3
2001 -
1
2001 -
2
2001 -
3
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4
. . . . (CO) , (CO2) ( H2CO3) (. CaCO3, Na2CO3) . , ( SC)2. 18000000. A . .
. VIA Z=6. : K(2) L(4) 4 . 4 C . . . C . 4 4 C .
. C. . . C-H,C-X ( X: F, CI, Br, I), C-O, C-N C-C C . . 1 C . . . | |
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5
. C : C . C C . . | | H H | | H-C- C- H | | H H . C 2 2 . . | | . C : : C . C = C H H | | HC=C H . C 3 3 . C : : : C . - C C - H-CC-H , . . | | C H , CX ( X: CI,Br, I, F) | | . C = , C = | |
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6
C
) A C : C ( ) CH3-CH3 C ( 2 ) (3 ) .. CH2=CH-CH3, HCCH ) . . () .
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 CH2=CH-CH3 CH3-O-CH3
CH3-CH-CH2-CH3 2- | CH3 CH3 | CH3-C-CH3 | CH3
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7
: . CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 / \ CH2 CH2 ( N, O, S) . . / \ CH2 CH2 ( ) C . . CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 .
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8
: . . CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 / \ . CH2 CH2
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9
()
OMA | --C-OH | | | --COC | | ( T C ) | C=O | --CH=O ( ) | | --CCC | || | ( C=O O C) --COOH -C OH || ( ) O
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10
| | --COC --COOC-- || | | O - ( X: F,CI,Br , I ) -- -- ------ --CN --CN ( ) -- NH2 --NH | H --NH2 --NH-- --N |
.
( ) . (
) ( ) (CH2) . CH3CH3 CH3CH2CH3
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11
C 2+2 H. C2+2 H C 2+1 R H H R R .
CH4 H CH3 () () (: C , , S)
C2H6 CH3 CH3 H CH3 CH2 ( ) ( )
() CH3CH2CH3 H CH3CH2CH2 () CH3CH2CH3 H CH3CH ( | ) CH3
() CH3CH2CH2 CH3 H CH3CH2CH2 CH2 ( )
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12
() CH3CH2CH2 CH3 H CH3CH2CH | CH3 ( ) CH3CHCH3 H CH3CHCH2 | | CH3 CH3 () () CH3 | CH3CHCH3 H CH3C | | CH3 CH3 () ( )
1. . CvH2v+2 v1 RH R C2+1 ( ) H | =1 CvH2v+2 CH4 HCH () | H H H | | =2 CvH2v+2 C2H6 CH3CH3 CCH
| | H H ()
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13
2. .
CvH2v v2 | | =2 CvH2v C2H4 CH2 =CH2 C = C () | |
3. CvH2v-2 v2 =2 CvH2v-2 C2H2 HCCH H CCH () 4. 2
CvH2v-2 v3 =3 CvH2v-2 C3H4 CH2=C=CH2 ( ) 5.K CvH2v+1OH v1 CvH2v+2O ROH R = ( CvH2v+1 ) =1 CH3-OH =1 CH3-CH2-OH 6.K CvH2v+1OC2+1 v1 1 CkH2k+2O k2 R-O-R ( ) R-O-R`( ) =2 C2H6O CH3-O-CH3
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14
7. K CvH2vO v1 Ck H2k+1-C-H k O RCHO || O =1 CH2O HCHO -C=O | H 8. K CvH2v+1CC2+1 || O v1 1 CkH2kO k3 R-C-R ( ) R-C-R`( ) || || =3 C3H6O CH3-C-CH3 () || O . 9. K CvH2v+1-C-OH v O Ck H2k O2 k1 R-C-OH R-COOH || || O O = H-C-OH HCOOH || O
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15
=1 CH3-C-OH CH3COOH ||
