAM

THE JUDAEAN D

~

SBRT xlxאוDISCOVERIES192

75.~

rg

סנגי

287.43PAM

76.Frg

287.43PAM

77.Frg

?top margia

שרשקן"4ן

"6נים214לתון

ס451סססםסס[נ

ש44%ש4

"837.42PAM

RCADIN ~ S0אNOTES

has also suffered four large vertlcal splits and one horizontal11.faded5ןThe fragment

.the bottom)8"1ק5

.of the bottom half of the letter1055The Aap may be posited )! Eading was the _ ~cause of the.5.3.].possible5))dalet85Another reading (such

unparalleled15has the difficulty of the right arm curving inward, which4,הThe reading.44ושא.].extremely faded5]the letter . The arms of )alep are mlsslng; the rest of the letter0ז!

19340391

TRANSLJ~TION

[Israelו.ן[captivity2'נ5ון

3.ןbecauseן

[ror5085lasld he taisediwill raise.4

78.Frg

"ירן

837.42PAM

ם~QNarrative.462

)PI~TE xxl~ l(

3Editionיייין;י77-35,

'

, Ntr

Q

'P1rclinlinar4:1Narrativcl . Frg(40462.,S~ ith5.4%~Previous discussion ל

Wise,נהבןאחן1ח(11)(ן)(.21לל21"7- , T/

el

Dead Sea scro// s L: ncorereaf ( ?ihatrcsbury.אEisenrnan and.%

Physical Descri

~

tion

the Israelites,0THIS text consists of seven fragments ' describing the exile and return

both the left and the0תas well as Jerusalem ' s restoratlon . The fragments have lacunae

1

.

frg,0upper margin preserved . The bottom5ו0תright sides of the column . Therethe,זן5ן text are missing]0sides0עיזand theק0זmargin , but because theבpreserves

complete0מthe original column , and]0know the dimensions0ןimpossible

the bottom edge10"ו!ו]can be made . The space from the lastב[0מוreconstruction of

cm . The al' erage3.0-2.0crn . The space bet~veen lines varies betis:een2.2measures

.cm2.05ןheight of the letters

5theןב front . The back0מlight red0)buff, ranging15The colour of this fragmentthe skin as lvell asהן~vell preserved . There

ra

e cracks5ןgray . The surface10buff)

"118subחן ~-glossy0זpartsמוlightly pitted5וdarkening spots

.

The surface of the front:)horizontal drסתsholvs1ז.partsתוsmooth and slightly spotted15parts . The back

.lines

eatures17S

~

eciat

The practice.12and71.frgתוrepresent the divine name10

~

'he scribe uses hur dotsother works of the same scribal tradition or perhapsתו105ן,111נ14;מוoccurs also

1)QTest4(175ל)10),4and9

.

bis = frgs,7111,1ג

.

QSamc frg4.".ו,even the same hand ן,DyD(14(דכ'אוזב)2-1ן9,7,6;וו3;8,610,ען6,ס)4(176כ.another hand , Cfמוand;19

4and7QIsaa(391נ4.3,136;255;55 XXXIII11פthe supralinear correction62-60);מו

those of the other texts insofar as there theרחסז]differמ4(176נ]The examples.565;נ

larger gap bet~veen the second and third dots thanפdots are unevenly spaced , with

the0ןcorresponds71תן4(462כexample"2).חיך

"between,'4(5ל%סהז the rest (UIrich

majorityמן4(462כ15there121מב of cases where the dots are evenly spaced , lvhereas ,uneven[מ4(176כ. space between the second and third aots , like those

disposalח0 and commentcd.(ב~וחVho placed his transcriplion1,Strugnell.7.Prof0)80My special thanks1

.scveral drafts of this edition

Lcidcn;1Discipline:שנ.Brill,1957)129.34ח.45. ( STDJ,0VVernberg-Moller , T/~ e Ma)lual.2ץ

the Serek Hay-) .ahad]0the Scribef0r11r15-14Samuel2Fragmentary lvlanuscript of11:)=4(58כ.,Ulrich.ש(

235BA(1979)23,2-1מ.5

SOR

"(1(5נ)

Skehanא , ~ 'fhe Divine Name.ק_ייgeneral discussions of writing the divine name svith four dets

,

see4יסץ

.Stegemann.14and:25,15.esp,44-14(1980)13the Septuagint ' , BIOSCSחוthe Masada scroll ~ andחן,Qumran

UDAEAN

EDESTR

xlx1THE1אDISCOVERIES195

:1.frgתיnumber Of scribal modificationsבThere are

possibly omitted initially as(61תובאהבן[ת8חוthree letters inserted supralinearly : he.1

perhaps the scribe(9"11"[תהממשלהתן1[תand;7"תהמושלתומוו]tua~u;(11טתphonetically

0beganזvrite~הממלכה);

butתןכיתו the aot above hap(14"שפש[חויעמידוה[ת1[תscribal dot above the first8.21[ח"11[5תaccidental8זןOf6[1ת);

;)READINGS0אsee NOTES(19"חן1[תscribal erasure8.3

theמחמ111medial10(מתןהשנהתו1[ח"16. change Of final.4

Perhaps the scribe.12"11חיהמה[חות]medial positionת]used5ןmem hrm81תחThe

.correct the final mem when he added he0זbut failed,יהםyrite110began

Palaeogra

~

hy

the0ןthe transition from the late Hasmonaean10hrmal script datingבexhibits40462early Herodian period with some seml -hrmal features . The script resembles that of

BCE . i25-50.)0זcross dates.1'17.לוiQSama , ~thich

.19and41,frgתו,are clearly divided . Extra spaces occur twice4(462בThe words Ofdivisions bet~veen sections of the text . The space left between10These naay correspond

the0תminimal , with the horizontal strokes of letters frequently encroaching5ןletters

this period , many instances of the,0other Qumran literatureתןfollowing letters . As

.distinguish10letters yod and zuQUJ are difficult

Orthography

of,"ןט matres lectionis"5טthe widespread5]The dominant feature of the orthography

:we find the following features1.frgתו.certaln placesחןonly

Qumran literatureתוthis text ) asחוvossrel letter8Vfazu commonly serves as.1:generally

The noun.(14"1תו)חורבהand(101טתו)רוקמה(תו1"5),החושך:grttl nominal formsב.תן.lyritten defectivelyעז(ח11"16)5ן

:

the Following waysתוvo ~vel , historically derived-0for long.6corrected(;לעולם with supralinear waze,7"ג,)6ן,:לוקח(1[טח5);המישל(1[ת/

.cf(;לרומם(טתו151);הבמח(8תו181). Arabic cd[am but possibly from lawl;1תו1"ס)בן)/),4(ל/)6ן(ף,:יואמר(1[ת"10).

ערבן/)ן6ן:בהוכנו(מ11"11).

8correctתו191);ויעבודו ; and18the reading]1,3"זכור'1(1[ת:)verbsטן/),6/(תן(ת11"[2).

עקרב')6and3lines);הארר([תו"10).

:

)verbsט,),6/(01תתו/;eamrbnע(4(4,פן saתן,'den Qumrantextenתןlich ~ Eru- ~gurngen zu dcn Gottesbezeichnur

nI

gen1י1ן(ןן~ sgcscIאןויאןבח.Duculot ; and Leuven : Universityנ2[1[5חס:GemblouxנחבParis;46Dcicor ( BETL.נט.1י,milieu11מס?rhiologie .200.esp,217-19519751

,

Prcss

The;מ Bible and the Ancient Near East

:

Essaysחן,'cross ~ 'Thc Development of the Jewish scripts.יו.4ןWrightזא:f'g,13819611,Doubleday.1,2[ח"3. (Carden cityt8ס.Honor of William Foxwell Airight , cd

19740462

theיפןי plene spelling Of0!exceptionתפbe0!appears4"11יאמרתותThe verbpassive form , ] . " . ejeJ&"er The spellingsבbetter interpreted as8]!1!6ט,with euatu/0/

rather than8ה/טייהvocalizationפprobably indicate17"1טמאתתו[תand15"11את/מלאהתות

.waw8usually marked by15the first vowel of which,8ה/שקיהTiberian

seeא0 NOTES!6ט;correct%ןthe reading6ן/:ויעמירוה(1[ת"14,שfor medial.םRtADINGS(;בעביר(1[סח15).

conventlonsכי(1[טח5), : eוחconform~ty withח]vowel largely/ןןYod repre ~ents the.2,)read correctly!11),שנית([[ת"3ו),ויעמידוה(1[ת"4ו,ן

ת"עבדים(8תו61),רבש([[8ת7),החביב(1[

svritten ,vithoutירושלםחן[[ת(319ןread correctly) . The end of the word!],16"11זיוה(וז

.22-1and~

Qplsac711)4%1,ל

QpHab

1.some other texts from Qumran, e . g88מוyod 7

.BCE50.)later Qumran literature beginningח]attestedירושלים8ןThe Erm

~

tod6צ)ayl/*4)/5/Orthographic representation of the historical spelling Of medial.3

occurs:עלינו(1[ת"9);פניה(1[8ת16);andבנךיה(1[8ח16). three times

As.4תו!א,final!0orthographyן%/5ןrepresentedלhe6[תvays1two,[תverbs:עסתה,rd fem . sing . perfect lterbal forms3these are;15)1הקזה(וזיand(181[8מ)(תן1"17),שנאתה

fem:רוקמה . sing . forms of nounsח]and,([43,Qimron , NDSS[-ההwritten with final13),חורבה(1[ח"14);בוה

"7);דנמשלה([תן"9),ממלכה(ת11

ת11"read(;נחלה( correctlyיתו51,ש)

he[ח!%:ותשנה as6צalso represented5],6ןread correctly) . Final!],16)(1[0ת14);ויוה(1[ת

.(16oine

Mus.!יח.163

546.43,*937.42,830.42,047.42,789.41,409.41,316.41,601.40PAM

,Atlanta : Scholars Press:29the Dead Sea scroll~ (hence

~

orth HDSS; HSS,0Qimron, Tht Hebrew.88"56

.19(1986

Leiden;6the:8.נ. Isat.ah~

crall ( IQIfl ( STDJ,4See Kutscher, The Language and Linguktic Bac

*ground7

:~Washington, DC;8Biblical Booki (CBQMS4Horgan, Pesharim:

~

umran Atept~tations.1974)7-106;4פ.ץ,Brill

.4-43(1979,CBA

THE JUDAEAN DESERT xlxאוDISCOVERIES98[

1.Frg

]ס[

יפתןואתחםת[ואשםאת

ןדיזכיףoo]]ויאליעקוב[

יאמיןבכןacat'1[ל]לישראססם[

לוקחןכיהלכנוריקמהסזם[

באהלהליעקובלעבדים[

Qao]]המישל-"'לנחלהלרביםסחנה[

]הקיץואחהמיםאתימלאמאחדאשרסכבודו[

היהןועלינועמהםהאורהיהעמולנדוהממשלהאתל[

ו]יואמיכןעללעולםומשלובאהאורוקץהחושךץ[קעבר

העםהיהבתוכנוכישראל[י]ל[

וב]יעקביב"

]ס-...אלויזעקוויתקימוויעבודויהמה[

ויתקימוממלכהבקצשניתבמצריםנתנווהנה[

לעמודיהןוחורבהלבזהומצריםפלשתיושבי

את/אה]ממתקבלבעבורלרשעליימם6זר[

]ובנדיהועדהבזייהותשנהפניהועזה[

]העסטמאתבןלהעשתהאשרואתס4ם[

הבנותהןלפניהיתהכאשרשנאתה[נ

הסןירושלםישיאאתויזכור("ש,[

ל([ו.[".[,.(א[טיל[י([;י letter or

818partת1י of either8ן(3י,Unless accidental.2תן1[טת"(

e1

aboותוOf)403נ]rfhtrt1.]

'louןחו21. to ~vard5040.תעcomcs)1qup sincc

top"6!down stroke with"6)the lazu and the intersection of01hand side-),ט]the'(]תג).יא"

2..1

.strokc are ,- isible

hand vertical stroke-

"18the lower84תbottom right - hand vertical strokeסאו

atvz

תו(ט6

_

're2.] .tugcther u' ith the horizontal foot arc visible

beטתו101). reconstructed (see0)מרן,ויא5ןPerhaps.ןויאן(.]

9940462ן

85he rcad'v5isible , Alternatively the letter maיו~Only the botrom half of the second waf.1.3זכוף.] ,yodחכיר). henceפ

.visible5ןod'1the left-hand diagonal stroke of theץותסQto5,]

~

the prefcrre15

"

but t~,

az

beנ0יג. read as8150the tuatu mightחוזס!grounds of5קמה%ר.()ת.] .reading

_vert ~ cal stroke appears0(בFollowing qop , part of the top right-hand corner.75.14יי

Icttersה4וטקקח ss'

ith

.וןנ

"this-ן. stroke ; other possibilities also cxist!נח

~ע(reconstructionליקחו"ט0

or thest icttL' rS"ן!(.וון6ית)ת,,and1",.!ואמ

.

~lan~ed . mPtt.0נ'(,bet . kap,(ו)4

,right vert )cal stroke . such as

.intelligible wordמאproduces

,~lQlsaתן.~ncar lvriting , vspecialls1upralח().supralinear heפwritten with8)This word.6בפהחה.]olve(!(ם". ple~e spelling't1he cascs in01'(תטחזKutscher notes that.31-522,$ee Kutscher , /sakh scroll the Ecribe,0'ויטז6טןו

theתן:the reason may bc phonolog ~ talאהבןהthe case of1ת.)alep'0זyod ,נן1Theי'0ז!טtheווי scribc.(יוטזSamaritan ~lcbrתןlonger pr~nounced ( as0ת~ rvocalic he svasש1מן .give the historical spelling of the

~ora0!Insert the ke0!phonetically , but then went back indicaring the,המושלd)nib and,10ץ07451ע!dots

~ppear bet~veen%תוFour clear.----7.14 :ל

~F1-ו1א~ A.1וןקא(1ג-For fl) rther discussion , SL' k.טתו2ן

tetragrammatonחן, . 'fhe sanae phenomenon appears

andת0תו1"7. COMMEh' TS

also15לגימהcontcxt . 'l'he reading0חconJectural and based15t~

hh

.

'

~

he reading itself8.,1.possible

8L' Xt1thisח)also palaeographically possible . Both letters exhibit5ןkap , bet?0Instead.9.14יו%ל תן

andתןלבזהandחורבה btr(17כןסתון.lcf81תיכבודותןטתוrounded bottom right-. hand corner : kap

5thisןsmaller(תבחkapחןן~ח"14,טthe)6ג"ק;ת text

.

This instanceחןThe size Of kap varies.1411טמ

vellלברו07לכדו u' ith this letter . Either1compares(61טתוcf. dalet(מ'לעבדlarger. 'fhe bee of1[6מ0417ת4althoaghתץ5(ב(!צוי8ם1 the former.(8ג0ם[ג!5זצpossible from the perspective of contcxr (see8]

.awkward

.futu [e3ןei ~ her case

,

the ttme

"

-frame of the ,- erb15ןמטלו'.תAnother possible reading.-

10.14)משל

readאמר'וי0יאמר..ח1 t , therסזpossible1(5ן.problematic5ןhe beginning of this ~ord'1.1..10ייאמה טתוןsometimes.כיר,.1[סחן3:)ויתקימ larger than )iQd (cf5ןwords where yod and watu are juxtaposed , waw

sinceכןעל

"thisואמר case . Context also dictatesיושמרחןThis would suggest reading.(12;ויהקומו![ת"3ו

c.w11ouldאש!( normally be construed syntact~cally vith the follolving vcrb

;

other~vise , the COfi

~

unct

.

and the verbכןעלwollld intrude between

~corןןטיי part01תifet might be read alternatively as btep . The form of the head aues.11.14ב'החב Eitherתא reading produces.1

"4alep. The stance favours reading']0with other examples of either het .er , the larter suits the L-OfitCXI-1401יט.read5ןbrt,ב,החביaJtep andתפsvere)ביב%דנן,intelligible ~ord

~th[חו". s,0the end)פvrltten1dots

,

signifying the tetragrammaton are1אתFour.----12.]theתןטחוויו. same form5טט,the reconstruction13ויתקקמו.זסץ.]

"4

,s(roll of?חזוadin'1.'14:15.וExod]0lightחוplausible1יThe reconstruction.14פלשתשבי,יי.](257[1962,Darkness [Oxford ; Oxford L:niversity Press,0Of Liyht ~aydSWSt the sons1%30war of the5]Yisible15thatמןעpart of the0ו1חthe6זסזיthe first121.חs1uggests the sanle reconstruction for IQh

.the left-.hand vertical stroke

YTla ) ' be theי

-smaller than the folloving letter , Khich suggests that5]The first letter,ישמ1ד

"14.] written abo

~.e5ןdot1:.VOfd1thisתןand ),odם!ע"!distinguish0)difficult1(5ן.lettersסעז)reading for the for6-531.esp,81,!5ן0זןanother reading . Kutscher ( Isaiah50צ1וח8ן)orderח]the firat letter , possibly

be0!lsrereחב0indication[פ taken0ש[5נח1ישexamples) notes that ~ the dots found above certain

3scribalפץ1

re

ror, and the dot8certain ' . The first letter of the word ~vas consideredזסתreading that was

1indicate!ר,9פ0ז that4זסש!הbe erased _ The scribe perhaps corrected the0!5ןletterפindicate that0!

.'and her pillars',ז0יעמדיה.'they restored herה)יעמיד,'4תפbe read

ma

ke

outס!possible1311.ירletter beforeפcontains traces of1(טחThe beginning of the.%15.]horizontal4%"פ1[צחupper diagonal strokeמפbyin, since10חפtem as opposed"8the top of the head of

t condition of thew1aw. 'fhe CLIrT~T8visible . The yod may also be read as5ו~hand side-1אטthe0תligatureshoss' s that the1טחוComparison with the next.%רgap precedesפleather gives the impression that

THE JUDAEAN DESERT xlxצ!DISCOVERIES200

appears higher1:מ1!טח16,יה]פחגו!.the leatherח)fold10פhas moved upward due6,רleather preceding.)Puech.2)*ו[תthan the rest of the

Of

the

ret only the top lea part of the horizontal stroke and the bottom of the vertical.15ליימם.]strokeללימם)forלהרימם0. are visible . '

~

he next letter might be yod instead or tGdN , producing the form

The form may.170[ממשהתן!טמוsuggested by the occurrence5)

~

his reconstruction.15טלאהעשת.].absoluteטמאחחן[סתו17)זסbe either construct ( like

,continuation of the vert~cal stroke81וממ5ןof theתזסס"זBelow the bottom right-hand.,מ.16השנה .)medial form (see SPECIAL-

FEATURES

810letter form alteredב81תחevidence that the letter was orig~nally

which slighdy obscures the17*0[להתן![תcomplicated by the lamed5ןThe reading.416בזל.],nonetheless distinctly longer than the preceding yoi As noted above5ןbottom of the svatu. The NatU

sometimes longer than yod: this would s~lpport readingשwhen yod and feaau ate wntten together, seasv

.less likely . See COMMENTS%בזויהThe altemat~ve reading.בויוהhere

upperחפletter that includes1פ]!visible . This would5ןsmall vertical stroke8'םBefore.]7סזם!.]ו,".

.

left -~ hand stroke . Candidates are bet , mem , iade , rei , or

distinguishing these twoמוoet . -The difficillty885may be read1ן;unclear5ןThe *ap.517ן.]לכדו[ת1[ח*9.

-

the case ofמןtrlse also5ןletters

number of letters . The scribe8scribal cancellation extending over15בthereאתaP . AfterW919,ן

~

'he second)סגbe10erase the letters

.

The first erased letter appears10least two thick lines81uses

qop.8חתןעשהה1(טתand17ח'שתויררשלמ (cfבpointed bottom rather than8with8ז(מcertainly5ןletter

beמפ4ן%ש. the beginning of10rei and the fourth letter appears8The third letter may be.(9]"חווvisible , having15lamed8]010קthe,שלם]ירyod of]8]1]תןFollowing the cancelled letters and above the

and changed the lastזןbut cancelled,ישרשלpartially obliterated , The scribe initially wroteחס[צbeen

wawחפ or yod, wasבbe10The final cancelled letter , which seems.'שלם,רthe start of10letter .

incomplete 'alep

'[5צגא[א10זג

ו.][[Shem and] Ham and Japhet.2

]for Jacob and he ] [ and he remembered[.3

]be said1]1ןוייvaca

t

Thenן.for Israe [ l4.ן

8%18embroideredח1( robe we went , for15.]עי[י

for slaves , for Jacob with lov[e[.6

]heritage . YHWH who rules8eany as0)1)give[1]]ייhe.7

[the waters and the earth]]1חשאlhis glory which secretly.8

[us wasתסקטJthey captured the kingdom with him; the light was with them and.9

rule1וושיcommg; and they%)118אper] iod of the darkneas and the period of the5ן1"סpassed.10

[them] say[1"1forever; therefore

lto( r ) [ IJsrael , for arnong us was the people of the beloved one, Jac[ob.11

[YHWH10cry]1]יוendure and they1]]שserve and they]חשand theyן]their[.12

royal period as~d they endur[ed8מ,second time8Egypt10חוland then they were delivered.13

](?)restore her!!]שעruin and theylhe8and]5פוסק]inhabiltants of Philistia and Egypt [made her.14

order that she may rece ~ ve unclean [nessמן~vickednessקחralse10[.15

]splendour , and her uncleanness and her garmentsחוbe changed]]].1her discontent[.6]

]the impurity of the30,her10and what she did17.ן

sheאוט6[ was before she was8551טןshe was hated18.ן

]remember *staet Jerusalem!איvacat and he[.9]

20140462

COMMEhVS

10:6and32:5Gen.2xvill6י]

~

IQhח]the final war describedתןThis word figures.2יפת.].suggest the reconstruction

hc'ד_unconverted imperfect8ז0ת~his forrn may be understood either as % convertedן.3י)ויזכ.ך ,0support the latter interpretation , Thc distribution0!cot~ld be used10ת!the nextיאמרבכןתןphrase

of the converted imverfect alongside50טpreserved Qumran texts indicates the widespread-ש41אformsthisחן

~crcc'u1ncon0יתס'זם!"6י)the unconverted imperfect forms ; therefore ulaw plus imperfect

am

l' be

SelectedתןKesterson , ~ Tense Usage and Verbal Svntax.ם.[further discussion, seeזסץ.paesage

Smith , The.5.1%:63-126(1984,Qumran Documents' (Ph . D , a~ss . , 'Yhe Catholic University uf America

19originsממזש011 and Deeelopment of the waw-Consecuti ~e, Northwest Semiric Et' iden(e from )iguritlabsie Ha

-

bY

rah1~interesting % note that Afiq

~

at4!!.63-35(1991,Atlanta: Scholars Press;39(HSS

forms with prefixed fcaeg ; this,0examples0תlength , containaתןlines120MMT) , % composition over(

the0!and re[ers.8ת2ןקtheת]addressed5]!1.text

su

es free-standing forms . especially participles

rare spec ) menב,forms . The contrast between other Qumran literature and MhIT.

"151theתןspeakers

sectarianאQurnranןן!א literatureתןformal style laatedב!טזסיזof direct discourse , indicates that while

.the ruaa~-"consecutivrסת!ס5טthe continued ~)se of the Wd~U-consecut~ves, colloquial speech generally did

es].t1hev became slaלישראןלדים:לעב)הי'11'[4תבperhaps reconstruct,טתו]the beginning of this1,.4זסע.the like0ז,'Israe[l10

the.0איד content of the textתןshift0זbreak8the text may indicateתןwacat

.

The blank space4._ןthe beginning0!certainly pointsבכןThe word.19תןסתווthe blank Spaceס!same question applies also

new.[טחו10). s~ntence (cr8or

lateן! Biblical Hebrelv1כן.תrelation ro0תtemporal particle withבusually5ןThis word.4בכן.]theפו.מ2:35Sir1וככין815 Targums " translates136,486א).ת,means ' then , thereupon' (see BDB (

theאחר l~ se ofאזושhere cornpares0,בכןPerhaps the usage.(91,Qimron , HDSS(0ופחר)marginal gloss

sequenceיאמרבכן . The ~ords8תןwhere ]! begir~s the description of the next event31QM1תוrd.כר"!0 masc . sing3person from]0quote

,

which would account for the change8apparently introduce

quotation u' ithin Ihis text

.

Thc80!belong1105תand probably further5ן[0תHence.3םת]!of18!1ק.דלכמ

quotationת11(5. , perhaps the same one that beginsס1בalso belongs(90ת)ח0עלימ(1sufformative.8ן!1ק תן

verbs.ןק

rd

3!0the resumptionש0ח)quotation0ב!belong10appears also11*כנ)בה,ח[תן(The wordtenses and persons of , - crbsחןRecognizing the quotations ss~ithin this text may explain the shifts.(חו"2ן]

uses the"81זזבת(עperson forms , whereas the151and suff~xes: the quotations use the past tense and

.Srd perSOn forms?ט6!וחס

,

well as the past tense85future

י4,9,6ןי'011ן'40179~

Qh1ריקמהחיVith1אidentify1015חקמה

;

One interpretation of.5ריקמה.,!the,292,282,280;ם.:1. War,0embroidery (see ?. Yadin , The scroll0!where the word refers,121וו,[1985,Atlanta , Ga : Scholars Press:2755ח]criffical Editienא:Newsom , Sonys of the Sabbath Sacrifice

,see Kutscher,ז0חקמה'ןרYadin , W'ar Scroll [and?6given85,קמה)רthe reading ofi0452,336,152,52;ת חיואעthe bride of85the description of Jerusalem119ת.5).ת,Qimron , HDSS;477,157,Isakh Scroll

connects the2410-7וון~Qplsa4.(15and13,10vv(יקמהrobe called8lerusalem wears,16Eaekielתן

see('((ןחן)ריקמבגריcrosvn of holiness and embroidered garmencsב

"0throneש[ Of8'withרוירצמח

HulsgזטסועPriest58חן~rd , 'The Ideal " Levite " , the Davidic h

~

essiah and The.86;/ו,Horgan , Pesharim

.the '

~

estaments of the Twelve Patriarchs ' , Ideal

~

figures ," ~ancient yuda~sm ; Profiles and Paradigms [ed

Themes.(8-97[1980,Chico , CA: Scholars Press;12Nickelsburg; SBLSCS.נ.ל,.ש)Collins and.1.ןbe4:טסן"

this fragment , andחןJerusalem and the restoration Of Israel appear later0)appropriate

-.this lightקמה)ר(חviewאpossible might

eb

involved . The21:3Exod0חplay]00!possible allusionב,svere the correct reading1!ריקמהAccordingly one might translatt.הלך:ריקםתלכולאחלטכיוהיה*and6רקםbiblical verse contains

the(1):consists of three elementsריקמהempty-.handed we went '

,

The form':5הלכמרוקמה(תמחון

The.4ג-final(3);adverbial -am(2);)adjectival base , ~ riq (spelled riq without sufformatives g ~ ryg

Qumranפ!0שדש literature (cf. Biblical Hebrewספדהתו"the spelling with final he0!closest analogue

The variation al

so

.(14-413,see Kutscher , Isaiah

Scroll

whichריקפה,15תadverb8(ח0מירה, , like

'IQlsaת)heעתאwithומה%ד/תם.cE(מגרה/כשירconipares with the different spellings of Biblical Hebrew Qumran literature , seeח)final mem10For other additions of he.(39,Qimron , HDSS800;27:41

form srould5!ן,)READIXGS0צXOTES"80)the cortect reading"1.451[יוקמה,Kutscher , Isaiah scroll


final heפhasחקמהThe word.ריקםBiblical Hebrewהpresent two morphological differences compared

yot These differences could be explained . The spelling with suaw!0תeuazu and5!second letter5!ןand

morphological.הממה difference (cf8may be understood asריקםBiblical Hebrewת]instead Of Jtod as

would0[יה)רThe rorm,(הנםBiblical Hebrelv counterpart5!ןdifferent internal vosvel thanפsvhich has

contrastחקם. with the qatl base oE Biblical Hebrewתו,be *qutl ( at) , lvritten with WdSG

the!תthia!!וו* same15

,

the subject , we!ו.very difficult%הלכמThe subject of

the

verb.5ר14כמ.]

,other words6מ.תן]!thisהלכנתן(

-

the subject of)0%ת'then ~ the people of the beloved one,1תן,טתוןand

.Israel0)refer precisely01תmayהלכמ

imperfect verbal formתסהפPronominal suffix as foundפletters may beסיו)The final.:7סיצה.]

the root

.

The following words01vhich case the taw would be part,61-60),(ת,(see Qimron, HDSS

.rd person pronominal suffix. Qimron (NDSS3פ%final he,50]1

.

'giveטוף.'!סsuggest the verbal root

,Henceו!מא01 either the.'י%%netes that imperfect forms without euaeu conaecutive always take(61-60

beה. reconstructed before10%ש0שthis verb would be doubled , or

.(1311

QPHab

1.or 'many' (cr(2,11

QPHab

1.The ~yord may mean 'the great ones ' (cf.ן.7לרכשterm br the Qumran8,'as ' (the) many0[ם'רבunderstand this instance0)5ןAnothvr possibility

Dan;17:8cf. Esth;227;385,4כXIV;7111)נetc .

;

CD,9.8.7,1צ11ע;105נץ

pQ

Hab

1

(community

13Second Ezekiel ' , Resg4(ל',Dimant.םStrugnell and.(;30,26,see Horgan , Pesharim;4-3.2:12Weinfeld , The Organiaational Paetern and the Penal Code of.52.%ו]hlimorial Jean Carmignac=1988]

,RaprechtשFribourg : Editions Universitaires; G

~

ttingen: Vandenhoeck;2גסזא]*the Qumran Sec

members of the,חבריכsynonymous withחטסח5ןthe Jerusalem Talmud thia1986]14-!77,45,5).ח!

71Called Dead Sea Manual or Discipline' , YBL.-80theתןlieberman, 'The Discipline.5see(חברהsuggestו(5ו8 that10this textתוhowever , nothing elae,15There.(!20-20י.esp,206-199,[952!] ,

Qumranic technical term8be viewed asרמסנ0ת((סsectarian Qumran document , and perhaps

indicate the divine name. 'fhe case of the four dots0!12ת[טחו]Four dots occu

r

here and....-7.]

'YHWHתןחוו*7 . The example0!cry]חיand they,1'תןן:8ח!2:..-אלועקוproblems0חpresents

does theזסת;constructנחלה0115חתוrequlres t,rther grammatical considerations . The worddots

~gnlfying the divine name . The four aots for theזטס]the0!נחלהconnectל-prepusition vocative . For the use of the four8new sentence or possibly8lect of5נ6טtheזtetr: raglrammaton are eithet

SPECIAL FEhTURES. The use of theתןother texts

,

see the discussionחןdesignate the divine name0!aots

Stegemann has argued.11.represent the divine name requires further comnlent0!this textת!four dots

free compoaitions represents pre-.Qumranicחוthat Qumran literature that uses the tetragrammatonsectarian

') , since literature originating from Qumran (sometimes called-חסח.material (sometimes called

,,Stegemann(0ח!citing biblical literature or alludingתןoids the tetrag ~rarnmaton except.1' sectar~ rlan

)

a

~canonicai Paalms

from

'',cf;216.esp,217-195.%.4ח.Schuller,ן,08- Religionsgeschichtliche Erb~igungen -10,י41-4),מ1

Atlanta,1986]י , Ga: Scholars Press;28Pseudepigraphic Collection [HSSג:pttmran

~so11.biblical paraphrase810both instances of the fol~ r aots for the tetragrammaton nlay belong4(462כ .represent the divine name10sectarlan authorship collld be reconciled with the use of

:

the four dots

ee also$(14:59Paח]for GodמשליBiblical Hebrew uses the Qal active participle of.[.7סל]המ The uncorrected

form (without supralinear ~GdW) was probably.(6:20Chr2;12:29CIlr!;7:66;29:22Ps

.the sam~ form written defectively

elliptical'[יחסזone(קסז6, ptepositional phrase such as8תmay be!1

.

crux85ןThis word.8מאחך.]

adverbתפof wateri ) ' or the like . Context also permits the possibility of interpreting this word as.ם.]

usedתשadjectiveתן71..9:26706 as0!שחךOne may compare the Pail active participle.'מלאrnodifying .(39,1,mean

~ng ' hidden ' ( see Jastrow and;19:72Ps;21:14NumתןThe theme of the divine glory filling the earth occurs.'8מלא.]

draws4.4(462נXIX=1211)בQumran literature include lQMח)this theme0!Attestations.14:2I~ ab

,biblical themes and phrasing without explicit quotation . For this type of usage , see Schuller0ח .8

-32,Canonieaf Psalms fro)n Qumran-ח0א

the war1ת.the divine reign or kingdom0!the wo

rd

refers,13:145and22:103Ps9דימשלה.חו.]

refers(216,11,1DYD(61).510,4כ41-לQM1(1מ1111שthe0יthe re~gn0!refersממשלה',scroll , howevertheתןecho8תphrase which perhaps haaפ,)rpרשעה:מסשלות)'the age of the ~ icked kingdom'0)

..'age , period'קץזסןthe wordמ)of this text"ן[חs~ ingf1ollo

20340462

0!syntactically relatedדוממשלהשת5ןclear that51ן!.determine0!dirficult%סתו!The syntax of this

,possibit5ןitself . The s

~'

ntax,6the clause wolJld mean ~ his peopleלבדוthe following word : ] ! read as

simple sentence : ' they capturcd the kingdom ' . The ,-erb5ת0ם!ש1ט1ןפthe phraae WOUldלכדוread as4but

collldעמהםהאורהיה. beאחטThe preceding.א!851שעלימapparently governs0מ,!the end of theה'הע the0)

belongsעמ,clausesתןbreak8indicating85עלשthe light was with them' . Taking the soat~ before'.rhe following phrase0)belongsעשthat5ןpreceding clause . Another possibility

23BP'(,.1:7-4!:6Cor2Fitzmyer , Qumran and.ן.גsee,וןפקthis word10האור//שך)הח.זסץ.] ;

h~lissoula . hlT:5the Semitic Backgrownd of the New Te~tament ( SBLSBSמסEssays=6-273(1961)ethical good0י!sYmbolic pair85בThe words ' light ' and 'darkness ' stand.11-208,(1974,Schelars Press

the6יfollo ~vcd5ן

~ ~

hichי,ן"this passage , they characterize two time periods , the epoch ofתו.and evil

.periods of time10applied rarelv5יterms!0Qumran literature this pairתןgood - Elsewhere!0epoch

."2:9Dan:2:7Ezck:13:6Biblical Hebrelv , see Cenתןsimilar expressions10באר)הארקץ.זסן.]Qumranתו.describe destruction6חס'0ן'the meaningקץתןthe wordס5טlrhese biblical passages

sometimcsת8 s~' ith.(103.95,means 'epoch , Period . endtime ' (see Qimron . HDSSקץ,literature4-3QpNah4(al~a)' s!0תbut,(12,91~QPHos4.cf;12,7,211ץQpHab1.8.ם)eschatological connotation

IQPHabררשעהקץתן,'he period of darkness may be compared with 'the period of svickedness'1.(6,5]ן

light follo~ying darkness , Isa]0(ביש*)curn ~ ngס")for the theme of.(33,Horgan , i)eshNriwזי8-7($טס

.the restoration of lerusalem0!refers50!8זן;rnay be compared2-1:60

beואפר'0[שמווו)י885 taken u'ith04זThis phrase.([4-3]487,Therefore ' (see BDB'.10כןעל.]perSOnתןthe change,(6iurther indicated,(4תןטתוןphrase introducing direct speech (see discussion

.suffixת0בהיכמ(ת!שמו11.

"157the10101'ש!טש

"rd.א.1 masc3from

The*הבב5ןatrestedתןתן33Deut:פ3:קפיםחלבשף,'י'8ס,he!י0'טטhisקטןק!ס' root..11ב'חר"

]

lacob . Later Hebre~ ~ttcsts0!re ~ers'a3pparentl11)ב'החכמן!תוas51טן,Israel0)RSV) . The liae refers( .(418,!,)

meaning'(י0זז5בנ ~beloved, dear , precious , favoured,סמיבthe adjective1ס

the.טוקססק("שroar

.

used of either ev ~ l10'המה*The form could be from the root.'1..12דומהor sonae part of the cosmos ( clouds,(29,תןןadversaries;1611ת]men of deceit;1211QH1ת]wicked

3Anotherן0זinterpretיהמה81 possibility.(241'ןand32711תןthe abyss;15111תןseas;311ו!lQHת) .

unclear hou1!5ן.)?Jerusalem0ןrd fem . sing . SUff~X ( referring3discomfon' , with10'רבבףfrom the verbnotes that in~pcrfect1-60ן,Qimron (HDSS,0יזי)י10%

.

verb from either root WOUId sult the contextפ probable that the letters might be readסז0תוseenis11.formsמאמ' without suatu consecutive ' alwavs take .(58

.plural noun (see HDSS810X attachedS1Uff.1ק

.

rd masc3instead as the

'endure,1קים,'!110נ*Hitpa

~

l imperfect from the root.!ק.rd rTIaSC35ןT1he forn,12יימקימו.]the Hebre~v fo[m for85,he Hitpatl form of this root " apparently Aramaic'1.(34,31-133ו,ן,(Jastrow

:Gemmar of

~

nsilnaic He&rezc

~

Oxfordג,Segal.!!.4ח)the Hitpa

~

l % Hitpolelתוm~ddle yod rootפ middicl 'odטח!חןQamran literature althoughחןattested"1The Nitpa

~

l.(4-83[1927,Clarendon Press

.(9-48,verbs (see Qimron, HDSS

Biblical1מfrequent theme85ן'GodlYHIVH0!מעק*)cry out10',phrase12.--.אלייזעקו.טאיך.]Hebrew(ט%.2:1Hab,4:3hlic;14:1loel;11:11Jer;16:20Num;30:11Exod;יק6:22;19.13:107;

the"'(ס.8. prose of the Deuteronomistic histoתןw~ell attested15and,(9:20Chr2;4:9Neh;6,2:142

the period of0!viely of

the

other allusions115,9:3;7,6:6;10:10;581!ח7:א,9;11:15:10,8:12).חJudg

hich relates the forced.11,23:2evokes Exod1'אלזעקו...-this text , the phraseתוEgyptian servitude

God10turn'(חעקו).תו11,ידל1-3LIXנ)specifically[סחון6, 'cried outתןservitl~de of the Israelites who

their enemies6ץGod because of their oppression0,this theme % used again of Israelites ) , ( crying OLIt

predominatesצעק*the Pentateuch314,34),תי,Kutscher ( lsaiah Scroll0)foreign lands. Accordingמו

occurs moreשק*Chronicles , Nehemiah and Estherמןbut,2:26ratio Of0*ועק81פ!compared

designate the divine name , see the discussion10the four dots3:11.,תלratio Ofצנקשב*frequently than

תן![סמ7.direct.ט6! object8ru usuallsr takes1*requires some cornment . The verbסחו!The syntax of

this

ן.13 be adverbial , ,vhich10appearsסניתevidently passive. The word15the verb,1[סתthisמו

as none appears the ' sec

~nd time ' of,13and121[85תbothתןoccurs'כ'הק(second time ' . Given that8'perhaps means also obscure . The15he contexr of

the

sentence'1.12ת1[סמ]the events described10perhaps refers13

![ח" Egypt again , or0)biblical statements denyin

~

that Israelites would retu

rn

perhapsח0 drawsטח]!

THE JUDAEAN DESERT XIXאוDISCOVERIES204

the twoת!the divine promise made0זAlluding.5:11Hos,16:17Deut,13:14Exod:יןprohibiting

10shipsתןbackטסץbring!!!שreverses this denial : 'And YHWH68:28Pentateuchal passages , Deut

recorded5!that you should never make again ' . This traditionטסוpromised1

oJ

urney whichפ,Egypt

IsraelתוEgypt,11(19נreads18-17LVI:שמרתיוכי)וא ' s captivity0)the Temple Scroll . Referringתןalso

this way'" . Given the0תagain return01תyou : You shall0)said1And',הוושהבדרךב)לשסיף)הא)ללכהmay"תו!the chosen ones Of God . The0יbe Israelites0)the subject appears,12תןן[טתbiblical echoes

this15.(6:9;16:7seeפ also;58:11;136:8Egypt (cf. HosתןIsrael ' s second captivity0)therefore reEer

Israel ' sתוsubsequent eventפthe time of the Babylonian exile or)פEgypt0)Israel ' s flight10reference

EgyptiתןHellenistic periods) or the post-exilic Jewish community!סduring the Persian.ן.ט)history

the Qumran0תNoteג',Salvesen.14Rosen and.,1The third suggestion seems the most plausible (see

Given the biblical and.(101-99[1987]38yys,3317:יand Psalm of Solomon18-15:56

~

'emple scroll

the existence of the lewish10referenceתן(3וח[0תופsee0!seenis preferable1ן,Qumranic references

second period of EgyptianבEgypt following the exile , which constitutes metaphoricallyתןcommunity

the full restoration of the10slavery . Release from this second Egyptian captivity serves as prelude

.18-15linesחוJes~ ish people , expressed through the image of the restored Jerusalem described

conflict!פוחתןdescribes the3-1וQM1.4-21QM1ח]YO nations appearT1hese t.4ומצריםפלשת!.]

.

allied with the second group5ןlight ' and the ' sons of darkness ' . Philistia]0between the ' sons

Egypt . Nthoughת]engage the Kit ~im!!]1י'second conflict where the 'sons of

light

describe5-41QM1ן

futureתןבPhilistia and Egypt10close links with this text

,

both texts perhaps attestסתhas4-2!lQM

.scenario

found also regarding5ןwith other vocabulary of destructionרבה)חThe pairing of.ן.14חורבח)למהpaired with other terrns of destruction , see also Jerחורבהar other examples of(9:29Ezekח]Egypt

.5-4Israel ,

es

e llQT~ LIXסיFor the application of this language.(14:5and Ezek;22,6!44;18!25

delete10scribalו(. indication8As noted above, the aot above the first letter may be.14העידוה.]

intended*דוה'ויעם), (assuming the reading5]עמד"Hipril imperfect of the root.]ק.the Jrd masc1יthis case1764,808[64]).חrestored ' (see'0764[5])ז,being ' established ' (see BDB0)refers)ןperhaps

Jerusalem , and perhaps0)fem . sing . stiffix would refer"3the two natlons would be the subject and the

alsoפ possible , perhaps as3!((ה'ד)עמ*her restoration . The interpretation '

and

her pillars ' ( reading0)

.(269,Wise , DSS Uncowered.4%part of Jerusalem ' s destruction (see

memשרwhich,4חן , then the word may be from the m~ddle weak root5ןthe first letter!1.ו,.15ןמורTheפתטסת, word may be.(558,see BDB(3:46psחןthe Hip'il describes the changing of the earth

fir the(ם.ש.אמיר,עמיר,מיר!ז0ממד)

~

allet. The possible candidates]0holvever , perhaps of the type gatrl

soatoת0 (see PALAEOGRAPHYפverbal alternative . Since the yod may be read asבcontext less well than לסן,1ן

,be understood; however105!אמר*perhaps the easc , sing . pat passive participle of,("1חיthis

might make moreלרומםgoverning('ט.ש.שמור)verbal alternative1;.unclear5ןsyntacticallyיו]VOUld1 .sense

Biblical Hebrew mayמ!which,חם*either the Polel infinitive construct of5]The form.13ליימם.]

The.41ח-~suffix.!ק.rd rnasc3Qal infinitive construct with!0,(927,exult , save ; b ,, ild ' (BDB0)יmean

t1I$~hlnרשעה:רוםרביםandרום*contalns both the verb6]2-1ןQpNah4.unclear5ןprecise meaning

,the height of wickedness ' ) , ( (cf . Horgan(א)make] deso [ la] tion1]]1]a] any[נחב]',רשעה

.or against Jerusalemח)period of wickedness10פre[ersטת]]3וח)Perhaps.(169,162,Pesharim

,Qimron.721,order that ' (see BDB15'תןimperfect-. tense verbתפThe meaning with.5ר)בעב!.] .(12!,NDSS

fem. sing . , the latter being less likely24חra fem . sing . or3could be eitherח-The prefix.5תקכל!.]

theסןrefers!מזם!.rd fem . sing3this text . Theתןotherwise unattested5ן

.

fem . sing2נחs ~ nce

and perhaps the16"ת!תו]'uncleanness of lerusalem which rnay be connected with ~ her clothes

legal phrase denoting the contractionטמשהלקבל[5פ*The expression.7!"חן!תוuncleanness mentionedHurvitz who brought this.גthank1;966"&Mena.(מאה)טמקבל...מאה)מ'קבוליOf ritual uncleanness

-16linesתוmy attention) . The reiteration of the theme of Jerusalem's uncleanness10rabbinic expression the restoration of

Jerusalem,50)(.halakhic concern fo

r

the present state of the cityפmay indicate8!

debate over the current condition of lerusalem (including the temple and theפmay symbolize

20540462

priestly()י,([ quarrelפrcstoration may rencct,0prediction0זhe setting for this vislon'1.)?prieathood .legal rnatters

.the follou~ ing clauscsת,lerusalem , like the su[[ixes0)ff~ X referringS1L5ןפPerhaps this.,ו,.16הnegative persunal0פ!her face '

,

refers]0The idiom , here literally ' the strength.16פניה!יע.]theור(ח hardness of Israel50:28Deutחןperhaps means ' impudence ' , and23:8זוDan1מ.quality

10speak0)she prepares5בdescribes literally the adulteressחחסשיףקק1ה!God. The verbal0!respect תן

king""101,י,ו,),טח*יוconJunctlonתןused13שנה*The Aramaic vcrb.13:7Provתןthe young man חןouna[וחשנהפניהעז5ןThe Biblical Hebrew example that syntactically mosr approximatcs.6:5Dan

bv(ש1אן.פניונעו'changed5ןone ' s] faceט5וייwhich describes how ' the hardness of his [the,1:8Qoh

insbergעו[ת5erse.1thisב translates(..1.!ותשנהפניהעו.ןwisdom. Syntactically this example parallels

tאף ()gether vith0[עוand notes the use(5-104[1961,anger' (Ginsberg, Koheleth [Tel AvivlJerusalem

the5בvell1טשחפ[.,יב'

,

Muffs adds the Akkadian cognate ez ~ u.,י,To this evidence.22:8Ezraתו '

angrl10'הבc

~

erring[פניםמעוsmiling disposition ' , and0'ב)referringתפ(5תוץת0,פניםר'מסבtalmudic

,contributionsיי0.חGinsberg and h-luffs ' s!0summary of evidenceבfor;436,1.6Yoma.ש'disposition

nA

rient I$rael [Nelv Yorkllcrusalem : The le,vishמ)yoy; Law, Language and Religion1םsee Muffs, Loee

Bothסן8חיז(חסןוחסזןבnegat(ועם passages involve transf.(5-104[1992,TheoloE~ gical Seminary of Ame ~: rlca ]

0transformed from ' hardness5ןJerusalem that5))ן,the case of this text1ת.positive one80!state

rcad the0)seems better)1.cleanness0)splendour , and probably from uncleanness0!תן'countenance 5ן

theן;ח Hitpa

~

l. The lack of metathesis of tar and,,זשהbe changed' , thanיי[מsheשנה!ני,'4מפ,Pui~l.(55.Qimron , HDSS5טס)the Hitpa

~

lמןunusual for verbs

'splendour , brightncss'חטסח)זיplus theב-evidently the preposition8ןfhe phrase'.16"בזי.].!,~and Je ~vish ,~ ramaic ilastro[1091,BDB[וישBiblical Hebrew ; Cf. Biblical Aramaicחןatteated( ,

lerusalem10rd fem . sing . silffix re[erring3with the,([392

this.564:בIsaח!.'as ' mensti: ruatlonעדהunderstand0!5;Perhaps the best possibility.16יעדה.]our!1בand,(מייא)become like one unclean11פhave*,%%':טתווthis0!sett~ng similarמנבused$וnoun

.0cf!עד, the specialized mean ~ ng.(ע5א)'(עריםזק14ד)polluted garmentפrighteous deeds are like

Ofי6' cloth uged000]8ק'euphemism forבevidence , proof' , as',(1043,11,Jastrowחן'witness ' (cited uncleanness ' . Given the attestation of the theme)0vvornen for ascertaining their condition of cleanness

,the correct interpretation5ןthis interpretation firs the context . rr this,17and15linesמןof uncleanness

0!cleanness afld new clothes might be expected0)חוthe change oe lerusalem's uncleanness and clothes

as mean)ng .her ornaments . This interpretation suffers fromעדהvievv10$וfollow. Another possibility

,)being the expected hrmעדיה*)the spellingחןthe absence Of yod

clean ones

.

compare0)the theme of thr changing of Jerusalem ' s airfy clothes1,.16יבגריה.(חל'Jerusalem 's clothes ECOmpanies her glorious change of 'countenanceיסThe changing.(4:4.cf(1:52Isa

theטתוו. beginning of thisמו

!plural endingבthis$1.]17סש.]rd*עשה. fem , sing . Qal perfect of34The form.7עשזה!.]

Contextually the Nip 'al _seems.0[שנאיQal perfect.8$חן.be Jrd femץבה!The form.18נשפה.]for the.(135.22.written ( Qimron . HDSS!0%מthe 'aie

~

of this form,718ח41(511ל.likely*זסמ!

problem of5ןפthere.17"1עמוזהמןמוAs ,vith.519990.form , Cf. Segal , Mishnaic Hebrew Grammar

.the most plausible subject15Jerusalem;0[נ4עאתהidentifying the subject

as she u' as'.ן.ם~plus Jrd fem . sing . suffixבנה*the Nip'al infinitive of8ןhe form'1.18הבמתה.]the apparent$ן

~

erusalem.('ט6[זיbefore her being built ' (or less literally : ' as she was before she lh' as

.referent of the suffix

Inter

~

retation

restoration of the people of God . IYhile under)1!ח!תוח"מThe text announces thebe restored by11!)ש,long time, the people, under the figure of Jerusalem8servitude for

be recognized by Israel ' s enemles

,

presumably the111ילYHWH . 'Yhese developments

THE JUDAEAN DESERT xlxאוDISCOVBRIES206

speakers of the first-person quotations . One passage which presents the general:12-5QTa LIX115ןscenario of restoration from among the nations

heavyבbecause Of(ושעיקט)groan and cry out1מיוthe lands of their enemles theyתו. . . and

answer11תיי01מand,(מעון)cry out41שhear; and they1וחיי01מcall , and]י,חyoke , and they

become foodיי[[וthem, and they061חhide my face]],1ייthem because of their evil deeds , And

breakingח]save

,

because of their wickedness0)"0תחסand spoil , and there shall be?טזקand

me0)return1]ויוtheyמסא]'.sins]0(1בthey are g,,ilty]]1תט,my covenant and spunling my law

save1]1ושיthis taw. And)0the WOtds!10פ!their soul ~ according1]פtheir heart and with]1פ,vith

those who hate them)0the handמוסזthem from the hand of their enem~es , and deliver them fr

...the land of their fathers and deliver them0!bring them]]]1יוand,(1(המה'א)ש

,the land of enemies111underlie this text : captivity0)similar SCEnarlO seemsילthe chosen111restoratlon0!of YHWH ' s people , leading eventually(זעק*)~crying out'

.the image of the restoration of Jerusalemחוthis case embodiedחו,land

this text , some structure can be discerned . Theת!Despite the numerous lacunae

indicate that the text contains some19"יואמרכן!ח1[ת

"and4"יאמרבכןתו1[תphrases

tensesתוquotations . Recognizing the quotatlons within this text rnay explain the shifts

use the0זverbs and suffixes . More specifically , the quotations seern!0and persons

past tense and first-person forms consistently , whereas the narrative uses the future as

lyell as the past tense , and third-person forms . This view of the tense and pe

rson

used

10immediately following the introductions1188תinferred from the8!the quotationsת]

:valid, the following description may be deduced18this reasoning]1.quotations2lines-ב3:ן

narration(ו):imperfectוקכור(מו1"3) of Future events:4-36lines

1[8תquotation0!introduction:4,אמר'בכן

quotation,דלכמ(8תו51) : first person perfect:(7ןor(6-5lines

85ח71or(611)-8:ו

and perfect verbsמ0עלינוquotation : first person suffix:9"1חוnarrative description of future:0!"1[מ

1[8מ!quotation10introduction:0,יואמרותכן

quotationת0כמ?ם : first person suffix:0ח1י]!)?frame? part of the quotation-18תל)Israel ' s servitude0!reference:121סחו

quotation,סזמ : perfect:13"ו[תnarrative description of future:9:-(,)14"1[ת

detennineתוב precisely0!The beginning and end of the quotations are impossible

verbs or0מhave32-פtext . Lines$1ח)the nlany lacunae of0זnumber of instances, due

past or future timeפmarkers indicating)0תקגם!וסוbear8-6first-~ person forms . Lines

relativeתפ clause , which precludesתובappears5"11תthe twoתןframe ; the only verb

.

time1750!likewise " unclear as12assessment of time . Line

defy clear syntactic6-1Other aspects of the text present difficulties . Lines

unclear as are the referents of the1871מ81תו'reconstrucuon . The referent of ' the many

Wise.4ח.clearerלמשלומ11!ת"01810מsubject of"1.ד'ן!and9linesמ]object suffixes

his translation that the subject may be ~

the

Angels Of Light ' (DSSת]indicates

plausible , as angels of mastemot appear as the5וThe suggestion.(269,t/ncovered

see ]( . Dimant, 'New Light Erom(71240390and!1140390ומשלותוsubject of.he Madrid e~mra" (?ongress'3

"the-4(390ל Jewish Pseudepigrapha0תQumran

20740462

,"27-75theפנ3 Dead Sea Scrolls, Madrid%0Proceedings of the International (?ongress

;Leiden

:

Brill;2,11]eds . [ . 'frebolle Barrera and ]- Vegas h

~

ontaner [STD,19914Both(462ל1, of these fragments , like.(51-414[1992,Madrid : Editorial Complutense

some]0describe the crying0)appears12involve scenarios of divine punishment . Line

preserved . Presumably the0115מ"theמןthisמו1 verbs!0God; the subject0)people

~

ood , perhaps Israel

,

but their identitv]0the forces0זbelong12"זעקחומוו*subjects of

5]15and17linesח]cannot be determined more precisely . The subject of the lte ~bs

the0זthose who oppose Jerusalem and belong0ןunclear, although the verbs may refer

.forces of evil

(,)J may mention pastT5he quotations also present obstacles for interpretation . The(9

ח"]1)'~ them0מevents , including the kingdom having been captured and the light

The Interpretatlon of these.(1]1שמ]!',the midst of the speakers (Egyptמוand being8Eg)' ptח]Israel d~velling0זsubstantial difficulties , The even

ts

may refer5"08קevents

the Persian orמ!some event0זmotif which could refer literallyב,second time

the Babylonian exile . Otherמ]Israel0)Hellenistic periods . or metaphorically

.possibilities include the end of either Persian or Ptolemaic rule o~te

r

Israel

model for the e ~' ents]0The Babylonian exile perhaps served as the background

this fragmentary text (see the passages from Second and 'Yhird Isaiahמוdescribed

the COMhIENTS) . Later apocalyptic literature included the Babylonian exile1תcited

;90-89Eaoc/t7)historiographical sllrveys of past events115מ]explicitly

for!"פ!06תas11and used1(10-1:2Sam1.7294-196.3;ל.Sib

.

Or;11-10.A

~

oc. Bar2

.cf;3IVioses.]ך)the author ' s timeמיunderstanding the sitt~ ation of Israel

.(17-16:5Ladder of

yacob

;5:23ywdah.ו:sequence of future events . including8describe0זYhe text also appears'

usedמותו1"19; specifically of Jerusalem,3"11מומ'YHWH's ' remembering.1

period of light , issuing8period of darkness and the appearance ofבthe passing of.2

eternal(ת11"10); rule8מותEisenman and lhrise , DSSחוWise50)the desolation by Philistia and Egypt.3

;or possibly of Philistia and Egypt(269,t/ncoweredincluding the transformation of

Jerusalem

's ' hardness14-וו)י~her ' restoration ( lines.4

.(17and155"11מ.cf;16"מונ)purity10תוsplendour and impurity0זמו'of countenance

the past , but the free-standing prefixחנplaces these events(269,ise (DSS Uncovered'אןwell.מיר[וחandתקבל[מתוו"0seem(14ז , e . g88reconstruction18

verbalמו" forms (as

.the future0!point

Israelite serv~tude . The Israelite0זBoth the quotations and the narratives refer

illuminate the0זthe quotations rnay functionתןEgypt mentionedמוexperiencetheת]the narrative mater~ al . The text culminatesמוexperience of Israel as presented

theתוrestoration of Israel/Jacob/Jerusalem (cf. the theme of Jerusalem ' s condition

.intertestamental literature , e . gתוcontext of , final cataclysm vvhich " common

,Despite the many difficulties of interpretation.(10-1:2Sam1.Tg;3Siby[

~

ine Orac[esseries of events , including the restoration of Jerusalemבdescribe0)the text appears

the COMMENTS) . The extantמ11"5[תvariousתוsee the Isaianic language compared(

,.Golomb , ed.11.ס!אבפם8א""םFor this interpretation of the text, see !( . [ . Harrington, ~Tht Apocalypse8

Lambdin,א1: (Winona Lake.ל)Thomas0!and EgYptkn Studiet Presented).8*ופו!ו:'Data0א*workifgf with

.52-147(1987,Eisenbrauns


purpose of7110.contain , however, clear historical allusions!0תportion of this text does

111indicateשו the historical basis for consolation: God0!this description was perhaps

both the beginning!8remember the community of the author. This theme " signaled

symbolized18this theme11טתthe last1ת.of the text(1916חו)the end!8and(3

מו1")

theרביםתו remembering of Zion .~'he text may be sectarian (the use ofת]specifically

mayתו be the writing of the divine nanle with four dots88,could be sectarian7חו1" dispute8sectarian setting for the piece might be suggested , namely12).גand7lines

sum, the text may describe the future restoration ofחנ.over the purity of Jerusalem

particular1תgeneral or Egyptחןeither the Diasporaתזסז]the Jewish people

.the transforrnation of the pure Jerusalemתוculminating

2.Frg

יהןכןס[1

0ןסאובדו*1[2

סןס[)

READ

INGS

"0NOTES spaceכן. precede the word8vert

~cal stroke and111..1 top right-hand8letter follows the first two letters . The letter has8The right-~ hand side of.'ן01ן]

0letterי appears*חקך.vertically downward and then curving horizontally % the leftזטם"שתhorizontal betחאח. orבbe

Only the tops of the letters preceding 'alep are visible . The visible strokes have heads.2יישוברו.].like waw and yod

another word. The traces represent01the beginning15there,ף"spaceעבדו follolving8After.ו,.2ס0ן

comport with the appearance!0חsince the form or the strokes does.--,,כ%for(טtwo letters-Perhaps

.single letter,8תof

5אגאז[זג[א0

]thus[.]

]Jand they perished.2

י]ן

3.Frg

דסין[1~

ן

סן[1סם[2

20940462

4.Frg

ובץ[

5.Frg

"כוןי %1מ1[2

6.Frg

%י 1/1י

RRADINGS00788אא

.lamed0(שbe the bottom part10appears1ןvisible and8ןof one letter6111Only1.14

7.Frg

1]0

"DINCSR4n00785אא

visible , but15hand corner of the first letter-"1טof

two

letters are visible. Only the top1093The1.14

.edl1an85,the second letter

QNarrative4.463ס

~PLAT~ xxsril(

gurו. Eschatologi~ a"$ dFr Qumrnngemande r ~eMidrEsrhat" b1ח"מז!(אSteudel , Det.ג;Previous discussion 40174

~ ! du

rf

/t0חו8,וחנ,ח?נMaterielle Rehonstruhtio" . Textbestand. Gattung und ttaditionsgesr/rirhtlirhe .(]:Leidcn:

reprdsentierוי ~ en werke* aus den C)umranhnde" ( STDI("4,Catena

"

177Florilegiumנ41) ") und"( .6

-53(1994.Brill

Strugnell has identified three frigments as com ~ ng from the same svork .

~

The.נ.4and3bet~veen lines08נ!תprincipal fragment consists of two fragments with

Halaeography

transitional Hasmonaean-~ Herodian semi -. formal hand . Strugnell8This text exhibits נ

.'cross calls rustic semi-formal.ץ.1אQNumc svhich4compares the letter forms with

40463and40174Steudelת0 discusses the possible relationship bet~veen.)עFragmente nicht

rz

tr"-40463palaeographical grounds , bur concludes that ' die(

(81105)1%!'gehbit haben ' (Steudel174נ)4Handschrift

Mus.עתנ.441

832.42,170.42,047.42,867.41,855-41,614.40PAM*י546.43

1.Frg

"top margi

*אשרדברואתאלכור,ריםש",ןכדמהן]6tacatף

ישראלבני:

~

Th[wמאסתיםלאה]אויביה6בארצותבהיותםגם

מלאויהימהמהווסד4בריח4להפרלכלוחן6געלתיםבלא)

disposalח0 and cornmented8(זחוStrugnell who placed his transcr~ption.נ,Prof0יMy special thanks go!

.several dtafts of this edition

HonorיDevelopment of the Jewish scripts' ,, rhe Bible and the Ancienl Near East

:

. Essays

2ןא.cross~'ז" [;טמ5_

.2.fig,138.cf.4-173(1961,Doubleday:זא~Wright (Garden CiV.8.0

.

ef William Fonu~

l Albright , ed

.54,Steudel, Der Midragch.4Seeי

THE JUDAEAN DESERT xlxאוDISCOVERIES2!2

מקות]*וישמעופתחואוזניהמהנסתרוח[ןדורשלכולחכמה4

5[lo

~

oooooo olo

REhDINGS0ז0א[,אtheתן direct speech10introductionתג.only the tops of sonle le~ters are extant,אשרFollolving1.]Puech.8suggested(דבר5ן byג6ף5ןthe lacuna . The readingתןmight be reconstructed2טתון

implausible,15ת.47. palaeographically) . See Steudel , Det Midrasch

,Steudel50)"1מוthe beginning of the1בidentify he and

at

$

G

0)able15Puech.25.]

TRA~-.sLAa- rOX

]which he said DaCat6זסיןand God remembered his,9)9)[.1

spurn them)1ע1!011מ]the lands of their enemlesת!the Israelites , say] lng: ~Also while they are.2

covenant-mercyום!break my c~venant and0)destroy] them108550abhor thern)1חעו!0תand.3

from them'

.

And the fullness [of lvisdom] ~vas

everyone ,vho seeksi] hidden things , and he opened their ears and they heard de

~

ep things10].4

][

Colll-lEYTS

the.חכורתן!8חו1,הי'1תן[6תונandוישמעו pastתןplaces the piece4"פתהתןתוןThe verb.1ויוכור.],$are consecutive imperfect4הן[טתו

Skehanפ( , ~ The Divine Name.ץQumran literature , seeתןfor Godאלthe writing of1אל.(תל.].27,22,18-16(1980)13the Septuagint ' , BIOSCSתןthe ~iasada Scroll , andחן,Qumran

For discussion of this type of use of the Hebrew.44.26citation of Lev8introducesטתוןThis2.]Qumranמ!Qum[an literature , see [ . Fitzmyer , 'The Use of Explicit ola Testament QuotationsתןBible

Fitzmyer notes some explicit.333-297(61-196י)7Testament ' , NTSא"יוtheתוLitetatute and

.biblical texts introduced by formulas presenting Moses as the speaker!0citations

44:26quotation:ולאמאסתיםלשפיביהםבשרץביחהםזאתוםואף of Lev8These lines include3-2.!.1the land of theirמןthat , when they are811~yet forאלהיהםיהוהגי*כיאתםבריתילהפרלכלחםינעלתים

destroy them and break my covenant0)as50abhor them11!]1יthem

,

neither51וי!011תחזטק,enemies

rather than the singular formשרצהןshows the plural2YHI~H , am their God ' . Line,1vith them ; for

the ptural;15:6Macc3מןthe Prayer of Eleazarתוthe quotation of this verseחןand44:26Levארץ(ת!ח

Lev)רש*[תםinstead of

I

andסהמה uses44:26Levוחסדי(0[אadds3Line.44:26Levתןשaltested also5ן

.44:26

number of possibilities ar the interpretation of this word and the lacuna8There are.4-3מלגו.]]

fullness [of6תפ'hence,ייהיcould be understood as the subject ofמלאן,First.)ןallowing

Biblical1ח.)everyone who seeks ] hidden thinga . . . ' (or the like10]~ giw )~ isdom ] uras16חבת)unde ~rst

!0express fullness10noun810constructחוstandsמלאHebrelv the absolute singular form

periphrasticמט" verbalפmay const~ tute1'מלא'ה,Second.(12.28Ezek.9.34understanding (see Deut

[1988]38Morag , 'Qumran Hebrew: Some Typological Observations' , VT.8( ror this constructlon , see

their eye ~ were full with understanding and they saw] hidden4חפ':Vhich may be reconstructed1(160things and their ears

he opened and they heard de[ep things . . . [ ' . Like this passage , some Biblical

participle (see.91tytS plus pass~ veמטסחplus theהיה*Hebrew passages contaln the construction

the18אmentloned expl~cltIY, perhaps0115מThird , although Israel.(20:30cf. Isa;15:7;40:6Chr2

full [ofן?85יand',וידעחכסה/1חבונהמלארהי]נסתרוח:subject of the verbal construction

.'understandingl~visdom and knew] hidden things

and(פם15-13111; Qumran literature(28.29cf. Deut.22.2Dan.22.12ob1(Biblical texts..] attestthe theme Of God as the revealer of hidden and(417401ב)4.Cf;7,214ון)QShirShabb4(401נ)4

the Qumran0)deep rnatters . The ~ hidden things ' are the secrets of divine law specifically revealed

Critical Edieion21:Newsom , songs of the Sabbath sacrific.םso(14וווCD0יcommunity according

21340463

:16eumran [SI

LA

seeים also ]. Schiffman. The Halahhalt:139[1985.Atlanta : Scholars Press;27HSS[

.this passageשapp ' yי8דתthe same vlesv.([1975,Brill.[.8:Leiden

2.Frg

הןעים4ן

ל]היו45זוםנ

]0בליעל4יגערנ

אןשרהימיםמלברחה[*

nlhnlאויביהמהאת[י~

b

0ל[ריאשונן[

7?t~arat

READrNGS0אNOTES

חאשי.ז""

possible reading8but also considers as,רואש1ף5אהreads(56,Steudel (Der Midratch6,.1afterסמ1וfinal8suggcstsחאא. waw below theחת;extension of the

TRANSLATION

][.1

the end of the jubi

~

lee2.ן

rebukeן Belial111יוand he[,3

]her besides the days w[hich[.4

]their enemies against them5.ן

fir$ [t6.ן

?nacat.ך

3.Frg

ןתה[ידזןועדה[2

?"bottom -irti


READ

INGS

NOTESא0

15number of possibilities , Perhaps the laat phraseפpresentsטת]]Yhe end of the second'.1,.2הנעד15This construction.דיand the relative marker,עדAramaic , consisting of suaso. the conjunction

Alternatively, the.22,11,9,4:7;25:6;21:5;30,29,22,20:4;34,9:2Daniel : Danמוcommonly attested

~Thi!מ04and30:21Numנ! phrase occurs."

phraseדלבןחעד,'andקטא1ם[60 might be reconstructed

.9:13

4.Frg

רחנ1ידיה2

סןנ

READINGS0א

'

NOTES

Strugnell 's transcriptian , but the location.מ0ןbased18The reading of this Fragment

presently5]ofל0תאתע~ת. the fragment

the Patriarchs0מQExposition4.464

~lll'P1LATE xx(

and T,, o ( ) ther,140464the Patriarchi0מExposition4ח'.Eshcl.שStone and.א.ש:Previous discussion 787614..%0Bcrnstcin*(ן*6* . ~ ThrL'c Notcs.105(1992)2*64-3;%!.נLe Mus~on"(י464ל)4and'4(464נ)Docu~nents .)preas ; Hebrewחן)

have been lyritten bv the sameטוcomprises eleven fragments ,Yhich appear40464

can be inferred , come from the!1the subject matter as far as,0the basis0מ,scribe and

.biblical chronology0זThe fragments have been arranged according.05קמז0ם[תסוזsame

hct theחןcertaln thatו!15ז0ת,Because of the character of the document, however.this order1תfragments did occur

hysical Description19

the time of photography , the contrast bet~veen the!1ל.poor15The state of preservation_clear1ח!$and the parchment wasוחו

show the5and3

.

Of writing; frgsמס"(חמזטנסThe document contained rnore than

letrer -spaces52intercolumnar space . The column width may have been approximately;cm6.1upper margin measuringמפpreserves2,Frg.(313ו,frg0ת(see COMMENTS

intercolumnarתבpresersres3.cm

.

Frg2.1upper marg~n measunngתבpreserves7.frg

and4.0intercolumnar space of betlyeenחבpreserves5.cm ; frg5.1space measuring

.cm1

guide dots or other forms of marking for ruling of the columns could be0א

,be hung from ruled lines0יappear1"ז!5זסthe surviving fragments . Theתוobservedbe[תfrg.נ. discerned11]!9can9"ת]]and traces Of both horizontal and vertical ary

follo~vingנן0י.frgחוfound4number of blank lines . One8The fragments contain

promise Of eschatological restoration of future language . Anotherבbe0)what appears

endפpromise!0ש!י'ם ,vith0)passage which appearsפafter47.frgמוfound18

310.frgמ]found5]"1[תthird such blank1נ.)?Jacob0!sorneone (the land0!something

8unclear. These divisions eay suggest that the m~nuscript contains18context thatתנב

the biblicalחסקטeschatological character basedתפprophecies of]0series of prom~ses

numberפ of occaslonsת0בmay be inferred thatזצ.narratives about the patriarchs

eschatologicalטוincident svas givenתבpromise was related or8vacat ensued after

andב the citation of(713ו.frg(פשרinterpretation . ~ The occu

rrence

of the word

vell as the possible1as,33וו.frg1חformulaic introductionפbiblical verse following

simple narrative0115חפindicate that this0!seem,7נ.frgמוsimilar citation

.apocryphon

start nesv1ש~ste)0תwere blank lines , but they do7and2.of frgs095)also possible that the1ו!שtheoryימוknolv0!in~possible5])),preserved . Thus!05מ]instances cited, the full width of the colualns]ח11פ.aections

.3whether the blank lines were cotapletely or partly blank, except for frg


.1Table1מThe sizes of the varlous fragments are sholvn

Size of~

Fragments

(in

cmJ

:1TABLE

Frg . Vfidth Height Frg . Width Height

3.6278.08.11

4.11.182.24.12

6.12.1967.43

1.24.1107.17.14

6.21.11133.45

5.23.16

Palaeogra

~

hy

2

.

formal hand of the Herodian typeבmay be described as0!4(464ל

~

he script'

Orthography

unusual for the Qumran scrolls . We may observe the8זסת]The full orthography

medialואתוdigraph.(18.757י

.

frgsטעב)as mater lectionisששש:follolving features

final(לוא26.frg);digraphי8[ת81תאpos~tionכי04 positionמןor(67.frgצואון)positionhe as mater lectiwis for the;(7]3.frg(המהspeltחטסת0זקrd person3;(713.frg,12.frg

the0ז!as mater lectionitק

theכה-[תידכה)frg.36);ש" pronominal suffixת]"volvel

1the!1)11[תלביאforלהביא infinitive of theת]omission of he;(17.frg(שחןעשראvolvel

contents

theתןare incidents40464the surviving fragments ofמןThe chief subjects dealt with

are(8,7,and Jacob (frgs(יונ

.

es of the patriarchs and Joseph . Abraham ( frgs'l1i

mentioned bv name

.

Significant events ( the flood or the destruction of Sodom and

Gomorrah , the binding of Isaac , Jacob 's travels , the sale of Joseph) are the subjects of

Genesis are mentloned, andתוthose0יEvents and details additional.10-5

.

frgs

of the biblical story are introduced . These"

theו[ח obvious0,rnatters extraneous

.the patriarchs0תcombined biblical and apocryphal traditions focus

e . g . y~bilees or88narrative apo~ryphon of the same type5ן0ת(ב,The work , however

verse8!0the citation,9נן.frgחן

QapGen

: the adducing of " verse from Zephaniah1

are7113.frgפשר[תof the term80טand the,3]]3

.

frg1מintroductory formulaחפwith

the text . The text % dividedשexpository character8תclear indications of this and give

rC

oss, ~ The Development of the lewish sctipts ~ t The Bible and the Anct'mt Near.ק.עSlch as illustrated byנ

Wright,א.ו,.:Doubleday,13819611[[טמ4. (Garden City.0.East

:

Esrays ," Honor of

~Villia

m

Fo~suell

.

~

lbright , ed

21740464

sustained8segments , sometimes separated by blank lines , and exhibits0)2ת

clearly inferring eschatological ideas from the patriarchal1!8ן.eschatological interest

different from that of5ן,technique , however1!פ.them0!incidents , or tying such ideas

.the Patriarchs0מExpositionי]callשthe pesharim . Consequently, we have decided

theמ0 Patriarchs and Pesher0מnumber of similarities exist between Exposition%נ

differentiate different blocks of0!use vacats0!Both texts seem.(40180)the Periods

the biblicalמ]general , both texts deal with the patriarchs from early1ת(.material

detailמ]discussed15rather different . Finally , as15story, although their treatment

these texts aloneח]occu

rs

theעלפשר expression,(73א.frg0חbelow (see COMMENTS 4

.of the published Qumran documents

Mus.ימצ.264

*357.43,503.41,894.41,819.42PAM

1,Frg

תרחבלןגאברדםי

בחרון0[2

READINGS0אNOTES

.5-4:12Gen5]possible context14.might be reiבחרןThe letter before.]1,.2בחרחס

TRANSLATION

lthrough Abraham son of[ Terah.1

[Haran2.נמן

COMMENTS

.fragment deals with Abraham and the city of Haran

חיד"expression ofפseems plausible , Other possibilities , such asמר"The reconstruction of1ח'דן2ן.]

.could be considered,%:12Gen1מage (as

(40180)-

'

the Periods0מDimant, 'The -'

Pesher

theל1, Periods by0מThis obaervation was made about Pesher3

.91(1979)9IOS

181,4andנ"

Allegroפיון,see:ן.4י. restored "as.1

.

beoween the words"5פ80קwithעלפטרreads71111ס-]'QpPs4*the0מ,XVI . [ . Strugnell.91,44(1968,OSfNd: Clarendon;,וDJD(,(4שנן)4.ז,4014,-4Nlegw, ehn"aw Caet

.1:see,41פשרי:editorial correctionפ$oassson, md therefore trmscribed % aפother hand, underatood % as

the]פ6ז0'",0שת7(1970)214. Judaean De,e" ofמןdea "Discovttits

i

matgeע au volumeמפs~ugnell , 'Notes

TH

E

JUDAEAN DESERT XIX1אDISCOVERIES218

2.Frg

top matgint

][ooןאםכוא

היאןלשון0[2]עpho6]נ

TRANSLATION

1.ןforן([

~

tongue he[.2

]svith3.]זן

(5יאשאא0

.context can easily be postulated140.The fragment " made up of common words

could also be translated langaage' . The same word recursא

"*Translated'(טשת0 here as.2לין.]

probably.3ן. connected with frg5ןthis fragment;8]3.frgחן

.'ftw

.

Translated here as 'with'

,

" could also be translated 'people3.]

13.Frg

עבדס[)

באחד44

צלמס[1

ם(ר)לאברה54

ועאהכיאעולם5יס[7

הקורשלשוןק44א]5

ברורהשפהעמיםאל[אהפך]9

acat[סי

I

"]0ל11

9!2-40464

ADIh'GSR6אס

~

NofES

the preceding letter might be taav . The ftwor

d

0are[מאח, certaln . InateadבלהThe letters.!1,.5בלה יןboth casesתן;'wickedness',נבלהdead body ' , or from,נפלהmay be interpreted a$ deriving either from

derivedבלל'0ז from the stcm9ןalso possible , however , that the s~ord5;11.the construct state8ו[ת

confuseת0מי1*9). ' (see COMMEh'TS

Qimronאברהום).ך'ן( suggests readingש).seems quite clearם(ר)אברהThe reading.6.14ם(ך)לאברה

lamed , judging from the material8be0)lvts , seems'w1hich only the bottom sur]0,preceding letter5]~hich,סread ) explanation0ת.otiose reiתבthe name ' Abraham ' with5!remalns . Apparently the word

.us10known

of the15;פ)the(:0תthoughחטלי",forever ' seems fairl ). certain'לם)עעדThe reading.7עולםפף.]eschatological41צטןתthe"'ס81[יthev seem."ת;]first two letters have survived. Combined with the next

1שי1.

TRANSLATION

.1

Jym.2

slave3.ן

4.עןמןשחס

confused5.ן

Abrah ( r ) am106.]ש

forever , since hel ~r7.ן

rlead the holy tongue.8

make] the peoples pure of speech!!;1.9שע

Jacat.10

Jky.11ן

COMMENTS

.חטסח,participle,ז0"

.

mascפthe ending of85be read10These two letters are probably.]2ש.].adjective

vell be1contexr

,

" COUId equall

~

t05ת!We have translated 'slave ' but , since there.]3עבדס.]

0rd[עבד. sing . Qal38rendered as

the0מ'

,

date8This could also be.'0שמcould equally be translated ( theough4בפחד4.בפחר.]Peleg)0')li

~

uet . The date of the stor0[,מ0מoneמן'the con~

rt

uct state asתןfirst . . . ' , or be read

the...,.11נ second ~veekץ"זנ,חןthe thirty- third jubilee and the first'518:10ןyub1סaccording

together , as one ' . s'ן.ם.כאחד,kap instead of betפpossible that we should read

,contexf8suchז0ץ.Abraham10apparently some sort of promise5ןThis.]6ם(ר)לאברהם.].7and see the surviving phrase of

line

15:13compare:עולםערילזרעך, Gen

~w1ee ha6ן;טחthe next0תthe note1חdiscussedהקודשלשן5ןThe expression.8הקודשן)לשקדא.]determination0א.'c] reated'25בדאd equally be takenC1OU)1ט6ן,'rleadרא[קread the precedmg word as

,pos

~

ible15 כ

'ra:!!מן!טwhich reads9:3were taken exactly from Zeph6מ]]thisמןThe survlvlfig words9-.] makeקסטק!5טאטקס[ the!1;1מטן1ן)For',עםאלאהפךפחדשכםלעבדויהוהבשםכלםלואבחרהשפהם' When these.(5קנא)'serve him with one accord84מ

invoke the Lord by name!9חthat they50אססשקפ

~)the 'hol10the referenceחיו7עand also.7מ6מוו]'word. arc combined with the expression ' forever beפ1מבeschatotogicalצם0אקסיק eschatological . This10ylay be ineerred1

the context,8*מו!מו'tongue pure8speakוח7עthe nat

~ns!]8Babel . when)0the reversal of the curse of the Tower10then, relating

.Talshir.מThis reconstructien was propvsed byי)8Light of

a

New Fragrnent FoundחןDays]0End8(!שאScone , ' The Holy banguage.8.4%Eshel and.8See6

.)Hebrew(77-169(1993)62

~Qumran ' , Tarbi

TH

E

JUDAEAN DESERT xlxא!DISCOVERIES220

'pure speech',9:3Zeph0מRashi0)forever . According,(8ן~סמ.single) tongue , perhaps Hebre~v (cf.1.ט)

reversal of the situationפimplies11-9:3the holy language . Cassuto already recognized that Zeph5ן

Ball who emphasized the language.7.1This point was stressed again by7.created by the Tolver of Babel 8

.passages0,1)shared bet~veen the

,26:12yubתןanew

,

found1ןof Hebrew and Abraham ' s learning1055tradition about the5ןבThere

This tradition.(28:3creatures Uub!81spoken by0צ811תושיז~vas apparently Hebrew that was)ןlyhere

,,the authar of the Pseudo- Clementine Recognitions10,the Byzantine chronographers0)was also knolvn yudah

Theיfoundמן7'. idea of the eschatological universal use of one languageי.and other so

urces

further examples of this eschatological idea have40!.ק[סKUp( OU Kal YhDaaa1(,61ס)EaTaL3:25:"ופ

the primordial5פHebrew0)sve combine yubilees ' references]ןthe Pseudepigrapha , butתןbeen found

the Tower Of Babel

,

with the view of the special]0the time1בlanguage and the confusion of languages

eschatological reversal of the curse of8חyubitees , then the idea ofתןrole of Hebre~ already witnessed

yudah.'ן.Iding of Hebrew becomes very plausibleותבof tongues and the ufill 'el~ rsal under: rst05[תthe confus

.be Hebrewסן4ןןועוexplicit that the yh(Daaa)ןmake)0חdoes

:(5--164,Theodor-Albeck(4.18.Gen

.

Rabתןfound5ןs~ milar ideaי/this you learn that the(הסיץ

.

man8She shall be called uroman , because she was taken out of'

the nameתןHelkiah saidאPhinehas and.(דש)הקבלשון).אholy tongueחן(טןvas given1Torah

the holy tongueתןvas created1the world50,the holy tongueחןwas given151ט3בז[:Simon.14of

(הקורשבלשוןלם)הענבראכךדש)הקבלשןשניחנהכשם).

Kaufmann , lo and the.:וThe overall proximity Of Isaiah and Zephaniah had already been observed by

,

~

ephaniah2(detail by Ballחןwas set arth7-1:18and Isa13-8:3particular relationship between Zephwe read of five18:19Isa19:3.חZeph18:19שrelate Isa0זpossible1ן5ן,Given this connection.(54-245

Lord of Hosts '

.

The")0)Canaan and swear allegiance]0speak ~ the languageן1ויEgypt which]0cities

this context ' theת]God by the natlons , and]0one of the future recognition5ןIsaiahתןprophecy

pure tongue'

,

might then0י'בreferring,9:3be understood as Hebrew . Zeph0)5ן'language of Canaan versefrom Isaiah , as wa$ done by theטן)the basis of0חthe Hebrew language0)refer0)be taken

behind1[טunderstanding mayחפKimbi , Abarbanel , Rashi) . S,ch.טש)medieval Hebrew commentators

This(.464ל)תן4,Hebrew.1.ם

,

'the explicit identification of the ' clear tongue ' as ' the holy tongueboth verses . ) Zephחןthe service of the Lord found0זconnection may be strengthened by the referenceuniversal

connotatlon including the eschatological conversion of the gentiles , whichבclearly has9:3

[6-5QM xlx1-]13-1211)לQM1Qumran document . ( Contrast the wayחב]makes ifs citatlon unusual

the Minor1ח.Israel10stressing the subservience of the gentiles,11:60use Isa7-51Qh~4band

Perhaps the.ר)ברשפההעמיםעל"reads9'3Zeph,[3xxlP88rophets scroll from Murabba

~

t [Mur

).stresses the broad reference of this word'3ת0חבח'articulation of the word

Hebrew language and the eschatological10י,The connection between the Tower Of Babel

:286.fol,158,)Buber.5.Midrash Tanhuma (edתןmade explicit5ןreunification of human speech

The Holy One confused.(7:11us

og

down and there confound their language' (Gen)1טCome'

which language had they been1מ.one of them knew the other ' s language01תtheir language , and

this world people1ח.vas the holy tongue , by means of which the world was created111?talking

act with one accotd!1פCome , theyפthe Worldת)Holy One , butטן)and natlons disagree with

1From'97-כ[7נ3 Noah eo Abraham, Gmesis!1the Book of Genesis

;

Part0חommentary?(1,,Cassuto.;7ו

.31-230(1964.Jerusalem : Magnes(

.236(1988,Rhetorical Stady Of ,Zephaniah (Berkeley: Bibal press4,,5!.].811ט

ad.~סחיוadduces!ץחפמ loc,(1902,Black:0מ40מ])enesis1(The Little0זCharles , The Book ofyubilees.א.1ןsee9 .yubileesחןsources which have u

~ ilized the tradition (1960,Jerusalem and Tel -Aviv: Mosad Biatik and Dvir(2.3Kaufmann , Toledol Habmunah HaYisratlit.חןד

.)Hebrew(5-352

]22.40464

that they50make the peoples pure Of spcech1111עיserve him , ag Scripture states : ' For then0!

.(9:3invoke the Lord by name and serve him with one accord ' (Zeph!!!ייwhich often preserves ancient traditions, ~ t t ~es the idea of Hebrew as the universal,םושפ4מםזMidrash

the1550also made this connectlon , and4(464נseems likely that!1.9:3Zeph0!eschatological language

this]1.oldest[ח!ט[ק8reti(!ת50ןaccept!ט6, text attest~ng the systematic comilbination of the three elernflents

rer?' like5)confuse

.

(This0)'בללthe root0יform8are actually5נמיתחן!(טתthen perhaps the letters

eשפתבשםרבלה,נרדהדבה find,%1Cenesi$ , lvhereתיBabel)0the story of the Towerתןthe expression

6.cf:6764י.י,already proposed by Gesenius- Fiautzsch85,בללcohortative of88]7:11;וגבלה]'

~

interpretation ma8תSuch(.(9:!1]הארץכלשפתירה.בללשמ'כetc . l and,ששיקפע4,עש"vyxe~)iev , Aquila ]0the con [usion'ן)לשבלתthe Tolyer Of Babel , reads0!which , referring14)נfrom lQM!5זסקקטfind

,'bihlical Hebreuתןsecondari' meaning8hasחחסתוילlanguage' , Indeed , Ben-Hayyim proposes that the

he .-ould,2:32!.%י0סוס4'זשDeutתןconfuse ' . He finds this meaning of

the

noun0)'3ללfrom the root תן

i

~

entical with that found5ןf[um the same root . IS This fo[m32:30Provונתו*

also derive the verb

the Hebrelv!0history,0508חmight be2464)4Nip'al Znd sing . form. Thus, this part Of4(46נ*6מפ[5פ

.language

mentioned,27-26:126"10!reference?6might then be explained6*מ1[ת]Abraham0!

~

'he reference:Abraham0!above. The angel there says , referring

1speak0!opened.[(אhim!תHebrelv,[ח hia mouth and his ears and his lips and ! began1And'

Hebrevv-andתןthe tongue of creation . And he took his father ' s books-and they were u~ ritten

Y everythingk1no0)caused him1he copied them. And he began studying rhem thereafter . And

.')understand0!)which he was unable

5:42,Gen . Rabהעבר[ת'the word]0exegesis885חfhe rabbis relate that Abraham spoke Hebrelv'

)Theodor-AIbeck,ן414.

includeקודשלשון the expression10apparently , the first,5ןshould be rcmarked that the present text!1

Babel

,

that before the]0the Tower0ןYobanan says , referring.11,(716)11:(.Meg.?2ת.'~ holy tongue'the language of the Unique One , the holy tongueת)speak0זeonfusion of tongues people used

tongues , the]0similar vie~v . connecting the confusionפדמהע).ג

-

(הקךדשבלשןשלעשליחידון)בלשים .Tg. A:eof)0the marginal not

es

clearlyתן expressed15,Hebrew language ax~d the language of creation

the targums the2נ?.-יל.,קודשהת'בלשן.י'תו.Of Tg1manuscriptתןandקדשןלשןwhich reads,1:!1Gen

occur . Certain scholars have theorized that the express ~ onקודסאביתלישןandגןףשאשן"לtwo expressions

the temple ' (literally : ' holy building ' ) reflects the use of the Hebrew language]0languageקודששביתלישן counter0ןsEems

occurrence'תן4(464ב of the expression 'holy tongue"וון.the Temple or synagogueמ] 5]

.assumption5)"1

(1991)60t7he Tat~bume-Yelammedenu Midrashirn' , TarbiתןBrtgman , ~ Early Sources md Traditions.ש%See]!

71-270(11*ן6"ש). :Cowley (Oxford.1.ש(by.ז

the(6tdited!ם(?זKau~sch.1,ז* and mlaryed!םGeteni~s ' Hebreau Grammarב! .(1957,Clar

~don .)Hebrew(9-93!(81-198י)איז?50

"111Wotd Studies,חאצץפא-Ben.%יי

.57,1968,Ginesis (MadridlBarcelona.1Tomo:1Diez Macho, Neophyti.א

,

See*י ,Levine.שthe temvle was maintained byחן

of the Hebtew language058rhat the e~paaion renects the'5! !1(1971)97;ץ.Schifer,11;ש

Geneaia ' , Aug~stinianumס)Targum8ת0!מ8ן(-Some Characteriarics of Pseudo Shinanקדדוששבקז clawns that.9;ינ

der(מטאסתפ4ח:1972)137- rabbini~hen Literatur8,vertkll

~ni eea Neiliim G~ist 3-472(976!)21the Aramaic Targums of rhe Pentateuch ' , aeth Miqraקודשאביתלשןתן',the synagogue0!refers

the time of the!פquestion whether the institution of the syaagoNue existedס!certainly opea15)1.)Hebrew(

464ני4.

~

composition of

THE JUDAEAN DeSERT xlxא!DISCOVERIES

113.Frg

ןהכסן[

[ובוץ[0ן[]המשפט2

[להםלאבארץזרעךיהיהגרכיתדעידועלאברהנםאמרכאשרנ

[שנהות%מארבעאוחםועאועבדום4

[אבותיו]ע6ישכבנ

[שמסן6

ןענלפשר7

[4ןלאסן8

ן9

ן0י

' l- RANSLATION

]hk.1

the]ן judgment ] [ and br.2

~

forei8תוsojourner8beו"1אAbrah

~

am, ~ You shall surely know that your seed0)he said85.3

],land

enslaveן them and oppres$[ them for four hundred years]11.1and they.4

[and lay with [his fathers.5

4.וחן[

[explanation conc[erning.7

8.(ג[]([ן

(גס:ג:ו"5ז

.4;the context implied by lines0)מוset the mentlon of

judgment

0]difficillt5;11.12דבשפם.]

asברך deriving from the root014:15,יsee Genיבמכוש$This word can be reconstructed a.[.2]-וט.sonae other root0[!וחסז

indicates that the Abraham tradition continues here . Abraham was"ח]]This.3לאברהןםאמרכאשר.]eschatological8מpreceded by,10ו.colמוuaeat occurs8alao the subject of the preceding co

~

umn. Since

the0יLacking any indications as.111.colמןstart0זof

~

exegesis seems1ותטnesv incident or8,prophecy

additional exegetical8מwhether11"1we cannot,1]].and col11].nature of the lost material beta~een col

significant , as has already been noted , that this verseון.511ן.preceded the surviving text of col1וחט

reconstructed the rest of4פתו1יthe basis of0ת,vve have.לאברתםאמרשר%כcltatlon formula8contains

indication of

the

column width, which would8חprovidesזן,correct5ןthis!1.13:15Gen)חfrom3*חו]

..$letter52Iimatelyh1ave been apIIprox

.13:15Gen0תbased15The reconstruction.4שנהמאוחארבעאוהםועפןועברום.].6and15:15cfאנ1:23. Gen.1,.15אבהקיועמ4שכב

22340464

explanation concerning' , while including the common Qu~nran'ללפשרThe words.7.14שלפואר

theתןformulation different from that found elsewhere8מ)explanation, interpretation' , are'פשרterminterpretation the'0[עלהדברפשר'interpretationפשח'אןQumran scrolls . There one usually finda תן

occursעלפשרThe exact formula5זשע"_6יpreviously cited biblical80)matter concerns ' , referring

this basis . ~ve have proposed the reconstructlon71(עחאלעל11אשר).(חלand(כ'הקצעלפשר)4(180נ11 .given above

4.Frg

]ם[loaי

שקח[2]שנהיללניםנ

TMNSLATION

1.אן[שן[

2.חענ[]ו

]Jfor eighty years.3

8זא8חאסם

he~-ןfound5]years%5[ת figure Of eightyד.determine0)'rhe context " impossible

thisמסbased5]regarding Abraham .~'he location of the fragment here16:16מ"

;)

.15880for28:35תסס.detail alone and must be regarded as rather speculative ; Cf

Frg.5ן

6ה[2

סם[]

4

"את

ס[ו

;8CBQMS(3"שPetharim : pumran Inlerpretations Of BaliealחןformulaגחןHorgan discusses.6א.ע!

ג="טה,1979)44-239.

.

Biblical Association of"וסרס:Wa~hington

THE JUDAEAN

ED

SE

RT

xlxא!DISCOVER [ ES224

TR.ANSLATION

Jmh.2

3.והוthe4.]ה

READINGS0יNIITES

1.frg5ןincorrect . The small fragment visible there13נ57.4נPA

~

I0תshownת01נThe.part stained1חbadly wrinkled and15this edition . The parchment1ת

115.Frg

י0ןסהדץ[]די0י]מ0מיםוישם2

הן6זוכלוןשםיהיהי

6הארץלהשחית*,

כם]די ,[1[ifihb[ו]לאooohין

READIXGS0אNL) TIS

samek . The right leg of the het " missing and8one might read the right part Of04'(After the1..1

.somewhat doubtful5]therefore the reading

yod, and after the mem one might read the rightבmark which might be1,"3ןבa~bove the.ן.2וישם

.side of tazv _missingיןthe yod]0The head.ן..3'מ

.doubtful151"זThe.4דין.]

Only the.טחו!the beginning of the1בtear5ןבdecipher . There10verl' difficultסתו5ן]This3..וatep one might read bet , but both letters are wider1heads of the first four letters haye survived . After the

.

than usual

TR.ANSLATrON

[and he ] from] outslde and.1

~"ו[ ater1and he put.2

]were finished0[[ן

~

] be there . And the waters1.3.ן

]destroy the earth for [their w] ay0).4

theyן01didח)[ ~vere opened [and.5

CO ~IAIEXTS

and ( God) closed fromיי*6mightחוץירן reconstructטחס,acceptable5)the reading samek]11.]

.(23:5.and yub,16:7of Genשoutside ' ( see

.'beneath'88מוחחןmight be reconstructed"תו]theחןThe last word2.]

ofה().

I

~01ויכלא ( the rain) was gone ' (insteadויכלwhich reads.2:8of GenשSee.'ן.3כלון

.the waters of the Floodt'המבולפיbe reconstructed as0)probably5ןThis.163הן.]

22540464

sc ~ms that1]

,

currect5!but ] ! the reconstruction.13:6,טי~דפתמופהיהםי)ויצSee Gen.4ץ-הפ1להשחקז.]the Hip

~

l occursשחהתיNote that the roor.19:5.76חthe evll deeds of the people ' destroy the carth ' , see

the~((;חט18). deatruction of Sodom and Lumorralתןthe Flood story andתןGenesis onlyתן

the]81thr seventh month,0moonמ(ןוthe6טנ.29:5'(תלresemble10This verb seems.)i1hha5.14

'descend inro the depths below0)mouths of the abysses of the earth werc opened and the water began

mightאבדןלא read (speculativtli' l0סת,For the last words of the fragments.(27.Sparks , Japocryphal OT(

4destroy(370נו5!בבבולןואבדם them'-.seeיסתhe did'

6,Frg

]הא4ןי

קןולואזדו[:

מאומהלותעשל]וגלנערןידכה

עולהןעשהו[4

]שמ%


the!י" bottom third of the letters has survived , the reading of the firstצותסEven though.]1רגת.] .less sure5!letters seems certaln . The ttaw

quiteן[מ clear , and15his hand ' seems [airly certaln . The next svord'יה

~

he reading1.12סןא*11ד.]this mark cafl be]0reading40ן.letter8!0right-"hand co

rncr

letter-spaceקקט([ and the8followed by

.attempted

TRd~NSLATION

[

h

'au]1

01handמ[ and5.2וחן

himשdo anything01]תlyour hand against the boy and do.3

[burnt-offering8!1Jmade.4

u$].5ה4[

Coa~ENTS

0)Genesis , seeming!0the stories0)The fragment contains another brief reference

.

the sacrifice of Isaac0)refer.enturedיbe0!interpretation8חhai suwived for1[8חof this1.,1'[1100!ו!ט

rom ~hich this phrase(,12:22Gen0חbased8ןThe reconstruction.]3ביצמהלוהעשל)41ל4ורידכה.]raise your hand agalnst the boy'" . We has'e01תDo"',דנעראלדך'חשלחאל:be drawn0)seems

reconstructed the next four words from the same verse of Genesis . The slight diffe ~rences oe the.a1tre

insignificaTומסזפ]surviving letters

8and he offered )! as'13:22במתחהלעלהויעליןGen0חapparently basedטמו51ןThis.)1,.4עולרןנשדרNoreמן1and464()4ת. the di

~

ference between the verbs.'50חplace of

:

hisתוbutnt-o~fering


7.Frg

top margin

שנה]עשראחמשני:נןזיןס[

ועןחרןללכתשבע,מכאר

לןלהתחמרסר[הארץת]*

]vacat

I

שו]ל5מקוב[י

ון*צומאהלכיא[יעקו1בסצהס[

ם]שכבנוהאן[

READIXGS05NOTES

,left-hand strokeשןrernnant of,18[תrepresented only by%שבען

.

of",וThe.2חרןללכקשבע[מבאר.].number of

-

other letters5בן,Yhich could be interpreted

.the part oE the column which has survbtedמוleast81,be blank10seems"1[תThis4.,ו

ד'5%צג[ג10זג

~vere fifteeni )tears old[.1 ])Haran and

0fromי0goי Beer-]sheba.2 give him [the land10he said[.נ

Es [au0]Jlacob.5

b ~ ing one hundred shee[p6.](ס

[ears Jacob')[.7

daughters of Shech[em8.]'מ

]![.9

((ג1[ג[[5זג

Jacob from)0brief summary of parts of the storyפbe0זThe fragment appearsapparently Jacob and,(1"1תו)Genesis . The ages of certain persons are mentioned

18(10:28

aH

ran (Genשthe departure Of Jacob from Beer-~ sheba2"1ת1תו.EsauAfter.(22-10:28Luz ( Gen)8Jacob ' s vislon10reference8may be3mentioned , Line

the land of10Jacob ' s return from Haranשreferשthe text appears,4"1תוחוthe wacat

apparently , the,18Following this(33-31Israel and his encounter with Esau (Genesis

21-13:32his).1!זטס return (Gen0מEsau10incident of the gifts that

aJ

cob sent

22740464

that of Shechem and8ןcorrect , the ne

xt

incident mentioned8!8"ת!!reconstruction of.(34Hamor (Genesis

Note.12-11Lewi(0Testamentת!that found"%18י0חמט!וThe overall structure:5:12particularly

,Canan]סthe land0!went1was eight years old when1

,killed Shechem1and eighteen years vvhen

,priestבbecame1ץ"5זפnineteenשand

wiiet8took1tvventy-cight years!פand

.Egypt10went1forty years!פand

:80-78Compare Aramaic Levi Document

;entered the land of Canaan1was eighteen years old when1

.killed Shechem and destroyed the workers of violence1was eighteen when1and

,prieatפbecame1was nineteen when1

;wifeפtook1and twenty-eight when

,Egypt)0was forW~-eight when we entered the land1 17

.Egyptחןyears"תות-lived eighty1af~d

clearחו40464,זן5ןFrom the small compass within which the es'ents are mentioned

.rather brief sumGary of them8that that text , too, must have contained radical

'alep-ע(ח0ת.Qumranסז!ח]manuscriptsחוfound often5)עשראThe spelling.1עשרא.] theעשרה.5פ;חthe numeralחןalep0!change of he1ע

represent?.ו" the vowel0!sometimes replaces he obvious0זbiblical0חThere are.16(9כand6.22-!220וןQes4חוpresent instance, may also be found

can infer from Genesis".יEsau

~

eing fifteen ?:ears old , but]0Jacob)0the detail0!apocryphal parallels

and;26:25;5:!2that Jacob and Esau wtre fifteen ytars old ~hen their grand

~

ather Abraham aicd (

Gen

we.חi'esiq1.ז5:12.2 find that Jacob attended Abraham for fifteen vears1.rolam Rab.7:25).מ1:ן

the field . ?Ceitherחן,betrothed g' r4the age of fifteen Esau raped!8the text states that(476(Friedmann

connectlonז0 ~vith lacobמ!ears'5fifteen,0of these traditions, the only ones sve COUId find speaking

.our text0!ח!be that referred0!1s~Esau , see

.

We have chosen the reading given here because of the biblical ~ . erse.מבאר]"[.2שנחרןללכתבע

go10out from Beer-sheba)50And Jacob'(10:28:ידנהלך'ושבעמכאריעקביצאGen10parallel15*מווThis [6טן

thereחןViTh1comparisonזם.Theיח0ם'ט are slight changes*חו]the second part of the1ת.'Haran0!

ve1,sv[6מו ~ th the he locale,חרנהand tnstead of,ללכחthe infinitive0יhas been changedוילךimperfect

and.19:27חן11017. see yub.חר(s ~mPly

~ss[חו" e have tentat~ vely interpreted this,"תו]the previous01Because.ן.5הארץגאלולחחשמרן0ר The'אהמהלךעליהשכב8זהששררץ%ד;base .~rhe relevant part of that sferse readsפas13:28using Gen 5acceptedן , perhaps the incident of Bethel5ןthis

shallן!'.11 give1yOkl0!,טסץ!טיwhichחסקטland0)reference5ןפ!)able , how'ever , rhat.a1lso concei1!5ן.the land)0divine promiseפwith,10referred ,

0Note that the tense.12.35מ(תטו]Jacob0)some other divine promise of the land , such as that made

involved . Similar5ןdivine promises)0which case sorne past recitalחן

,

be past10seems8מרthe verb theמןoften used for citatlons,כאסר

The first WOtd might be.7:21Chr2ת!wording m~y be observed

Le,, i Docum~ nr ' .. The Test~mentl8stonet ' n?he Aramaic and Greek Fragm~ts of.8.ןןCreenfield and.7י].,כ;985!,Brill_ש.נ:Leiden;8ae yonge (SVTP.וגNoliander and.'י216.שommentaty?(4,;tuelve

~'atriarchs'2ש4רof

.467 :Leiden

;6TDI5);,rolsaa1וKutscher, The Language and Linguistic Background af the Isaiah serOll.)ש.ר.cf8י19861,Atlanta: Schotars Press;2955!י)the Dead Sea Scrolk!9Qimron , The iftbresv.!1974)4-163;ד,Brill.[.8

100ש.7.

JUDAEAN DESERT xlxT6HאוDISCOVERIES228

,reconstruction8alreadyש'the land'הארץHowever , s~ fice the word.16!1,1Qumran scr~lls , e . g . CD

.putting forth this further proposalתןcalled for4nleasure of cautionפperhaps

the interpretation of0מbased5,)ט6(ו,conJecturalלגושו5ןThe reconstruction of.5ללשיאקיב.].remains are consonant with the reading byin1ותוThe.טתו]the follolving

inffiniti

ve

of the HipSI ofמפbe understood as1015correct ~ then thisלנא[5ןthe reading

i

ן.6"ה.1!.7:39Jerתש]This form rnay be observed.(145.310שof

the

he ( Qimron , HDSS10558with,בואthe root

.~ biblical scrolls from Qumran, e . g-תסתcharacteristic of the5ןsuch instancesתןof he1055,hloreover

.(161,Lieberman(4.4פנוחלביאשרשויבומן.Pesah.1.and of Mishnaic Hebrew , e . g,וע8ב'לחרIQPHab

,the Genesis stories . HoweverתןThe expression 'one hundred sheep ' occurs nowhere.6ששוספה.]-15:32Genמוap

pease

him may be observedשEsau10enumeration of cattle and sheep sent by lacob8תmilk camels with their30;rams20evves and200;he-. goats20she-goats and200'"lvhich refers16

8conceivableןbased"ת that our verse1(5ן

,

'he-. asses10she- asses and20;bkils10cows and40;colts

as part of Solomon 's3:5Kgs14the Bibleקטטא5מןone hundred10The only other reference.15ן)

hundred lambs for the?0תrelates that Jacob gave19:33Gen0תmidrashינ.provisions for one day 20

(7.79.Rab.3?מ))property he was purchasing

Qumran; differing explanations have been81common4medial positionא)תוThe digraph6.,ו.(52.5100,Qimron , HDSS:22-2ל,Kutscher , Langaage(11זס!offered

age'תת. , might be translated asתשpart of!שנה,וAlthough technically singular , the word.7ה)ש.].'years old

reminiacentתו of mater~al found4the daughters of Shechem1סThe reference.ש5בעח

"8.]

Dinah and the revenge!0where the incident,6-ש..~

ramaic Levi Document , Cambridge Fragment , cols

.(461,'much developed (see Greenfield and Stone , ' rhe Levi Document5ןthe sons Of Jacob,0

8.Frg

יפגרבןי]שניםס[2

TRANSLATIOX

[llacob.ו)years[.2

(()גוג[5זאש

the context8יguess can be hazarded0ת,Obvious relationship with Jacob"1Except for

,

which this fragment eay have occurredתו

hundredפ,hundred precious stonesפKahana said : That means for.6Abba.8".hundred kesi~ah8

For

"'20

'sheep.180פllQtglobנ(! , Cf'85קשוטהandl)( translate.50948)שן[י,hundred selak ' )Theodor-Albeckבshcep , and .Bcrnstein , above.ל!.ןand see(17:27)8

229-40464

9.Erg

]0[]0[ן

]אלגיתן

READINGS08אזסאא

-.are clear . but cannot be deciphered"מ]!the first1מrhe traces of letters11.,1

TRANSLATION

[JBethel.2

COMMENTS

since5זסז5["יthe con

text

of the biblical1מplace this fragment exactly0)difficillt18)1number of passages . The chief contexts are dralvn from Abraham ' sח1בBethel appears

.15,7,6,3,1:35;13:31;19:28and the lacob stories ( Gen(3:13;8:12Gen(חזטסנ"8ע.the Jacob storiesשthe order of fragments according11מוWe have set.(16

10.Frg

שרר[1

מכרהו[1

(]~ ' acat

ססקן[4

TMNSLATION

liwr.1

they sold him2.ן

uacatנ.ן

CowhasNTS

-suggests that this fragment might come from the left2"1חוthe end ofושThe space.interpretation0תcolumn. Lacking any context , these lines can recelsreפhand side of

.)see PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION(3Noteמ11" the blank theחו.whole word8itself5ןlonger word ~ orפcertain whether this

" the end of)1טר[.1(מ0ת.]'!imperative 'lookי0מפ,'number of meanings might be suggested, including OX

~

'wall8,latter caNe

loseph. Most!0probably refers % rhe sale1ז,reflects biblical usageמכרןהוthe word!1.2סכוזת.] 50]8and27:37.Cf;36:37this incident ; see Gen10

the Bible refer1סכרמforms of the root.וקSrd.5-4:45Genתוhis brothers10Joseph's apeech

THE IUDAeAN DES

~

RT xlxאוDISCOVBRIES230

11.Frg

ייא

"מן

]מ0שה[

דואסיסן[

סל[

CoM~Eyrs

masc . ' they' or.1קrd3the,8מטסחסזק:זנThe only words that can be read are personal

8rd3orמslhe'.81'תו65מ111 perhaps with ,oe , the(הואand,2ת11[0תpronominal suffix

.4and

TRANSLATION

1(4.1

]Jhm.2

3.]14א[

[he my[.4

בQNarrative4.464ע

PLATE

:

xxixl(

and Tu- o Other1*6*4ן(לthe Patriare~ hs0תExpositionתן:',~shcl.1יStone and.8.4ח:Pr~vious discussion

;

Tarbi,.2464)*0חBcrnstcin . ~

TIIrcc

N,, rcs.1.ן":*

6-3*2(1992)105Le Mu,,io

n

"Documents(4644,4נ4and(נ*646) .)press ; Hebrewת])

lvarped , and'b1roken , badl15)1

.

cm23וחםצmeasures40464פTHE single fragment of

has' e2"101[תthe startזבletters01the right-~ hand edge . The rernnantsזבdiscoloured

the lyarpin~

and?6)1חוthe bottom level of the rest of the068]זיbeen pulled well

.crinkling of the parchment

Exodus . The text01be from the beginning10the fragment appears01The context

this"להמברו'תןנ part of Exodus , since the n~ ords01paraphrase8justז0תclearly8]

that.איך"ss~ords[ח1[ח"5,קץער'0ז context10mystery for them

'

are certainly foreign

indicate that rhis texr deals with eschatological matters . The "'ord0זthe period' , seem

be0זthe Qumran documents . The iragment seerns01typical8]'meaning ' periodקץ.40464S differs frorn1,character , ad thמ]exegetical

Mus.עמו.264

357.43PAM

,ץהן[יושמנםופ6דם[ו

להמהןברוסלדת[ו

לפרעוין4מיליות

"]קץד

,ל[READIh'GS0אNnEs

.of

a

descender1]8)uncert~in, the surviving sign being the15מאמThe.51.]

TH

~ IUDAEAN

DESERT xlx1אDISCOVERIES232

TRANSLATION

4.1ן[מן[

and he StOOd and judg[ed2.ן

[mystery for them83.שן,ש

[PharaohשJmidwives.4

[the period5.סין

4[.6

CohlaEwTS

8verbוגדתט0ל such8might be the end of30(פמאthe beginning,8דתThe letters.43סדת.] .'1016

Pharaoh' , andס?and the midwives said'19:1פרעהאלהמקירתןתשפץNote Exod.שת"אלף

"4.]

,of the same aocument3"תווwhich, as we may see from

"~4ום[י"א the [tiwoוש

""דמיי

211140422דוח

.this incident0)refers

QUnclassified Fragments4."464

)PLATE xxix(

Other0שידand(464כ)4)the Parriarchs0תExpositionחי,',Eshcl.8Stone and.8.4ח:Prcvious discussion T7arbl.'Bcrnח0*(נ*6* ~tcln ,

~ ThTCC Notcs_64-3:ג!נ

*2(1992)05)Le Museion.'(4646נ)4and4645נ

)4)Documents

.)press; Hebrewתן)

7.1%6.1measures2.cm ;- frg38.2צmeasures1.coniprlses two fragments. Frg"4(464ב

.

crn

Mss.זחו.264

357.43PAM

1.Frg

top margin

"י"א]ל[יREADINGS00788אא

.extremely ~vide8ןcolumn . The marginפthe top of18The fragment

TMNSLATION

]0!slay[ן.נ0י

2.Frg

1[oito1

]אמי24

ח[3


READINGS0א

-

NOTES

.column8the top of3]The fragment

8extremely4Theמ10. upper stroke of

the

lamed.13ץ.]

TRANSLATION

1]י"[

]say2.ן

])[.3

QText Mentionin

"Zedekiah4.470

P1LATE

'

xxlx(

11?1],1~1,,1Hing Ze~ck ) ah ' . Drud ,Sea0יand )" Angelic Rthabilitatton4470ט',Larson.8;Previous discussion.28-21(1994)י


:Strugnell.ןthe description as originally gisren

yb

5Theן follo~ving

of mediunl5;)ו.vhen sta~ ned1btff or light grey colour , becoming brosyn5ןי0פThe leather

.8roughחח6עו5ן The matt surface shosvs horizontal ars. lines . The6thickness , and the back

.abovc themח0,0!"י'"חother times standsזפthese lines , but0ז!ח]sometimes suspended

described asז(י!סל!י5סלhowever, the colour of the leather seerns,717110the presentזועlines are only sometimes visible andעזלו.becorning dark brown where stained,הפ?

The al ' erage.(6,43and:22:41.always suspended (cf. frgs8וthese the writingהזסז]

theחוו"0זof the letters of one0ק)from the.ו.ס)distance between the Hnes of writing

cmב and55.0]0minimumפwith,מ11()6.015(!מof the letters of the nextק0ז

cm , with some of the taller letters2.015cm , The average letter height7.0maximum of

.cm3.0measuring

hOntentS(

connectlon u'ith one"1;11זhave0)seem3and1.first glance the contents of frgsיגthe15come from the same scroll11בanother .

I

The maln indication that these fragments

fess' fragments50unity of the handwriting employed. Furthermore , given the fact that

may be presumed that they come from the same area of the11,have been preserved

possible that the concept of the1511,correct18this assumption]12.original scroll

describes1.betweenב the fragments : frg"נמזסןפ11!נcovenant mayבgiving of

describes the events that led3

.

covenant made between God and Zedekiah , while frg

Mount Sinai . This latter could then be0תcovenant"0!(אthe establishment0)up

the gilting of the col~enant0)understood as some sort Of historical prologue or epilogue

-1.frgתוdescribed

the contents of the original scroll and rnay be0)evidence as0חprovides almost)וsmall that5052ן.Frgי )

"בdoes(0(8ז.1,ח( have some similarit) rב(ןן

")o*vever , , ) should be fiOtEdd4iscussion _ I)5טזק"מtheת]ignored _

of("ש5מ the imperfectמחס)~called cohortative-10both mention 'torah

'

and both use the

Stegema~n, 'Methods for the Reconstruction of Scrolls from Scatter~d ~ragrnents ' , Archaealog)- and.א.cr1 .206(1990,Schiffman

; Isesup; Sh~ffield

:

Jsor Press.ט*[.א)the

.

Dead sea ScrolllאFfistory

THE IUDA

~

AN DESERT XIXאוD6SISCOVERI236

Palaeography

probablyיזסת1 best considered as early Herodian .- r]ayity has the180!470,4לThe script

this period . Although the keraiai Of both byinתןangular, slanted stance that developed

slightly later date , the form of mem, both0!בare generally characteristic

*andאנ!?

most characteristic of15,and final(1ז5בmedial (with the left oblique stroke being made

the early Herodian period . Furthermore , though the direction of the basestroke of bet

extend beyond the right vertical01הdoesז],right0זleft!ןcannot be determined , even

.early Herodian dateמבdownstroke , and this would likesvise favour

certain similarity between the8worth remarking that [ . Strugnell has noted8!1יHowever, the characteristic shape of the.4(387נscript of this manuscript and th

at

of

reject the idea of their having come from0!the respective fragments led himו""![ת".the same scroll

Orthography

have been written with the distinctive linguistic and0!ז0מseems40470The text of

This " indicated by3.many of the Qumran manuscrlptsת]orthographic system used

demonstrative8מ]here used(5תט0תסזקthe independent!0of the short forms80טthe

and41.frg(כלand by the defective spellings Of,(51.frg(א'ההand(21.frg(וא[הה)sense

and(22.frg(מחןNote , however , the plene spelling of the participle.(63.frg(משה

particularlyמושכרתה the first person imperfect form with he-afformatwe which appears

standardתןcohortative8usually functions asתהס!This.(22.frg(ש

").and(61לחה frg

begins11late Biblical Hebrewתוhas pointed out thatש.(ננ!תסזתBiblical Hebrew, but

theא5י Hebrew of the Qumran scrolls1תindicative and"5וקהזוbe used for the0ז .the two occurrences here0ז]his may indeed account'ד~.used50regularly

Mus.ית519.1

*187.44,550.43,810.42,917.41,864.41,662.41,593.41:PAM

Tov , 'The Orthography and Language of the Hebrew.ןd ~scriptloll of this ' system ' , cf ~ the articles byבForו

and (

Hebrew

Biblical,57-31(1986)13Qumran and the Origin of these scrolls ~ t Textul!בScrolls round

Textual',7נ.צ39(1988)537. Criticiam0יManuscripts from the Judaean Desert : Their Contribution

.8cr. also.**(1986,Atlanta: Seholars Pass;29the Dead Sea srtollt (HSS,פQimron , The Nebrew.8ו

%197,Brill.1.8:beiden;6Kutscher , The Language and Linguistic llac*grand oflthe Isaiah Scroll ( IQltaa) (STDI.7-326

23740470

1.Frg

]ס[ן

מיכאלן0[:

ח[רי]בבוא[וההום'בצדקיהיביא

4[ooהחורהכלאתולהעשותלעשות

צדקיהאלאל[יכ]מיאמרההיאעת[ב

הקהללעיני[ת]ברד]עמךאכרתה[6

]ל4ו0ןשות[לעי

READINGS0אNarss

rnost likelv the5ןstroke and60טז8שתשlong8represents"ת;!letter from this8The trace or1.].

~ade0ז,pe,חפמ,or one of the final letters kap408עremains of

.het0זcould be either 'alepכשל'מ

~

the word beforeתןThe last letter2.4!

eקרא been.t1he verb mal' ha,50]1.rei5ן

:

Another possibility for the letter before the 'alep.ניביא.],Howeverת0 the restoratlon ~ve hEe suggested seems more likelv.יקראorוקרשat~d the form either.contextual

grounds

,lacunaסחי[atgp proposed fo1the0]With regard.סכס[א]בב;Wacholdet and Abeggs read.רי[בב"[.נ

rt

ace belolv the0תleftסעפןthis scr~ pt ) ~s'ouldת]

:

normal sized letter (such as the 'alep8unlikely thatן!5ן

the right and has left traces of1סhorisontal tear , s ~nce this starts ent)rely above the baselines of the bet ' s

indced,יאבתhave proposed, the right dosvnstrokcטיthe left . As for the rei that0תletter8the bottom of

the )-od and.1))the left side of the base stroke of the betס)was joinedז;hidden because61טbe present

transcription shouldז"טthe case5ןthis!1.(63,frgחןבדבחee&84תand the daleff,31.frgתביום;the bet

~s- as prubably!ןtrac~ because0תThe yod we have resto[ed after the rei left.ר;בב'"

;

instead ofבבתיאread

~-eryטחןmost of the other letters ( notice85extend down as ~ar01וזsmall form which does115מ!drawn The first two letters that lYacholder and.(43.Frg421ת8י4זחלימם.frgתומיכאלsmall sige of the yods

tazu . The ur)usually8,letter, namely)0תAbtgg read after the lacuna we construe as being two parts of 5ן

,ap*8of the left leg of this taw , which Wacholder and atbegg inco[[ectly read as"688horizontalשמסוfrace;ז of0ח,As fo[ the letter that chcy read after che tazu.1;טחposition as the last letter Qf theסט5106זן

the~תו Rockefeller Museum; the dark spot that appears aiter the raa!8the original ~ragment0מappcars

.

this pointזפtear]0

rc

ease8shadow c~used by80יdlie15some photos

wato8orז0 het . The second lettet could be%שחmay beלעשה)letter before

i

8oo[ The trace of*.14

,~damaged dale8,yodt or , as Strugnell prefers

most5ןafter the svasulYod and before the creaseחח;the'אמרThis could also be read as.5יאמר.].cf.63ויכתב)יסמ frg(מר"וsecond tuawlYo&-thlls neither801חcertatnly the right side of the 'alep and.

possibleששי5נ

אקך"6.possible4עמכוםorעמךfinal ; thus either4whether the kap18110impossible4)1.6עמח.]

.context favours the former

;Washington(!1.P~eliminary Sdition of the unp~blished Dead Sea Scrolls, fasc21,Abegg.4יand0141ין.טאשי%זפ

.292(1992,Biblical

,

Archaeology SN~tty

..very likelyעמכזסעמכמהיןז0ח,),rhe manu~criptתוlight of

I

the apelling elsevvheteשתז

THE JUDAEAN DES

~

RT xlxאוDIscevERIEs238

any letter, but both0)collld belongטתו;the middle part of thisתוvisible%תוThe only trace Of6.]partבךית.this!1פ was8was11of which4זסילthe context and the size of the lacuna suggest that the

.the yod of this word!0svas pa

rt

)1)8

")correct , the position of the trace suggests

could be eitherנ!מ,נ,מthe basis of the material rernalns alone , the letter after the7לעיק.()ת.].be changed0)obviously have0י,4וטthe latter, the proposed restoration!ן;yod]סwaw

TRANSLATION

ו.][[Michael[.2

althe co [ven] ant0)תן,thlat day[0ת,Zedekiah [shall en] ter3.ן

the law1]פ

:

cause the performance Of0)perform and0)4.ן

:Zedekiah0זJthat time M[ich]ael shall say85.ז

covelna[nt lbefore the congregationטסו[פmake with;6.]1ןויו

]0)[.7

IENTSC5O~I

;31040285;7-6xvll.16-151צQM11בthe Qumran scrollsתןmentioned elsewhere5ןMichael2.]the sectionת)least1פ&EnoeנDaniel and]0the Qumran manuscnpts85;חwell4(529נ5:11ב

Although the Enoch and Daniel manuscripts.(36-1Enochנ)of Watchers800יcommonly knolvn as Thefew additional0יפlead]]ושare fragmentary , their lacunae may be supplied from other sources

.

This

their orieinal state . Withתןthe scrollaת)occurrences of the name Michael that must have been present

may be somewhat1ןyet published and about which5ן01תwhich,2529)4the possib

~

e exception Of

,these texts portray Michael as fulfilling two basic roles];פ,make defiaitive statements0!prernature

.bearer of divine revelation8the cosmic war between good and evil or asתןagentתפeither as

0)the identification of the particular Zedekiah154(470לthe interpretation ofתןmaJor issue1)1..נof these six7.~vhich the text refers. The Hebrew Bible mentlons slx people who bore the name Zedekiahthe

most prominent was the Zedekiah who ruled as the last king of Judah before the Babylonian

Wi1העד

~

r213-11:מלךוצדקההושלם-ה)"MMi(398ל)פ!4the scrollsת;ment ~ oned elsewhere8א5ן.captivity

10However , neither of these texts seems5.41:הודה'מלךקיה;צד)Apocalypse of Weeks(40247andל41והןestablishing the fact that Jerusalem wasו1תסתןZedekiah per se , but]0be concerned with the figure

.destroyed and the capt ~ vity conimenced during his reign

be10and would thus seern5)טאקסזקthe Bible , two were falseתןAs for the other Zedekiahs

,addition , the other threeתנ.very positive light8תןportrays Zedekiah4(470בdisqualified sinceZedekiah the prince , Zedekiahthe priest , and Zedekiah the son of Jehoiachin , are characters of such

Zedekiah the10likely refers)0340470וה,minor importance that they too may safely be ruled out . Thus9.king Of

Judah

"decide whether , from the author ' s standpoint , this phrase10importantים'ב.ז51ןwTlnnl3.,1

and ofתוThe words.(5ש'ההב4תתוסתוןthe Euture (cf. the similarזסתןthe pastחןtime10בreferring

the likely0)future reference must be presumed here dueפ,either . However5לןמשthemselves can מן

Other occurrences of the phrase.51ס!יאמרתןטתוand*1חוthe beginning of this)בוא'פpresence of

.11and LXIV12and llQTi xx5111ץצQumran literature are lQM

both this WOtd and0ז!the previous sectionמןthe possibilities outlined0)According.3בבוריא.]the covenant . For theתוcovenant or reads0יתןבZedekiah either enters,"תווtheתןthe first word

.1071"106,6cf. % . Althann , 'Zedekiah ' , ABDי

Oxbrd : Clarendon(4The Books Of Enoch

:rA

amaie Fraemmtt of Pumta" caweתןMilik.'ן.דPublished by, .256(1976,Press

Cook (soluine de My,triet.8by06זפשיז!Zedekiah has been put)סalternat~ve identification of the ngure9תג

codeתן40470[5פwho suggests that Zedekiah(3-122[1994,Of the Dead Sea scrollr [Grand Rapids ; Zondervan

wholeח, describes the 'call ' of the Teac

~

er. Thereפthe Teacher of Righteousness and that the text asזטןname .interpretationמשthat would warrant such)1

"115textחו(טא";))]],however

23940470

:21

~

andוץ! CD;10%:20,81211:יQS1;12:15Chr2;8:16Ezek;10:34Jer;8:20Sam1.former , cfexact parallels for the second possibility0תAlthough there are.33,16)נ[נוand5xv.1111)כ

.8.3:8Neh:2:2ana Hab:14.10,8.6:36Jer;19:17Deutתןfound0!קרא+ב5ןthe use,18.בבריח...קרפ

of the fiip~l stem vhich has the same consonantal strticture as the8)The infinitive.ן.4להעסית 5ן

Theעשה Hipil ef.21תן4(ס44נ3יand most likely;14,1:9Esth;18:43Ezekמוinfinitive found1%

*א

rabbinic literature . lnחןfound8ןthe Bible butתןused)0ח 5ן

most easily undtrstood as Zedekiah . He5)להעשותandלעשחThe subject of the two infinitives

Note.ן,perform0ןonly performs the law himself, but also causes others)0מwhoשמסportrayed here as

~'hom this0)Zedekiah the kingן(5ןconclusion above thatזטסwith11*ייthat this latter actlon accords the king0יwell known from the books of Kings and Chronicles that the behas' iour

"textן( refers , since

technicalתן tcrmפused asעשהthe verbז0ן.which people kept the lasv0!often determined the extent

and the remarks of Qimron5411!עp1Terform the torah ' , cf. Mh10'with the signification5010115the

.(2.2.3.5cf. also(8.3.5.3י%and Strugnell , DYD

they shall perform the entire lau ' . The'1ון2:התורהכולאתועשוQFlor4.cf.4ההורהכלאת.]andז1 CD1(5נו,נ2-111דהצרהמכולהמלהבכול.cf(עלהי0פרושsuch as,?רהabsence of any noun before

been authored.(]1פט!)פhatte10those scrolls that are believedתןwhich often occur,(8יוצרהכפרושלעשות

indicatlonחפbeץ18חCh termsb1y the Qumran sect , should be noted . However , while the ptesence of st

oftenתורהsectarian origin since.-בת0תnecessarily dernand01תof sectarian authorship , their absence doesthose?'ז8 scrolls that ~re undoubtedly prodt~cts of the communitת]occ~irs without any qualifier even ,

1observeפ1 the0אשare thoseדמרה(.שש=)ששהwhere5-411)נQpHab1Qumrm . cf. for instance

10-1QpPsa4'?the fragmentarתיalso probably the meaning15This11.the rulings of the sectמaccording

estigated~ו'מעש regardingi1nיי'5פthe sectס!the recruit181ץand21יQS110According.23ח415תג.the sectarian versionתן~the candidate ' s observance or the laaשwhich likewise clearly refersבחורה

matters ofתןsectarian rulings10clearly refers!ןwhcre3]מ4(398ב17-14ן]occursדוירהמעשי,Finally.the Torah ' a legislation

theתןlikelvise used5ןabove . This phrase3"11ת0וא[ןההביוםח0תSee the comments.ן.5ההיפעת[ב

~the Qumran scrollsשexamples occurringזסץ.and future time)85קboth0)contexts referringשBible 111QM1.Cfץצand3!05צצ5.

his preliminary notes , the unpointed consonantsתןAs Strugnell observed.6ברץןתעמרן4שכרתה.]covenant'ז0 made by Yah~veh , or hlichael . ,vith Zedekiah10'פrefer either10may be interPreted

the former understanding the verbת,).'peopleפdestruction ofבר44ן)'פ(without the reconstruction of

I

~'OUld1the latter most likely the Hip'il

(

written defectively ) . The context0ת,would be from the qal stem theתן Bib

~

e occursתןsimilarly constructed sentence4,.favour the former interpretation0)seem clearly 5ן

!],coeposition5,י!the lang~age of0מthe sectionשAs noted,2:5:בחרבבריהעכצוכרתמ'אלהקיהDeut

y s ~gnificance beyond the simpleh1as aYאכרתהdoubtful whether the cohortative form of the verb12

.indicative

clear change from the Jrd8marks1ןnote , as0!important5ןperson)15theאכרתה(5תןThe fact that

whether15person aiat discourse . The main question here15110person narrative of the preceding lines

the0זunderstand these as Michael's words or as God's words related by Michael . We incline0)we are

behalf than undertaking8'God0תlatter possibility since angels are more usually depicted as acting

see further,)עסס"תבתthe identification of the0)the question asתל).their osvn authority0מactions

.below

this.105י8דנעצדביםכוללעעיאלבבריתבוא' phrase, cf0!similar constructlons6הקהללעעי.זסץ.]

.

/ylh'קהלכל

"1andו2

~QMa

.1123(1989New York : Judaica Ptess , reprinted(מיםשך,Jastrolv.4ג.cf0י

195(1986,of]bdaea (Ierusalem : Bialik Institute14ש,;1ןשמזשScrolllrom theנ;*Pether liabaAAu.יי850.מפשאא.)Hebrew(

.the language of

I

this composition aiated aboveמסcf. the rernarkeיי

TH

E

JUDAEAN DESERT xlxאוDISCOVERIES240

2.Frg

ויאהזרה"4י]*מתןשלחה[פ2]כאשף[נ

READIh- GS0אNOTES

orךחה,tayin . ! ] the formerפtuaw instead ofבyod or8The letter after the he may be.1..!ךחןאת

but the thickening,ההן"are distinct possibilities . Strugnell , followed by Wacholder and Abegg , readsהיאthe top of the stroke and the absence of any

rt

ace of the characteristic overhang of the crossbar make)8

.he8unlikely that this was)1

the leather hasחןtear8Examination of the original fragment makes " clear that.2א4טלחה.]andן!. whatever was beforeז(הremoved the right side of the

,4giveמ8 ' since suazuנקקטשייוחשיmaterial grounds alone this WOtd could also be read as2מתן.()ת.]form occurs nowhereפHowever, such.(1נ.frgביוםחן.this text (cfמןal~vays distinguished01מyod are

such!1.theפ Qumran SCtOIIS and goes against the generallY defective spelling of these fragmentsחןelse

the1חן%סThe trace Of.שלחה[נreading vvere adopted , the previous t~ord would then best be restored as

permit any10preserved8ןenough01תclearly part of the first letter of the next word , butנוחן5ןleft of

.identification

TRA~:SLATION

[th[isl lalv.1

[)send. giving (or : he who gives]1.2]1ויי

~

as1.3

COM ~ IEXTS

be0)א1ק"תסם8ת5.4ןpossible restoration , Theפalso5)נישלחה,As noted above.2שאויוה.]person discourse begun)$1and )) ~nay be that the,61.frgאכרתהחןanalogy with0ת,preferred , hovvever

speaking these15decide whoםcontextual evidence5ן1111!טcontinued here . There5ןthat fragmentחן

be10any that they are both5פsuggestion8as likelyפכרתה,ן!5ןanalogy with0תagain)6ט,VOtds1

.be either God or Miehael10the same speaker, whom the editors believe0)attributed

the15,unaerstand what , ]! any10somewhat difficult1ן5ן,context]0Given the lack.2מתן.]may be understood substantivally asא,that precedes " . Firstאשלחהthe verb0)relation of this participle

accotd well with10seem!0חwho gives ' . This doesטתסsend1]]11ע':the object of the preceding verb

much meaning100derive0)normal Hebrew usage of the participle , however, and probably attempts

relativeמפ!may be anderstood11,surrouading text preserved . Second0מadjacent words withסז!ח(0עיfr

1/.the lacuna before the verbםwhich appearedישלחהsense a$ modifying some obj

ect

of the verb

send wholthat gives[' . This , however, also]1]חשliteral translation would then be : 'someonelsomething

andמתן./ו the definite article beforeאתconstruction one wot~ld expect8suchחןseems unlikely since

which!0different clauses or sentences the relationship0)belongאשלחהandמחןthat5יthird possibi ~ ity

;send!חיי!':cannot be determined given the

rp

esent state of preservation . Thus the translation above

.')giving (or : he who gives

40470ו4נ

3.Frg

11יקראו[וי

4נות2ופי (

ןהשמיםאלאעקהם

ג1בורתוברוחולעזרםהחלימם[ל4

רבותפעמימןהאשובעמוד[י

ככ1לבדברומשה541חב6

בוינעקדשיןopה[7

וןעל4

REA~ INGS0אNOTES

separate fragments that were joined together by the early0יי)actually consists of3.Frg

the photoמ!clearly visible18between the two fragmentsת01ןeditors . The!0team

,593.41PAMמ]visible5]unjoined stateתןטוfragment0ק,The.3and28"11תbetween

piecesחו864.41. First appear joinedסשיThe.662.411תthe bottom

hosvever , the occurrence of the:וקראוandיקראוOther possibilities for this word are.1]מ.1יקראוfavour the reading we have adopted . One might be0זwould seem6)ויכהבתן1[תruasu-" consecutive form

the absence of any sign of the1(0ת!זסןalep svere'מפasקרזן.הunderstand the trace following0זtemptedtheתיתז6י[(1ט0אtypical 'alep-1!ן(885.1ח0ת.the manuscriptתןkeraia which characterited this letter

.~ erb1which would make good sense with the preceding,א1לrestore0)would be possible)ן,keraia

the Preliminary Concordance , follow~ed by l

~

acholder andת]rn?l . The reading Of Strugnell2.] )]

baseן! stroke ~hich should be present8However

,

the first letter latks any

rt

ace of.*4ימ,Abegg

0)just"dalet-~the8yodחן and nor]08ש"שclearly5]מאחbet . Furthermore , the letter after the8were

the remains of the right side of the following tartt61טdalet8the head of)5ן0תthe left of the svasulYod

.the skinתןcreaseפwhich has become darnaged by

er cayi"

:

and'o1חאמ~ oursh1e almost horizontal base of the letter before the yop clearly fa'1.3אצקהם.].possibilityפbe0)01תthus erpMs seems

of unusual shape and5ןgimel885the we have tentahvely identifiedחמוThe atroke of.1]מ.4בורהוgop which could then be5ןless likely possibilityןע.of the penפ(81[ט6!518[קletter8be)0ן!may

the i'reliminary Concordance andח]The reading Of ~alep, recorded.קדשברוחor0ערשוברוח)restored

.impossible5],followed by Wacholder and Abegg

subsequent0תappear01תdo662.41PAM0חwhich are presentכהבbeforeאחןThe traces of6.14

present

.

Evidently the part of the skin containing theseשthe fragment itself a$ preserved0מphotos nor

rep

resent

tsvo0זthese traces woutd seem,662.41From PAM.1057trac

es

became detached and was

8contextual standpoint , are2The two most likely possibilities, from.0כהב)letters that were prefixed

.yod8followed byשפש

TRANSLATION

[and Jthey called md.1

2.ןandן

TH

E

JUDAEAN DESERT xlx1אDISCOVERIES242

]heaven10[ם]ץזltheir

His mi[ghty] spirit4א4ץhelp them0יJheal them and0ז

[times

-

the[!ת8ת pillar of fire1תland

0wordז8[[1 (or: when He spoke) according5]אland haoses wrote by

Kadesh Ba[rnea0[1]ן

]upon[

COAlhlE~'TS

.crממויםעעיFor the phrase.ממזרשרשליעת%עStrugnell has suggested the restoration.2וש4מח.]be hidden!!5"פThe sense would be something like ~ they perform iniquities and my face.9]387,4ב3ן

the content of

the

15fromופעו,which,תן1א8י01( them' . Another possible restoration for the second word

.E

~

ypt10תוgo down10

"the'תזש[ת Israelites ' leaving Can~an and10rest of this fragmeat , could refer

sorne contexts this verb18'22סרמהוילכודאנשטמשםוישו.מנthis sense

,

cf. GenחןusedשהFor the verb

.also possible here5ןidolatry ' , and this meaning10carries the extra connotation of ' turning

:24-23:2Exodחןretelling of the biblical account8be10These lvords seem.3ם'השמאלוקחם;א.]~ The children of Israel1'נאקתםשקאלהיםוישמעדעבדהמןהאלהיםאלשועחםוחעלחעקוריבדהמןשראל'בניאנןו

God because of the0!קטhelp went0ז!groaned because of the labour and cried out and their cry

ingשנקהםandשקהם.ובקה ' . Notice the graphic similarity between1?labour . And God heard their groa

occurs;ת!א13:2Mal81;5ץ6:12;11:79;21:102.

as,1ו just suggested,24-23:2inspiration from Exod45does indeed drawו[סתftw

.

If

this

[.3ןם'השםearly Jewish and Christianחןother instances of thisאלהים.זסץperiphrasis for8דשמים5ןlikely that5ן26:4literature(ה[23:4);27:3John;4:20;21,18:15Luke;18:3Macc1.ני , cf. Dan

beרלעורם demanded by the undoubtedly parallel10lamed seen~s8The restoration Of.ן.4מם'החל[ל 14.20:15sir;16:38heal , make strong' , cf. Isa10'the sense ofחלםתן,vhich follo~vs . For the HipSI of

.(2140222)10:25.Among the Qumran texts

,

the Niptal form occurs inyub.10:49

the events surrounding the Exodus10These t ~vo infinitives most likely refer.[.4לעורם]החלימם[לdoing theחunclear whether God or Michael)ןfrom Egypt . Again , the lack of context makes

.strengthening and helping

5theןדלה;נבריח(ן.ט. context ~vell . Another possibiliW!0א)This restoration seems.ן.4נובורהוברוחlatter restoration"חיד.the crossing of the Sea of Reeds0)mighty wlnd ' ) which could then refer8with'

,adopted!1.1ןas well w ~ th the idea conveyed by the two infinitives before0ו((זתןseem!0חdoes

10heal them andש'succeeding clause and translated80)should be construed as belonging)ן,therefore

.

'mighty wind8vith,,ן"ות)help

22-21:13should be restored before this; Cf. Exodחעןיבעמיךmost likely that15!!.5האש4בעמד.].the wildernessחוwandering!0evidently rec~unts the periodטחו!This.10640504הנןאשבעסודתןand

8have taken % as"ין,dual form8understand this as0יobvious reason04חSince there.%5פעמע.]pluralרבוח. and restored the adjective

theתוbe from two letters that0!seemכתבbefore%חןAs noted above , the traces of.]6יונחב.]euasuפbe understood as1015correct , then the form15this)1.and yodשמשcontext are Tnost likely

consecutive.(:י imperfect

X , (by Hisu1nderstand this clause as either bet + noun + pronominal SUff10possible1511.6בדבר.]word ,' or as bet + infinitive + pronominal suffix , 'when He spoke' . For the common temporal use of bet

of ~he Talmud206611ןLTrbach , The Sage~ : The World and Witdom of the.8For r ~bbinic usage , seeנ] .76-69(1987,Cambridge : Harvard University Press(

here should be undarstood asההלש

~

whether085זLella, however , notes that commentators are divided14ג.[ןו

,'take compassionל!וצ'0ז

'

read0!Eavours emending the teKC!!ט5רתוחLella1ול..'make strong1ז0'ס'dream10cause1ס' which

reads

~

OOK

~

Sa*(ev aveaw (see rhe

.

Nebretu Text6טח!better agreement withן(!10תfce

ls

would bringטאwhich

.%3-130[1966Of ,Siraeh [The Hague ; Mouton * cot

4and Dea~lopnbmtS1mith, The OriVin.4%the Qumran literature, seeפoccu

rs

study!חחס85!1 of this8Forני.63-35(1991,Scholars Press:118מסס?(פ[מו?(18%ח-$the wa

24340470

similar constructlon "- hichבfor.3-72.the Qumran Scrolls , cr. Qimron . HDSSמי* stlff~Xtd infinitive

er , that ~ hc'f1note . howe4(374נ39ו'אלהוה.באמר.also describes God ' s communicat ~ ng with Moses , cf

.)direct allusion0יquotation8and ma

~

r be10:4with Deut5

thisמח1פ[![" text has very strong

phraseמן

understand5ה948יג6תפread the last letter0!also possibleן!5ןmaterial grounds alone0מ,Furthermore

oses wrore vithlby51person sing . pronominal suffix . The translat ~on would then be ' and)15as the!ן

0)refer10lvhole secms8asו[טתcontext , hosvever . Theת]mak~ less sense0,This seem

s

4Myזסשי(5)'..Sinai.)פ!4גthe giving of the law

likelyששרכלל_ restoration would be6כלל.ג.]

1gupן make11תן(יבthe01the supralinear mem and the clear pre

s

~ nce

,0additionד'סן.

*7.,1

5]pronorninal SUf

~

IX attached since the mem8probably with

"readקדם'ם6(טז0 this as either0)tempting

.'eastward'קדמהfinal , or perhaps!0מ

seen~ s0[ע)בורקדשל:אreconstructionב,From the seqtlence of events narrated above.1..57ןקרשי

ocalizationsקדש of.1and that other,8י05ק[6[1[!ץjustן!5ןmind thatמוshoutd be kept!]!6ט,re~sonable

.are also possible

Inter

~

retation

[Michae,0ןנ!שזאצintertestamentalזטס literature , andתנthe activities of angels1תgreat interest18There

0Secondז Temple timesת]was common!1.text undoubtedly ev~dences that interest

the Hebrew Bible we

re

actuallv1חGod0זcons~der that rnany of the actions attributed

carried out by angels and that angels mediated many of the coritacts bet~veen God and

covenantח1פthe angel Michael acts as the intermediaryח41(470כ,humanity . ThiJs

the giving ofח]example of angelic mediationזסץתפ.that God makes with Zedekiah

.2:2and Heb,19:353:7,(;1בanother covenant, the Sinaitic covenant , cf. Acts

Figure of Jtedekiahthe Bible . Note especially the thrice1חnegative lightת1בusually portrayed18Zedekiah

,2:52Jer,19:24Kgs2)'the sight of the Lord1חrepeated statement that 'he did evil

and120.10.!!41,'Iosephus1תHowever, positive statenlents are found.(12:36Chr2and

פ

"CA.פSanh.6;17.בand;103ג.Sabb.161496(,נ5ט0וץ5) ~ah.6חוthe Talmud1מ

revelationפwhich sees him as receiving4(470כHkewise presumed by18positive view.covenant vvith Godת1!0בMichael and enteringחזסז]

the,0The(שםהשש70! Identification0!'yhe editors have two suggestiofts regarding the identification of the covetlant given

covenantבappropriate setting forתב,Schiffman.14the vlew of1תו4(470נ.מZedekiah

.

the changing of his narne1חby Zedekiah may be found0!1תwith God entered

rule instead of his0!פנן!!אפומפNebuchadnezzar appointed,17:24Kgs20!According

Zedekiah ' . The0זnephew Jehoiachin . The text then states , 'and he changed his name

be that Nebuchadnezzar made the name0!simple rneaning of this passage appears

revielv of rhe rabbinic rradirLons19-215.ג

"losephus,'4(470ך , cf. Larsonחןthe passage)סdiscussionפFor16

etus (Philadelphia : lew'ish Publ ~ cation1the,4G5inzberg, The LtgtWd.,1חוconcerning Zedekiah may be found

The confiict between the positive and negative statements.9-428and4-383.6.]0ץand,4-291.4,(1968,Society

protest0)but that hc failedן8יז(5טטטAmoraic passages by saYing that he wasח)resolved!ןconcerning Zedekiah

,(6,1965,falmudical Research Insti~te':וזטץRatner, a~idrash d~eder cOklm (New.8-the evils of

I

his generation. cf

.for both the positive and negative views!5זסקקטwhich also provides rabbinic10.פ6-64ת

THB JUDAEAN DESERT XIXאוDISCOVERIES2א

possibleתו that ancient interpiIreters , seeking as always the interstices18!1Yet7יchange .

I

name change signifying divine0פ!referenceפthe text , would have seen this as

observe0!,angelתפthrough the agency of0!מוcovenant, enteredפblessing, and even

has(1296)26.ע.sv~despread observance . Note that Pesig8

"effect0!the Torah and

the!פany case , the occasion of the name change1ת.Zedekiah changing his own name

accession Of newly renamed Zedekiah , literally ' Righteousness of the Lord ' , would have)the author[s] of the traditions he inherited10text (orזטסthe author of0זsuggested

.the occaslon for the coyenant between Zedekiah and God

one of the three leremianic passages4(470נתוthe setting Of"800!Larson prefers.8

;22-8:34covenant .~rhese are Jerפthat connect Zedekiah with the establishment of

hisתו40:32).תצparallelפwith(34-31:31and;(26-14:33תוand the parallel(8-5:23sriew the second and third possibilities are the most likely and may jointly provide the

possible since both passages18This1חו40470.יbackground for the events narrated

and(15:33that time' (Jerיפthose days andתויcontain similar time references such as

1.th]at day' (frg[תו470,4נ'8מ0יwhich may be reflected(33:31'

after

those days ' (Jerthe18our textמוvlesv, the covenant describedפsuch151).מ.Jthat time ' (frg!פ'and(3

Zedekiah through the agency of the0!g~ven18that here,31new covenant Of Jeremiah

the law811angel Michael and involves performing and caus~ng the performance Of

the interpretation of0מbased18Of Zedekiahיי"

,Moreoverוץ the positive.(41.( Frg

our18be called 'The Lord1ח7יking whoפwhich mentions the coming of6-5:23Jer

other than Zedekiah, whose name means618תסתthis king,40470righteousness ' . For

.just that,likelyתן we are united!08שany, should appearש,these suggestions]0Whichever

mafiy others of the new80this text, like1מbelief that the even

ts

describedזטס

' apocryphal ' works from Qumran, are based upon some kind of exegesis of the biblical

.text

,Gi~berg,382.6ש1. Lagendtפthis eftectשsee rabbinic Yiewsזי.23-219

"40470',Larson.8וס~more complete discussion of

;

Larson'a viewsפForוו

CONCORDANCES

the rex

ts

theחי Hebrew and Aramaic ~' ords occurring]]80יTHESE concordances refer covered.11ג0independentן[5נ by this volume , together with their respective conrexts

The.ל-and,ב,-ה,-כ-are covered , thus excluding the attached morphemes

Pfann . The editors have revielved the.8concordances have been prepared byconcordances of their texts

,

and the lemmatizations and readings reflect their

.preferences

SIGLA

supralinear insertiun=יןscri

~

al deletion=ץ

scribal omission=1א)

w'ord crossed out=1(11א

beginning of

line

=1beginning of column=,ן

אסם(אגמעס(5ע

EH

BREW

'TOBIT40200

5.4200יון.7אב,אבכה[אותואני,סכקשיעתק7.103.4200אשרמאמין/איננואביאשרןיורעאניכבר

4200.)7.111אבאביאלללכתי"תשלחאשר7.1114.4200אשרעוד[תראנןיאשרמאסנתאיננה'אם11אף

זתשלחףאשרלכתי"

17.4208[1.אאב"[אבויכטוביאלםלאכימ"אשלואני7.1115.4200ישראציאל

200,.11.113אכהססןושם[אביתיראאילו[ויאסי15.6200).1אשרמלכותוהיאההעולמיםלכולאשר

209",19).4,אדו,אלהןיכסהןהוא,15סהן,אך7נהואחיא6200.)נו,:אשיד,םורמדחם"[והוא...,סכההואלאשר

לל2וו17),1)אןהצדיקיםכניועל,ודוציfna~או[7,6200נו,:השרסידויפצהאשרוטה

6200ון17,,:אדרה'דב'וףמשיןכע*ונגדי200"."נו.נאשרבהמהנדחיסאתמהאשד

םן,אלה,טלאךןלהםהנראהאינה2200וו17נ.%1אשראותךסריסאשרהאזהים/ברודן

"6200.)1:.::יכה

gm"לך'm~b,כבר200ן7[3נו.ו"אשריןעולםדוש[הקשסואתיברכובכיאשרן

~

ii hbil' l4208."1[7.1איבכה

208טין).1(1אי1ןתלות"4כשדאיןעלי,200וצונ,10אתאביגזתיחרפו/

208).:,.נאיןאותיויורע,איוהוא/1.115.5200)אתבנואסןויראעיזנוהוייון5...

עולםואלהי/אתד*זב[

"4,4208יון,7אין1ד*1י1)תראאשיQNQ)t1איננהאסיואף7200[2נו,נות

'QQ1פניךואת,.ת5ת1אן14סים%עון290:,:,,4אתןה;כם6אותכהוסבול[

"1200י,),"ל

לל2:,ו4.נא4רוחדה;ת11אל[42001"י7.11שתאכיאותן5הןאני,מבקשעתה!

200:.,י1.4אלפניךתסותרואיצדקות[עושההיהן12.6200:.:1אתתו[אן1ראויעוד11לוא

laDnןושםאביתיראאילו[ויאסר1117,4200.%שתסלאבים"אשלואניאתיך"/בני

"200).11.113ל

4208.)7.1,1אלאכיאלבלכתי;תשיחנאשר6200.או).נאתםבהמהנדחיםאתלהאשר

"אשלואני7,1112.4200בואשלחנילוואטור116בפה,ןאליוןכא17.4200,ו.ואל"כן.אבןטוביאלם,טלאכ

*"התשכותהיהוכתובטובייברבכן209:.),',טלהזוככןןד;הלאלהיה;;4יסיכה1כ1ל4.6200נן,1בכן

200:.7,.7יל?איהין6פני15תר1,לואמ56האף290:,43,)כןון45ן1ה;הלאיהיס4נןכה.ם,וכל

אהננהואגיא200:.7,46בןקות"*[עושההיהןבניידכהלארר[

200",ליי.,ללן,,איהןיכמההיא(5ןמהן.

7200[י:[ו.[%פליאותךמריםא6ןרם,האיה/ברודן47.2200.אr?רובבנוילכהיהיהאם

"ור*['תראנןאשרnJawaאיננהאטיונאף6.4200ייי.%בזמלאכיםאשלחואניאתיך"/בני4.4200[7.11ם

aw%.47.:200רובבנןילכהיהיהאט1.111.5200[וכן...4ןעדבנולזקנת

כטעטןמעםידיהיהאם[r14.116,5200?...בנן*ן.'.

"200:.4%.%ם

200),),,:אמן1והאמין,7.6200נ1,נשןהנססן/לפניSNIIW'בנילוהודו

14,4oe2,,,7אמן1ד*['[)תיאאשימאמנתאיבהאסיונאף7200[,*91,14ן...5ן1בשקםת,[1יס

4,1200).י,אמר,להרויהאמור,עםרבה[5280n1sywון92,147זןיס*וחסשטונהבןיהון4

"אוהןאני,מבקש?עתו!n/אליון[כא7.104,4280בקשאביכה ;lalib3,4200וון.7אמר,שלחגלוואמור

6.4208[וי.אאמרבנילטוביהרעואליוסר(זיתים*7280~2נ1.נוברךעולםואלהי/אתזביך[

4.6208[נ.1אמרחי[אלהיםכרוך,12,6200nlolki:.:2ברךאלהיכןאתזןםהלייםטברכיםטתוסהיפ

ל5חיהן

200:.44.,אמתכה'חןיסי.כילעושה1"(האסח208הוו).10בתיחידה155" ,4290,)יוו,7,,יסאסין,איננואביאשליורעאניכבר7.1112.4200בתכתולשרהלעשותדעואלשבע)אשר

",בני13.6200:,2:עול!alfiglfilהנדוי16[סעעל17,4290,י,".יןסלאכיב"אשלואניאתיך

1.47.2208טףאלהין5פניי6ןתרולואפ56האף%%%1.רנן.2רול!לזליהן[;/nlihnoסעפהוהואה

"וד*ןין,תראאשרםאםנתאיננהאמיונאף4.6200נו.1דברhhlavn~תהלהוכתובטובידברבכן7.1,14.4209ף

[ןהחחגה.יםעשרארב6ןתןיהסהשיטו11.112.5200דנןכעיניוןונפוץבידוהרגוסינורת

~??P7.1]11.4209

חיהוחמשים4ןכע*וןגחר7200(1נוינודוץyna11lpבניועל/והצישטחיגז[

"7200""11'נע?ן

2208,"7.4אלהלקות*[עושה[היהכניידכהז5ארך[45.2200,ידרךשקרןבררכף/...

איןוהוא'פייות.מאשן....200),2,,2הואאותיויודע

~1200,)).[,ר?

"הואאשר[והוא.../סכה[

נן,2הואמורידסרחם"

"6200,~wk;4200,:7,1,1אשרבתולשרהלעשותיעואלשכע

HEBREW CONCORDANCES

6,6200נ2,1הואמורידםרחט%והוא.../סכההואלאשר200ן7[וו).4ים!ודושלישירושסחהתהלתןירישליס,

ש,6,86נו.2הוא,םן[(סתימעלהוהואה17.2006).1ישךאלס1.הנ1,לפניישרואל.בנליהורו9,6200נ4.1הוא/יגסהן[איההוא(אוץ4י5ןטהןהואכיא3.4280ייו.17??טאסין/ננו.אאביאש14ירע'.אנכבר

לכתי"

פמ9,62קנוהוא/יכטהן[אלההוא,אוץןי5ןפהןהואכיא00ן11,4~7.1כברלפרתי,כגראביאל

280ן7[2.145הואןים*וחסשטונהבן*והון1200[3).96י..1,הרפית.כ

bנ1,1היאמלכותוהיאההעולטיםלכולאשר2200,,4"'?1.עטךה:הן.na~lhכעשות.כ ~ S200

22,122.6288היהמכרכיםנותוםהיפהסהוהיו9.6200ו).4,כ)אלהןיכסהןהוא,וסהן*'אטוהואא.כ

nawlhכי2200.)4.,כלון45ן1ה;הם.לאלה:4ניסיכהיכיף nlvlvs5,45,2280היה1.עסךיהרה

8וג5,47,2היהרובבלילכהיהיהאם44.2200.,כלןייכה%ימיכקלעושההלןאטת

1,48,2200היהכסע15מעטלךיהיהאםן6200.,1).1גלמלכותוהיאהס.העולם,לכואשי 4כל.חכויל.לפגאותו,ייוססו

ש,1,46,28היה4קות*[עושהה1,ה,בנידכההלארך19.6200).1,44,2200היההיכה,ם,כ11לעושה[הזיאפח6200.ל11).4כלעייסים[י[יכי...

43,2280,נהיהון45ןהזזהלאלהים?ןנכה'ם'וכול7200[4[נ.ו)כי..1,כזל[...

כשרתלות,ליכשר;'אעלי,

1)נ.1"

7,105,4200הלךאביאלזיככתיתשיחנזאשר1200,

2.54,3280הלךnowlללכת/[...4.6200[).1כתב,%בחשבותהיהוכתובטיביחבר,בב ,17,4200".8הם...,והןםהה[כ'אבןשוביאל200הוןנ.["לא.אב,*ישםיקאuawk,,עיייא

נותוטהיםהסהוהיו7.47.2200לאאלהין6פניי15חר1לואממגהאף

מג22,122.6קםמברכים"

1,6200נ120,1ההעבהי.הוהןהםעשהכולאתכתבו44.2200.,מאטר.4.(וטאט1-

43.2280,!זכר45ן[זה[הזלאלהיםןנןיםיכהוכול7.6200נו.:מהסידופעה.אשרוטה

1280[2ן3,[סחייחידהבלן%ל5חיה,200ן7[144.[מות.~.115בשלוג,(וימן

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THE JUDAEAN DBSERT xlxאוDISCOVERIES266

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12197ון16.64פקד,פקדךיי[אבוךלמקירי17196ן17נו,7רבורבותהושבוחו

142,1198.)פקדלוהיאסריפיה2.1415,18196רבור5ןותהולהודיה...-יןלסיכה

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2.211,2196תור?לקודחי1ון4א6%,זגקרב3197ון8,64רוחבאישארוחןאושדנניעי

2.141.1198ךקה?לאלהאמשרחלוהוסףצדקה/17196(3ן!נ,6רוםלהורןוססוקושפא(לטרהוכשכו/

198(,8[י4ה,1?וירושלםr1"lavוןיהSNIWlfl,14196(64,(,רחם/לה5[14ח,י(דןשדאטןאנהרחל

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196ן8,17נ1.1לדשנ15י*ןןכתןקדשאת,%ןקירושלם2,212,2196א"ששניאיןעלוהי/קרבודינקפיאוחזית

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12,2196,[4קטלוערקתןדחלת.לםקטןלבעהולי[,4197[12.618שרהה[לןחודי[גרצן*[להוןלהאיתילאן

14196"",1,קטל/להןקטלג4[,1,62.1396שאל[אגא[לם4עוליסאי*שןבארין

197[,גנ.8קטלאנוןקטלןא*באיןשדא8196ון714.נשאלעדנאאנוןושא4ןת

1,12196,.9קראליקרסן197ן4[3ו1,7שאללקדסיןשלסהושאלו

2196.!!2.2קרבלקודמי4א[1י%גזגקרבז4197,(5ן7,נשאללהוןואמרתעדנאאנוןושאלת

1,2196!2,2קרבשריאיןעלוהי,קרבודינקפיאוחזית6,61,13196שטישארןיה14אחה'6ל1"1*לאורחאואף

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11.618,4197זךיבאנשכלעל[לה5[רי[קיאנתה197ן4[[76,נשבאשינוהשבין[די[נפתליבנימן

8,17196ןנן.יקלהן5ןי*1כתן;קדשאקוית[ירושם1,210,2196בילה?ןעיא,שבחגביס

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2197ון12.64קייטלקסבהנירקשטא1'יועליך116,18196*,נשועבנוהיושבעטברהלשוביה//קרא

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97נן4[[7,79יט?2קשישאוברא[ור%אנתהן20,12,2196שבק/[פניןעםסלליSDDשכיקולא

15,61445196i1hkשרןלהןקטל1ג4 ihltnw96נ22.17,2ךכשקה54הוה

ARAMAIC CONCORDANCES

14196(18,612שד/ויןערקןשדאח[וירי11.18196נן.ו%שםשא,קרשוסה,יברכיכי.יב

4197[8.613שיבאישארוחןאושדנניעי2.7196).וושסין".שוסת,והר

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5,42,9196שטהןםאםרהולםשםהסא"לן5תצביואל7197וי4".11שפירןשפירהבראלהיאיתי

4197(18.618שיובתעלבנה[197ן61,4.נושיירלהרחמןוגבוהלחרקושוידאא[ותקיפ

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21,15,2196שלטאחיענאלברלאחיקרששלט[והוא196ן17[17)

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4197[2נ.21שלס/,ברהד,בשנסתיחליא4להאמי[ו197),3",[1תילן,4ן,,['תריני af,בהזן

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LIST OF FALSE PROPHETS ar40339

קןולףב1אחאב[7,1339נחלמיחל6י[הנושטעיה

5,1339אחלב" וחנניה3,1339אלבית5ביתאלןההקן8,1339עזורעזתיבן

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9,1339,נבעועון[ב;!םדיונביאה

1,1339,ד5ןישראלןיטו4יקרא[ןששיגי)

67213,1339סיחאל,זק[ןה

4,1339כנענהה)נ61[*בןליה[ןצד

3.1339מן6ביהאלןקן[ןה

6,1339מעשיהh'"l~lbבן*ןצהקי (

1.1339חיא[שיאל'15קטו4יקרא[ןשי*5י

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