TI LIU N TP MN HA HC LP 11
Trng THPT Nguyn Ch Thanh Nhm Ha Hc - Ha 11
CHUYN 1. CHNG I: S IN LIA. PHN L THUYT
I. S IN LI
- S in li l qu trnh cc cht tan trong nc ra ion.
- Cht in li mnh: l cht khi tan trong nc, cc phn t ha tan u phn
li ra ion.
+ Nhng cht in li mnh: Cc axit mnh: HCl, HNO3, H2SO4 . . .cc baz
mnh: KOH, NaOH, Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2 . . .v hu ht cc mui.
HCl H+ + Cl -
Ba(OH)2 Ba2+ + 2OH -- Cht in li yu: l cht khi tan trong nc ch c
mt s phn t ha tan phn li ra ion, phn t cn li vn tn ti di dng phn t
trong dung dch.
+ Nhng cht in li yu: L cc axit yu: CH3COOH, HClO, HF, H2Scc baz
yu: Mg(OH)2, Al(OH)3 . . .
CH3COOH CH3COO - + H+II. AXIT - BAZ - MUI
1. Axit
- Theo A-re-ni-ut: Axit l cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra cation
H+.
HCl H+ + Cl -- Axit mt nc: phn li mt nc ra ion H+: HCl, HNO3,
CH3COOH . . .
- Axit nhiu nc: phn li nhiu nc ra ion H+: H3PO4 . . .
2. Baz
- Theo A-re-ni-ut: Baz l cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra ion
H+.
NaOH Na+ + OH -3. Hidroxit lng tnh
- Hidroxit lng tnh l hidroxit khi tan trong nc va c th phn li nh
axit, va c th phn li nh baz.
Th d: Zn(OH)2 l hidroxit lng tnh
Phn li theo kiu baz: Zn(OH)2 Zn2+ + 2OH -Phn li theo kiu axit:
Zn(OH)2 + 2H+4. Mui- Mui l hp cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra cation
kim loi (hoc cation ) v anion l gc axit- Th d: NH4NO3 +
NaHCO3 Na+ +
III. S IN LI CA NC. pH. CHT CH TH AXIT - BAZ
- Tch s ion ca nc l ( 250C). Mt cch gn ng, c th coi gi tr ca tch
s ny l hng s c trong dung dch long ca cc cht khc nhau.- Cc gi tr
[H+] v pH c trng cho cc mi trng
Mi trng trung tnh: [H+] = 1,0.10-7M hoc pH = 7
Mi trng axit: [H+] > 1,0.10-7M hoc pH < 7
Mi trng kim: [H+] < 1,0.10-7M hoc pH > 7
IV. PHN NG TRAO I ION TRONG DUNG DCH CC CHT IN LI1. iu kin xy ra
phn ng- Phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch cc cht in li ch xy ra khi
cc ion kt hp li vi nhau to thnh t nht mt trong cc cht sau:
+ Cht kt ta:
BaCl2 + H2SO4 BaSO4 + 2HCl
Ba2+ + BaSO4
+ Cht bay hi:
Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O
+ 2H+ CO2 + H2O
+ Cht in li yu:
CH3COONa + HCl CH3COOH + NaCl
CH3COO - + H+ CH3COOH2. Bn cht phn ng
- Phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch cc cht in li l phn ng gia cc
ion.B. BI TP C HNG DN GIII. Cc cng thc lien quan khi gii bi tp ca
chng1. Tnh nng cc ion trong dung dch cc cht in li
; Trong :
[A]: Nng mol/l ca ion A
nA: S mol ca ion A.
V: Th tch dung dch cha ion A.
2. Tnh pH ca cc dung dch axit - baz mnh
- [H+] = 10-a (mol/l) a = pH
- pH = -lg[H+]
- [H+].[OH-] = 10-14
II. Cc bi tp c li giiCu 1. Trn 100 ml dung dch HNO3 0.1M vi 100
ml dung dch H2SO4 0.05M thu c dung dch A.
a. Tnh nng cc ion trong A.
b. Tnh pH ca dung dch A.
c. Tnh th tch dung dch NaOH 0.1M trung ha dung dch A.
Gii
a. ;
b.
c. Cu c ta c th lm theo hai cch khc nhau:
* Cch 1: y l cch m chng ta hay lm nht t trc n nay l vit PTHH ri
tnh ton da vo PTHH.
HNO3
+NaOH
NaNO3
+H2O
0.01
0.01
H2SO4
+2NaOH
Na2SO4+2H2O
0.005
0.01
EMBED Equation.DSMT4 * Cch 2: Ngoi cch gii trn, ta c th vn dng
cch gii da vo PT ion thu gn gii. y l cch gii ch yu m ta s dng khi
gii cc dng bi tp v axit - baz cng nh cc dng bi tp khc khi s dng PT
ion thu gn.
Bn cht ca hai phn ng trn l:
H++OH-
H2O
0.02
0.02
EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Cu 2. Dung dch X cha NaOH 0.1M, KOH 0.1M v
Ba(OH)2 0.1M. Tnh th tch dung dch HNO3 0.2M trung ha 100 ml dung
dch X.
Gii
Bi ny ta c th gii bng cc cch khc nhau, tuy nhin ta ang hc da vo
PT ion thu gn gii bi tp, nn TI s hng dn gii da vo PT ion thu
gn.
EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Bn cht ca cc phn ng ny l
H++OH-
H2O
0.04
0.04
C. PHN BI TP C BNCu 1. Vit PT in li ca cc cht sau:
a. HNO3, Ba(OH)2, NaOH, H2SO4, Ca(OH)2, Na2CO3, BaCl2, NaHCO3,
H2S.b. CuSO4, Na2SO4 , Fe2(SO4)3, NaHPO4, Mg(OH)2, CH3COOH, H3PO4,
HF.Cu 2. Vit PT phn t v ion rt gn ca cc phn ng (nu c) khi trn ln cc
cht sau:
a. dd HNO3 v CaCO3 b. dd KOH v dd FeCl3
c. dd H2SO4 v dd NaOH
d. dd Ca(NO3)2 v dd Na2CO3
e. dd NaOH v Al(OH)3
f. dd Al2(SO4)3 v dd NaOHva
g. dd NaOH v Zn(OH)2 h. FeS v dd HCl
i. dd CuSO4 v dd H2S k. dd NaOH v NaHCO3
l. dd NaHCO3 v HCl
m. Ca(HCO3)2 v HClCu 3. Nhn bit dung dch cc cht sau bng phng php
ha hc.a. NH4NO3, (NH4)2CO3, Na2SO4, NaCl.
b. NaOH, NaCl, Na2SO4, NaNO3
c. NaOH, H2SO4, BaCl2, Na2SO4, NaNO3 (ch dng thm qu tm).
Cu 4. Vit phng trnh phn t ng vi phng trnh ion thu gn ca cc phn
ng sau
a.
b.
c. S2- + 2H+ H2S
d. Fe3+ + 3OH- Fe(OH)3e. Ag+ + Cl- AgCl
f. H+ + OH- H2OCu 5. Vit PT dng phn t v ion rt gn ca cc phn ng
trong dd theo s sau:
a. Pb(NO3)2 + ? PbCl2 + ?
b. FeCl3 + ? Fe(OH)3 + ?
c. BaCl2 + ? BaSO4 + ?
d. HCl + ? ? + CO2 + H2Oe. NH4NO3 + ? ? + NH3 + H2Of. H2SO4 + ?
? + H2OCu 6. Tnh nng cc ion trong cc dung dch sau
a. dd NaOH 0,1M
b. dd BaCl2 0,2 M
c. dd Ba(OH)2 0,1M
Cu 7. Ha tan 20 gam NaOH vo 500 ml nc thu c dung dch A.
a. Tnh nng cc ion trong dung dch A.
b. Tnh th tch dung dch HCl 2M trung ha dung dch A.
Cu 8. Trn 100 ml dung dch NaOH 2M vi 200 ml dung dch KOH 0,5M
thu c dung dch C.
a. Tnh nng cc ion trong dung dch C.
b. Trung ha dung dch C bng 300 ml dung dch H2SO4 CM. Tnh CM.
Cu 9. Trn 100 ml dung dch HCl 1M vi 100 ml dung dch H2SO4 0,5M
thu c dung dch D.
a. Tnh nng cc ion trong dung dch D.
b. Cho dung dch D tc dng vi dung dch BaCl2 d thu c m gam kt ta.
Tnh m.
Cu 10. Tnh pH ca cc dung dch sau
a. NaOH 0,001M
b. HCl 0,001M
c. Ca(OH)2 0,0005M
d. H2SO4 0,0005M
Cu 11. Trn 200 ml dung dch NaOH 0,1M vi 300 ml dung dch HCl 0,2M
thu c dung dch A.a. Tnh nng cc ion trong dung dch A.
b. Tnh pH ca dung dch A.
Cu 12. Trn 100 ml dung dch NaOH 0.1M vi 100 ml dung dch KOH 0.1M
thu c dung dch D.a. Tnh nng cc ion trong dung dch D.
b. Tnh pH ca dung dch D.
c. Trung ha dung dch D bng dung dch H2SO4 1M. Tnh th tch dung
dch H2SO4 1M cn dng.
Cu 13. Hn hp dung dch X gm NaOH 0.1M v KOH 0.1M. Trn 100 ml dung
dch X vi 100 ml dung dch H2SO4 0.2M thu c dung dch A. a. Tnh nng cc
ion trong dung dch A.
b. Tnh pH ca dung dch A.
Cu 14. Dung dch X cha 0.01 mol Fe3+, 0.02 mol , 0.02 mol v x mol
.a. Tnh x.
b. Trn dung dnh X vi 100 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0.3 M thu c m gam
kt ta v V lt kh (ktc). Tnh m v V.
Cu 15. Trn 100 ml dung dch FeCl3 0.1M vi 500 ml dung dch NaOH
0.1 M thu c dung dch D v m gam kt ta.
a. Tnh nng cc ion trong D.
b. Tnh m.
Cu 16. Trn 50,0ml dd NaOH 0,40M vi 50,0 ml dd HCl 0,20M c dd A.
Tnh pH ca dd A
Cu 17. Trn ln 100ml dd HCl 0,03M vi 100 ml dd NaOH 0,01M c dd
A.
a. Tnh pH ca dd A.
b. Tnh th tch dd Ba(OH)2 1M trung ha dd A
Cu 18. Trn ln 100ml dd K2CO3 0,5M vi 100ml dd CaCl2 0,1M. a. Tnh
khi lng kt ta thu c.
b. Tnh CM cc ion trong dd sau phn ng.
Cu 19. Trn 50ml dung dch HCl vi 50ml dung dch NaOH c pH = 13 thu
c dung dch X c pH = 2. S mol ca dung dch HCl ban u l bao nhiu?
Cu 20. Chia 19,8 gam Zn(OH)2 thnh hai phn bng nhau:
a. Cho 150 ml dung dch H2SO4 1M vo phn mt. Tnh khi lng mui to
thnh.
b. Cho 150 ml dung dch NaOH 1M vo phn hai. Tnh khi lng mui to
thnh.
Cu 21. Cho 100 ml dung dch hn hp A gm H2SO4 0,015M; HCl 0,03M;
HNO3 0,04M. Tnh th tch dung dch NaOH 0,2M trung ha ht 200ml dung
dch A.
Cu 22. Cho 100 ml dung dch hn hp X gm Ba(OH)2 0.015M; NaOH 0.03
M; KOH 0.04M. Tnh th tch dung dch HCl 0.2M trung ha dung dch X.Cu
23. Cho dung dch A gm 2 cht HCl v H2SO4. Trung ho 1000 ml dung dch
A th cn 400ml dung dch NaOH 0,5M. C cn dung dch to thnh th thu c
12,95 gam mui. a. Tnh nng mol/l ca cc ion trong dung dch A.
b. Tnh pH ca dung dch A. Cu 24. Cho 200 ml dung dch gm MgCl2
0,3M; AlCl3 0,45M; v HCl 0,55M tc dng hon ton vi V lt dung dch C gm
NaOH 0,02M v Ba(OH)2 0,01M. Hy tnh th tch V c kt ta ln nht v lng kt
ta nh nht? Tnh lng kt ta ?Cu 25. Trn 250 ml dung dch hn hp gm HCl
0,08 mol/l v H2SO4 0,01 mol/l vi 250 ml dung dch NaOH a mol/l, thu
c 500 ml dung dch c pH = 12. Tnh a.
Cu 26. trung ha 500 ml dung dch X cha hn hp HCl 0,1M v H2SO4
0,3M cn bao nhiu ml dung dch hn hp gm NaOH 0,3M v Ba(OH)2 0,2M? D.
PHN BI TP NNG CAO
Cu 1. Trn 250 ml dd hn hp HCl 0,08 mol/l v H2SO4 0,01 mol/l vi
250 ml dd Ba(OH)2 c nng x mol/l thu c m gam kt ta v 500 ml dd c pH
= 12. Hy tm m v x. Gi s Ba(OH)2 in li hon ton c hai nc.
Cu 2. Trn 300 ml dd hn hp NaOH 0,1 mol/l v Ba(OH)2 0,025 mol/l
vi 200 ml dd H2SO4 c nng x mol/l thu c m gam kt ta v 500 ml dd c
pH=2. Hy tm m v x. Gi s H2SO4 in li hon ton c hai nc.
Cu 3. Dung dch X cha hn hp KOH v Ba(OH)2 c nng tng ng l 0,2M v
0,1M. Dung dch Y cha hn hp H2SO4 v HCl c nng ln lt l 0,25M v 0,75M.
Tnh th tch dung dch X cn trung ha va 40 ml dung dch Y.
Cu 4. Dung dch A gm 5 ion: Mg2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, 0,1 mol Cl- v 0,2
mol . Thm t t dung dch K2CO3 1M vo dung dch A n khi lng kt ta ln
nht. Tnh th tch dung dch K2CO3 cn dng.
Cu 5 (A-2010). Dung dch X c cha: 0,07 mol Na+; 0,02 mol v x mol
. Dung dch Y c cha , v y mol H+; tng s mol v l 0,04. Trn X v Y c
100 ml dung dch Z. Tnh pH ca dung dch Z (b qua s in li ca H2O).Cu 6
(A-2010). Nh t t tng git n ht 30 ml dung dch HCl 1M vo 100 ml dung
dch cha Na2CO3 0,2M v NaHCO3 0,2M, sau phn ng thu c V lt kh CO2
(ktc). Tnh V. Cu 7 (A-07). Trn 100 ml dung dch (gm Ba(OH)2 0,1M v
NaOH 0,1M) vi 400 ml dung dch (gm H2SO4 0,0375M v HCl 0,0125M), thu
c dung dch X. Tnh pH ca dung dch X. Cu 8 (B-08). Trn 100 ml dung
dch c pH = 1 gm HCl v HNO3 vi 100 ml dung dch NaOH nng a (mol/l)
thu c 200 ml dung dch c pH = 12. Xc nh gi tr ca a (bit trong mi
dung dch [H+][OH-] = 10-14).Cu 9 (CA-07). Mt dung dch cha 0,02 mol
Cu2+, 0,03 mol K+ , x mol Cl- v y mol . Tng khi lng mui tan c trong
dung dch l 5,435 gam. Xc nh gi tr ca x v y.Cu 10 (CA-08). Dung dch
X cha cc ion: Fe3+, , , Cl-. Chia dung dch X thnh hai phn bng
nhau:
- Phn mt tc dng vi lng d dung dch NaOH, un nng thu c 0,672 lt kh
( ktc) v 1,07 gam kt ta;- Phn hai tc dng vi lng d dung dch BaCl2,
thu c 4,66 gam kt ta.
Tnh tng khi lng cc mui khan thu c khi c cn dung dch X (qu trnh c
cn ch c nc bay hi). Cu 11 (CA-2009). Cho dung dch cha 0,1 mol
(NH4)2CO3 tc dng vi dung dch cha 34,2 gam Ba(OH)2. Sau phn ng thu c
m gam kt ta v V lt kh (ktc). Xc nh gi tr ca V v m.CHUYN II. NIT -
PHOTPHO
A. PHN L THUYT
I. NIT
1. V tr - cu hnh electron nguyn t- V t: Nit th 7, chu k 2, nhm
VA ca bng tun hon.
- Cu hnh electron: 1s22s22p3.- Cng thc cu to ca phn t: NN.
2. Tnh cht ha hc
- nhit thng, nit tr v mt ha hc, nhng nhit cao nit tr nn hot ng.-
Trong cc phn ng ha hc nit va th hin tnh oxi ha va th hin tnh kh.
Tuy nhin tnh oxi ha vn l ch yu.a. Tnh oxi ha (tc dng vi kim loi,
H2,)
(magie nitrua)
b. Tnh kh
Kh NO sinh ra kt hp ngay vi O2 khng kh to ra NO2
2. iu ch
a. Trong cng nghip
- Nit c iu ch bng cch chng ct phn on khng kh lng.b. Trong phng
th nghim- un nng nh dung dch bo ha mui amoni nitrit
NH4NO3 N2 + 2H2O
- Hoc
NH4Cl + NaNO2 N2 + NaCl + 2H2O
II. AMONIAC - MUI AMONI
1. Amoniaca. Cu to phn t - Tnh cht vt l
- Cu to phn t
- Tnh cht vt l: NH3 l mt cht kh, tan nhiu trong nc cho mi trng
kim yu.
b. Tnh cht ha hc
* Tnh baz yu- Tc dng vi nc
Trong dung dch amoniac l baz yu. C th lm qu tm ha xanh. Dng nhn
bit NH3.- Tc dng vi dung dch mui
AlCl3 + 3NH3 + 3H2O Al(OH)3 + 3NH4Cl- Tc dng vi axit
NH3 + HCl NH4Cl (khi trng)* Tnh kh
ng thi NH3 kt hp ngay vi HCl to thnh khi trng.c. iu ch
* Trong phng th nghim
2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2 CaCl2 + 2NH3 + 2H2O
* Trong cng nghip
H)4. iu ch:
a. Phng th nghim:
- CH3COONa + NaOH CH4 + Na2CO3- Al4C3 + 12H2O 3CH4 + 4Al(OH)3b.
Trong cng nghip: i t kh thin nhin, kh m du v t du m.
II. XICLOANKAN1. Khi nim - Danh phpa. Khi nim- Xicloankan l mt
loi hirocacbon no m trong phn t ch gm lin kt n v c mt vng khp kn. C
CTTQ l CnH2n (n3).
- Th d: (xiclopropan) (xiclobutan)
b. Danh php: S ch v tr nhnh + tn nhnh + xicol + tn mch C chnh
(vng) + an
- Th d:
(metylxiclopropan)2. Tnh cht ha hca. Phn ng thb. Phn ng cng m
vng- Cng H2: Ch c Xiclopropan v xiclobutan
- Cng Br2 v HX (X: Cl, Br): Ch c xicolpropan
c. Phn ng tch
- Thng ch c xiclohexan v metylxiclohexan.
d. Phn ng oxi ha:
CnH2n + O2 nCO2 + nH2O3. iu ch: - c iu ch t vic chng ct du m.
Ngoi ra cn c iu ch t ankan tng ng.B. BI TP C HNG DN GII
Phn bi tp ankan l phn bi tp c bn, lm nn tng ta gii cc bi tp ha
hc sau ny. Do vy yu cu chng ta cn phi nm chc vn dng khi ta gp cc dy
ng ng khc. chng ny ch yu ta gii quyt dng bi tp lp cng thc phn t ca
ankan.
CTPT ca ankan l: CnH2n+2. lp CTPT ca ankan ta c th s dng mt
trong cc cch sau (ty bi ra m ta s c cc cch gii ph hp):
* Cch 1: M = 14n + 2. M ta c th tnh bng nhiu cch khc nhau ty vo
d kin bi ra. * Cch 2: . Lu : Cng thc ny ta c th p dng cho mi dy ng
ng m ta s gp sau ny.
EMBED Equation.DSMT4 * Cch 3: Ta lp t l trn PTHH a ra phng trnh
bc nht mt n (n l n). T tnh gii tr n.
* Lu : Nu l hn hp hai ankan ng ng k tip ca nhau th ta quy thnh
mt ankan c CT l . T tnh gi tr .
V d 1: t chy hn hp hai hidrocacbon ng ng k tip nhau ta thu c
11,7g H2O v 17,6g CO2. Xc nh CTPT ca hai hidrocacbon trn.Gii
t CTPT ca 2 ankan l .
. T suy ra CTPT ca hai ankan l: CH4 v C2H6.
V d 2: t chy hon ton 3,36 lt hn hp kh metan v etan thu c 4,48 lt
kh CO2 (ktc). Tnh thnh phn phn trm v th tch ca mi kh trong hn hp
A.Gii
t
CH4
CO2
a
a
C2H6
2CO2
b
2b
Ta c h PT:
C. PHN BI TP C BNCu 1. Vit cng thc cu to cc ng phn ankan ng vi
cng thc phn t C4H10, C5H12 v C6H14. Gi tn theo danh php thng v tn
thay th.Cu 2. Vit CTCT ca cc ankan c tn sau: a. pentan,
2-metylbutan, isobutan v 2,2-imetylbutan.b. iso-pentan, neo-pentan,
3-etylpentan, 2,3-imetylpentan.
Cu 3. Gi tn cc cht sau theo danh php thng v danh php thay
th:
a. CH3-CH(CH3)-CH3;
b. CH3-(CH2)4-CH3c. CH3-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH3;
d. CH3-C(CH3)2-CH3Cu 4. Gi tn cc cht sau theo danh php thay
th.
a. CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH(CH3)-CH3
b. CH3-CH2-CH(C2H5)-CH2-CH3c. CH3-CH2-C(CH3)2-CH3
d. CH3-CH(C2H5)-CH2-CH2-CH3Cu 5. Hon thnh cc PTHH ca cc phn ng
sau:
a. CH4
+Cl2
1 mol
1 mol
b. C2H6
+Cl2
1 mol
1 mol
c. CH3-CH2-CH3+Br2
1 mol
1 mol
d. CH4
+O2
e. CH3COONa
+NaOH
f. Al4C3
+ H2O
Cu 6. Vit PTHH iu ch cc ankan sau t cc cht tng ng.Metan,
2-clobutan, iso-propyl clorua.
Cu 7 (A-08). Cho iso-pentan tc dng vi Cl2 (askt) theo t l s mol
1 : 1.
a. Xc nh s sn phm monoclo ti a thu c.
b. Vit PTHH to cc sn phm mono clo tng ng .
Cu 8. Khi clo ha C5H12 vi t l mol 1:1 thu c mt sn phm th monoclo
duy nht.
a. Xc nh CTCT v danh php IUPAC ca ankan .
b. Vit PTHH ca phn ng xy ra.
Cu 9. Khi clo ha mt ankan c cng thc phn t C6H14, ngi ta ch thu c
2 sn phm th monoclo. a. Xc nh CTCT v danh php IUPAC ca ankan .
b. Vit PTHH ca cc phn ng xy ra.
Cu 10. Ankan Y mch khng nhnh c cng thc n gin nht l C2H5.
a. Tm cng thc phn t, vit CTCT v gi tn Y.
b. Vit PTHH phn ng ca Y vi Clo khi chiu sng (t l 1:1), ch r sn
phm chnh.Cu 11. t chy hon ton 4,48 lt C3H8 (ktc) thu c V lt CO2
(ktc) v m gam nc. Tnh m v V.
Cu 12. t chy hon ton V lt kh C4H10 (ktc). Ton b sn phm chy sc vo
dung dch nc vi trong d thu c 40 gam kt ta.
a. Tnh V.
b. Tnh khi lng mui thu c.
Cu 13. t chy hon ton mt hidrocacbon X thu c 8,96 lt kh CO2 (ktc)
v 9 gam nc. Xc nh cng thc ca X.
Cu 14. t chy hon ton 2,24 lt ankan X (ktc) thu c 6,72 lt kh CO2
(ktc) v m gam nc.
a. Tnh khi lng mui thu c.
b. Xc nh cng thc ca X.
Cu 15. Khi t chy hon ton mt ankan A th th tch Oxi phn ng bng 5/3
ln th tch ca kh CO2 sinh ra trong cng iu kin. Xc nh cng thc ca
ankan A.
Cu 16. t chy hon ton 2,24 lt ankan B (ktc) cn 11,2 lt O2
(ktc).
a. Xc nh cng thc ca B.
b. Tnh khi lng CO2 v nc sinh ra.
Cu 17. t chy hon ton 3,36 lt hn hp kh metan v etan thu c 4,48 lt
kh CO2 (ktc). Tnh thnh phn phn trm v th tch ca mi kh trong hn hp
A.
Cu 18. Xicloankan n vng X c t khi hi so vi nit bng 2. Lp cng thc
phn t ca X. Cu 19. Khi t chy hon ton 3.6 gam ankan X thu c 5.6 lt
CO2 (ktc). Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X.
Cu 20. t chy hon ton 4,48 lt hn hp gm C2H6 v C3H8 ( ktc) ri cho
sn phm chy i qua bnh 1 ng dung dch H2SO4 c, bnh 2 ng dung dch nc vi
trong c d thy khi lng bnh 1 tng m g, bnh 2 tng 22 g. a. Xc nh gi tr
ca m. b. Tnh % th tch mi kh trong hn hp u.Cu 21. t chy hon ton m g
hn hp gm CH4, C2H6 v C4H10 thu c 3,3g CO2 v 4,5 g H2O. Xc nh gi tr
ca m.
Cu 22. Mt hn hp 2 ankan k tip c khi lng 24,8 gam c th tch tng ng
l 11,2 lt ( ktc). Xc nh CTPT ca 2 ankan.
Cu 23. t chy hn hp hai hidrocacbon ng ng k tip nhau ta thu c
11,7g H2O v 17,6g CO2. Xc nh CTPT ca hai hidrocacbon trn.
Cu 24. Khi t chy hon ton 7,84 lt hn hp kh gm CH4, C2H6, C3H8
(ktc) thu c 16,8 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v x gam H2O. Xc nh gi tr ca X.Cu
25. t chy hon ton 11,2 lt hn hp propan v butan (ktc) ri cho tt c sn
phm chy thu c vo dung dch NaOH th thu c 95,4 gam Na2CO3 v 84 gam
NaHCO3.
a. Tnh thnh phn % v s mol ca hn hp.
b. Tm th tch dung dch NaOH 0,5 M cn thit dng trong trng hp
trn.
Cu 26. t chy hon ton 0,01 mol ankan (A). Dn ton b sn phm chy qua
bnh Ca(OH)2 d ngi ta thu c 4 gam kt ta.
a. Tm cng thc phn t ca Ankan (A).b. B l ng ng lin tip ca A. B tc
dng vi clo (askt) theo t l mol 1:1. Ngi ta thu c 4 sn phm. Hy xc nh
CTCT ng ca (B).
Cu 27. Mt hn hp gm 2 ankan X v Y l ng ng k tip nhau c khi lng
10,2 gam. t chy hon ton hn hp cn 36,8 gam O2.a. Tnh khi lng CO2 v
H2O to thnh.
b. Tm CTPT ca 2 ankan.Cu 28. Khi tin hnh craking 22,4 lt kh
C4H10 (ktc) thu c hn hp A gm CH4, C2H6, C2H4, C3H6, C4H8, H2 v
C4H10 d. t chy hon ton A thu c x gam CO2 v y gam H2O. Xc nh gi tr
ca x v y.
Cu 29. Hn hp (X) gm 2 ankan A, B lin tip nhau trong dy ng ng c .
Xc nh CTPT ca A, B v tnh % V ca hn hp.Cu 30. Mt ankan c thnh phn %
cc nguyn t: %C = 84,21; %H = 15,79. T khi hi ca ankan i vi khng kh
l 3,93. Xc nh CTPT ankan.
Cu 31. t chy hon ton 3,6 g mt ankan A thu c 11g CO2 v 5,4g nc.
Khi clo ha A theo t l mol 1:1 to thnh dn xut monoclo duy nht. Xc nh
CTPT v CTCT ca A.D. PHN BI TP NNG CAOCu 1. Hn hp kh X gm 2
hirocacbon A v B l ng ng k tip. t chy X vi 64 gam O2 (d) ri dn sn
phm thu c qua bnh ng Ca(OH)2 d thu c 100 gam kt ta. Kh ra khi bnh c
th tch 11,2 lt 0OC v 0,4 atm. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca A v B.Cu 2
(A-2010). t chy hon ton mt lng hirocacbon X. Hp th ton b sn phm chy
vo dung dch Ba(OH)2 (d) to ra 29,55 gam kt ta, dung dch sau phn ng
c khi lng gim 19,35 gam so vi dung dch Ba(OH)2 ban u. Xc nh cng thc
phn t ca X.Cu 3. t chy hon ton mt hirocacbon X thu c 0,11 mol CO2 v
0,132 mol H2O. Khi X tc dng vi kh clo (theo t l s mol 1:1) thu c mt
sn phm hu c duy nht. Xc nh tn gi ca X.Cu 4 (B-08). Hirocacbon mch h
X trong phn t ch cha lin kt v c hai nguyn t cacbon bc ba trong mt
phn t. t chy hon ton 1 th tch X sinh ra 6 th tch CO2 ( cng iu kin
nhit , p sut). Cho X tc dng vi Cl2 (theo t l s mol 1:1). a. Xc nh s
dn xut monoclo ti a sinh ra.b. Vit PTHH ca cc phn ng xy ra.
Cu 5 (A-08). Khi crackinh hon ton mt th tch ankan X thu c ba th
tch hn hp Y (cc th tch kh o cng iu kin nhit v p sut); t khi ca Y so
vi H2 bng 12. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X.Cu 6 (A-07). Khi brom ho mt
ankan ch thu c mt dn xut monobrom duy nht c t khi hi so vi hiro l
75,5. Xc nh tn ca ankan .Cu 7. Khi t chy hon ton hn hp 2 ankan l ng
ng k tip thu c 7,84 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v 9,0 gam H2O. Xc nh cng thc
phn t ca 2 ankan.Cu 8. t chy hon ton m gam hn hp X gm hai
hidrocacbon thuc cng dy ng ng cn dng 6.16 lt O2 (kc) v thu c 3.36
lt CO2 (kc). Tnh gi tr ca m.CHUYN VI. HIDROCACBON KHNG NO -
HIDROCACBON THM A. PHN L THUYT
I. ANKEN1. Khi nim - ng phn - Danh phpa. Khi nim:
- Anken l hidrocacbon khng no mch h c mt ni i trong phn t. C
CTTQ l CnH2n (n)- Cc cht C2H4, C3H6, C4H8 . . . CnH2n (n2) hp thnh
dy ng ng ca anken.b. ng phn: C hai loi ng phn- ng phn cu to: (ng
phn mch C v ng phn v tr lin kt i)
Th d: C4H8 c ba ng phn cu to.
CH2=CH-CH2-CH3; CH3-CH=CH-CH3; CH2=C(CH3)-CH3- ng phn hnh hc
(cis - trans): Cho anken c CTCT: abC=Ccd. iu kin xut hin ng phn hnh
hc l: a b v c d.
Th d: CH3-CH=CH-CH3 c hai ng phn hnh hc
trans - but-2-en cis - but-2-enc. Danh php:
- Danh php thng: Tn ankan nhng thay ui an = ilen.
+ V d: C2H4 (Etilen), C3H6 (propilen)
- Danh php quc t (tn thay th):
S ch v tr nhnh + tn nhnh + tn mch C chnh + s ch v tr lin kt i +
en
+ V d:
(C4H8) But-2-en
(C4H8) 2 - Metylprop-1-en 2. Tnh cht vt l
iu kin thng th
- T C2H4 C4H8 l cht kh.
- T C5H10 tr i l cht lng hoc cht rn.
3. Tnh cht ha hca. Phn ng cng (c trng)* Cng H2: CnH2n + H2
CnH2n+2
CH2=CH-CH3 + H2 CH3-CH2-CH3* Cng Halogen: CnH2n + X2 CnH2nX2
CH2=CH2 + Br2 CH2Br-CH2BrPhn ng anken tc dng vi Br2 dng nhn bit
anken (dd Br2 mt mu)* Cng HX (X: Cl, Br, OH . . .)Th d: CH2=CH2 +
HOH CH3-CH2OH
CH2=CH2 + HBr CH3-CH2Br
- Cc anken c cu to phn t khng i xng khi cng HX c th cho hn hp
hai sn phm
- Quy tc Maccopnhicop: Trong phn ng cng HX vo lin kt i, nguyn t
H (phn mang in dng) ch yu cng vo nguyn t C bc thp hn (c nhiu H hn),
cn nguyn hay nhm nguyn t X (phn mang in m) cng vo nguyn t C bc cao
hn (t H hn).b. Phn ng trng hp: iu kin: Phn t phi c lin kt i
C=C.
- V d:
c. Phn ng oxi ha:
- Oxi ha hon ton: CnH2n + O2 nCO2 + nH2O (=)- Oxi ha khng hon
ton: Anken c th lm mt mu dung dch B2 v dung dch thuc tm. Phn ng ny
dng nhn bit anken v hp cht cha lin kt .4. iu cha. Phng th nghim:
CnH2n+1OH CnH2n + H2O
b. iu ch t ankan: CnH2n+2 CnH2n + H2 II. ANKADIEN1. nh ngha -
Phn loi - Danh phpa. nh ngha: L hidrocacbon khng no mch h, trong
phn t cha hai lin kt C=C, c CTTQ CnH2n-2 (n)- V d: CH2=C=CH2,
CH2=CH-CH=CH2 . . .b. Phn loi: C ba loi:- Ankadien c hai lin kt i
lin tip.
- Ankadien c hai lin kt i cch nhau bi mt lin kt n (ankadien lin
hp).
- Ankadien c hai lin kt i cch nhau t hai lin kt n tr ln.
c. Danh php: S ch v tr nhnh + tn nhnh + tn anka mch C chnh + s
ch v tr lin kt i + ien.
CH2=CH-CH=CH2 (buta-1,3-ien)2. Tnh cht ha hca. Phn ng cng (H2,
X2, HX)
* Cng H2:CH2=CH-CH=CH2 + 2H2
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3* Cng brom:
Cng 1:2CH2=CH-CH=CH2 + Br2 (dd) CH2=CH-CHBr-CH2Br (spc)
Cng 1:4CH2=CH-CH=CH2 + Br2 (dd) CH2Br-CH=CH-CH2Br (spc)
Cng ng thi vo hai lin kt i
CH2=CH-CH=CH2 + 2Br2 (dd) CH2Br-CHBr-CHBr-CH2Br
* Cng HX
Cng 1:2CH2=CH-CH=CH2 + HBr CH2=CH-CHBr-CH3 (spc)
Cng 1:4CH2=CH-CH=CH2 + HBr CH2=CH-CH2-CH2Br (spc)b. Phn ng trng
hp: - VD:
Cao su buna
c. Phn ng oxi ha:
- Oxi ha hon ton
2C4H6 + 11O2 8CO2 + 6H2O
- Oxi ha khng hon ton: Tng t nh anken th ankadien c th lm mt mu
dung dch thuc tm. Phn ng ny dng nhn bit ankadien.
3. iu ch
- c iu ch t ankan tng ng bng phn ng tch H2.
CH3CH2CH2CH3 CH2=CH-CH=CH2 + 2H2CH3-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH3
CH2=C(CH3)-CH=CH2 + 2H2III. ANKIN1. Khi nim - ng phn - Danh phpa.
Khi nim- L hidrocacbon khng no mch h trong phn t c mt lin kt , c
CTTQ l CnH2n-2 (n2).- Cc cht C2H2, C3H4, C4H6 . . .CnH2n-2 (n2) hp
thnh mt dy ng ng ca axetilen.
b. ng phn- Ch c ng phn cu to (ng phn mch C v ng phn v tr lin kt
). Ankin khng c ng phn hnh hc.- Th d: C4H6 c hai ng phn
CHC-CH2-CH3; CH3-CC-CH3.
c. Danh php:
- Danh php thng: Tn gc ankyl + axetilen+ VD: C2H2 (axetilen),
CHC-CH3 (metylaxetilen)
- Danh php thay th:
S ch v tr nhnh + tn nhnh + tn mch C chnh + s ch v tr ni 3 +
in
But-1-in
But-2-in2. Tnh cht ha hc:a. Phn ng cng (H2, X2, HX, phn ng ime
ha v trime ha).
- Th d
+ Cng H2
CHCH + H2 CH2=CH2
CH2=CH2 + H2 CH3-CH3Nu dng xc tc Pd/PbCO3 hoc Pd/BaSO4, ankin ch
cng mt phn t H2 to anken
CHCH + H2 CH2=CH2+ Cng X2
CHCH + Br2 CHBr =CHBr
CHBr=CHBr + Br2 CHBr2-CHBr2+ Cng HX
CHCH + HCl CH2 =CHCl
+ Phn ng ime ha - trime ha
2CHCH CH2=CH-CCH (vinyl axetilen)
3CHCH C6H6b. Phn ng th bng ion kim loi: - iu kin: Phi c lin kt 3
u mch.
R-CCH + AgNO3 + NH3 R-CCAg + NH4NO3Phn ng ny dng nhn bit
Ank-1-in
c. Phn ng oxi ha:
- Oxi ha hon ton:
CnH2n-2 + O2 nCO2 + (n-1)H2O ()- Oxi ha khng hon ton: Tng t nh
anken v ankadien, ankin cng c kh nng lm mt mu dung dch thuc tm. Phn
ng ny dng nhn bit ankin.
3. iu ch:
a. Phng th nghim: CaC2 + 2H2O C2H2 + Ca(OH)2b. Trong cng nghip:
2CH4 C2H2 + 3H2IV. BENZEN V DY NG NG:
1. ng ng - ng phn - Danh php:
a. ng ng: Dy ng ng ca benzen c CTTQ l CnH2n-6.
b. ng phn: ng phn v v tr tng i ca cc nhm ankyl xung quanh vng
benzen (o, m, p).
- V d: C8H10
c. Danh php: Gi tn theo danh php h thng.
S ch v tr nhm ankyl + tn ankyl + benzen.
- VD: C6H5CH3 (metylbenzen).
2. Tnh cht ha hc:
a. Phn ng th:
* Th nguyn t H vng benzen- Tc dng vi halogen
Cho ankyl benzen phn ng vi brom c bt st th thu c hn hp sn phm th
brom ch yu vo v tr ortho v para.- VD:
o-bromtoluen
p-bromtoluen
- Phn ng gia benzen v ng ng vi axit HNO3 xy ra tng t nh phn ng
vi halogen.
- Quy tc th H vng benzen: Cc ankyl benzen d tham gia phn ng th
nguyn t H ca vng benzen hn benzen v s th u tin v tr ortho v para so
vi nhm ankyl.
* Th nguyn t H mch chnh- C6H5CH3 + Br2 C6H5CH2Br + HBr
b. Phn ng cng:
- Cng H2 v cng Cl2.
c. Phn ng oxi ha:
- Oxi ha khng hon ton: Toluen c kh nng lm mt mu dung dch thuc tm
cn benzen th khng. Phn ng ny dng nhn bit Toluen.- Phn ng oxi ha hon
ton:
CnH2n-6 + O2 nCO2 + (n-3)H2OV. STIREN:1. Cu to: CTPT: C8H8;
CTCT:
2. Tnh cht ha hc:
a. Phn ng vi dung dch Br2. Phn ng ny dng nhn bit stiren.b. Phn
ng vi H2.
c. Tham gia phn ng trng hp lin kt i C=C.
VI. NAPTTALEN:
1. Cu to phn t:
- CTPT: C10H8. CTCT:
2. Tnh cht ha hc:
- Tham gia phn ng th v tham gia phn ng cng.
B. BI TP C HNG DN GII
1. Lp CTPT ca anken
CTPT ca anken l: CnH2n. lp CTPT ca anken ta c th s dng mt trong
cc cch sau (ty bi ra m ta s c cc cch gii ph hp):
* Cch 1: M = 14n. M ta c th tnh bng nhiu cch khc nhau ty vo d
kin bi ra.
* Cch 2: .
* Cch 3: Ta lp t l trn PTHH a ra phng trnh bc nht mt n (n l n).
T tnh gii tr n.
* Lu : Nu l hn hp hai anken ng ng k tip ca nhau th ta quy thnh
mt anken c CT l . T tnh gi tr .
2. Lp CTPT ca ankin
CTPT ca ankin l: CnH2n-2. lp CTPT ca ankin ta c th s dng mt
trong cc cch sau (ty bi ra m ta s c cc cch gii ph hp):
* Cch 1: M = 14n - 2. M ta c th tnh bng nhiu cch khc nhau ty vo
d kin bi ra.
* Cch 2: ;
EMBED Equation.DSMT4 * Cch 3: Ta lp t l trn PTHH a ra phng trnh
bc nht mt n (n l n). T tnh gii tr n.
* Lu : Nu l hn hp hai ankin ng ng k tip ca nhau th ta quy thnh
mt ankin c CT l . T tnh gi tr .
V d 1: t chy hon ton 2,24 lt hidrocacbon X thu c 6,72 lt kh CO2
(cc th tch kh c o ktc). X tc dng vi AgNO3 trong NH3 sinh ra kt ta
Y. Xc nh CTCT ca X.Gii
Do X tc dng vi AgNO3 trong NH3 sinh ra kt ta Y t ta c th suy ra
X l Ankin. t CTPT ca X l: CnH2n-2.
CTPT ca X l C3H4. CTCT ca X l: CHC-CH3V d 2: t chy hon ton 6.72
lt hn hp X gm hai anken l ng ng k tip nhau cn 26.88 lt kh oxi. Xc
nh cng thc ca hai anken.
Gii
t CTPT ca 2 anken l .
+
O2
CO2+
H2O
0.3
1.2
1.2 = 0.3* = 2.67. Vy CT ca hai anken l: C2H4 v C3H6.C. PHN BI
TP C BNCu 1. Vit CTCT cc ng phn (cu to) anken ng vi CTPT l C4H8 v
C5H10 v gi tn theo tn thay th.
Cu 2. Vit CTCT cc anken c tn gi sau:
a. Butilen, 2-metylbut-2-en, pent-1-en, 2,3-imetylpent-2-en.
b. Propilen, hex-1-en, etilen, 2-metylpent-1-en,
iso-butilen.
Cu 3. Gi tn cc anken sau theo danh php thay th
a. CH2=CH-CH2-CH3, CH2=C(CH3)-CH2-CH3,
CH3-C(CH3)=C(CH3)-CH2-CH3.b. CH3-CH=CH-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH3, CH2=CH-CH3,
CH2=CH2.
Cu 4. Hon thnh cc PTHH ca cc phn ng sau:
a. CH3-CH=CH-CH3 +H2
b. CH2=CH-CH3
+Br2
c. CH2=C(CH3)-CH3
+HBr
d. CH2=CH-CH2-CH3
+H2O
e. CH3-CH=CH-CH3
+ HBr
f. C2H4
+O2
g. nCH2=CH2
h. nCH2=CH-CH3
i. nCH2=CHCl
Cu 5. Vit PTHH iu ch cc cht sau i t cc cht hu c tng ng.
PE, PVC, etilen, propilen, 2-clopropan, ancol etylic.
Cu 6 (A-08). Cho cc cht sau: CH2=CH-CH2-CH2-CH=CH2,
CH2=CH-CH=CH-CH2-CH3, CH3-C(CH3)=CH-CH3, CH2=CH-CH2-CH=CH2. Cht no
c ng phn hnh hc. Vit CTCT cc ng phn cis-trans ca n.
Cu 7. Vit CTCT cc ng phn ankin ng vi CTPT l C4H6 v C5H8 v gi tn
theo tn thay th.Cu 8. Vit CTCT cc ankin c tn gi sau:
a. Metyl axetilen, etyl metyl axetilen, imetyl axetilen,
3-metylbut-1-in, pent-1-in.
b. Hex-2-in, axetilen, 3,4-imetylpent-1-in.
Cu 9. Gi tn cc anken sau theo danh php thay th
a. CHCH-CH2-CH3, CHC-CH(CH3)-CH3, CH3-C(CH3)=C(CH3)-CH2-CH3.
b. CH3-CC-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH3, CHCH-CH3, CHCH.
Cu 10. Hon thnh cc PTHH ca cc phn ng sau:
a. CHC-CH3
+H2
b. CHC-CH3
+H2
c. CHC-CH3
+Br2
d. CHCH
+HCl
1 mol 1 mol
e. CHCH
+H2O
f. 2CHCH
g. 3CHCH
Cu 11. Vit PTHH iu ch cc cht sau t cc mono me tng ng.
Axetilen, vinyl clorua, benzen, vinyl axetilen.
Cu 12. Hon thnh cc chui phn ng sau: a. CH4 ( C2H2 ( C2H4 ( C2H6
( C2H5Cl ( C2H4.
b. CH4 ( C2H2 ( C4H4 ( C4H6 ( polibutadien
c. CH4 ( C2H2 ( C6H6 ( C6H5Brd. C2H6 ( C2H4 ( PEe. CH4 ( C2H2 (
Vinyl clorua ( PVCCu 13. Nhn bit cc cht sau bng phng php ha hc.
a. CH4, C2H4, C2H2 v CO2.
b. But-1-in v but-2-in
c. Benzen, hex-1-en v toluen
d. Benzen, stiren v toluen
Cu 14. T CH4 v cc ha cht v c cn thit khc, hy vit cc PTHH iu
ch:
Cao su buna, benzen, PE v PVC.Cu 15. Vit CTCT cc ng phn benzen
ng vi CTPT C8H10 v gi tn cc ng phn .
Cu 16. Hon thnh cc PTHH ca cc phn ng sau:
a. C6H5CH3
+Br2
b. C6H5CH3
+Br2
c. C6H5CH3
+HNO3(c)
d. C6H5CH=CH2+ Br2
e. C6H5CH=CH2+ HBr
e. nC6H5CH=CH2
Cu 17. t chy hon ton 3.36 lt hn hp kh etilen v propilen thu c
8.96 lt kh CO2 v m gam nc (cc kh u c o ktc).
a. Tnh % th tch mi kh trong hn hp u.
b. Tnh gi tr m.
Cu 18. t chy hon ton hn hp kh C3H6 v C4H8. Ton b sn phm chy thu
c dn qua bnh 1 ng H2SO4 (c), bnh 2 ng dung dch nc vi trong d. Thy
khi lng bnh 1 tng 9 gam, bnh 2 tng m gam. Tnh gi tr m.
Cu 19. t chy hon ton 2.24 lt hn hp kh propilen v butilen. Ton b
sn phm chy thu c sc qua bnh ng dung dch nc vi trong d thu c 25 gam
kt ta v thy khi lng bnh tng ln m gam.
a. Tnh th tch mi kh trong hn hp u.
b. Tnh gi tr m.
Cu 20. Dn t t 3,36 lt hn hp kh etilen v propilen (ktc) vo dung
dch brom thy dung dch b nht mu v khng c kh thot ra. Khi lng dung
dch sau phn ng tng 4,9 gam.a. Vit cc PTHH v gii thch cc hin tng th
nghim trn.
b. Tnh % theo th tch ca mi kh trong hn hp ban u.Cu 21. Dn t t
4,48 lt hn hp kh etilen v propilen (ktc) vo dung dch brom d thy c
80 gam brom phn ng.
a. Vit cc PTHH v gii thch cc hin tng th nghim trn.
b. Tnh th tch ca mi kh trong hn hp ban u.Cu 22. t chy hon ton
0.672 lt hn hp kh etilen v propilen cn 2.688 lt kh oxi. Ton b sn
phm chy thu c sc vo dung dch nc vi trong d thu c m gam kt ta.
a. Tnh % th tch mi kh trong hn hp u.
b. Tnh gi tr m.
Cu 23. t chy hon ton 4.48 lt hn hp hai anken X (ktc) l ng ng k
tip ca nhau thu c 11.2 lt kh CO2 (ktc).
a. Xc nh cng thc ca hai anken.
b. Tnh % th tch mi anken trong hn hp ban u.
Cu 24. t chy hon ton 6.72 lt hn hp X gm hai anken l ng ng k tip
nhau cn 26.88 lt kh oxi.a. Xc nh cng thc ca hai anken.
b. Cho hn hp X qua dung dch brom d, tnh khi lng brom tham gia
phn ng.
Cu 25. Oxi ha hon ton 0,68 gam ankadien X thu c 1,12 lt CO2
(ktc).
a. Tm cng thc phn t ca X.
b. Vit CTCT c th c ca X.
Cu 26. Cho 4,48 lt hn hp kh gm metan v etilen i qua dung dch
brom d, thy dung dch b nht mu v c 1,12 lt kh thot ra. Cc th tch kh
o iu kin tiu chun. Tnh % theo th tch mi kh trong hn hp ban u. Cu
27. Dn 3,36 lt hn hp A gm propin v etilen i vo mt lng d dung dch
AgNO3 trong NH3 thy cn 0,84 lt kh thot ra v c m gam kt ta. Cc th
tch kh c o iu kin tiu chun.
a. Tnh % theo th tch etilen trong A.
b. Tnh m.
Cu 28. Dn 6,72 lt hn hp kh X gm propan, etilen v axetilen qua
dung dch brom d, thy cn 1,68 lt kh khng b hp th. Nu dn 6,72 lt kh X
trn qua dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3 thy c 24,24 gam kt ta. Cc th tch
kh o iu kin tiu chun.a. Vit PTHH ca cc phn ng xy ra.
b. Tnh % theo th tch v theo khi lng mi kh trong hn hp ban u.
Cu 29. t chy hon ton 2,24 lt hidrocacbon X thu c 6,72 lt kh CO2
(cc th tch kh c o ktc). X tc dng vi AgNO3 trong NH3 sinh ra kt ta
Y. Xc nh CTCT ca X. Cu 30. Hidrocacbon X l cht lng c t khi hi so vi
khng kh l 3,17. t chy hon ton X thu c CO2 c khi lng bng 4,28 ln khi
lng H2O. nhit thng X khng lm mt mu dung dch brom. Khi un nng X lm
mt mu dung dch KMnO4. Tm CTPT v vit CTCT ca X.
Cu 31. Cho benzen tc dng vi lng d HNO3 c c xc tc H2SO4 c iu ch
nitrobenzen. Tnh khi lng nitrobenzen thu c khi dng 1 tn benzen vi
hiu sut 78%.Cu 32. Trng hp 5,6 lt C2H4 (ktc) nu hiu sut phn ng t
90% th khi lng polime thu c l bao nhiu?Cu 33. t chy hon ton 4,48 lt
C3H6 ( ktc) ri cho sn phm chy i qua bnh ng dung dch nc vi trong c d
thy khi lng bnh tng m(g). Xc nh gi tr ca m.
Cu 34. Hn hp X gm C2H4 v C2H2. Dn 1,12 lt hn hp X i qua bnh ng
dung dch AgNO3/NH3 thu c 2,4 g kt ta vng. Xc nh th tch ca C2H4 v
C2H2 o c iu kin chun?
Cu 35. t chy hon ton 4,48 lt hn hp kh C2H4 v C3H6 (ktc) thu c
11,2 lt kh CO2 (ktc).
a. Xc nh % theo th tch mi kh trong hn hp u.
b. Tnh khi lng nc sinh ra.
Cu 36. Mt hn hp gm hai anken c th tch 11,2 lt (ktc) k tip nhau
trong dy ng ng. Khi cho hn hp i qua dung dch brom th thy khi lng
bnh brom tng ln 15,4 g.a. Xc nh CTPT ca hai anken.
b. Tnh th tch mi kh trong hn hp ban u.
Cu 37. Cho (A) v (B) l 2 anken ng ng k tip nhau. Cho 13,44 lt
(ktc) hn hp 2 anken (A) v (B) qua bnh ng dung dch Br2 thy bnh Br2
tng ln 28 gam.
a. Xc nh CTPT ca A, B.b. Cho hn hp 2 anken + HCl thu c 3 sn phm.
Hy cho bit CTCT ca (A) v (B).
Cu 38. Dn 4,48 lt hn hp gm C2H4 v C3H4 (ktc) qua bnh ng dung dch
Br2 d thy khi lng bnh tng 6,2 gam. Tnh phn trm th tch ca C3H4 trong
hn hp.Cu 39. Cho 12,60 gam hn hp 2 anken l ng ng k tip tc dng va vi
dung dch Br2 thu c 44,60 gam hn hp sn phm. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca 2
anken.Cu 40. Chia 16,4 gam hn hp gm C2H4 v C3H4 thnh 2 phn bng
nhau. Phn 1 tc dng va vi dung dch cha 56,0 gam Br2. Phn 2 cho tc
dng ht vi H2 (Ni, t0), ri ly 2 ankan to thnh em t chy hon ton th
thu c x gam CO2. Tnh gi tr ca x.
Cu 41. t chy hon ton 0,2 mol hn hp 2 ankin l ng ng k tip thu c
9,0 gam nc. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca 2 ankin.
Cu 42. t chy hon ton hn hp 2 anken thu c 11,2 lt kh CO2 (ktc).
Tnh th tch kh O2 (ktc) tham gia phn ng chy.Cu 43. t chy hon ton hn
hp 3 anken ri dn sn phm chy ln lt qua bnh 1 ng dung dch H2SO4 c v
bnh 2 ng dung dch nc vi trong d, thy khi lng bnh 1 tng m gam v khi
lng bnh 2 tng (m + 5,2) gam. Tnh gi tr ca m.
Cu 44. Khi cho 0,2 mol mt ankin tc dng vi AgNO3 trong dung dch
NH3 (d) thu c 29,4 gam kt ta. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca ankin.D. PHN
BI TP NNG CAOCu 1 (A-07). Ba hirocacbon X, Y, Z k tip nhau trong dy
ng ng, trong khi lng phn t Z gp i khi lng phn t X. t chy 0,1 mol
cht Y, sn phm kh hp th hon ton vo dung dch Ca(OH)2 d, thu c m gam
kt ta. Tnh m.
Cu 2 (B-2008). t chy hon ton 1 lt hn hp kh gm C2H2 v hirocacbon
X sinh ra 2 lt kh CO2 v 2 lt hi H2O (cc th tch kh v hi o cng iu kin
nhit , p sut). Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X.Cu 3 (B-2010). Hn hp kh X
gm mt ankan v mt anken. T khi ca X so vi H2 bng 11,25. t chy hon
ton 4,48 lt X, thu c 6,72 lt CO2 (cc th tch kh o ktc). Xc nh cng
thc ca ankan v anken.Cu 4 (A-07). Cho 4,48 lt hn hp X (ktc) gm 2
hirocacbon mch h li t t qua bnh cha 1,4 lt dung dch Br2 0,5M. Sau
khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, s mol Br2 gim i mt na v khi lng bnh tng
thm 6,7 gam. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca 2 hirocacbon.
Cu 5 (B-08). Dn 1,68 lt hn hp kh X gm hai hirocacbon vo bnh ng
dung dch brom (d). Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, c 4 gam brom phn
ng v cn li 1,12 lt kh. Nu t chy hon ton 1,68 lt X th sinh ra 2,8 lt
kh CO2. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca hai hirocacbon (bit cc th tch kh u o
ktc).Cu 6 (A-2010). un nng hn hp kh X gm 0,02 mol C2H2 v 0,03 mol
H2 trong mt bnh kn (xc tc Ni), thu c hn hp kh Y. Cho Y li t t vo
bnh nc brom (d), sau khi kt thc cc phn ng, khi lng bnh tng m gam v
c 280 ml hn hp kh Z (ktc) thot ra. T khi ca Z so vi H2 l 10,08. Tnh
gi tr ca m.Cu 7 (B-09). Hn hp kh X gm H2 v mt anken c kh nng cng
HBr cho sn phm hu c duy nht. T khi ca X so vi H2 bng 9,1. un nng X
c xc tc Ni, sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c hn hp kh Y khng lm
mt mu nc brom; t khi ca Y so vi H2 bng 13. Xc nh cng thc cu to ca
anken.Cu 8 (C-09). Hn hp kh X gm H2 v C2H4 c t khi so vi He l 3,75.
Dn X qua Ni nung nng, thu c hn hp kh Y c t khi so vi He l 5. Tnh
hiu sut ca phn ng hiro ho.Cu 9 (C-2010). Cho 3,12 gam ankin X phn
ng vi 0,1 mol H2 (xc tc Pd/PbCO3, t0), thu c hn hp Y ch c hai
hirocacbon. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X.Cu 10. Hn hp X gm mt olefin M
v H2 c khi lng phn t trung bnh 10.67 i qua Ni un nng thu c hn hp kh
Y c t khi so vi H2 l 18. Bit M phn ng ht. Xc nh CTPT ca M.Cu 11
(C-2010). Cho 3,12 gam ankin X phn ng vi 0,1 mol H2 (xc tc
Pd/PbCO3, t0), thu c hn hp Y ch c hai hirocacbon. Xc nh cng thc phn
t ca X.CHUYN VIIDN XUT HALOGEN - ANCOl - PHENOlA. PHN L THUYT
I. DN XUT HALOGEN CA HIDROCACBON1. Khi nim- Khi thay th nguyn t
hidro ca phn t hidrocacbon bng nguyn t halogen ta c dn xut halogen
c CTTQ: RCl
+ V d: CH3Cl, C6H5Cl
- Bc ca dn xut halogen: Chnh l bc ca nguyn t C lin kt trc tip vi
C.+ V d: Bc I: CH3CH2Cl (etyl clorua)
Bc II: CH3CHClCH3 (isopropyl clorua)
Bc III: (CH3)C-Br (tert - butyl bromua)
2. Tnh cht ha hc: a. Phn ng th nguyn t halogen bng nhm OH:RX +
NaOH ROH + NaX
CH3CH2Br + NaOH CH3CH2OH + NaBr
b. Phn ng tch hidro halogenua:
- CH3-CH2Cl + KOH CH2=CH2 + KCl + H2O
- PTTQ: (i vi dn xut halogen no, n chc, mch h)
CnH2n+1X + KOH CnH2n + KX + H2O
- Quy tc Zaixep: Nguyn t X tch vi nguyn t H C bc cao hn.
II. ANCOL1. nh ngha - Phn loia. nh ngha - Ancol l nhng hp cht hu
c trong phn t c nhm OH lin kt trc tip vi nguyn t C no. V d: C2H5OH-
Bc ancol l bc ca nguyn t C lin kt trc tip vi nhm OH.
Th d
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2OH: ancol bc I
CH3-CH2-CH(CH3)-OH: ancol bc II
CH3-C(CH3)2-OH:
ancol bc III
b. Phn loi
- Ancol no, n chc, mch h (CnH2n+1OH): V d: CH3OH . . .
- Ancol khng no, n chc mch h: CH2=CH-CH2OH
- Ancol thm n chc: C6H5CH2OH
- Ancol vng no, n chc:
xiclohexanol- Ancol a chc: CH2OH-CH2OH (etilen glicol),
CH2OH-CHOH-CH2OH (glixerol)
2. ng phn - Danh phpa. ng phn: Ch c ng phn cu to (gm ng phn mch
C v ng phn v tr nhm OH).
- Th d C4H10O c 4 ng phn ancol
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2OH;CH3-CH(CH3)-CH2OH
CH3-CH2-CH(CH3)-OH;CH3-C(CH3)2-OH
b. Danh php:
- Danh php thng: Ancol + tn gc ankyl + ic+ V d: C2H5OH (ancol
etylic)
- Danh php thay th: Tn hidrocacbon tng ng vi mch chnh + s ch v
tr nhm OH + ol+ V d: (3-metylbutan-1-ol)3. Tnh cht vt l
- Tan nhiu trong nc do to c lin kt H vi nc. tan trong nc gim dn
khi s nguyn t C tng ln.4. Tnh cht ha hca. Phn ng th H ca nhm OH*
Tnh cht cung ca ancol
2C2H5OH + 2Na 2C2H5ONa + H2
* Tnh cht c trng ca ancol a chc c hai nhm OH lin k- Ha tan c
Cu(OH)2 iu kin thng to thnh dung dch mu xanh lam. Phn ng ny dng nhn
bit ancol a chc c hai nhm OH lin k.
2C3H5(OH)3 + Cu(OH)2 [C3H5(OH)2O]2Cu + 2H2Ob. Phn ng th nhm
OH
* Phn ng vi axit v c
C2H5 - OH + H - Br C2H5Br + H2O
* Phn ng vi ancol
2C2H5OH C2H5OC2H5 + H2O ietyl ete
- PTTQ: 2ROH R-O-R + H2O
c. Phn ng tch nc
C2H5OH C2H4 + H2O
- PTTQ: CnH2n+1OH CnH2n + H2O
d. Phn ng oxi ha:
- Oxi ha khng hon ton:
+ Ancol bc 1 khi b oxi ha bi CuO/to cho ra sn phm l andehit
RCH2OH + CuO RCHO + Cu + H2O+ Ancol bc hai khi b oxi ha bi
CuO/to cho ra sn phm l xeton.
R-CH(OH)-R + CuO R-CO-R + Cu + H2O
+ Ancol bc III kh b oxi ha.
- Oxi ha hon ton:
CnH2n+1OH + O2 nCO2 + (n+1)H2O
5. iu ch:
a. Phng php tng hp: - iu ch t anken tng ng: CnH2n + H2O
CnH2n+1OH
- iu ch Glixerol i t anken tng ng l CH2=CH-CH3.
b. Phng php sinh ha: iu ch C2H5OH t tinh bt.
(C6H10O5)n C6H12O6
C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2II. PHENOL1. nh ngha - Phn loi - Danh
phpa. nh ngha: Phenol l nhng hp cht hu c trong phn t c nhm -OH lin
kt trc tip vi nguyn t C vng benzen.
- V d: C6H5OH (phenol) . . .
b. Phn loi: - Phenol n chc: Phn t c mt nhm -OH phenol.
- Phenol a chc: Phn t cha hai hay nhiu nhm -OH phenol.
c. Danh php: S ch v tr nhm th + phenol2. Tnh cht ha hc:a. Phn ng
th nguyn t H ca nhm OH
- Tc dng vi kim loi kim
2C6H5OH + 2Na 2C6H5ONa + H2
- Tc dng vi dung dch baz
C6H5OH + NaOH C6H5ONa + H2O
b. Phn ng th H ca vng benzen: Tc dng vi dung dch Brom (Phn ng ny
dng nhn bit phenol).
C6H5OH + 3Br2 C6H2Br3OH + 3HBr 3. iu ch: iu ch phenol ta c s
sau: C6H6 C6H5Br C6H5ONa C6H5OH
B. BI TP C HNG DN GII
1. Lp CTPT ca ancol* CT ca ancol no a chc: CnH2n+2-a(OH)a hoc
CnH2n+2Oa.
* CT ca ancol no n chc: CnH2n+1OH.
lp cng thc phn t ca ancol chng ta c th s dng mt trong cc cch sau
( y ta ch xt ancol no):* Cch 1: M = 14n + 18 (n chc) hoc M = 14n +
2 + 16a. M ta c th tnh bng nhiu cch khc nhau ty vo d kin bi ra.
* Cch 2: . Lu : Cng thc ny ta c th p dng cho mi dy ng ng m ta s
gp sau ny.
EMBED Equation.DSMT4 * Cch 3: Ta lp t l trn PTHH a ra phng trnh
bc nht. T tnh gii tr n.
* Lu : Nu l hn hp hai ancol ng ng k tip ca nhau th ta quy thnh
mt ancol c CT l . T tnh gi tr .
V d 1: t chy hon ton mt ancol n chc X thu c 4,4 gam CO2 v 3,6
gam H2O. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X.
Giit CTPT ca X l CnH2n+1OH.
. T suy ra CTPT ca ancol l: CH3OH.
2. Bi tp tch nc ca ancol to ete
i vi phn bi tp ny, ancol tch nc to ete thng l ancol no n chc. Do
vy ta ch xt i vi ancol no n chc.
2ROH
ROR+H2O
v
* Lu :
- i vi phn ny a s ta vn dng nh lut bo ton khi lng gii bi tp.
- Nu bi cho hn hp nhiu ancol th ta quy v mt ancol gii v cch gii
ta xem nh l mt ancol vi PTHH nh sau
V d 2: un nng 12,90 gam hn hp X gm 2 ancol no, n chc, bc 1, l ng
ng k tip trong H2SO4 c 140oC thu c 10,65 gam hn hp Y gm 3 ete (h =
100%). Xc nh cng thc phn t ca hai ancol.
Gii
t CT ca hai ancol l .
. Vy cng thc phn t hai ancol l: C2H5OH v C3H7OH
3. Bi tp v oxi ha ancol bc 1 v 2
Ta ch xt ancol no n chc
CnH2n+1OH+CuO
CnH2nO + Cu + H2O
C. PHN BI TP C BNCu 1. Vit CTCT cc ng phn ancol ng vi CTPT
C3H8O, C4H10O, C5H12O v gi tn theo danh php thay th.
Cu 2. Vit CTCT cc ancol c tn gi sau:
a. Ancol iso-propylic, ancol etylic, ancol n-propylic, etanol,
propan-1-ol.
b. 3-metylbutan-1-ol, 2-metylbutan-2-ol, pentan-1-ol,
2-metylpropan-2-ol.
Cu 3. Gi tn cc ancol sau theo danh php thay th.a.
CH3-CH(OH)-CH2-CH3; CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2OH;
CH3-C(CH3)2-CH2-CH(OH)-CH3.b. CH3-CH2-CH(CH3)-OH; CH3OH,
CH3-CH=CH-CH(CH3)-CH2OHCu 4. Hon thnh cc PTHH ca cc phn ng sau:
a. CH3Cl
+NaOH
b. CH3-CH2-CH2Cl
+KOH
c. CH3-CH2-CH2Cl
+KOH
d. CH3-CHCl-CH2CH3+NaOH
Cu 5. Hon thnh cc PTHH ca cc phn ng sau:a. CH3OH
+Na
b. C3H5(OH)3
+ Na
c. ROH
+HCl
d. C2H5OH
e. C2H5OH
f. CH3-CH(OH)-CH2-CH3
g. C2H5OH
+CuO
h. iso-C3H7OH+CuO
i. n-C3H7OH
+CuO
k. C2H5OH
+O2
l. CnH2n+1OH
+O2
Cu 6. Hon thnh cc PTHH ca cc phn ng sau:
a. C6H5OH
+Na
b. C6H5OH
+KOH
c. C6H5OH
+Br2
d. C6H5OH
+HNO3 (c)
Cu 7. Vit PTHH iu ch cc cht sau t cc cht hu c tng ng:
Etanol, etilen, propan-2-ol, propilenCu 8. Hon thnh cc chui phn
ng sau:
a. Metan ( axetilen ( etilen ( etanol ( axit axetic
b. Benzen ( brombenzen ( natri phenolat ( phenol (
2,4,6-tribromphenolCu 9. Nhn bit cc cht sau bng phng php ha hc:
a. Etanol, glixerol, nc v benzen.b. Phenol, etanol, glixerol,
nc.
c. Propan-1,2-iol; propan-1,3-iol.
d. Propan-1,2,3-triol; propan-1,3-iol; 2-metylpropan-2-ol.Cu 10.
T axetilen, vit PTHH ca cc phn ng iu ch: etyl bromua (1);
1,2-ibrometan (2); vinyl clorua (3).Cu 11. T propen v cc ha cht v c
cn thit khc c th iu ch c cc cht sau: propan-2-ol (1);
propan-1,2-iol (2). Vit PTHH ca cc phn ng xy ra.
Cu 12. T benzen v cc ha cht v c cn thit khc c th iu ch c cc cht
sau: 2,4,6-tribromphenol (1); 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (2). Vit PTHH ca
cc phn ng xy ra.
Cu 13. Cho 12,2 gam hn hp X gm etanol v propan-1-ol tc dng vi Na
d thu c 2,8 lt kh (ktc).
a. Tnh thnh phn % khi lng ca mi cht trong hn hp ban u.
b. Cho hn hp X qua ng ng CuO un nng. Vit PTHH ca cc phn ng xy
ra.
Cu 14. t chy hon ton 5,5 gam hn hp X gm hai ancol CH3OH v C2H5OH
thu c 4,48 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v m gam nc.
a. Tnh % khi lng mi ancol trong hn hp u.
b. Tnh gi tr m.
c. un nng hn hp X vi xc tc H2SO4 c nhit 1400C thu c hn hp 3 ete.
Vit PTHH ca cc phn ng xy ra.Cu 15. t chy hon ton 10,6 gam hn hp X
gm hai ancol C2H5OH v n-C3H7OH. Ton b sn phm chy thu c sc vo bnh ng
dung dch nc vi trong d thu c 50 gam kt ta v khi lng bnh tng ln m
gam.
a. Tnh khi lng mi ancol trong hn hp ban u.
b. Tnh gi tr m.
c. Cho hn hp X qua ng ng CuO un nng. Vit PTHH ca cc phn ng xy
ra.
Cu 16. Cu . Cho 11 gam hn hp hai ancol no n chc, k tip nhau
trong dy ng ng tc dng ht vi Na d thu c 3,36 lt H2 (ktc).
a. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca hai ancol.
b. Tnh % khi lng mi ancol trong hn hp u.
Cu 17. t chy hon ton 0.1 mol mt ancol no, n chc X cn V lt O2
(ktc) thu c 6.72 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v gam nc.
a. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X.
b. Tnh gi tr m.c. Tnh V bng cc phng php khc nhau.Cu 18. t chy
hon ton mt ancol n chc X thu c 4,4 gam CO2 v 3,6 gam H2O. Xc nh cng
thc phn t ca X.
Cu 19. un nng 15,2 gam hn hp 2 ancol no n chc, l ng ng k tip vi
H2SO4 c 140OC, thu c 12,5 gam hn hp 3 ete (h = 100%). a. Xc nh cng
thc ca 2 ancol.
b. Tnh % khi lng mi ancol trong hn hp u.Cu 20. Cho 3,7 gam mt
ancol no, n chc, mch h tc dng vi Na d thy c 0,56 lt kh thot ra (
ktc). Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X.
Cu 21. Cho 14 gam hn hp A gm phenol v etanol tc dng vi Na d thu
c 2,24 lt kh H2 (ktc).
a. Vit PTHH ca cc phn ng xy ra.
b. Tnh % mi cht trong hn hp A.
c. Cho 14 gam hn hp A tc dng vi dung dch HNO3 () th thu c bao
nhiu gam axit picric (2,4,6-trinitrophenol).
Cu 22. Cho hn hp A gm etanol v phenol tc dng vi Na d thu c 3,36
lt H2 (ktc). Nu cho hn hp trn tc dng vi nc brom va thu c 19,86 gam
kt ta trng.
a. Vit PTHH ca cc phn ng xy ra.
b. Tnh % theo khi lng mi cht c trong hn hp ban u.
Cu 23. Cho natri tc dng hon ton vi 18,8 gam hn hp hai ancol no,
n chc, mch h k tip trong dy ng ng sinh ra 5,6 lt kh H2 (ktc).
a. Xc nh CTPT ca hai ancol trn.
b. Tnh khi lng mi ancol trong hn hp ban u.
Cu 24. Chia hn hp X gm hai ancol no, n chc, mch h thnh hai phn
bng nhau. t chy ht phn (1) thu c 5,6 lt CO2 (ktc) v 6,3 g nc. Phn
(2) tc dng ht vi natri th thy thot ra V lt kh (ktc). Xc nh V.
Cu 25. t chy ht hn hp gm hai ancol no, n chc, mch h k tip nhau
trong dy ng ng thu c 5,6 lt CO2 (ktc) v 6,3 g nc. Xc nh CTPT ca hai
ancol.
Cu26. Cho 0,1 mol ru X phn ng ht vi Na d thu c 2,24 lt kh
H2(ktc). S nhm chc -OH ca ru X l bao nhiu?
Cu 27. Chia m gam hn hp hai ancol thnh hai phn bng nhau.
Phn 1: t chy hon ton, thu c 2,24 lt kh CO2 (ktc).
Phn 2: ehirat ha hon ton thu c hn hp 2 anken. Nu t chy ht 2
anken th thu c bao nhiu gam nc?Cu 28. Oxi ho 4,96 gam X l mt ancol
(ru) n chc bc 1 (h=100%), ri ly anehit thu c cho tc dng ht vi lng d
AgNO3 trong dung dch NH3, thu c 66,96 gam Ag. Xc nh cng thc ca X
.
Cu 29. Oxi ho hn hp X gm C2H6O v C4H10O thu c hn hp Y gm 2
anehit. Cho Y tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3 (d) thu c m gam
Ag. Cng lng X nh trn, nu cho tc dng vi Na d th thu c 1,12 lt kh
H2(ktc). Tnh gi tr ca m.Cu 30. t chy hon ton mt ancol n chc X thu c
4,4 gam CO2 v 3,6 gam H2O. Nu cho lng X trn tch nc to ete (h=100%).
Tnh s gam ete thu c.
Cu 31. un nng 12,90 gam hn hp X gm 2 ancol no, n chc, bc 1, l ng
ng k tip trong H2SO4 c 140oC thu c 10,65 gam hn hp Y gm 3 ete (h =
100%). Xc nh cng thc phn t ca hai ancol.Cu 32. t chy hon ton m gam
hn hp hai ancol n chc A v B thuc cng mt dy ng ng, ngi ta thu c 70,4
gam CO2 v 39,6 gam H2O. Tnh gi tr ca m.Cu 33. Chia 27,6 gam hn hp 3
ancol n chc thnh 2 phn bng nhau. Phn 1 cho tc dng ht vi Na, thu c
3,36 lt kh H2 (ktc). Phn 2 tch nc thu c m gam hn hp 6 ete (h=100%).
Tnh gi tr ca m.
Cu 34 (B-2010). t chay hoan toan mt lng hn hp X gm 2 ancol (u
no, hai chc, mach h) cn va u V lit khi O2, thu c 11,2 lit khi CO2 v
12,6 gam H2O (cac th tich khi o ktc). Tnh Gia tri cua V.
D. PHN BI TP NNG CAO
Cu 1 (B-2010). t chay hoan toan mt lng hn hp X gm 2 ancol (u no,
a chc, mach h, co cung s nhom -OH) cn va u V lit khi O2, thu c 11,2
lit khi CO2 va 12,6 gam H2O (cac th tich khi o ktc). Tnh gia tri
cua V.Cu 2 (C-08). t chy hon ton mt ru (ancol) a chc, mch h X, thu
c H2O v CO2 vi t l s mol tng ng l 3:2. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X.Cu
3 (B-2007). X l ancol (ru) no, mch h. t chy hon ton 0,05 mol X cn
5,6 gam oxi, thu c hi nc v 6,6 gam CO2. Xc nh cng thc ca X.Cu 4
(B-2010). t chy hon ton m gam hn hp X gm ba ancol (n chc, thuc cng
dy ng ng), thu c 8,96 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v 11,7 gam H2O. Mt khc, nu un
nng m gam X vi H2SO4 c th thu c x gam hn hp cc ete. Tnh gi tr ca
x.Cu 5 (B-08). un nng mt ru (ancol) n chc X vi dung dch H2SO4 c
trong iu kin nhit thch hp sinh ra cht hu c Y, t khi hi ca X so vi Y
l 1,6428. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X.Cu 6 (A-2010). Oxi ho ht 2,2 gam
hn hp hai ancol n chc thnh anehit cn va 4,8 gam CuO. Cho ton b lng
anehit trn tc dng vi lng d dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3, thu c 23,76
gam Ag. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca hai ancol.
Cu 7 (CA-08). Oxi ho ancol n chc X bng CuO (un nng), sinh ra mt
sn phm hu c duy nht l xeton Y (t khi hi ca Y so vi kh hiro bng 29).
Xc nh cng thc cu to ca X.Cu 8 (B-07). Cho m gam mt ancol (ru) no, n
chc qua bnh ng CuO (d), nung nng. Sau khi phn ng hon ton, khi lng
cht rn trong bnh gim 0,32 gam. Hn hp hi thu c c t khi so vi hiro l
15,5. Tnh gi tr ca m.Cu 9. t chy hon ton mt ancol n chc X thu c 4,4
gam CO2 v 3,6 gam H2O. Nu cho lng X trn tch nc to ete (h=100%) th s
gam ete thu c l bao nhiu?Cu 10. Cho 15,6 gam hn hp X gm 2 ancol
(ru) n chc, k tip nhau trong dy ng ng tc dng ht vi 9,2 gam Na, thu
c 24,5 gam cht rn. Nu cho 15,6 gam X tch nc to ete (h = 100%) th s
gam ete thu c l bao nhiu?Cu 11 (A-2010). t chy hon ton m gam hn hp
3 ancol n chc, thuc cng dy ng ng, thu c 3,808 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v 5,4
gam H2O. Tnh gi tr ca m.Cu 12 (C-2010). Cho 10 ml dung dch ancol
etylic 460 phn ng ht vi kim li Na (d), thu c V lt kh H2 (ktc). Bit
khi lng ring ca ancol etylic nguyn cht bng 0,8 g/ml. Tnh gi tr ca
V.
CHUYN IV: ANDEHIT - XETON - AXIT CACBOXYLICA. PHN L THUYT
I. ANDEHIT1. nh ngha - Danh phpa. nh ngha: Andehit l nhng hp cht
hu c m phn t c nhm -CH=O lin kt trc tip vi nguyn t C hoc nguyn t
H.
- V d: HCHO, CH3CHO...b. Danh php: - Tn thay th ca cc andehit no
n chc mch h nh sau:Tn hidrocacbon no tng ng vi mch chnh + al
V d: (3-metylbutanal)- Tn thng ca mt s anehit: Andehit + tn axit
tng ngV d: HCHO (andehit fomic), CH3CHO (andehit axetic) . . .2.
Tnh cht ha hc- Va th hin tnh oxi ha, va th hin tnh kh
a. Tnh oxi ha: Phn ng cng H2 (to thnh ancol bc I):RCHO + H2
RCH2OH
b. Tnh kh: Tc dng vi cc cht oxi ha
R-CHO + 2AgNO3 + H2O + 3NH3 R-COONH4 + 2Ag + 2NH4NO3
R-CHO + 2Cu(OH)2 + NaOH RCOONa + Cu2O + 3H2O
( gch)
Cc phn ng trn dng nhn bit andehit.
3. iu ch- iu ch andehit ta i t ancol bng phn ng oxi ha khng hon
ton.
CH3CH2OH + CuO CH3CHO + Cu + H2O
- i t hidrocacbon.
2CH2=CH2 + O2 2CH3CHO
II. XETON1. nh ngha
- L nhng hp cht hu c m phn t c nhm lin kt trc tip vi hai nguyn t
C.
-V d: CH3-CO-CH3 (imetyl xeton), CH3-CO-C6H5 (metyl phenyl
xeton) . . .2. Tnh cht ha hc- Cng H2 to thnh ancol bc II.
R-CO-R + H2 RCH(OH)R
CH3-CO-CH3 + H2 CH3CH(OH)CH3- Xeton khng tham gia phn ng trng
gng.
3. iu ch- Oxi ha khng hon ton ancol bc II.
CH3CH(OH)CH3 + CuO CH3-CO-CH3 + Cu + H2O- i t hidrocacbon.
III. AXIT CACBOXYLIC1. nh ngha - Danh php
a. nh ngha
- L nhng phn t hp cht hu c m phn t c nhm -COOH lin kt trc tip vi
nguyn t C hoc nguyn t H.- V d: HCOOH, CH3COOH, . . .
b. Danh php- Tn thay th ca cc axit cacboxylic no, n chc, mch h
nh sau:
Axit + tn hidrocacbon no tng ng vi mch chnh + oic
- V d: (Axit-4-metylpentanoic)
2. Tnh cht vt l- Axit tan nhiu trong nc do to c lin kt H vi nc v
tan gim dn khi s nguyn t C tng ln.
- Nhit si cao hn ancol tng ng do lin kt H gia cc nguyn t bn hn
lin kt H gia cc phn t ancol.3. Tnh cht ha hc
a. Tnh axit: C y tnh cht ca mt axit.
CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O
2CH3COOH + ZnO (CH3COO)2Zn + H2O
2CH3COOH + CaCO3 (CH3COO)2Ca + CO2 + H2O
2CH3COOH + Zn (CH3COO)2Zn + H2
b. Phn ng th nhm -OH (phn ng este ha):
RCOOH + ROH RCOOR + H2O
CH3COOH + C2H5OH CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
etyl axetat
4. iu ch axit axetic a. Ln men gim
C2H5OH + O2 CH3COOH + H2O
b. Oxi ha andehit axetic
2CH3CHO + O2 2CH3COOH
c. Oxi ha ankand. T metanol
CH3OH + CO CH3COOHy l phng php hin i sn xut axit axetic.
B. BI TP C HNG DN GIIV d 1: Cu 1 (C-08). Cho hn hp gm 0,1 mol
HCHO v 0,1 mol HCOOH tc dng vi lng d Ag2O (hoc AgNO3) trong dung
dch NH3, un nng. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, khi lng Ag to
thnh l bao nhiu?Gii
HCHO
4Ag
0.1
0.4
HCOOH
2Ag
0.1
0.2
mAg = 0.6*108 = 64.8 (gam)
V d 2: Trung ha hon ton 10,6 gam hn hp X gm axit axetic v axit
fomic cn 200 ml dung dch NaOH 1M. Tnh khi lng mi axit trong hn hp
ban u.
Gii
nNaOH = 0.2*1 = 0.2 (mol)
t
HCOOH+NaOH HCOONa+H2O
x
x
CH3COOH+NaOH CH3COONa+H2O
y
y
Ta c h PT:
C. PHN BI TP C BNCu 1. Vit CTCT ca cc andehit c CTPT l C4H8O v
gi tn chng theo tn thay th.
Cu 2. Gi tn cc andehit sau theo danh php thng:
HCHO, CH3CHO, CH3CH2CHO, CH2=CHCHO.Cu 3. Gi tn cc andehit sau
theo danh php thay th:
HCHO, CH3CHO, CH3CH2CHO, CH3CH(CH3)-CH2-CHO,
CH3-CH(CH3)-CH(CH3)-CHO.
Cu 4. Vit CTCT cc andehit c tn gi sau:
a. Andehit acrylic, andehit propionic, andehit axetic,
2-metylbutanal.
b. 2,2-imetylbutanal, andehit fomic, 3,4-imetylpentanal, andehit
oxalic.Cu 5. Hon thnh cc PTHH ca cc phn ng sau:
a. CH3CHO+AgNO3
+NH3
b. RCHO+AgNO3
+NH3
c. CH3CHO+H2
d. RCHO+H2
e. CHCH+H2O
f. CH2=CH2+O2
Cu 5. Vit PTHH iu ch cc cht sau t cc cht hu c tng ng:
Ancol etylic, ancol iso-propylic, ancol n-propylic, andehit
axetic, andehit fomic.
Cu 6. Vit CTCT, gi tn cc axit (theo danh php thay th) c CTPT
C4H8O2.Cu 7. Gi tn cc axit sau theo danh php thng:
HCOOH, CH3COOH, CH3CH2COOH, CH2=CHCOOH, CH2=C(CH3) COOH,
HOOC-COOH.Cu 8. Vit CTCT cc andehit c tn gi sau:
a. Axit acrylic, axit propionic, axit axetic, axit
-2-metylbutanoic.
b. Axit - 2,2-imetylbutanoic, axit fomic, axit -
3,4-imetylpentanoic, axit oxalic.
Cu 9. Hon thnh cc PTHH ca cc phn ng sau:
a. CH3COOH
+Na
b. HCOOH
+KOH
c. CH3COOH
+C2H5OH
d. RCOOH
+ROH
e. C2H5OH
+O2
Cu 10. Vit PTHH iu ch cc cht sau t cc cht hu c tng ng:
Etyl axetat, axit axetic, axit fomic.Cu 11. Hon thnh chui phn ng
sau:
a. Metan metyl clorua metanol metanal axit fomic.b. Etanol
andehit axetic axit axetic etyl axetat.
c. Propen propan-2-ol axeton.
d. Etilen andehit axetic axit axetic etyl axetat.Cu 12. Nhn bit
cc cht sau bng phng php ha hc:
a. Andehit axetic, axit axetic, glixerol v etanol.b. Axit fomic,
andehit axetic, axit axetic, ancol etylicc. Propan-1-ol,
propan-1,2-iol, andehit axetic, axit axetic.Cu 13. T metan v cc ha
cht v c cn thit khc c th iu ch c axit fomic v axit axetic. Vit PTHH
ca cc phn ng xy ra.
Cu 14. Trung ha 16,6 gam hn hp axit axetic v axit fomic bng dung
dch natri hiroxit thu c 23,2 gam hn hp hai mui. Xc nh thnh phn %
khi lng mi axit trong hn hp u. Cu 15 (CA-09). Cho 0,1 mol hn hp X
gm hai anehit no, n chc, mch h, k tip nhau trong dy ng ng tc dng vi
lng d dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3, un nng thu c 32,4 gam Ag. Xc nh
CTPT ca anehit trong X.
Cu 16. Cho 0,94 g hn hp hai anehit n chc, no, k tip nhau trong
dy ng ng tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3 thu c 3,24 gam Ag. a.
Xc nh CTPT ca hai anehit.
b. Tnh % theo khi lng mi andehit trong hn hp u.
Cu 17. t chy hon ton 4,4 gam mt andehit X thu c 4,48 lt kh CO2
(ktc) v 3,6 gam nc. Xc nh CTPT ca X.
Cu 18. Cho hn hp X gm 2 anehit ng ng k tip tc dng ht vi H2 (Ni,
t0), thu c hn hp Y. t chy hon ton Y thu c 6,6 gam CO2 v 4,5 gam
H2O. a. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca 2 anehit trong X.
b. Tnh khi lng ca mi andehit trong hn hp X.
Cu 19. Trung ha hon ton 10,6 gam hn hp X gm axit axetic v axit
fomic cn 200 ml dung dch NaOH 1M.
a. Tnh khi lng mi axit trong hn hp ban u.
b. Tnh khi lng mui thu c.
Cu 20. trung ho 8,8 gam mt axit cacboxylic mch khng nhnh thuc dy
ng ng ca axit fomic cn 100ml dung dch NaOH 1M. Xc nh cng thc cu to
v tn gi ca axit .
Cu 21. t chy hon ton 0,1 mol hn hp 2 axit cacboxylic l ng ng k
tip thu c 3,36 lt CO2 (ktc) v 2,7 gam H2O. a. Xc nh cng thc phn t
ca mi axit.
b. Tnh % theo khi lng mi axit trong hn hp u.
Cu 22 (CA-08). un nng 6,0 gam CH3COOH vi 6,0 gam C2H5OH (c H2SO4
lm xc tc, hiu sut phn ng este ho bng 50%). Tnh khi lng este to
thnh.
Cu 23. Hn hp A gm X, Y l 2 axit no, n chc, mch h, k tip nhau
trong dy ng ng. Cho 10,6 gam hn hp A tc dng ht vi Na thu c 2,24 lt
kh H2 (ktc). a. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X v Y.b. Tnh khi lng mi axit
trong hn hp A.Cu 24. t chy hon ton 6 gam mt axit X thu c 4,48 lt kh
CO2 (ktc) v 3,6 gam H2O. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X.
Cu 25. t chy hon ton 0,88 gam 2 axit l ng phn ca nhau thu c 1,76
gam CO2 v 0,72 gam H2O. a. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca 2 axit.
b. Vit CTCT ca 2 axit .
Cu 26. t chy hon ton 8,8 gam mt axit no, n chc X cn 11,2 lt kh
O2 (ktc). Xc nh cng thc phn t ca axit.Cu 27. Cho 90 gam axit axetic
tc dng vi 69 gam ru etylic (H2SO4 xc tc). Khi phn ng t ti cn bng th
66% lng axit chuyn thnh ete, khi lng este sinh ra l bao nhiu
gam?
Cu 28. Trung ha hon ton 3 gam mt axit cacboxilic no n chc X cn
dng va 100ml dung dch NaOH 0,5M. Tn gi ca X l g?
Cu 29. Cho 1,74gam mt anehit no, n chc phn ng hon ton vi
AgNO3/NH3 sinh ra 6,48 gam bc kim loi. Xc nh cng thc cu to ca
anehit.
Cu 30. Cho 0,92 gam hn hp gm axetilen v anehit axetic phn ng hon
ton vi dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3 thu c 5,64gam hn hp rn. Xc nh thnh
phn % cc cht trong hn hp u.
Cu 31. Cho 10,9 g hn hp gm axit acrylic v axit propionic phn ng
hon ton vi Na thot ra 1,68 lt kh (ktc). Nu cho hn hp trn tham gia
phn ng cng H2 hon ton th khi lng sn phm cui cng l bao nhiu?
Cu 32. Hn hp X c khi lng 10g gm axit axetic v anehit axetic. Cho
X tc dng vi lng d dd AgNO3 trong amoniac thy c 21,6g Ag kt ta.
trung ha X cn Vml dd NaOH 0,2M. Gi tr ca V bng bao nhiu?
D. PHN BI TP NNG CAO
Cu 1 (C-08). Cho hn hp gm 0,1 mol HCHO v 0,1 mol HCOOH tc dng vi
lng d Ag2O (hoc AgNO3) trong dung dch NH3, un nng. Sau khi cc phn
ng xy ra hon ton, khi lng Ag to thnh l bao nhiu?Cu 2 (A-08). Cho
3,6 gam anehit n chc X phn ng hon ton vi mt lng d Ag2O (hoc AgNO3)
trong dung dch NH3 un nng, thu c m gam Ag. Ho tan hon ton m gam Ag
bng dung dch HNO3 c, sinh ra 2,24 lt NO2 (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc).
Xc nh cng thc ca X.Cu 3 (B-07). Khi oxi ho 2,2 gam mt anehit n chc
thu c 3 gam axit tng ng. Xc nh cng thc ca anehit.Cu 4 (B-08). Cho
3,6 gam axit cacboxylic no, n chc X tc dng hon ton vi 500 ml dung
dch gm KOH 0,12M v NaOH 0,12M. C cn dung dch thu c 8,28 gam hn hp
cht rn khan. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X.Cu 5 (C-2010). Cho 45 gam
axit axetic phn ng vi 69 gam ancol etylic (xc tc H2SO4 c), un nng,
thu c 41,25 gam etyl axetat. Tnh hiu sut ca phn ng este ho.Cu 6
(C-08). un nng 6,0 gam CH3COOH vi 6,0 gam C2H5OH (c H2SO4 lm xc tc,
hiu sut phn ng este ho bng 50%). Tnh khi lng este to thnh.Cu 7
(A-2010). Cho m gam hn hp etanal v propanal phn ng hon ton vi lng d
dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3, thu c 43,2 gam kt ta v dung dch cha 17,5
gam mui amoni ca hai axit hu c. Tnh gi tr ca m.Cu 8 (C-09). Hiro ho
hon ton hn hp M gm hai anehit X v Y no, n chc, mch h, k tip nhau
trong dy ng ng (MX < MY), thu c hn hp hai ancol c khi lng ln hn
khi lng M l 1 gam. t chy hon ton M thu c 30,8 gam CO2. Xc nh cng
thc v phn trm khi lng ca X trong hn hp M.Cu 9 (A-08). Cho 3,6 gam
anehit n chc X phn ng hon ton vi mt lng d Ag2O (hoc AgNO3) trong
dung dch NH3 un nng, thu c m gam Ag. Ho tan hon ton m gam Ag bng
dung dch HNO3 c, sinh ra 2,24 lt NO2 (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc). Xc
nh cng thc ca X.Cu 10 (A-08). Trung ho 5,48 gam hn hp gm axit
axetic, phenol v axit benzoic, cn dng 600 ml dung dch NaOH 0,1M. C
cn dung dch sau phn ng, thu c m gam hn hp cht rn khan. Tnh gi tr m.
Cu 11 (B-07). trung ho 6,72 gam mt axit cacboxylic Y (no, n chc),
cn dng 200 gam dung dch NaOH 2,24%. Xc nh cng thc ca Y.Cu 12
(B-07). t chy hon ton 0,1 mol mt axit cacboxylic n chc, cn va V lt
O2 (ktc), thu c 0,3 mol CO2 v 0,2 mol H2O. Tnh gi tr ca V.
(8)
(4)
EMBED Equation.DSMT4
EMBED Equation.DSMT4
CH3-CH2-CH3
CH3-CH2-CH2Cl
1-clopropan (43%)
CH3-CHCl-CH3
2-clopropan (57%)
as
250C
C4H10
CH4 + C3H6
C2H4 + C2H6
C4H8 + H2
t0C, xt
-CH3
C=C
H
H
CH3
H3C
C=C
H3C
H
CH3
H
CH3-CH=CH2 + HBr
CH3-CH2-CH2Br (spp)
1-brompropan
CH3-CHBr-CH3 (spc)
2-brompropan
nCH2=CH2 EMBED Equation.3 ( CH2-CH2 )n
Etilen Polietilen (P.E)
nCH2=CH-CH=CH2 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 ( CH2-CH=CH-CH2 )n
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
C2H5
+ Br2
bt Fe
Br
+ HBr
CH3
+ Br2 EMBED Equation.DSMT4
CH3
-Br
+ HBr
+ HBr
CH3
Br
CH=CH2
-OH
C=O
Ti liu n tp Ha Hc 11 1
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