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THE SOCIAL ORIGINS OF DICTATORSHIPDEMOCRACY ANDSOCIALIST REVOLUTION IN CENTRAL AMERICAJEFFERY M. PAIGE

CSST Working CRSO WorkingPaper #35 Paper #405SEPTEMBER 1989


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The Social Originsof Dictatorship, Democracy andSocialist Revolution in Central America

By Jeffery M. PaigeUniversity of Michigan

Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, San Francisco,California, August 8, 1989.


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1917-1919 and 1948, operated as a democracy. Since 1948, Costa Rica has been the only countryin Latin America to continuously hold free elections contested by more than one political party. In1986 Oscar Arias S nchez was elected president af ter defeating his party's chosen candidate in acontested primary as well as winning the subsequent free election. El Salvador, by contrast,suffered under what is, arguably, the longest lived military dictatorship in Latin America from1932 to 1979, and the military still holds a dominant position in spite of nominally contestedelections in 1984 and 1989. On Ju ne 1 of this year Alfredo Cristiani of the National RepublicanAlliance (ARENA) party, widely described as neo-fascist by its opponents, assumed office aspresident of El Salvador. While professing democracy, Cristiani failed to distance himself fromparty founder and admirer of Adolf Hitler, Roberto D'Aubuisson. Nicaragua is one of only twosurviving socialist states in the Western Hemisphere and the only one on the continentalmainland. The slogan of the seventh anniversary of its revolution in 1986 could stand for thetenth as well - "the greatest triumph is to have survived." Democracy, neo-facism, andrevolutionary socialism, Moore's three paths, are all present in contemporary Central America.

Furthermore, the three countries share a number of historical and structural similaritiesincluding a common isthmian location, a common history of foreign domination, and a commonorigin in the same province of the Spanish colonial empire. All ar e small, peripheral agriculturalexport economies dependent on one or two primary commodities, and in all three one commodity,coffee, has been the major source of wealth, foreign exchange, government revenue, and politicalpower from the mid-nineteenth century to the present. In all three countries an agrarian elite ofcoffee growers, processors, and exporters ruled almost without interruption until the second half ofthe twentieth century and, to a greater or lesser degree, control the fate of these nations to thisday. The capitalist transformation of agriculture which figures so prominently in Moore's theorycame to Central America with the nineteenth-century coffee trade. Despite all of these similaritiesboth the behavior of these coffee elites and the political systems they shaped could not have beenmore divergent.


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What accounts for th is divergence? In . . Moore argues tha t democracy is aproduct -of an assau lt by an insurgent bourgeoisie on a backward landed aristocracy ("nobourgeoisie, no democracy" [1966:414]), tha t authori tarian "fascistn regimes result from acoalition between a dominant landed aristocracy and a weak bourgeoisie, and that socialistrevolution occurs when a mass revolt of cohesive peasant villages overwhelms a strong landedelite and a weak bourgeoisie constrained by a powerful agrarian state . None of these things,however, is t rue of the social origins of dictatorship, democracy, or socialist revolution in CentralAmerica.

First, in none of these countries is there a collision between an industrial bourgeoisie and alanded class. In all three cases an agrar ian bourgeoisie of coffee producers combined land owningand industrial functions in a single class, and this pattern is in fact common throughout LatinAmerica (Frank, 1969:399; Stavenhagen, 1968:2; Zeitlin and Ratcliff, 1988: 181-192). Peripheralcapitalism provides few opportunities for the development of an autonomous bourgeoisie, strong orweak, based on manufacturing for internal marketq. Instead in Central America the demands ofthe world economy created a capitalist t ra ns fo va ti on based on the export of a primaryagricultural commodity to the developed world. Traditional land owners, enterprising foreignimmigrants, colonial and republican off~cialsll rushed to acquire land and make themselves intocapitalists, confounding the distinction between the two forms of property (Browning, 1971:169;Stone, 1982:40; Wheelock, 1980: 17). Furthermore, the production of coffee itself created atechnical division between cultivation or production proper and industrial processing of theharvested crop. Processors are industrial capitalists using an agricultural raw material whilecultivators are land owners in labor intensive agriculture. The distinction between the twofractions does create divisions within Central American elites but the two fractions are linked byfunction, finance, ownership, and kinship into a single class (Dunkerly, 1982:54; Tones-Rivas,1978:44-45; Winson, 1981:281-285). The ruling classes of Central America are neither backwardagrarians nor an industrial bourgeoisie. They ar e instead an agrarian bourgeoisie. The closesthistorical parallels ar e Moore's modernizing English laildlords.


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opponents, enlisted the support of the urban middle classes and enterprising small farmers, andrelegated their erstwhile allies to a political obscurity where they have languished for more thanforty years (Arminger, 1978:69-70; tone, 1982:313-314;W i o n , 1981:135-136).Costa Ricandemocracy is based on the middle class intellectuals and small farmers who have been i ts principalbeneficiaries. It was established by revolutionary workers who achieved substantial althoughmore limited benefits. Fortunately, an unarmed bourgeoisie was unable to prevent thesedevelopments.

Democracy was in fact the ideology of the backward land owners of Nicaragua, not theprogressive capitalists of El Salvador or the agro-industrialists of Costa Rica, and in the end theiractions contributed to a socialist, not a democratic revolution, based on a revolt of the urban poor,not the peasantry. Weakened by United States intervention, civil war, and the Somoza dynastythe landowners of Nicaragua never succeeded in carrying out a capitalist transformation, agrarianor industrial, and remained in 1979 he most backward and least capitalist of the three coffeeelites (Biderman, 1983:12;Deere and Marchetti, 1981:44;Wheelock, 1980:42-44).Their supportfor democracy came not as a result of a successful capitalist challenge but. rather from arres tedcapitalist development. It was based on oppostion to the corruption and tyranny of the Somozas'personal dictatorship (Gilbert, 1985; 1988: 05-127; aige, 1989;Vilas, 1986: 32). In Nicaraguademocracy became a tool to advance the interests of a frustrated bourgeoisie, while in El Salvador,by contrast, it became, after 1932,an impediment to continued bourgeois hegemony. No peasantrevolt broke out in Nicaragua because by 1979 here was little or no traditional peasantry left torevolt. It was not backward looking, traditional peasant communities which provided thedynamite tha t exploded the old order, but rather the floating informal proletariat of country andcity created by the capitalist transformation of agriculture (Lspez et al., 1980: 85- 86;Vias,1986: 18- 19). Capitalism, not peasant communitarianism, once more proved to berevolutionary.

How could Moore have gone so wrong? Are there any general lessons that can be learnedfrom these startling exceptions to Moore's thesis? It seems apparent that Moore's decision to


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ignore peripheral cases of which he knew little was not sound methodology. Central Americanrevolutions are not caused by powerful countries "outside their boundaries." The United States,for example, has had remarkably little success in influencing them despite concerted andexpensive efforts to do so. But there a re also deeper problems that go to the hear t of Moore'sargument. Fist, as analysts of European historical developments have recently argued, thebourgeoisie has seldom played the decisive role in the development of full parliamentarydemocracy based on universal sufferage (Blackbourne and Eley, 1984; tephens, 1989;Themborn, 1977). Instead other classes, including in Central America workers, intellectuals,small farmers, and even repressed land owners, have made a contribution to its development.What the Central American bourgeoisie wanted was limited or bourgeois democracy as in CostaRica. The concept of a "bourgeois revolution" leading automatically to parl iamentary democracymay finally be ready for decent burial by Marxists and non-Marxists alike.

Second, bourgeois support for even limited or bourgeois democracy is highly contingent andrelated to the absence of a challenge from below. The El Salvadoran elite in 1932 aced the onlymass Communist insurrection in the history of Latin America. It is impossible to understand theirferocious authoritarianism without an appreciation of this event. A bourgeoisie, agrar ian orindustrial, under revolutionary pressure may be just as dangerous to human freedom as abackward landed aristocracy.

Third, the triumph of revolutionary socialism is closely tied to the advance of imperialism.The weak, backward, agrarian bourgeoisie of Nicaragua was not a consequence of a powerfulagrarian bureaucracy, ei ther colonial Spanish or Mesoamerican, but rather of imperial controlsimposed by the United States. Similar imperial controls leading to a similarly weakened andfrustrated bourgeoisie were critical to the success of both the Cuban and the Vietnameserevolutions (Lieberman, 1989;Williams, 1966: 91-192).

Fourth, socialist revolution is a consequence of capitalist pulverization of the peasantry,not a persistence of communitarian patterns. In this latter contention Moore might have beenmisled by the Russian case tha t he knew so well. The capitalist transformation of the peasantry


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REFERENCES

Arminger, Charles D. 1978. Pon Pege; A P of J o m f C. .Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.Baloyra, Enrique A. 1982. El Salvador in Translkon.. Chapel Hill. Universi ty of Nor* CarolinaPress.Biderman, Jaime. 1983. "The Development of Capitalism in Nicaragua: A Political EconomicHistory." -ectives 10:7-32.Blackbourn, David and Geoff Eley. 1984. l&e Pec- of Ge- Boure&. .

Oxford: Oxford University Press.Browning, David. 1971. El Salvador: Landscape and Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Cardoso, Ciro F. S. 1977. "The Formation of the Coffee Estate in Nineteenth-Century CostaRica." Pp. 165-202 inLand n L edited by Kenneth Duncan and

Ia n Rutledge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Deere, Carmen Diane, and Peter Marchetti. 1981. "The Worker-Peasant Alliance in the FirstYear of the Nicaraguan Agrarian Reform." -cv= 8:40-73.Dunkerly, Jaines. 1982. The ar: D Rev- S a l v k. London:Junction Books. .Frank, Andre Gunder. 1969. -ca U b d e v - or Revolytipn, New York:

Monthly Review.Gilbert, Den&. 1985. "The Bourgeoisie." Pp. 163-182 in m a : he First Five Yea rs

edited by Thomas W. Walker. New York: Praeger.. 1988. Sandlnlstas. . Basil Blackwell.Lieberman, Victor. 1989. "Vietnamese Communism in Regional Perspective." Paper delivered a t"Metropolitan and Third World Lefts, 1917-1985," the Third Conference of the University

of Michigan Project on International Communism, Ja nu ary 27, 1989.Lspez, C. Julio, Orlando Nuuez Soto, Carlos Fernando Chamorro Barrios, and Pascual Serres.

1980. La el S s n. Sa n Josb: EditorialUniversitaria Centroamericana.MacEwan, Arthur. 1985. "Why is Cuba Different?" Pp. 420-428 in m a : Twentv-Five Y e a. - edited by Sandor Halebsky and John M. Kirk. New York:

Praeger.Menjivar, Rafael. 1980. Acu mulac sn oriPinaria v desarrollo del c ~ i s m on El Salv& Sa n.Josb: Editorial Universitaria Centroamericana.. .Moore, Barrington, Jr. 1966. =a1 Onmns of J l i c t a t o rw and D m oston: Beacon.


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Paige, Jeffery M. 1975. Rev* New York: The Free Press.. 1987. "Coffee and Politics in Central America." Pp. 141-190 in

Caribb_ean. Political Economy of the World-System Annuals, voL 9, edited by RichardTardanico. Newbury Park: Sage.. 1989. "Revolution and the Agrarian Bourgeoisie in Nicaragua." Pp. 99-128 ineWar- Political Economy of the World-System Annuals, vol. 12,

edited by Te rry Boswell. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood.Stavenhagen, Rudolfo. 1968. "Seven Fallacies About Latin America." Pp. 13-31 in l&nRevolution. edited by Jam es Petras and Maurice Zeitlin. Greenwich,

Con.: Fawcett.Stephens, Joh n D. 1989. "Democratic Transition and Breakdown in Western Europe." American-94:1019-1077.

ZStone, Samuel. 1982. L a de 10s conauistadores. San Josb: Editorial UniversitariaCentroamericana.

Themborn, Gmran. 1977. "The Rule of Capital and the Rise of Democracy." New Left Review103:3-41.Tomes-Rivas, Edelberto. 1978. "Elementos para la caracterizacisn de la estructura agrar ia deCosta Rica" Sa n Josb: Instituto de hvestigaciones Sociales, Universidad de Costa Rica.Vias, Carlos. 1986. . . New York: Monthly Review Press.

. .Wheelock, Jaime. 1980. ImDenahsmo dictadura. Mexico, D.F.: Siglo Veintiuno Editores.White, ,Alastair. 1973.m.ew York: Praeger.W i a m s , William A. 1966. "The Influence of the United States on the Development of ModemCuba." Pp. 187-194 in Backgl.ound The Dev~ loedited by Robert F. Smith. New York: Knopf.Winson, Anthony Robert. 1981. "Estate Agriculture, Capitalist Development, and the State:The Specificity of Contemporary Costa Rica." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Toronto.Zeitlin, Maurice and Richard Earl Ratcliff. 1988. . . Princeton:

Princeton University Press.


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l TRANSFORMATIONSomparative study of social transformationsWORKING PAPER SERIES

. - .

CSST, a n interdisciplinary res earc h program, d raw s faculty asso ciate s from the de partm ents of Anthropology, History, and Sociology, -andseveral other departm ents and pro grams in the humanities and social sciences. Th e program's mission is to stimulate new interdisciplinarythinking and research about all kinds of social transformations ina wide range of pre sen t and pas t societies. CSST WorkingTapers reportcurrent research by faculty and g radua te stud ent asso ciate s of the program. Many will bepublished elsewhere after revision. WorkingPapers are av da ble for $2.50 to cove r copying and postage. The CSST working pape r series is a part.of the C enter for Rese arch o n SocialOrganizations' working paper series.

1. 'Program in Comparative Stu dy of Social Transformations,' William Sew ell, Terrence M cDonald, Sherry Ortner, and JefferyPaige, May 87 (CRSO M44).2. 'Labor History, Une ven Dev elopm ent, and th e Autonomy of Politics: Th e Dockwo rkers of Nin eteenth Gen tury Marseille,' WilliamSewel l, Ju l87 (CRSOM46).Now in print a s Une ven Dev elopm ent, the Autonomy of Politics and the Dockworkers ofNine teenth -Ce ntury Marseille,' Am erican Historical Rev iew 93:3 Ju n 88), pp. 604-37.)3. 'Coffee, Cop per, an d C las s Conflict in Central America and Chile: A Critique of Zeitlin's Civil W ars in Chile an d Zeitlin an dRatcliffs Landlords and Ca ~ita lists,' effery Paige, S e p 88 (CRSO #347);4. 'In Sea rch of the B ourgeois R evolution: The Particularities of Germ an History,' Geoffrey Ue y, S ep 87 (CRSO #350).5. 'The Burdens of Urban History: The Theory of the State in Re cen t American Social History,' ~ e r r e n c eMcD onald, May 88(CRSO M55).6: 'History, Sociology, and T heories of Organization,' M a w Zald, May 88 (CRSO #357).7. 'Have Social Historians Lost the Civil War? So me Preliminary Demo graphic Speculations,' Mans Vino vskis, May 88 (CRSO#358).8. 'Revolution and the Agrarian Bourgeoisie in Nicaragua,' Jeffery Paige (CRSO #363).9. 'Nationalism and Class a s Factors in the Revolution of 1917,' Ronald Suny, Oct 88 (CRSO X365).10. . 'The Original Ca ste: Pow er, History, and Hierarchy in South Asia,' Nicholas Dirks, Oct 88 (CRSO #367).11. 'The Invention of Ca ste : Civil Socie ty in Colonial India,' N ichola s Dirks , Oct 88 (CRSO M68).12. 'Sociology a s a Discipline: Quasi-Science an d Quasi-Humanities,' Mayer Zald, Oct 88 (CRSO #369).13. 'Constraints on Professional Power in Soviet-Type Society: Insights from the Solidarity Period in Poland,' Michael Kennedy a d

Konrad Sadkowski, Nov 88 (CRSO #371).14. 'Evolutionary Ch an ge s in Ch ines e Culture,' M artinWhyte, Nov 88 (CRSO #372).15. Wo rld Market, Cla ss Conflict, and Rural Coercion in PostG olon ial Bue no s Aires,' Karl Monsma, Nov 88 (CRSO #373).

CSST4010 L S & A BuildingThe Universityof MichiganAnn Arbor, Michigan48109-1382


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'Ritual and Resistance: Subversion as a Social Fact,' Nicholas Dirks, Dec 88 (CRSO#375).'Social Transformations of Gender in Andean South America: A Working Annotated Bibliography,' Janise Hurtig, Dec88(CRSO#376).'Labour History--SocialHistory-Alltaasaeschichte: Experience, Culture, and the Politics of the Everyday. A New Direction orGerman Social History?' Geoff Uey, Jan 89 (CRSO##378). (Now in print in Joumal of Modem History61 (Jun89), pp.297-343.)'Notes on the Sociology of Medical Discourse: The Language of Case Presentation,' Renee Anspach, Jan 89 (CRSO#379).'World War Two and the Deradicalizationof American Labor: A 'Deviant Case' Study,' Howard Kimeldorf, Feb89 (CRSO#383).Taking Stock: The First Year of CSST, Geoff Uey, Feb89 (CRSO#384).'Immigration Research: A Conceptual Map,' Silvia Pedraza-Bailey, Feb89 (CRSO#385).'CulturelPower/History. Series Prospectus,' Sherry Ortner, NicholasDirks,and Geoff Uey, Mar89, (CRSO #386).'A Feminist Perspective on Christopher Lasch, The Social Invasion of the Self',' Sherry Ortner, Apr89 (CRSO#387).'Does Rational Choice Have Utility on the Margins? Akos Rona-Tas, Apr89 (CRSO#388).Research Fellows Conference Panel on 'The Politics of Social Tmnsformation,' Seong NaeKim,Joanne Goodwin, KathleenCanning, Jun89 (CRSO #389).Research Fellows Conference Panel on 'Struggle, Conflict, and Constraints on Social Change,' Anne Gorsuch and SharonReitman, Jun 89 (CRSO#390).Research Fellows Conference Panel on '~ ub ord ina 6 ctors and their Margina lii tion n Social Theory,' Nilufer Isvan, AkosRona-Tas, Cynthia Buckley, Theresa Deussen, and Mayfair Yang, Jun 89 (CRSO#391).'Toward a Theory of Structure: Duality, Agency, and Transformation,' William Sewell, Jun 89 (CRSO #392).'The Power of Individual Subjectivity and the Subjectivity of Power in Education,' Peter Appelbaum, Jul89 (CRSO#396).'Family Ideology, Class Reproduction, and the Suppression of Obscenity in Nineteenth Century New York,' Nimla Beisel, Jul89(CRSO#397).'Author Meets Critics: Reactions to 'Theory and Anthropology since the Sixties,' Sherry Ortner, ed., Aug89 (CRSO#398).'Does Social Theory Need History? Reflections on Epistemological Encounters in he Social Sciences,' Margaret Somers, Aug

89 (CRSO#399).'Gender, History and Deconstruction: Joan Wallach Scott's Gender AndThe Politics Of Historv,' William Sewell, Aug 89 (CRSO

#NO).The Social Origins Of Dictatorship, Democracy and Socialist Revolution n Central America,' Jeffery Paige, Sep89 (CRSO#405).'Max Weber Meets Feminism: A Reconstructionof Charisma,' Cheryl Hyde, Sep 89 (CRSOW7).'Understanding Strikes In Revolutinary Russia,' William Rosenberg, Sep89 (CRSOW8 ) .'Child Labor Laws:A Historical Case Of Public Policy Implementation,' Marjorie Wal l-Saibaugh and Mayer Zald, Oct89(CRSO#409).


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'Putting German (and Britian) Liberalism into Context: Liberalism, Eumpe, and the Burgeoisie, 1840-1914,' Geoff Uey, Nov 89(CRSO #41 1).'Bringing Unions ~ a c kn (Or, Why We Need A New Old Labor History),' Howard Kimeldorf, Feb 90 (CRSO #414).'In Flight From Politics: Social History And Its Discontents,' David Mayfie ld and Susan Thome, Feb 90 (CRSO #415).'Nations, Politics, and Political Cultures: Plaang Habermas in the Nineteenth Cenhrry,' Geoff Hey, Apr 90 (CRSO #417)."Reviewing The Socialist Tradition,' Geoff Hey, Apr 90 (CRSO #18).'Rethinking Labor History: Toward a Post-MaterialistRhetoric,' William Sewell, May 90 (CRSO #421).'The Intelligentsia n the Constitutionof Civil Societies and Post Communist Regimes in Hungary and Poland,' MichaelKennedy, Jul 90 (CRSO #425).'The Constitution of Critical Intellectuals: Polish Physicians, Peace Activists and DemocraticCivil Society,' Michael Kennedy,Apr 90 (CRSO M19) .'Dominant Class and Statemaking in a Peripheral Area: Argentina after Independence,' Karl Monsma, Aug 90 (CRSO #429).'Eastern Europe's Lessons for Critical Intellectuals,' Michael Kennedy, Aug 90 (CRSO #430).'The Alternative in Eastern Europe at Century's Start: Brzozowski and Machajski on Intellectuals and Socialism,' MichaelKennedy, ~ u g0 (CRSOMI .'Collective Violence and Collective Loyalties in France: Why the French Revolution Made a Difference,' William Sewell, Aug 90(CRSO #432). .- .'Transfornations of Normative Foundations and Empirica Sodologies: Class, Stratificationand Democracy n Poland,' MichaelKennedy, Sep 90 (CRSO #433).'What We Talk About When We Talk About History: The Conversations of History and Sociology,' Terrence McDonald, Oct 90(CRSO #442).'Is Vice Versa? Historical Anthropologies and Anthropological Histories,' Nicholas Dirks, Oct 90 (CRSO#443).'Narrativity, Culture, and Causality: Toward a New Historical Epistemology or Where is Sociology After the Historic Turn?'MargaretSomers,Oct90 (CRSO#444).'Is All the World a Text? From Social History to the History of Society Two Decades Later,' Geoff Hey, Oct 90 (CRSO#445).'Who Shapes the Text?: Sherpas and Sahibs on Mount Everest,' Sheny Ortner, Oct 90 (CRSOM).'What Social Theory Needs from History Now: Culture and Action as Problems for Historical Sociology,' Craig Calhoun, Oct 90(CRSO #447).'Three Temporalities: Toward a Sociology of the Event,' William Sewdl, Oct 90 (CRSO #448).'The New Non-Snence of Politics: o n Turns to History in Pol ilcal Science,' RogersSmim,On 0 (CRSO W 9 ) .'Feeling History: Reflections on the Western Culture Controversy,' Renato Rosaldo, Oct 90 (CRSO #SO).'Historicizing 'Experience," Joan Scott,Oct 90 (CRSO #451).


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'The Past a s Authority an d a s Social Critic: Stabilizing an d D estabilizing Fun ctions of History in Legal Argument,' Rob ertGordon, Oc t 90 (CRSO #452)./-'Discur sive For um s, Cultural Pra ctic es: History and Anthrop ology in Literary Studies,' Steve n Mullan ey, Oct 90 (CRSO #453).

'Sexual Affronts an d Racial Frontiers: National Identity, 'Mixed Blood s and th e Cultural Gen ealog ies of Europeans in ColonialSoutheast Asia,' Ann Sto ler, May 91 (CRSO #454).'Cracking the Cod e Allegory and Political Mobilization in th e Greek Resistance,' Ja ne t Hart, Ju ne 91 (CRSO #455).'Narrativity in History, Culture, and Lives,' Sherr y Ortne r, Se pt 91 (CRSO#457).'The End to Soviet-type Society an d the Future of Post-Com munism ,' Michael Ke nne dy , Oct 91 (CRSO #458).'Political Culture and the Public Sph ere: Rethinking the Making of Citizenship,' M argaret So m er s, Oct 91 (CRSO #459).'Proletarian Dictator in a P e a m t Land: Stalin a s Ruler,' Ronald Sun y, Oct 91 (CRSO#460).'Germ an History an d the Con tradictio ns of Modemity,' Geoff Eley , Feb 92 (CRSO #463).'Resistan ce an d Cl ass Reprod uction Among Middle Class Youth,' Sherry Or tn er, April 92 (CRSO#a).'Beyond Occidentalism: Towards Post-Imperial Geohistorical Categories,' Fernando Coronil, May 92 (CRSO#a).'If Woman' Is Ju st an Empty Category, Then Why am I Afraid to Walk Alone a t Night?: Feminism, Pos t-Struc turalism , and theProblematic Politics of Identity,' Laura Downs, May 92 (CRSO #469).'The Retu rn of the State,' Timothy Mitch ell, May 92 (CRSO #470).'Exterminating Gestu res: On Linking the Co ercive and Discursive Moments of Power,' David Sc ob ey , May 92 (CRSO #471).-.'Beyond Contract-versus-Charity, Toward Parlicipation an d Provision: On the Co ncep t of Social Citizenship,' Nancy F ras er an dLinda Gor don , May 92 (CRSO #472).'Power in Popular Culture,' Roger Rouse, May 92 (CRSO #473).'Children on the Imperial Divide: Sentim ents and Citizenship in Colonial South east Asia,' Ann Sto ler, May 92 (CRSO #474).'Powers of Desire: Specularity and the Su bject of the Tudor State,' Linda Gr eg er so n, May 92 (CRSO #75).'Intellectuals, Intellectuality, an d the Restructuring of Power after Modemity and Comm unism,' Michael K enne dy, May 92(CRSO #476).'Foucault of Power: ...Politics from Behind. .Societies on the Diagonal,' Keith Nield, May 92 (CRSO#477).'Mass Media an d Moral Discourse: Social Cla ss and the Rhetoric of Abortion,' Andrea Pr ess , May 92 (CRSO #478).'Contesting th e Power of Categories: Discourse, Experience, and Fem inist Resistance,' Kathleen Ca nn ing , May 92 (CRSO

#479).'The Dialectics of Decolonization: Nationalism and Labor M ovemen ts in Po stwar Africa,' Fred Co op er , May 92 (CRSOWO) .'Perpetrators, Accom plices, Victims: Further Reflections of D omination a s Social Practice,' Alf Ludtke, May 92 (CRSOW 1 ) .'Con sum er Cultu res, Political Disco urse an d the Problem of Cultural Politics,' Fran k Mort, May 92 (CRSO4482).

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