Makoto KIMURAProfessor, Department of Civil and Earth Resources Engineering,

Kyoto University, JAPAN

Chairperson of Board, Community Road Empowerment (NGO)

kimura.makoto.8r@kyoto-u.ac.jp

How to Maintain the Rural Road by Ourselves

2017.12.15 JICA

Civil Engineer

Geotechnical Engineering

Foundations,

Tunneling,

Retaining wall,

New structures

ミレニアム開発目標（MDGs）の後継であり，17の目標と169のターゲットからなる．

引用：国際連合広報センター

アフリカの農村部の人々にとって「道」とは？

アフリカの道路状況

引用：Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program

Challenges and

Good Solutions

May, 2008September, 2007 Practical construction in East Uganda

How do we repair rural roads

without any machine ?

What can I do for rural people

as a Civil Engineer.

Vehicle per day < 50

7

Problems in rural area (Cause of the poverty)

RiverFarm

Agricultural Community

Well

Market

Rural road

(Unpaved)

Main Road

(Paved)

Cash Crops

Can’t Transport

Agricultural Product

during Rainy Season

Crops are

spoiled

Can’t get

money

Always waiting heavy machine !!

8

How to empower rural

communities?

9

Prevent floodwaters from

going over dikes

Which technology

can solve the problem? (Four L)Do-nou: GEOTEXTILE

(Japanese term of soilbag)

1. Locally available material

2. Labour based

3. Low cost

4. Low technology

Building firm SUBBASE

40 cm

40

cm

“Do-nou” technology!!

Compaction

How to Generate the Strength of

the ”Do-nou”?

External force

applied to

“do-nou”

Tensile strength

is generated.

The soil inside

the bag is

reinforced.

External force

Tensile strength

Mechanism is simple.

Careful work (compaction) is necessary.

Bag

Soil

Soil is wrapped

with bag

Do-nou is the ultimate geotextile.

Characteristics of “Do-nou” 40 cm x 40 cm, 10 cm, 20-25 kg

Material

“Do-nou” bag Material put inside the bag

Construction Labor based

Low cost

material

Compressive

pressureBearing

Capacity

(250 kN)

No curing period

Simple

Bags for sugar/maizeSoil near

the site

Plastic (polypropylene)

Wooden mallet

12

KenyaRegistration as local NGOGrant from MOFA, ILO,Toyota

Ghana（BOP Business study）

Cameroon （JST/JICA: Research project）DR Congo（ Collabo. with consulting firm ）

South Sudan（Collabo. with consulting firm）

Uganda （Support of JOCV activities and collabo. with consulting firm）

Zambia（Collabo. with the INGO）

Tanzania（Grant from JICF）

Mozambique（Collabo. with National Road Administration）

ILO: International Labour OrganizationMOFA: Ministry of Foreign Affair of Japanese Government, ADB: Asian Development BankJOCV: Japan Oversea Cooperation Volunteers, INGO: International NGO JICF: Japan International Cooperation Funds

Burkina Faso（Grant from MOFA）

Japan（HQ, Administration）

Vietnam（Collabo. with Univ.）

Philippines（Collabo. with Univ.）

Micronesia（JICA project）

East Timore（JICA/ADBCollabo. project） Papua New Guinea

（ADB_Grant project）

MyanmarGrant from MOFA

SolomonGrass roots fund MOFA

Project area in the worldwide: Varieties of InterventionAs of August 2017, 25 Countries

Bangladesh（Grant from JICF）

Somalia（ILO project）

（Collabo. with Min. of Infrastructure and a student studying in Japan）

TongaCollabo. with NPO

Ethiopia（Collabo. with Univ.)

Cote d'Ivoire（Collabo. with consulting firm）

KenyaRegistration as local NGOGrant assistance from MOFA, Toyota, ILO

Ghana（BOP Business study）Cameroon（JST/JICA: Research project）

DR Congo（Collabo. with the consulting firm）

South Sudan（Collabo. with the consulting firm）

Uganda（Support of JOCV activities and collabo. with the consulting firm）

Zambia （Collabo. with the INGO）

Tanzania（Grant from JICF）

Mozambique（Collabo. with National Road Administration）

Burkina Faso（ Grant assistance from MOFA ）

Project area in the worldwide: Varieties of InterventionAfrica, as of August, 2015, 14 Countries

ILO: International Labour OrganizationMOFA: Ministry of Foreign Affair of Japanese Government, JOCV: Japan Oversea Cooperation Volunteers, INGO: International NGOJICF: Japan International Cooperation Funds

Somalia（Project funded by ILO）

（Collabo. with Min. of Infrastructure and a student studying in Japan）

Ethiopia（Collabo. with Sci. & Tech. University)

Cote d'Ivoire（Collabo. with consulting firm）

1952 Bridge construction in Japan

1957, National route 19th

Voice of the people who experienced road

maintenance using Do-nou

• Now I am confident I can maintain the road. Initially I was

not very sure I could.

• I am very happy because the road has brought about good

positive changes to our community.

• Initially I felt it was a difficult job needing a lot of energy but

in the end I realized it was easy.

• In the beginning we did not have idea about maintaining

roads but now we have learned.

• Big improvement of the road, I got knowledge.

• I have got technology, idea and murram road. I can do it by

myself.

• I believed that the technology works on road maintenance.

17

IMPACT OF THE ROAD MAINTENANCE USING

DO-NOU TECHNOLOGY

18

1. The buyers come to the village

more frequently.

2. The price of the crops, vegetable

and passion fruits, have raised.

3. The income of the farmers has

increased.

4. The farmers were motivated and

expanded their farm.

5. The farmers became able to reach

the market more early in the morning, when the price was set

more highly.

6. The extension officers visit the village more frequently, then the

farmers get more skill and information of the markets from them.

7. The farmers started to new project for income generation, such

as fish pond.

4.0

Aspahlt Crusher GravelMurram Sand Clay

10.8

51.0

Available material

0 4.4/m3

5.5

7.5

14.8

Purchase material

Cross section

Design

Amount

of traffic

20

100

Material put in bag

18/m3

21.0

8.3

28.5

4.0

10.5

7.5

4.0

Frequency of maintenance Low High

Matrix for traffic, material, maintenance and cost

(Per day)

3.0

Do-nou, 2 layers

Do-nou, 2 layers

Do-nou, 3 layers

Asphalt t=0.05

Gravel t=0.15

Coarse material Fine materiial

Target

Unit : m

Unit:m

Cost per meter (US$)

APPLICATIONS TO RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE

Retaining wall

Dam (water harvest)20

50

“Do-nou”

filled with

Murram

70

80

150

50

20

10

10 cm

: Murram

Log A

Log B

Culvert

Application of Do-nou

21

30Gravel

Fine soil

“Do-nou”

½ Do-nou

100

Insitu

Natural soil

(exclusive of

Clay)

10

Unit : cm

150

Backfill Dyke

22

With villager at 23 countries 135 km

Construction en remblai de Ouratenga

❖ Contenu

Largeur : 4 m, Longuer 100 m

❖ Résultat

Durée ：05.01. 2015 – 06.04.2015 (66 journées)

Numéro de Do-nou ：8,000 sacs

Numéro de ciment ： 250 sacs

La participation totale ：1,912 personne

Ratelite + Ciment

Paroi latérale

Do-nou

Do-nou avec Ciment

Sable Ratelite + CimentSurface

vSol + CaillouRemplissage :

barrage

route

Barrage Route

Dabokry contruction en

remblai24

Après saison des pluies

de la Dabokry, Burkina Faso

A Potential for the Base of

the Economic Pyramid(BOP)

Business

on Unpaved Road Maintenance

by Community People

↓

Resources⇔Business Model

Makoto Kimura

Kyoto University

Graduate School of Engineering

Sustainability

(Kenya)

Training for “Do-nou”

technology (CHARITY)

Association formed

for rural road

maintenance

Business

Potential

CHARITY TO

JOB

CREATION

Sustainable

maintenance

Improvement of

rural road

27Recognition by the government

Formation of Association

and Registered Company

：Farmer’s groups

：Within 40km from Eldoret

Six Farmer’s groups that acquired

“Do-nou” technology (Horticulture,

Peace building, etc)

Association registered as a

company （September 2012)

Bottom -up：Empowerment both

organisational structure and planning

& management

Top-down：Recognition of “Do-nou”

technology at the government level

They formed an association for

improvement of rural road

accessibility (October 2010)

28

Training and Practice

Bottom-up

Approach

Empowerment of practical aspect

⚫ Cost estimation, construction planning

⚫ Management of plans and materials

⚫ Quality control

Empowerment of organizational aspect

⚫ Executive committee, Accounting, etc

Recognition by the Government

Top-down

Approach

29

BOP Business Model – Kenya Version

Japanese GV Community Road

Empowerment

(CORE) KenyaInternational

organizations

Association（Registered as a

company）Private sector

Kenyan GV

Funding

Design &

Constructio

n

Improvement of

rural road

Benefit to the

community people- Improvement

of accessibility

- Shortening time

for travel

- Decreasing of

transport cost, etc

Improvement of

livelihoods

Technical

transfer

Benefit brought wider range

Contribution for starting business

30

Ordering

BOP Business Model – Kenya Version

Japanese GV Community Road

Empowerment

(CORE) KenyaInternational

organizations

Association（Registered as a

company）Private sector

Kenyan GV

Funding

Design &

Constructio

n

Improvement of

rural road

Benefit to the

community people- Improvement

of accessibility

- Shortening time

for travel

- Decreasing of

transport cost, etc

Improvement of

livelihoods

Technical

transfer

Benefit brought wider range

Contribution for starting business

31

Community

GovernmentContractor

Win

WinWin

Win-Win-Win

RelationOrdering

Road Problems to the Communities

Irrawady Division ① Falling accidents in rainy season because of

slippery and muddy road surface.② Bad road and bridge are Impassable for

vehicles③ No availability of suitable soil and stone for

road maintenance because of Delta area.

32

33

Road Problems to the Communities

Kayin State① There are lots of flooded sections that are impassable

for vehicle in rainy season.

② People travel by boat during rainy season, and

there is a high incidences of capsizing accident.

③ Sometimes, farmers can not transport their farm produce to

the market; this situation leads to a decrease in their income.

Dry season Rainy season

34

Situation of Construction site in Irrawady

Covered Do-nou bags with clayto avoid degradation by sunshine

The material put in Do-nou bags is clay（Effective utilization of clay/cost-saving）

On average, 50 villagers per day participated in the construction

Early-morning and night timeconstruction during dry season

35

Situation of construction site in Kayin state

The construction is nearly finished…The road needs to be raised up to 1m in height

36

Before After

Before-After（Irrawady-Kantah village）

※Kayin state scheduled for completion in May.

Length of the improved section：1.2 kmDuration：January ～ March, 2014（About 2 months）

Voices from Villagers (Irrawady-Kantah village）

37

● Reduce the time to school, so parents who pick up and drop

children from and to school can do some other work.(about 2 hours reduction)

● The children shall be able to go to school even in rainy season.● The farm produce could be transported to the market even in

rainy season by cargo truck and bicycle.● The patients shall be transported to the hospital

by car or bicycle easily.● The community can repair their roads by themselves.

The villagers are happy because they can cycle on the road

Constructed bridge by: monk, villagers and Japanese expert

38

Chairperson: Makoto KIMURA

Community Road Empowerment

Youth Employment for

Sustainable Development

Joint Project with International Labour

Organization (ILO)

39

Project Summary

1. Duration: May 2012- November

2012

2. Target Areas:Uasin-Gishu, Nandi,

Elgeyo-Marakwet, Trans-Nzoia

3. Direct Beneficiaries:

500 Youths（20 Groups）

Indirect Beneficiaries:

40,000 People

4. Budget: USD 280,000

（JPY 28,560,000）

Uganda

Tanzania

Ethiopia

So

mail

a

40

Project Objective

To empower and create employment for

youth groups by initiating Do-nou Technology

for rural access road maintenance in the

selected counties.

Importance of Youth Employment

41

Poverty and

Unstable

situations

No accessing to

vocational trainingsUnemployment

for youths

Increasing of

idle youths

Increasing of

antisocial behaviour

Youth employment

is a crucial point

42

[From the youths]We have skills.

Idle youths were reduced.

We learned moral with working together.

We got income.

Do-nou technology

trainees

500 youths

Constructors trainees

→No. of groups who

registered as companies

20 youths (1 rep. from

each group)

→ 11 groups

Distance of maintained

roads

(During trainings)

3,730 m

Project Outcome Summary

43

Project outcome – Improved roads

Before the training

The road situations were improved in 5 counties,

7 sites. (3,730m)

After the training

44

Project outcome – Create Employment

Companies registered

１１（as of March 2014）

Youth groups acquired some work after the project

❖Supervision work from Kenya Rural Roads Authority❖Construction work costs several millions in Kenyan shillings❖Culvert installation and regular road maintenance work❖Part of work for 17 km paved road

45

The future of Africa

hinges upon motivated

young people who

overcome difficulties

through their own power.

Japan’s Diplomacy towards

Africa: “Strengthening Each

Individual, One by One,”

Speech by Prime Minister Abe

46

【Bringing a bright future to youth】「A Japanese NPO called CORE provides an excellent illustration of this.

Speech by H.E. Mr. Abe, Prime Minister of JapanJapan’s Diplomacy towards Africa: Strengthening Each Individual, One by OneAt A.U. HQ in Ethiopia, Jan.2014

Experienced by the UNDP Goodwill ambassador, Ms. Misako Konno(Japanese actress)Visit to Kenya at the occasion of TICAD VI, in Aug.2016

Japanese aid workers and companies are working with consideration of African people’s feelings, such as trainings on road maintenance using Do-nou technology

47

RegionCentral America

South America

Africa Asia Pacific Total

Number of Countries 1 1 14 5 4 25

Length of the maintained road (m) 0 20 40,996 19,456 84,554 145,026

Number of trainees/participants 200 30 15,903 2,502 3,030 21,180

• Expansion of this inclusive business model to other African countries and

developing countries. 。

• More trainings and policy dialogues for continuous Kenyan Government

budget allocation for trainings at National training institute to youth.

⇒In Kenya, 70,000 km of rural roads are still in poor condition,

while 184 million youth are unemployed.

Bridge constructions