4-5 Deccan Mech Combine

8/16/2019 4-5 Deccan Mech Combine

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A Project Report On

SOLARIZED ELEVATOR

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF REQUIREMENT FOR

AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

!

MOHD SHAHBAZ ALI "#$%'(&$)*

MOHAMMED HASHAM "#$%'(&$+*

MOHD ABDUL AZEEM "#$%'(&$&'&*

UNDER THE GUIDANCE

OF

Mr, G, ANANTH RAO- M,E

A..coc/0te Pro1e..or

DCET

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DECCAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 2 TECHNOLOG3

A11/4/0te5 to O.60n/0 Un/7er./t!

D0r8U.8S0406- N06p044!- H!5er005- Te40n90n08+%%%%#

'%#+8'%#$


2/65

A Project Report On

SOLARIZED ELEVATOR

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF REQUIREMENT FORAWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

!

MOHD SHAHBAZ ALI "#$%'(&$)*

MOHAMMED HASHAM "#$%'(&$+*

MOHD ABDUL AZEEM "#$%'(&$&'&*

UNDER THE GUIDANCE

OF

Mr, G, ANANTH RAO- M,Tec:

A..coc/0te Pro1e..or

DCET

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DECCAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 2 TECHNOLOG3A11/4/0te5 to O.60n/0 Un/7er./t!

D0r8U.8S0406- N06p044!- H!5er005- Te40n90n08+%%%%#

'%#+8'%#$

2


3/65

DECCAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 2 TECHNOLOG3(Affiliated to Osmania University)

Dar-us-Salam, Hyderabad -500 001.D!A"#$%# O& $'HA%'A %*%"%*

Academic year 2015-16

$A+O" !"O+'#

CERTIFICATE#is is to ertify tat Mohd Shahbaz Ali (160312736314),

Mohammed Hasham (160312736315), Mohd Abdl Azeem (160312736323)

of .. (//) 2nd S$S#", !"# as suessfully om3leted te

MA$%& '&%$# in S%*A&+# #*#.A%& durin4 te aademi year

2015- 201.

*UD H.O.D.

3


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A/%*##M#

6e ta7e immense 3leasure in tan7in4 r" ol" Mshi, Head of teDe3artment, for avin4 3ermitted us to arry out tis 3ro8et 9or7.

6e ta7e tis o33ortunity to e:3ress our 3rofound 4ratitude anddee3 re4ards to our internal 4uide, Mr""Aah &ao, Assoiate

3rofessor for is e:em3lary 4uidane, monitorin4 and onstantenoura4ement trou4out te 3ro8et 9or7. #e blessin4, el3 and4uidane 4iven by im time to time sall arry us a lon4 9ay in te

8ourney of te life on 9i 9e are about to embar7.

#e suess and final outome of tis 3ro8et re;uired a lot of 4uidane and assistane from many 3eo3le and 9e are e:tremelyfortunate to ave 4ot tis all alon4 te om3letion of my 3ro8et 9or7.6atever 9e ave done is only due to su 4uidane and assistane and9e 9ould not for4et to tan7 tem.

6e are tan7ful and fortunate enou4 to 4et onstantenoura4ement, Su33ort and 4uidane from all teain4 staffs of De3artment of $eanial n4ineerin4 9i el3ed us in suessfullyom3letin4 our 3ro8et 9or7. Also, 9e 9ould li7e to e:tend our sienefor teir timely su33ort.

&inally, yet im3ortantly, 9e 9ould li7e to e:3ress our eartfelttan7s to Almi4ty, lassmates and friends for teir blessin4s andonstant enoura4ement 9itout 9i tis 3ro8et 9or7 9ould not be

3ossible.

M%H SHAH!A A*+

M%HAMM# HASHAM

M%H A!* A##M

4


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A!S&A

ner4y neiter be reated nor be destroyed it an be onverted from one form to anoter, n

tis system 9e are usin4 eletrial ener4y 9i is obtained by solar 3anel.

#is system mainly onsist of SOA" !A% and D' $O#O", motor is bidiretional

9i runs in bot diretion (lo79ise and anti lo79ise). #e motor saft is onneted to

3ulley 9i is attaed to elevator by ro3e, as te motor rotates 3ulley also rotates and

ene elevator also moves relatively u3 or do9n.

Solar ener4y is onverted into eletrial ener4y trou4 SOA" !A% 9i made u3 of

silion semiondutor, ene it redues te ost of te system 9i is te bi4 advanta4e.

Solar 3anel 9or7s on 3rini3le of !HO#O/O#A' &&'#, it onsists of semiondutor

li7e silion rystalline ells. Solar ener4y ontains 3otons is 9en tese 3oton stri7es te

semiondutor tey 4et absorbed into it. #e ener4y of 3oton transferred to eletron ene

eletron moves 9i 4enerates eletriity in te iruit. A attery is onneted to solar 3anel

to store te ener4y trou4 te solar 3o9er ontroller to ontrol te flutuations of ener4y

furter tis eletriity is 4iven to D' $O#O" 9i onverts eletrial ener4y into

meanial ener4y and tis ener4y furter utili


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S# O& &*U"S

=.1>- Sun-art *eometry.....................................................................................................1?

=.2>- Solar radiation atmos3eri meanisms.....................................................................1@

=.=>- atitude ø

, our an4le and sunBs delination C...................................................20=.>- #ro3is and nortern emis3ere.................................................................................20

=.5>- /ariation of delination an4le.......................................................................................21

=.>- SunBs - urrent () volta4e (/) arateristi of solar ell...................................................=2

=.11>- ross setion of a silion ell......................................................................................==

=.12>- ross setion of a 3olyrystalline silion ell.............................................................=

=.1=>- stand-alone !/ system................................................................................................=5

=.1>- /- arateristi of !/ module.................................................................................=

=.15>- !-/ arateristi !/ module....................................................................................=

=.1>- An4le of nidene to Solar 'ell.................................................................................=E

.1>-Solar ar4e ontroller...................................................................................................=@

.2>- Solar ar4e ontroller 7it............................................................................................0

.=>-nstallation of Solar 'ar4e 'ontroller..........................................................................1

.>- %ylon !ulley.................................................................................................................50

.5>- /arious 9ays of ri44in4 a ta7le...................................................................................51

.>- "o3e and !ulley System...............................................................................................51

.E>-!ulley 9or7in4 System..................................................................................................52

.?>- $ovable !ulley System................................................................................................52

.@>- "o3e Hoo7....................................................................................................................5

.10>- Steel "o3e...................................................................................................................5

6


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*+S % A!*#S

#able .1>- Outline /ie9 of Solar !anel...............................................................................5

#able .2>- #enial 'aratersti of Solar !anel...............................................................5

#able .=>-attery S3eifiations..........................................................................................5E

#able .>-$otor S3eifiations............................................................................................5E

#able .5>-Saft S3eifiations.............................................................................................5E

#able .>-!ulley S3eifiations............................................................................................5?

#able .E>-"o3e S3eifiations.............................................................................................5?

7


8/65

#&++A#S............................................................................................................. III

A/%*##M#S............................................................................................... IV

A!S&A ................................................................................................................. V

*+S % +S.......................................................................................................... VI

*+S % A!*#S............................................................................................................ VII

%#S

1 +&%+% .................................................................................................10

2 *+#&A .+#

2.1 %D &O" '#"'#F.......................................................................................1

2.2 %O%

-'O%/%#O%A

%"*F

SOU"'S

.............................................................15

3 '&++'*# % S%*A& ##&

=.1 !"%'!S O& SOA" "ADA#O%.......................................................................1?

=.1.1 $!"'A GUA#O% &O" S#$A#%* #H-

-A/AA#F O& SOA" "ADA#O%.....................................................1?

=.1.2SOA" "ADA#O% $ASU"$%#S............................................................2

=.2 SOA" !HO#O/O#A' SFS#$.............................................................................2?

=.2.1 S$'O%DU'#O" $A#"AS A%D DO!%*..............................................2?

=.2.2 !HO#O% %"*F........................................................................................2@

=.2.= &&'%'F O& SOA" 'S.....................................................................=2

4 %M'%#S, S'#++A+% 8 #S&+'+%

.1 'O$!O%%#S

.1.1 SOA" 'HA"* 'O%#"O" .........................................................................................................................................................................................=@

.1.2 A##"F ....................................................................................................2

.1.= $O#O" .........................................................................................................E

.1. SHA...........................................................................................................?

.1.5 !UF.........................................................................................................50

8


9/65

.1. "O!.............................................................................................................5=

.2 S!'&'A#O%

.2.1 SOA" !A% S!'&'A#O%..................................................5

.2.2 A##"F..................................................................................5E

.2.= $O#O" ....................................................................................5E

.2. SHA......................................................................................5E

.2.5 !UF....................................................................................5?

.2. "O!........................................................................................5?

.= !"O+'# DS'"!#O%

.=.1 'O%S#"U'#O%.......................................................................5@

.=.2 6O"%*................................................................................0

.=.= AD/A%#A*SDSAD/A%#A*S...............................................0

.=. A!!'A#O%S.........................................................................1

.=. "SU#....................................................................................1

5 %*S+% 8 '&%S'#S

5.1 'O%'USO%....................................................................................2

5.2 &U#U" ...........................................................................................2

6 ##S.................................................................................=

9


10/65

ha9er 1

+&%+%

Solar 3o9er is te onversion of sunli4t into eletriity, eiter diretly usin4

3otovoltaiBs (!/), or indiretly usin4 onentrated solar 3o9er ('S!). 'onentrated solar

3o9er systems use lenses or mirrors and tra7in4 systems to fous a lar4e area of sunli4t

into a small beam. !otovoltai onvert li4t into an eletri urrent usin4 te 3otovoltai

effet.I1J

#e nternational ner4y A4eny 3ro8eted in 201 tat under its Ki4 rene9ableK

senario, by 2050, solar 3otovoltai and onentrated solar 3o9er 9ould ontribute about 1

and 11 3erent, res3etively, of te 9orld9ide eletriity onsum3tion, and solar 9ould be

te 9orldLs lar4est soure of eletriity. $ost solar installations 9ould be in 'ina and ndia.!otovoltaiBs 9ere initially solely used as a soure of eletriity for small and

medium-si


11/65

Solar 3anels, also 7no9n as modules, ontain 3otovoltai ells made from silion

tat transform inomin4 sunli4t into eletriity rater tan eat. (M!otovoltaiM means

eletriity from li4t N 3oto li4t, voltai eletriity.)

Solar 3otovoltai ells onsist of a 3ositive and a ne4ative film of silion 3laed

under a tin slie of 4lass. As te 3otons of te sunli4t beat do9n u3on tese ells, tey

7no7 te eletrons off te silion. #e ne4atively-ar4ed free eletrons are 3referentially

attrated to one side of te silion ell, 9i reates an eletri volta4e tat an be olleted

and anneled. #is urrent is 4atered by 9irin4 te individual solar 3anels to4eter in

series to form a solar 3otovoltai array. De3endin4 on te si


12/65

n a solar eletri system tat is also tied to te utility 4rid, te D' 3o9er from te

solar array is onverted into 12020 volt A' 3o9er and fed diretly into te utility 3o9er

distribution system of te buildin4. #e 3o9er is Qnet metered,M 9i means it redues

demand for 3o9er from te utility 9en te solar array is 4eneratin4 eletriity tus

lo9erin4 te utility bill. #ese 4rid-tied systems automatially sut off if utility 3o9er 4oes

offline, 3rotetin4 9or7ers from 3o9er bein4 ba7 fed into te 4rid durin4 an outa4e. #ese

ty3es of solar-3o9ered eletri systems are 7no9n as Qon 4ridM or Qbattery-lessM and ma7e u3

a33ro:imately @?R of te solar 3o9er systems bein4 installed today.

%her bee=is o= solar

y lo9erin4 a buildin4Bs utility bills, tese systems not only 3ay for temselves over

time, tey el3 redue air 3ollution aused by utility om3anies. &or e:am3le, solar 3o9er

systems el3 inrease sometin4 alled Q3ea7 load 4eneratin4 a3aity,M tereby savin4 te

utility from turnin4 on e:3ensive and 3ollutin4 su33lemental systems durin4 3eriods of 3ea7

demand. #e more loal-4eneratin4 solar eletri 3o9er systems tat are installed in a 4iven

utilityLs servie area, te less a3aity te utility needs to build, tus savin4 everyone from

fundin4 ostly additional 3o9er 4eneratin4 soures. 'ontributin4 lean, 4reen 3o9er from

your o9n solar eletri system el3s reate 8obs and is a 4reat 9ay to miti4ate te 3ollution

and oter 3roblems 3rodued by eletriity derived from fossil fuel. Solar-3o9ered eletrial

4eneratin4 systems el3 you redue your im3at on te environment and save money at te

same timeP

#*#&% MA#+SM

ot motors and 4enerators run beause of sometin4 alled elecroma;eic

idcio. Disovered by $iael &araday, tis is 9en a volta4e is indued by a an4in4

ma4neti field. 6it eletroma4neti indution, an eletri urrent an be 3rodued in a oil

of 9ire by movin4 a ma4net in or out of tat oil, or by movin4 te oil trou4 te ma4neti

field. iter 9ay, volta4e is reated trou4 motion.#e amount of volta4e indued de3ends on te number of loo3s in te oil of 9ire, as

9ell as te s3eed at 9i te ma4net is moved trou4 te oil. A 4reater number of oils

means a 4reater amount of volta4e is indued. Similarly, te faster te ma4net is moved

trou4 te oil, te more volta4e you 4et.

12


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6at does tis ave to do 9it motors and 4enerators 6ell, a 4enerator 3rodues eletriity

by rotatin4 a oil in a stationary ma4neti field, and in a motor, a urrent is 3assed trou4 a

oil, 9i fores it to s3in. n bot ases, &aradayLs la9 of eletroma4neti indution is

em3loyed, allo9in4 you to 3rodue eletriity in your ouse and ten use it to vauum your

floor, 9as your dises in te dis9aser, 7ee3 food fres in your refri4erator and so mu

more."emember before o9 9e said tat a motor and a 4enerator are te same devie, but

3roduin4 o33osite results 6at 9e mean ere is tat te flo9 of eletriity is reversed, not

tat te maine itself o3erates in reverse. So, you anLt 8ust ta7e a 4enerator and turn it into a

motor by Lreversin4L te om3onents of te maine. i7e9ise, 9it an eletri motor you

anLt 8ust fli3 a s9it tat ma7es te om3onents o3erate in reverse to 3rodue eletriity.

nstead, 9at you ave to an4e is te diretion te eletriity flo9s> in9ard for a motor and

out9ard for a 4enerator.

Alerai; ad irec rre

$otors and 4enerators are 4enerally eiter A' or D'. #e ty3e of urrent utili


14/65

ha9er 2

*ierare &e


15/65

3er3endiular to te li4t soure .eause te sun moves bot trou4out te day as

9ell as trou4out te year, a solar 3anel must be able to follo9 te sunBs movement to

3rodue te ma:imum 3ossible 3o9er. #e solution is to use a tra7in4 system tat

maintains te 3anelBs orto4onal 3osition 9it te li4t soure. #ere are many tra7in4

system desi4ns available inludin4 3assive and ative systems 9it one or t9o a:es of

freedom.

#e 4oal of our 3ro8et 9as to desi4n an ative, dual a:is, solar tra7er tat 9ill ave a

minimum allo9able error of 10 and also be eonomially feasible to mar7et to9ards

under3rivile4ed ountries. 6e started by e:aminin4 te 3rior 9or7 done in solar tra7in4

metods to determine our ourse of ation. &rom tere 9e desi4ned and tested several

meanial and eletrial o3tions and ose te ones 9it te most desirable arateristis.

&inally, 9e built our final tra7in4 system, tested and om3ared it to ensure tat 9e met our

ori4inal 4oal.

As 9e all 7no9 tere is eiter sarity of onventional ener4y or tere may no su33ly and

it may be ostly at some times and u4e allen4e of 3ollution, 9atsoever, 9ere are in

ur4ent need of an alternative to te onventional ener4y soure 9i are disussed

belo9I2J.

2"2 o-o


16/65

#er;y ad hermodyamics

#ermodynamis is te bran of ener4y 9i deals 9it onservation of eat into 9or7 or

vie versa.

#er;y 'arameers

#e ener4y 3arameters are measured usin4 te yardsti7 of 4ross domesti 3rodut (*D!).

#er;y +esiy> t is defined as te ratio of ener4y onsum3tion V *D!.

ner4y ntensity ner4y 'onsum3tion *D!

#er;y elasiciy> t is defined as te 4ro9t in ener4y re;uirement 3er *D!

ner4y lastiity *ro9t in ner4y re;uirement *D!

' (ross omesic 'rodc)> t is te value of all finised 4oods V servies

3rodued in a 4iven 3eriod

#er;y Adi

ner4y audit is an offiial surveystudy of ener4y onsum3tion 3roessin4 su33lyin4

as3ets related 9it an or4ani


17/65

#er;y Adi is sally carried o i =ollo:i; hree sa;es :ihi cerai

a;reed ime =rame>

• Sim3le 9al7 #rou4 ener4y audit.

• ntermediate ener4y audit.

• 'om3reensive :austive ener4y audit.

#e 3roedure of ener4y auditin4 is ditated by te si


18/65

HA'#& 3

'&++'*#S % S%*A& ##&

3"1 '&++'*#S % S%*A& &A+A+%>

#e sun is a ydrodynami s3ere of intensely ot ioni

#Braerresrial solar radiaio> it te measure of solar radiation tat 9ould be reeived in

te absene of atmos3ere. #e distane bet9een te sun and eart varies due to elli3tial

motion of te eart. Aordin4ly, te e:traterrestrial flu: also varies, 9i an be

alulated (on any day) by te e;uation

Page 18


19/65

6ere n is te day of te year, s Solar 'onstant.

erresrial solar radiaio> te radiation reeived on te eart surfae is alled terrestrial

radiation and is nearly E0R of te e:traterrestrial radiation.

i;3"2> Solar radiaio amos9heric mechaisms"

!eam &adiaio (+b)> Solar radiation reeived on te eartBs surfae 9itout an4e in

diretion.

i==se &adiaio (+d)> #e radiation reeived on a terrestrial surfae (Sattered) from all

3arts of te s7y dome.

oal &adiaio (+)> #e sum of beam and diffuse radiations ( bWd) is referred to as total

radiation. 6en measured at a loation on te eartBs surfae, it is alled solar insulation at

te 3lae. 6en measured on a ori #e rate of inident ener4y 3er unit area of a surfae is termed

irradiane.

Page 19


20/65

Albedo> #e eart reflets ba7 nearly =0R of te total solar radiation ener4y to te s3ae

by refletion from louds, by satterin4 and by refletion at te eartBs surfae. #is is

alled te albedo of te eartBs atmos3ere system.

S%*A& &A+A+% #%M#&>

i;3"3 > *aide ø , hor a;le D ad sEs decliaio F"

*aide ( ø )> #e latitude ø of a 3lae is te an4le subtended by te radial line

8oinin4 te 3lae to te entre of te eart, 9it te 3ro8etion of te line on te e;uatorial

3lane. 'onventionally, te latitude for nortern emis3ere is measured 3ositive.

ecliaio (F)> Delination C is te an4le subtended by te line 8oinin4 te enters of te

eart and te sun 9it its 3ro8etion on te eartBs e;uatorial 3lane. Delination ours as

te a:is te eart is inlined to te 3lane of its orbit at an an4le X o, as so9n belo9.

Page 20


21/65

i;3"4> ro9ics ad orher Hemis9here"

#e delination an4le an4es from a ma:imum value of W2=.5O on +une 21 to a ma:imum

of -2=.5O

on D$mber 22. #e delination is Hour an4le is te an4le trou4 9i te eart must rotate to brin4 te

meridian of te 3oint diretly under te sun. it is te an4ular measure of time at te rate of

15O 3er our. Hour an4le is measured from noon, based on loal a33arent time bein4

3ositive in te afternoon and ne4ative in te forenoon.

Page 21


22/65

i;3"6> SEs zeih, alide ad azimh a;les (orher hemis9here)"

Alide a;le (G)> t is a vertial an4le bet9een te diretion of te sunBs rays and its

3ro8etion on te ori t is te vertial an4le bet9een te sunBs rays and te line 3er3endiular

to te ori t is an an4le subtended in te ori


23/65

#e value of our an4le orres3ondin4 to sunrise is 3ositive, and ne4ative

orres3ondin4 to sunset. #e total an4les bet9een sunrise and sunset is 4iven by

2Ds K 2os-1(- a O a F)

Sine 150 of our an4le orres3onds to one our, te orres3ondin4 day len4t

(#d) in our is 4iven by

d K 2C15 os-1(- a O a F)

*%A* A''A +M# (*A)>

*A K Sadard ime P 4 (Sadard ime lo;ide Q lo;ide o= locaio) J (ime

correcio)

#e 3ositive si4n in te first orretion is for te 9estern emis3ere 9ile ne4ative si4n is

a33liable for te eastern emis3ere. n ndia 9e use ne4ative si4n.

%M'A+% % %S %& A *%A+% HA.+ A %&+#A+%>

i;3"7> dra:i; shoei; a;le icidece, zeih a;le, solar alide a;le, slo9e ad

sr=ace azimh a;le =or a iled sr=ace"

#e basi an4le for a loation ! on a tilted surfae are so9n in above fi4ure.#o om3ute te beam ener4y fallin4 on a surfae avin4 any orientation, te inident beam

flu: b is multi3lied by 'os Y, 9ere Y is te an4le bet9een te inident beam and te

normal to te tilted surfae as so9n n above fi4ure. #e an4le Y is de3ends on te 3osition

of te sun in te s7y.A 4eneral e;uation so9in4 te relation of an4le is

os K SiO (SiF osN J osF os osD SiN ) J osO (osF osD osN -

SiF os SiN ) J osF Si SiD SiN - e;n.1Use of e;.1 an be demonstrated as>

Page 23


24/65

(i) &or a vertial surfae, Z @00, terefore

os K SiO osF os osD - osO SiF os J osF Si SiD

- e;n.2

(ii) &or a ori


25/65

a, b 'onstants for te loation.

t is diffiult to define a lear s7y day, so it 9as 3ro3osed tat H in e;. sould be

re3laed by Ho is te montly avera4e of daily e:tra terrestrial radiation tat 9ould fall on a

ori

H d

H g=1.390−4.027 K T +5.531 K T

2−3.108 K T 3

- e;n.@

Hd $ontly avera4e for daily diffuse radiation on a ori


26/65

#e above e;uations 3rovide similar results, and are valid for

0.3

Rb= cosθ

cosθ z

sinδ sin (θ− β )+cos δ cosωcos (∅− β )sin∅ sinδ +cos∅cos δ cosω

- e;n.12

+S# &A+A+%>

Rd=1+cos β

2-e;n.1=

*## &A+A+%>

β

1−cos ¿

¿

ρ ¿ Rr=¿

-e;n.1

%A* &A+A+%>

#e total radiation flu: fallin4 on an inlined surfae at any instant is e:3ressed as>

I T

= I b

Rb

+ I d

Rd

+( I b

+ I d

) Rr

- -e;n.15

3"1"2 S%*A& &A+A+% M#ASM#S>

'yraomeer>

#e !yranometer measures 4lobal or diffuse radiation on a ori


27/65

tem3erature differene bet9een te bla7 and te 9ite surfaes indiates te intensity of

solar radiation.

'yrheliomeer>

A 3yreliometer is an instrument 9i measures beam radiation on a surfae

normal to te sunBs rays. #e sensor is a termo3ile and its dis is loated at te base of a

tube 9ose a:is is ali4ned in te diretion of te sunBs rays.

Sshie &ecorder>

#e duration in ours of bri4t sunsine in a day is measured by a sunsine reorder.

t onsists of a 4lass s3ere installed in a setion of s3erial metal bo9l, avin4 4rooves

for oldin4 a reorder ard stri3.

S%*A& &A+A+% AA %& ++A>

ndia lies 9itin te latitudes of E0 % and =E0 %, 9it annual intensity of solar

radiation bet9een 00 and E00 alm2day. $ost 3arts of india r$ive E 76m2day

of solar radiation 9it 250 =00 sunny days in a year. #e annual avera4e daily 4lobal solar

radiation in ndia (in 76m2day) is so9n in fi4. belo9.

#e i4est annual radiation ener4y is reeivedin te 9estern "a8astan 9ile te nort-

eastern re4ion reeives te lo9est annual radiation.

!"&O"$A%' A%AFSS O& A GUD &A# !A# 'O'#O">

#e 3erformane of a solar olletor an be im3roved by enanin4 te useful

ener4y 4ain from inident solar radiation 9it minimum losses. #ermal losses ave tree

om3onents, namely ondutive loss, onvetive loss and radiative loss.

'ondutive loss is redued by 3rovidin4 insulation on te rear and sides of te absorber 3late. 'onvetive loss is minimi


28/65

Qu= A p S−Q L -e;n1

6ere

Qu=s!"u# $ !a% d!#&'!r!d b( % $ ! co##!c%or ()a%%s)

S Solar eat ener4y absorbed by te absorber 3late (6m2)

A p= Ar!a o" % $ ! absorb!r p#a%! (m2 )

Q L= Ra%! o" $ !a% #oss b( con'!c%&on∧r!rad&a%&on¿ % $ ! %op* b( conduc%&on∧¿

con'!c%&on¿ % $ ! bo%%om∧s&d!s(+a%%s)

&rom e;.1, te flu: absorbed is obtained if te e; is multi3lied by te transmissivity

absor3tivity 3rodut ( ,- ¿ , terefore

S= I b R b (,- )b+[ I d Rd+ ( I b+ I d ) R r ](,- )d - -e;n.1E6ere

(,- )b is te transmissivity absor3tivity 3rodut for te beam radiation fallin4 on te

olletor and

(,- )d is te transmissivity absor3tivity 3rodut for diffuse radiation im3in4in4 te

olletor

t is emissary to define t9o terms instantaneous olletor effiieny and sta4nation

tem3erature 9i are re;uired to indiate te 3erformane of te olletor. #e

instantaneous olletor effiieny is defined as te ratio of useful eat 4ain to radiation

fallin4 on te olletor. t is e:3ressed by

.&= Qu

A p I T - ;.1E

De3endin4 on te 4iven data, te olletor a3erture area Aa or te olletor 4ross area A is

used in 3lae of A 3.

n ase te flo9 of li;uid trou4 te olletor is sto33ed, te useful eat 4ain and te

effiieny beome


29/65

3"2 S%*A& 'H%%.%*A+ SS#M

!otovoltai 3o9er 4eneration is a metod of 3roduin4 eletriity usin4 solar ells.

A solar ell onverts solar o3tial ener4y diretly into eletrial ener4y. A solar ell is

essentially a semiondutor devie fabriated in a manner 9i 4enerates a volta4e 9en

solar radistion falls on it.

n semiondutors, atoms arry four eletron in te outer valene sell, some of 9i

an be dislod4ed to move freely in te materials if e:tra ener4y is su33lied. #en, a

semiondutor attains te 3ro3erty to ondut te urrent. #is is te basi 3rini3le on

9i te solar ell 9or7s and 4enerates 3o9er.

3"2"1 S#M+%%& MA#&+A*S A %'+

A fe9 semiondutor materials su as silion (Si), admium sul3ide ('dS) and

4allium arsenide (*aAs) an be used to fabriate solar ells. Semiondutors are divided

into t9o ate4ories (i) ntrinsi 3ure and (ii) e:trinsi. #e 3roess of addin4 im3urity atoms

is alled Do3in4.

3"2"2 'H%% ##&

Sunli4t is om3osed of tiny ener4y a3sules alled 3otons. #e number of 3otons

3resent in solar radiation de3ends u3on te intensity of solar radiation and teir ener4y

ontent on te 9avelen4t band. #e solar s3etrum onstitutes tree main re4ions.

1. Ultraviolet re4ion (] ^ 0._m)T @R irradiane

2. /isible re4ion (0. _m ^ ] ^ 0.E_m)T 5R irradiane

=. nfrared re4ion ( ] ` 0.E _m)T R irradiane

9- $+%

A semiondutor 9en do3ed by a donor im3urity inreases eletrons in te ondution

band and beome n-ty3e material. 6en a semiondutor is do3ed by an ae3tor im3urity,

Page 29

i;re 1


30/65

it beomes te 3-ty3e material 9it e:ess oles. 6en tese n-ty3e and 3-ty3e materials

are 8oined, a 8untion is formed as detailed in fi4. #e number of eletrons in te n-ty3e

material is lar4eT so 9en an n-ty3e material is brou4t into ontat 9it 3-ty3e material,

eletrons on te n-side flo9 into oles of te 3-material. #us in te viinity of te 8untion,

te n-material beomes 3ositively ar4ed and te 3-material ne4atively ar4es. #e

3roess of diffusion of arriers ontinues till te 8untion 3otential reaes an e;uilibrium

value at te time of e;ual flo9 of eletrons and oles from bot diretions as so9n in fi4.

#is is 7no9n as te unbiased ondition of te 3-n 8untion. n tis ondition, v is te

ontat 3otential (i.e., not an e:ternally im3osed 3otential) develo3ed bet9een te 3-n

8untions. #e ontat 3otential so develo3ed is a 3ro3erty of te 8untion itself.

i;> 3" (a) 9- ?cio, (b) 9- ?cio :ih a99lied


31/65

'H%%.%*A+ ##

6en a solar ell (3-n 8untion ) is illuminated, eletron-ole 3airs are 4enerated and te

eletri urrent obtained is te differene bet9een te solar li4t 4enerated urrent and

te diode dar7 urrent 8, i.e.

8

0Ie:3 (e/7#) 1J

#is 3enomenon is 7no9n as te 3otovoltai effet.

Page 31


32/65

H% 'H%%.%*A+ #**S %&/>

A ty3ial silion !/ ell is om3osed of tin 9afer onsistin4 of an ultra-tin layer

of 3os3orus-do3ed (n-ty3e) silion on to3 of a ti7er layer of boron-do3ed (3-ty3e)

silion. An eletrial field is reated neat te to3 surfae of te ell 9ere tese t9o

materials are ontat, alled te 3-n 8untion as so9n in fi4.

i; 3"T> dia;ram o= a 9hoo


33/65

3"2"3 #++# % S%*A& #**S

letrial arateristis of a solar ell are e:3ressed by te urrent-volta4e ures

3lotted under a 4iven illumination and tem3erature onditions as so9n in fi4.

i;3"10> crre (+) Q


34/65

S#M+%%& MA#&+A*S %& S%*A& #**>

Solar ells are fabriated from semiondutor materials 3re3ared in tree 3ysial

states sin4le multirystal, many small rystals (3olyrystalline) and amor3ous

(nonrystallin).

Si;le rysal Silico (SS)>

Silion solar ells are ommonly used for bot terrestrial and s3ae a33liations. #e

basi ra9 material is sand (SiO2) from 9i (Si) is e:trated and 3urified re3eatedly to

obtain te metallur4ial 4rade silion. A sin4le rystal in4ot is about m to 15m in

diameter. 'rystalline ells basially re;uire =00_m to 00_m of absorber materialT te in4ot

is slied in 9afer of =00_m ti7ness as so9n in fi4. =.11

i;3"11> cross secio o= a silico cell"

Solar ells are fi:ed on a board and onneted in series and 3arallel ombinations to 3rovide

te re;uired volta4e and 3o9er to form a !/ module.

#o 3rotet te ells from te dama4e a module is ermetially sealed bet9een a 3late of

tou4ened 4lass and layers of etyl vinyl aetate. Sin4le !/ modules of a3aities ran4in4

from 1063 to 12063 an 3rovide for different loads. #e si


35/65

'olycrysallie Silico ells ('S)>

#e 3rodution ost of S'S is i4er tan !S'. t is obtained in tin ribbons dra9n

from molten silion bat and ooled very slo9ly to obtain lar4e si


36/65

'#S % '. SS#MS>

rid-coeced 9hoo

*rid onneted !/ systems are desi4n to o3erate 3arallel 9it eletri utility 4rid. t

is also alled as 4rid ommutated inverter 9i transforms te D' 3o9er from !/ arrays

into A' 3o9er at a volta4e tat is ae3ted by te 4rid. #e bidiretional interfae is made

b9 !/ system A' o3 iruit and eletri utility net 9or7 at on site of distributed 3anel as

so9n in fi4. #is allo9s te !/ system to su33ly eiter eletrial load or feed ba7 to !/

system 9en !/ system o3 is 4reater tan on site load demand.

Sad-Aloe 9hoo

#ese systems are desi4ned to o3erate inde3endent of te eletri utility 4rid and are

desi4n to su33ly D' and or A' eletrial loads. #e sim3lest stand-alone !/ system is

diret ou3led to system 9ere te D' o3 is diretly onneted D' load as so9n in fi4.

Sine tere is no batteries in diret ou3le systems te load only o3erate durin4 sunli4t

ours ma7in4 tis desi4n used for a33liations li7e ventilation fans, 9ater 3um3s, and small

irulatin4 solar termal 9ater eaters.

i;3"13> sad-aloe '. sysem"

Page 36

D' OAD'HA"*'O%#"O-"

!/ A""AF

%/"#" A##"F

A' OAD


37/65

.-+ characerisic o= '. modle>

#e /- arateristi of !/ module is non linear 4ra3 b9 urrent and volta4e

4enerated by !/ module as so9n in fi4 for different tem3eratures. $a:imum 3o9er 3oint

ave also so9n to re3resent te 3oint at 9i ma: 3o9er an be dra9n from !/ module.

#is $!! onstitute te $a: 3o9er line, 9i re3resented te tra7 3at of ma: 3o9er

3oint tra7er.

i; 3"14> .-+ characerisic o= '. modle'-. characerisic o= '. modle>!-/ arateristi urve of a !/ module is also a non

linear urve 3lotted b9 3o9er and volta4e of !/ module for different densities in 6m 2.

#e $!! is so9n in 4ra3.

Page 37


38/65

i; 3"15> '-. characerisic '. modle"

A fundamental understandin4 of o9 a 3otovoltai 3anel 9or7s is essential in

3roduin4 a i4ly effiient solar system. Solar 3anels are formed out of solar ells tat

are onneted in 3arallel or series. 6en onneted in series, tere is an inrease in te

overall volta4e, onneted in 3arallel inreases te overall urrent. a individual solar

ell is ty3ially made out of rystalline silion, altou4 oter ty3es su as ribbon and

tin-film silione are 4ainin4 3o3ularity.

!/ ells onsist of layered silion tat is do3ed 9it different elements to form a 3-n

8untion. #e 3-ty3e side 9ill ontain e:tra oles or 3ositive ar4es. #e n-ty3e side 9ill

ontain e:tra eletrons or ne4ative ar4es. #is differene of ar4e forms a re4ion tat

is ar4e neutral and ats as a sort of barrier. 6en te 3-n 8untion is e:3osed to li4t,

3otons 9it te orret fre;ueny 9ill form an e:tra eletronole 3air. Ho9ever, sine

te 3-n 8untion reates a 3otential differene, te eletrons anBt 8um3 to te oter side

only te oles an. #us, te eletrons must e:it trou4 te metal onnetor and flo9

trou4 te load, to te onnetor on te oter side of te 8untion.

eause te !/ ells 4enerate a urrent, ells3anels an be modeled as D' urrent

soures. #e amount of urrent a !/ 3anel 3rodues as a diret orrelation 9it te

intensity of li4t te 3anel is absorbin4. elo9 is a sim3le dra9in4 of te system>

Page 38


39/65

i;re 3"16> A;le o= +cidece o Solar ell (Adria, 2010)

#e normal to te ell is 3er3endiular to te ellBs e:3osed fae. #e sunli4t omes

in and stri7es te 3anel at an an4le. #e an4le of te sunli4t to te normal is te an4le of

inidene (Y). Assumin4 te sunli4t is stayin4 at a onstant intensity (]) te available

sunli4t to te solar ell for 3o9er 4eneration (6) an be alulated as>

6 A ] os(Y)

Here, A re3resents some limitin4 onversion fator in te desi4n of te 3anel beause

tey annot onvert 100R of te sunli4t absorbed into eletrial ener4y. y tis

alulation, te ma:imum 3o9er 4enerated 9ill be 9en te sunli4t is ittin4 te !/

ell alon4 its normal and no 3o9er 9ill be 4enerated 9en te sunli4t is 3er3endiular

to te normal. 6it a fi:ed solar 3anel, tere is si4nifiant 3o9er lost durin4 te day

beause te 3anel is not 7e3t 3er3endiular to te sunBs rays. A tra7in4 system an 7ee3

te an4le of inidene 9itin a ertain mar4in and 9ould be able to ma:imi


40/65

HA'#& 4

%M'%#S, S'#++A+% 8 #S&+'+%

4"1 %M'%#S

4"1"1 Solar char;e coroller

Solar ar4e ontroller an be used as eiter a stand-alone devie or a ontrol iruitry

inte4rated 9itin a battery 3a7, a battery-3o9ered solar devie or a battery rear4er. tr is

basially built for off4rid solar 3o9er systems and bifurates into t9o varieties-

A solar ar4e ontroller ios a devie needed for monitorin4 and ontrollin4 te

ar4in4 of battery ban7 onneted to te 3-v modules. $ain funtion of solar ar4e

ontroller is to limit te rate at 9i eletri urrent is added to or dra9n from batteries. t

3revents overar4in4 and 3rotets battery from volta4e flutuation, 9i an redue

battery 3erformane or lifes3an, and may 3ose a safety ris7.

Page 40


41/65

A ar4e ontroller may be used to 3o9er D' e;ui3ment 9it solar 3anels. #e

ar4e ontroller 3rovides a re4ulated D' out3ut and stores e:ess ener4y in a battery as

9ell as monitorin4 te battery volta4e to 3revent underover ar4in4. $ore e:3ensive units

9ill also 3erform ma:imum 3o9er 3oint tra7in4. An inverter an be onneted to te

out3ut of a ar4e ontroller to drive A' loads.

i;> 4"1Solar har;e oroller

i;> 4"2Solar har;e oroller /i

'M HA&+

#radin4 solar re4ulators featurin4 !$6 (!US 6D#H $ODUA#O%)

ar4in4 o3erate by ma7in4 a onnetion diretly from te solar array to te battery ban7.

Durin4 bul7 ar4in4 9en tere is a ontinuous onnetion from te array to te battery

ban7, te array out3ut volta4e is 3ulled do9nB to te battery volta4e. #e battery volta4e

ad8usts sli4tly u3 de3endin4 on te amount of urrent 3rovided by te array and te si


42/65

'M &A#-5Am9sC12.

Solar 'ar4er 'ontroller is a system 9it advaned $OS&# based !$6

#enolo4y. #e term Qar4er ontrollerM refers to a devie tat ar4e te battery from

solar 3anel.

%&/+ '&++'*#

#e 'ontroller is for off-4rid solar systems. #is 3rotets te battery from 4ettin4

over ar4ed usin4 te solar module and over disar4ed by te load. #e ar4in4 3roess

as been o3timi 4"3 +sallaio ia;ram o= Solar char;e oroller

!$6 "A%*

%9eraiosC%9ios

• $a:imum 'ar4in4 'urrent>10-5A

Page 42


43/65

• Sin4le and Dual solar Array

• Start time> 25 Se -W5 Se

• $a:imum !/ ! volta4e > 25/ 3er = 'ell Solar $odule

• Ad8ustable ul7 /olta4e

• ;uili


44/65

deliver ener4y to an e:ternal devie. 6en a battery is onneted to an e:ternal iruit,

eletrolytes are able to move as ions 9itin, allo9in4 te emial reations to be

om3leted at te se3arate terminals and so deliver ener4y to te e:ternal iruit. t is te

movement of tose ions 9itin te battery 9i allo9s urrent to flo9 out of te battery to

3erform 9or7. Historially te term KbatteryK s3eifially referred to a devie om3osed of

multi3le ells, o9ever te usa4e as evolved to additionally inlude devies om3osed of a

sin4le ell.

!rimary (sin4le-use or Kdis3osableK) batteries are used one and disardedT te

eletrode materials are irreversibly an4ed durin4 disar4e. 'ommon e:am3les are te

al7aline battery used for flasli4ts and a multitude of 3ortable devies. Seondary

(rear4eable batteries) an be disar4ed and rear4ed multi3le timesT te ori4inal

om3osition of te eletrodes an be restored by reverse urrent. :am3les inlude te lead-

aid batteries used in veiles and litium-ion batteries used for 3ortable eletronis.

atteries ome in many sa3es and si


45/65

eletrolytes for ea alf-ell. A se3arator allo9s ions to flo9 bet9een alf-ells, but

3revents mi:in4 of te eletrolytes.

a alf-ell as an eletromotive fore (or emf), determined by its ability to drive

eletri urrent from te interior to te e:terior of te ell. #e net emf of te ell is te

differene bet9een te emfs of its alf-ells. #us, if te eletrodes ave emfs and ,

ten te net emf is T in oter 9ords, te net emf is te differene bet9een te

redution 3otentials of te alf-reations.

#e eletrial drivin4 fore or aross te terminals of a ell is 7no9n as te

terminal voltage (difference) and is measured in volts. #e terminal volta4e of a ell tat is

neiter ar4in4 nor disar4in4 is alled te o3en-iruit volta4e and e;uals te emf of teell. eause of internal resistane, te terminal volta4e of a ell tat is disar4in4 is

smaller in ma4nitude tan te o3en-iruit volta4e and te terminal volta4e of a ell tat is

ar4in4 e:eeds te o3en-iruit volta4e.

An ideal ell as ne4li4ible internal resistane, so it 9ould maintain a onstant

terminal volta4e of until e:austed, ten dro33in4 to


46/65

atteries ave mu lo9er s3eifi ener4y (ener4y 3er unit mass) tan ommon fuels su

as 4asoline. #is is some9at offset by te i4er effiieny of eletri motors in 3roduin4

meanial 9or7, om3ared to ombustion en4ines.

ae;ories ad y9es o= baeries

&rom to3 to bottom> a lar4e .5-volt (="12) battery, a D 'ell, a ' ell, an AA ell, an

AAA ell, an AAAA ell, an A2= battery, a @-volt !!= battery, and a 3air of button ells

('"20=2 and ")

atteries are lassified into 3rimary and seondary forms>

• !rimary batteries irreversibly transform emial ener4y to eletrial ener4y. 6en

te su33ly of reatants is e:austed, ener4y annot be readily restored to te battery.I21J

• Seondary batteries an be rear4edT tat is, tey an ave teir emial reations

reversed by su33lyin4 eletrial ener4y to te ell, a33ro:imately restorin4 teir

ori4inal om3osition.

Some ty3es of 3rimary batteries used, for e:am3le, for tele4ra3 iruits, 9ere restored

to o3eration by re3lain4 te eletrodes. Seondary batteries are not indefinitely

rear4eable due to dissi3ation of te ative materials, loss of eletrolyte and internal

orrosion.

!rimary batteries

$ain artile> !rimary ell

!rimary batteries, or 3rimary ells, an 3rodue urrent immediately on assembly.

#ese are most ommonly used in 3ortable devies tat ave lo9 urrent drain, are used

only intermittently, or are used 9ell a9ay from an alternative 3o9er soure, su as in

alarm and ommuniation iruits 9ere oter eletri 3o9er is only intermittently

available. Dis3osable 3rimary ells annot be reliably rear4ed, sine te emial

reations are not easily reversible and ative materials may not return to teir ori4inal

forms. attery manufaturers reommend a4ainst attem3tin4 to rear4e 3rimary ells.

Page 46

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_energyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D_batteryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D_batteryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_batteryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AA_cellhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AA_cellhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAA_cellhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAAA_batteryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAAA_batteryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A23_batteryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PP3_batteryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PP3_batteryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Button_cellhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Button_cellhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Button_cellhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity)#cite_note-21https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraphyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_cellhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_cellhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_cellhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_energyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D_batteryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_batteryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AA_cellhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAA_cellhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAAA_batteryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A23_batteryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PP3_batteryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Button_cellhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity)#cite_note-21https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraphyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_cellhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_cell


47/65

n 4eneral, tese ave i4er ener4y densities tan rear4eable batteries, but

dis3osable batteries do not fare 9ell under i4-drain a33liations 9it loads under E5

oms (E5 c).

'ommon ty3es of dis3osable batteries inlude "ear4eable battery

Seondary batteries, also 7no9n as secondary cells, or rechargeable batteries, must

be ar4ed before first useT tey are usually assembled 9it ative materials in te

disar4ed state. "ear4eable batteries are (re)ar4ed by a33lyin4 eletri urrent, 9i

reverses te emial reations tat our durin4 disar4euse. Devies to su33ly te

a33ro3riate urrent are alled ar4ers.

#e oldest form of rear4eable battery is te leadaid battery. #is tenolo4y

ontains li;uid eletrolyte in an unsealed ontainer, re;uirin4 tat te battery be 7e3t

u3ri4t and te area be 9ell ventilated to ensure safe dis3ersal of te ydro4en 4as it

3rodues durin4 overar4in4. #e leadaid battery is relatively eavy for te amount of

eletrial ener4y it an su33ly. ts lo9 manufaturin4 ost and its i4 sur4e urrent levels

ma7e it ommon 9ere its a3aity (over a33ro:imately 10 A) is more im3ortant tan

9ei4t and andlin4 issues. A ommon a33liation is te modern ar battery, 9i an, in

4eneral, deliver a 3ea7 urrent of 50 am3eres.

#e sealed valve re4ulated leadaid battery (/"A battery) is 3o3ular in te

automotive industry as a re3laement for te leadaid 9et ell. #e /"A battery uses an

immobili


48/65

Oter 3ortable rear4eable batteries inlude several sealed Kdry ellK ty3es, tat are

useful in a33liations su as mobile 3ones and la3to3 om3uters. 'ells of tis ty3e (in

order of inreasin4 3o9er density and ost) inlude ni7eladmium (%i'd), ni7el


49/65


50/65

y9es

#ey are mainly lassified into t9o ty3es.

•

#ransmission safts are used to transmit 3o9er bet9een te soure and te maineabsorbin4 3o9erT e.4. ounter safts and line safts.

• $aine safts are te inte4ral 3art of te maine itselfT e.4. ran7saft.

Maerials

#e material used for ordinary safts is mild steel. 6en i4 stren4t is re;uired, an alloy

steel su as ni7el, ni7el-romium or romium-vanadium steel is used.

Safts are 4enerally formed by ot rollin4 and finised to si


51/65

1. Sear stresses due to te transmission of tor;ue (due to torsional load).

2. endin4 stresses (tensile or om3ressive) due to te fores atin4 u3on te maine

elements li7e 4ears and 3ulleys as 9ell as te self 9ei4t of te saft.

=. Stresses due to ombined torsional and bendin4 loads.

esi; sresses

#e ma:imum 3ermissible (desi4n) stresses in bendin4 (tension or om3ression) may be

ta7en as>

1. 112 %mm2 for safts 9it allo9ane for 7ey9ays.

2. ? %mm2 for safts 9itout allo9ane for 7ey9ays.

#e ma:imum 3ermissible (desi4n) sear stresses may be ta7en as>

1. 5 %mm2 for safts 9it allo9ane for 7ey9ays.

2. 2 %mm2 for safts 9itout allo9ane for 7ey9ays.

4"1"5 'lley

#is artile is about te meanial one3tdevie. &or oter uses, see !ulley(disambi4uation).

Page 51

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_stresshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torquehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressivehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressivehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gearshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulleyshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsionalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(mechanics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tension_(physics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tension_(physics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_(physics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_stresshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulley_(disambiguation)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulley_(disambiguation)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_stresshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torquehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressivehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gearshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulleyshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsionalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(mechanics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tension_(physics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_(physics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_stresshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulley_(disambiguation)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulley_(disambiguation)


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i;> 4"4 ylo 'lley

A 3ulley is a 9eel on an a:le or saft tat is desi4ned to su33ort movement and an4e of

diretion of a taut able or belt alon4 its irumferene. !ulleys are used in a variety of

9ays to lift loads, a33ly fores, and to transmit 3o9er. n nautial onte:ts, te assembly of

9eel, a:le, and su33ortin4 sell is referred to as a Kblo7.K

A 3ulley may also be alled a seave or drum and may ave a 4roove bet9een t9o flan4es

around its irumferene. #e drive element of a 3ulley system an be a ro3e, able, belt, or

ain tat runs over te 3ulley inside te 4rooves.

Hero of Ale:andria identified te pulley as one of si: sim3le maines used to lift 9ei4ts.I2J

!ulleys are assembled to form a blo7 and ta7le in order to 3rovide meanial advanta4e

to a33ly lar4e fores. !ulleys are also assembled as 3art of belt and ain drives in order to

transmit 3o9er from one rotatin4 saft to anoter .I=JIJ

lo7 and ta7le

Page 52

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaft_(Mechanical_Engineering)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaft_(Mechanical_Engineering)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheave_(mechanical)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groove_(machining)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flangehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumferencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ropehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cablehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_(mechanical)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandriahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_machineshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_machineshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulley#cite_note-Usher-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_and_tacklehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_advantagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_(mechanical)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_drivehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulley#cite_note-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulley#cite_note-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulley#cite_note-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaft_(Mechanical_Engineering)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheave_(mechanical)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groove_(machining)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flangehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumferencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ropehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cablehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_(mechanical)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandriahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_machineshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulley#cite_note-Usher-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_and_tacklehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_advantagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_(mechanical)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_drivehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulley#cite_note-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulley#cite_note-4


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*un uff Double *yn #ree &old #a7le #a7le #a7le #a7le !urases

i; 4"5 .arios :ays o= ri;;i; a ac@le"

A set of 3ulleys assembled so tat tey rotate inde3endently on te same a:le form a blo7.

#9o blo7s 9it a ro3e attaed to one of te blo7s and treaded trou4 te t9o sets of

3ulleys form a blo7 and ta7le.

A blo7 and ta7le is assembled so one blo7 is attaed to fi:ed mountin4 3oint and te

oter is attaed to te movin4 load. #e ideal meanial advanta4e of te blo7 and

ta7le is e;ual to te number of 3arts of te ro3e tat su33ort te movin4 blo7.

i; 4"6 &o9e ad 'lley Sysems

Ho: i :or@s

Page 53

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_and_tacklehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_and_tacklehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_and_tacklehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_mechanical_advantagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_and_tacklehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_and_tacklehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_mechanical_advantage


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#e sim3lest teory of o3eration for a 3ulley system assumes tat te 3ulleys and lines are

9ei4tless, and tat tere is no ener4y loss due to frition. t is also assumed tat te lines

do not stret.

n e;uilibrium, te fores on te movin4 blo7 must sum to


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4"1"6 &o9e

6ire ro3e is a ty3e of able 9i onsists of several strands of metal 9ire laid

(t9isted) into a eli:. #e term able is often used interan4eably 9it 9ire ro3e.

Ho9ever, in 4eneral, K9ire ro3eK refers to diameter lar4er tan =? in (@.52 mm). Si


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i; 4"10 Seel &o9e

&o9e dri


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• O3timal ro3e diameter 9it te ma:. ro3e endurane for a 4iven seave diameter D

and tensile ro3e fore S - &or eonomi reasons te ro3e diameter sould be near to

but smaller tan te o3timal ro3e diameter d do3t.

#e alulation of te ro3e drive limits de3ends on>

• Data of te used 9ire ro3e

• "o3e tensile fore S

• Diameter D of seave andor drum

•Sim3le bendin4s 3er 9or7in4 yle 9-sim

• "everse bendin4s 3er 9or7in4 yle 9-rev

• 'ombined flutuatin4 tension and bendin4 3er 9or7in4 yle 9-om

• "elative flutuatin4 tensile fore deltaSS

•

"o3e bendin4 len4t

Sa=ey

#e 9ire ro3es are stressed by flutuatin4 fores, by 9ear, by orrosion and in seldom ases

by e:treme fores. #e ro3e life is finite and te safety is only 4iven by ins3etion for te

detetion of 9ire brea7s on a referene ro3e len4t, of ross-setion loss as 9ell as oter

failures so tat te 9ire ro3e an be re3laed before a dan4erous situation ours.

nstallations sould be desi4ned to failitate te ins3etion of te 9ire ro3es.

iftin4 installations for 3assen4er trans3ortation re;uire tat a ombination of several

metods sould be used to 3revent a ar from 3lun4in4 do9n9ards. levators must ave

redundant bearin4 ro3es and a safety 4ear. "o3e9ays and mine oistin4s must be

Page 57


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3ermanently su3ervised by a res3onsible mana4er and te ro3e as to be ins3eted by a

ma4neti metod a3able of detetin4 inner 9ire brea7s.

4"2 S'#++A+%S

.2.1 SOA" !A% S!'&'A#O%

+" %lie .ie:>

Outline Dimensions

50g0.2mm

6 5g0.2mm

H =.2g0.=mm

6*H# .5 74

able 4"1

++" echical characerisics

Desri3tion of *oods #enial S3e.

#y3e !oly rystalline

%o. of 'ells 0

6atts 0

/olta4e 12D'

$aterial Siliion

able 4"2

+++" oes

Page 58


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#is ouldnBt be ontated diretly 9it stron4 orrosive substanes.

#o be avoid to srat te surfae.

#is ouldnBt be born bendin4 fore durin4 trans3ortation V assemblin4.

4"2"2 !A#&>-

(SAD $& "'HA"*A A##"F)

#F! /O#A*

"*UA#O%%#A 'U""%#

S#A%D F US 1=.5-1=.?/ %O $#

'F'' US 1.-15.0/ 5.1 A $a:.

able 4"3

4"2"3 M%%&>-

/O#A* 12/ D'

!O6" 2 6A##S

'U""%# 2 A$!S

S!D 0 "!$

HO"S !O6" 0.0= H!

able 4"4

4"2"4 SHA>-

$A#"A SA 105 HO# "OD S#

%*H# 10.5'$

Page 59


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DA$#" 0.5'$

#%S S#"%*#H 5E0-E00$!A

able 4"5

4"2"5 '**#>-

OU#" DA 2$$

$A#"A %FO%

able 4"6

4"2"6&%'#>-

%*#H @0'$

DA$#" 0.?5-0.@0'$

$A#"AS#

able 4"7

Page 60


61/65


62/65

4"3"2 %&/+>-

#e Solar !anel 9i is situated on te to3 of te struture and it is e:3ose to te sun

li4t and after some time its 4enerates te !o9er and tis 3o9er is stored in te battery

9i is ontrolled i.e., to ontrol te flutuations by solar 3o9er ontroller. As te 3o9er

4enerate in te solar 3anel is not onstant it de3ends u3on te intensity of sunli4t. And to

re4ulate te 3o9er and to save te battery from 4ettin4 dama4e due to flutuations 9e use

solar 3o9er ontroller. And te out3ut of te solar 3o9er ontroller is onneted to te

in3ut of te battery to stored te ener4y and te out3ut of battery is onneted to te

motor and te motor starts 9or7in4 9en te s9it is turned on and te s9it is

bidiretional to rotate te motor bidiretionally. 6en te motor starts 9or7in4 te saft

9i is onneted to it a:ially rotates te 3ulley, and in turn te 3ulley rotates te ro3e

9i lifts te 9ei4t liftin4 bo:.

4"3"3 A.AA#SC+SA.AA#SAD/A%#A*S>-

1. t is eonomi to use solar ener4y to 4enerate te 3o9er

2. Solar ener4y is freely available

=. #is system el3s in ener4y 4eneration trou4 Solar ener4y.

. 'onservation of %on "ene9able ener4y soures.

DSAD/A%#A*S>-

1. nitial ost is i4

2. ffiieny is om3aratively lo9

=. &or more 3o9er lar4e number of 3anels are re;uired

. $ore suitable only in summer season

5. #is system re;uires 3eriodi monitorin4.

6" #is system fails to 9or7 if te load is eavy.

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4"3"4 A''*+A+%S>-

1. #is system an be 3ratially im3lemented in real time in ndustrial a33liations,

$alls, 6or7so3s, 'oal $ines,.

2. 'onstrution of uildin4s, et.,

4"3"6&esl>

#e 3ro8et QS%*A&+# #*#.A%& M is made su tat to deliver 3o9er to lift

te load usin4 Solar 3anel. #e system 4enerates eletrial 3o9er as non-onventional

metod by Solar 3anel ener4y 3o9er usin4 Solar 3anel.

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HA'#& 5

%*S+% 8 '&%S'#S

5"1 oclsio>

nte4ratin4 features of all te ard9are om3onents ave been used in it.

!resene of every module as been reasoned out and 3laed arefully, tus ontributin4 to

te best 9or7in4 of te unit. #e 3ro8et as been suessfully im3lemented. #us te

3ro8et as been suessfully assembled and tested.

5"2 re Sco9e>

Our 3ro8et QS%*A&+# #*#.A%& M is mainly intended to made develo3in4 a

system 9i ma7es use of solar ener4y to lift te load. #e entire system is used for liftin4

te load. Solar ener4y is treated as non rene9able soure of ener4y.

#e 3ro8et ma7es use of a solar 3anel. #e solar ener4y obtained is stored to a

battery. #e battery su33ly is fed to motor trou4 9i te load is lift by te means of

3ulley . 6e use bidiretional motor for u3 and do9n 3ur3ose.

#e main dra9ba7 of tis system is it an dra9 only limited ener4y tis an be

eliminated by ma:imum 3o9er 4eneration. #e Solar 3anel ener4y 3o9er 3lant re;uires

Solar 3anel 3o9er ontinuously.

Page 64


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HA'#& 6

##S

&e=ereces>-

I1J %6 9ind and solar (a division of S$ in of Seattle, U.S.A)

I2J ailis, "obert. Q6ood in Houseold ner4y UseM. ncyclopedia ofnergy.200. !a4es 51, V 51?.

I=J 999.9i7i3edia.om

IJ #eory of $aines, A #e:t oo7 by ".S.urmi V +..*u3ta

I5J letrial n4ineerin4, A #e:t oo7 by /.. $eta V "oit $eta
http://www.wikipedia.com/http://www.wikipedia.com/

Documents

4-5 Deccan Mech Combine