Makoto KIMURAProfessor, Department of Civil and Earth Resources Engineering,
Kyoto University, JAPAN
Chairperson of Board, Community Road Empowerment (NGO)
How to Maintain the Rural Road by Ourselves
2017.12.15 JICA
Civil Engineer
Geotechnical Engineering
Foundations,
Tunneling,
Retaining wall,
New structures
ミレニアム開発目標(MDGs)の後継であり,17の目標と169のターゲットからなる.
引用:国際連合広報センター
アフリカの農村部の人々にとって「道」とは?
アフリカの道路状況
引用:Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program
Challenges and
Good Solutions
May, 2008September, 2007 Practical construction in East Uganda
How do we repair rural roads
without any machine ?
What can I do for rural people
as a Civil Engineer.
Vehicle per day < 50
7
Problems in rural area (Cause of the poverty)
RiverFarm
Agricultural Community
Well
Market
Rural road
(Unpaved)
Main Road
(Paved)
Cash Crops
Can’t Transport
Agricultural Product
during Rainy Season
Crops are
spoiled
Can’t get
money
Always waiting heavy machine !!
8
How to empower rural
communities?
9
Prevent floodwaters from
going over dikes
Which technology
can solve the problem? (Four L)Do-nou: GEOTEXTILE
(Japanese term of soilbag)
1. Locally available material
2. Labour based
3. Low cost
4. Low technology
Building firm SUBBASE
40 cm
40
cm
“Do-nou” technology!!
Compaction
How to Generate the Strength of
the ”Do-nou”?
External force
applied to
“do-nou”
Tensile strength
is generated.
The soil inside
the bag is
reinforced.
External force
Tensile strength
Mechanism is simple.
Careful work (compaction) is necessary.
Bag
Soil
Soil is wrapped
with bag
Do-nou is the ultimate geotextile.
Characteristics of “Do-nou” 40 cm x 40 cm, 10 cm, 20-25 kg
Material
“Do-nou” bag Material put inside the bag
Construction Labor based
Low cost
material
Compressive
pressureBearing
Capacity
(250 kN)
No curing period
Simple
Bags for sugar/maizeSoil near
the site
Plastic (polypropylene)
Wooden mallet
12
KenyaRegistration as local NGOGrant from MOFA, ILO,Toyota
Ghana(BOP Business study)
Cameroon (JST/JICA: Research project)DR Congo( Collabo. with consulting firm )
South Sudan(Collabo. with consulting firm)
Uganda (Support of JOCV activities and collabo. with consulting firm)
Zambia(Collabo. with the INGO)
Tanzania(Grant from JICF)
Mozambique(Collabo. with National Road Administration)
ILO: International Labour OrganizationMOFA: Ministry of Foreign Affair of Japanese Government, ADB: Asian Development BankJOCV: Japan Oversea Cooperation Volunteers, INGO: International NGO JICF: Japan International Cooperation Funds
Burkina Faso(Grant from MOFA)
Japan(HQ, Administration)
Vietnam(Collabo. with Univ.)
Philippines(Collabo. with Univ.)
Micronesia(JICA project)
East Timore(JICA/ADBCollabo. project) Papua New Guinea
(ADB_Grant project)
MyanmarGrant from MOFA
SolomonGrass roots fund MOFA
Project area in the worldwide: Varieties of InterventionAs of August 2017, 25 Countries
Bangladesh(Grant from JICF)
Somalia(ILO project)
(Collabo. with Min. of Infrastructure and a student studying in Japan)
TongaCollabo. with NPO
Ethiopia(Collabo. with Univ.)
Cote d'Ivoire(Collabo. with consulting firm)
KenyaRegistration as local NGOGrant assistance from MOFA, Toyota, ILO
Ghana(BOP Business study)Cameroon(JST/JICA: Research project)
DR Congo(Collabo. with the consulting firm)
South Sudan(Collabo. with the consulting firm)
Uganda(Support of JOCV activities and collabo. with the consulting firm)
Zambia (Collabo. with the INGO)
Tanzania(Grant from JICF)
Mozambique(Collabo. with National Road Administration)
Burkina Faso( Grant assistance from MOFA )
Project area in the worldwide: Varieties of InterventionAfrica, as of August, 2015, 14 Countries
ILO: International Labour OrganizationMOFA: Ministry of Foreign Affair of Japanese Government, JOCV: Japan Oversea Cooperation Volunteers, INGO: International NGOJICF: Japan International Cooperation Funds
Somalia(Project funded by ILO)
(Collabo. with Min. of Infrastructure and a student studying in Japan)
Ethiopia(Collabo. with Sci. & Tech. University)
Cote d'Ivoire(Collabo. with consulting firm)
1952 Bridge construction in Japan
1957, National route 19th
Voice of the people who experienced road
maintenance using Do-nou
• Now I am confident I can maintain the road. Initially I was
not very sure I could.
• I am very happy because the road has brought about good
positive changes to our community.
• Initially I felt it was a difficult job needing a lot of energy but
in the end I realized it was easy.
• In the beginning we did not have idea about maintaining
roads but now we have learned.
• Big improvement of the road, I got knowledge.
• I have got technology, idea and murram road. I can do it by
myself.
• I believed that the technology works on road maintenance.
17
IMPACT OF THE ROAD MAINTENANCE USING
DO-NOU TECHNOLOGY
18
1. The buyers come to the village
more frequently.
2. The price of the crops, vegetable
and passion fruits, have raised.
3. The income of the farmers has
increased.
4. The farmers were motivated and
expanded their farm.
5. The farmers became able to reach
the market more early in the morning, when the price was set
more highly.
6. The extension officers visit the village more frequently, then the
farmers get more skill and information of the markets from them.
7. The farmers started to new project for income generation, such
as fish pond.
4.0
Aspahlt Crusher GravelMurram Sand Clay
10.8
51.0
Available material
0 4.4/m3
5.5
7.5
14.8
Purchase material
Cross section
Design
Amount
of traffic
20
100
Material put in bag
18/m3
21.0
8.3
28.5
4.0
10.5
7.5
4.0
Frequency of maintenance Low High
Matrix for traffic, material, maintenance and cost
(Per day)
3.0
Do-nou, 2 layers
Do-nou, 2 layers
Do-nou, 3 layers
Asphalt t=0.05
Gravel t=0.15
Coarse material Fine materiial
Target
Unit : m
Unit:m
Cost per meter (US$)
APPLICATIONS TO RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE
Retaining wall
Dam (water harvest)20
50
“Do-nou”
filled with
Murram
70
80
150
50
20
10
10 cm
: Murram
Log A
Log B
Culvert
Application of Do-nou
21
30Gravel
Fine soil
“Do-nou”
½ Do-nou
100
Insitu
Natural soil
(exclusive of
Clay)
10
Unit : cm
150
Backfill Dyke
22
With villager at 23 countries 135 km
Construction en remblai de Ouratenga
❖ Contenu
Largeur : 4 m, Longuer 100 m
❖ Résultat
Durée :05.01. 2015 – 06.04.2015 (66 journées)
Numéro de Do-nou :8,000 sacs
Numéro de ciment : 250 sacs
La participation totale :1,912 personne
Ratelite + Ciment
Paroi latérale
Do-nou
Do-nou avec Ciment
Sable Ratelite + CimentSurface
vSol + CaillouRemplissage :
barrage
route
Barrage Route
Dabokry contruction en
remblai24
Après saison des pluies
de la Dabokry, Burkina Faso
A Potential for the Base of
the Economic Pyramid(BOP)
Business
on Unpaved Road Maintenance
by Community People
↓
Resources⇔Business Model
Makoto Kimura
Kyoto University
Graduate School of Engineering
Sustainability
(Kenya)
Training for “Do-nou”
technology (CHARITY)
Association formed
for rural road
maintenance
Business
Potential
CHARITY TO
JOB
CREATION
Sustainable
maintenance
Improvement of
rural road
27Recognition by the government
Formation of Association
and Registered Company
:Farmer’s groups
:Within 40km from Eldoret
Six Farmer’s groups that acquired
“Do-nou” technology (Horticulture,
Peace building, etc)
Association registered as a
company (September 2012)
Bottom -up:Empowerment both
organisational structure and planning
& management
Top-down:Recognition of “Do-nou”
technology at the government level
They formed an association for
improvement of rural road
accessibility (October 2010)
28
Training and Practice
Bottom-up
Approach
Empowerment of practical aspect
⚫ Cost estimation, construction planning
⚫ Management of plans and materials
⚫ Quality control
Empowerment of organizational aspect
⚫ Executive committee, Accounting, etc
Recognition by the Government
Top-down
Approach
29
BOP Business Model – Kenya Version
Japanese GV Community Road
Empowerment
(CORE) KenyaInternational
organizations
Association(Registered as a
company)Private sector
Kenyan GV
Funding
Design &
Constructio
n
Improvement of
rural road
Benefit to the
community people- Improvement
of accessibility
- Shortening time
for travel
- Decreasing of
transport cost, etc
Improvement of
livelihoods
Technical
transfer
Benefit brought wider range
Contribution for starting business
30
Ordering
BOP Business Model – Kenya Version
Japanese GV Community Road
Empowerment
(CORE) KenyaInternational
organizations
Association(Registered as a
company)Private sector
Kenyan GV
Funding
Design &
Constructio
n
Improvement of
rural road
Benefit to the
community people- Improvement
of accessibility
- Shortening time
for travel
- Decreasing of
transport cost, etc
Improvement of
livelihoods
Technical
transfer
Benefit brought wider range
Contribution for starting business
31
Community
GovernmentContractor
Win
WinWin
Win-Win-Win
RelationOrdering
Road Problems to the Communities
Irrawady Division ① Falling accidents in rainy season because of
slippery and muddy road surface.② Bad road and bridge are Impassable for
vehicles③ No availability of suitable soil and stone for
road maintenance because of Delta area.
32
33
Road Problems to the Communities
Kayin State① There are lots of flooded sections that are impassable
for vehicle in rainy season.
② People travel by boat during rainy season, and
there is a high incidences of capsizing accident.
③ Sometimes, farmers can not transport their farm produce to
the market; this situation leads to a decrease in their income.
Dry season Rainy season
34
Situation of Construction site in Irrawady
Covered Do-nou bags with clayto avoid degradation by sunshine
The material put in Do-nou bags is clay(Effective utilization of clay/cost-saving)
On average, 50 villagers per day participated in the construction
Early-morning and night timeconstruction during dry season
35
Situation of construction site in Kayin state
The construction is nearly finished…The road needs to be raised up to 1m in height
36
Before After
Before-After(Irrawady-Kantah village)
※Kayin state scheduled for completion in May.
Length of the improved section:1.2 kmDuration:January ~ March, 2014(About 2 months)
Voices from Villagers (Irrawady-Kantah village)
37
● Reduce the time to school, so parents who pick up and drop
children from and to school can do some other work.(about 2 hours reduction)
● The children shall be able to go to school even in rainy season.● The farm produce could be transported to the market even in
rainy season by cargo truck and bicycle.● The patients shall be transported to the hospital
by car or bicycle easily.● The community can repair their roads by themselves.
The villagers are happy because they can cycle on the road
Constructed bridge by: monk, villagers and Japanese expert
38
Chairperson: Makoto KIMURA
Community Road Empowerment
Youth Employment for
Sustainable Development
Joint Project with International Labour
Organization (ILO)
39
Project Summary
1. Duration: May 2012- November
2012
2. Target Areas:Uasin-Gishu, Nandi,
Elgeyo-Marakwet, Trans-Nzoia
3. Direct Beneficiaries:
500 Youths(20 Groups)
Indirect Beneficiaries:
40,000 People
4. Budget: USD 280,000
(JPY 28,560,000)
Uganda
Tanzania
Ethiopia
So
a
40
Project Objective
To empower and create employment for
youth groups by initiating Do-nou Technology
for rural access road maintenance in the
selected counties.
Importance of Youth Employment
41
Poverty and
Unstable
situations
No accessing to
vocational trainingsUnemployment
for youths
Increasing of
idle youths
Increasing of
antisocial behaviour
Youth employment
is a crucial point
42
[From the youths]We have skills.
Idle youths were reduced.
We learned moral with working together.
We got income.
Do-nou technology
trainees
500 youths
Constructors trainees
→No. of groups who
registered as companies
20 youths (1 rep. from
each group)
→ 11 groups
Distance of maintained
roads
(During trainings)
3,730 m
Project Outcome Summary
43
Project outcome – Improved roads
Before the training
The road situations were improved in 5 counties,
7 sites. (3,730m)
After the training
44
Project outcome – Create Employment
Companies registered
11(as of March 2014)
Youth groups acquired some work after the project
❖Supervision work from Kenya Rural Roads Authority❖Construction work costs several millions in Kenyan shillings❖Culvert installation and regular road maintenance work❖Part of work for 17 km paved road
45
The future of Africa
hinges upon motivated
young people who
overcome difficulties
through their own power.
Japan’s Diplomacy towards
Africa: “Strengthening Each
Individual, One by One,”
Speech by Prime Minister Abe
46
【Bringing a bright future to youth】「A Japanese NPO called CORE provides an excellent illustration of this.
Speech by H.E. Mr. Abe, Prime Minister of JapanJapan’s Diplomacy towards Africa: Strengthening Each Individual, One by OneAt A.U. HQ in Ethiopia, Jan.2014
Experienced by the UNDP Goodwill ambassador, Ms. Misako Konno(Japanese actress)Visit to Kenya at the occasion of TICAD VI, in Aug.2016
Japanese aid workers and companies are working with consideration of African people’s feelings, such as trainings on road maintenance using Do-nou technology
47
RegionCentral America
South America
Africa Asia Pacific Total
Number of Countries 1 1 14 5 4 25
Length of the maintained road (m) 0 20 40,996 19,456 84,554 145,026
Number of trainees/participants 200 30 15,903 2,502 3,030 21,180
• Expansion of this inclusive business model to other African countries and
developing countries. 。
• More trainings and policy dialogues for continuous Kenyan Government
budget allocation for trainings at National training institute to youth.
⇒In Kenya, 70,000 km of rural roads are still in poor condition,
while 184 million youth are unemployed.
Bridge constructions