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เเเเเเเเเเเเ เเเเเเเเเเเเ เเเ เเเเเเเเเเเเเเเเเเเเเ เเ เเเเเเเเ เเเเเเเเเเเเเเเเเเ เเเเเเเเเเเเเเเเเ เเเเเเเเเเเเเเ เเเเเเเเเเเเเเเเ

เทคนิคการฝึกอบรมและพัฒนา

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เทคนิคการฝึกอบรมและพัฒนา. โดย รองศาสตราจารย์สายัณห์ ละออ เอี่ยม ภาควิชานวัตกรรมและเทคโนโลยีการศึกษา คณะศึกษาศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยบูรพา. บทที่ 1 บทนำ ( Introduction). - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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1 (Introduction) 1 (Introduction)3 (Techniques) (Training) (Knowledge) (Skill) (Attitude) (Development) (Training)

4M

4Ms 1. Man ()2. Management ()3. Material () 4. Money ()

3 1. 2. 3.

(Vision) (Vision) (Vision) (Vision) (Vision) (Vision) (Vision) (Mental Image)

(Vision) ()(Education)

(Training) () (Total Organization : TO) (Total Person) 6 221. 5 2. 3.

4.

4.

5.

6.

1. 2. 3. ( )4. 5. 6. ( ) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

7. Decentralized 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. (Training Techniques) 2

1. 1 (Lecture )

2. ( Panel Discussion )

3-5 3.

2-6 4. ( Demonstration )

5. ( Coaching )

1. ( Brainstorming ) 15

2. (Buzz Session) Buzz Group Phillip 6-6 2-6 2. (Buzz Session) () 3. ( Case Study ) 3. ( Case Study ) () 4. (Convention) 5. ( Management Game ) 2 5. ( Management Game ) 6. ( Role Playing ) ( Case Study ) 6. ( Role Playing ) 7. ( Seminar )

7. ( Seminar )

8. ( Field Trip )

9. ( Workshop ) 9. ( Workshop ) 10. ( Sensitivity Training )

10. ( Sensitivity Training ) 6-8

11. ( Recreational Activity )

12. ( On-the-Job Training )1.2.3.12. ( On-the-Job Training ) 1.2.3.13. ( Apprenticeship Training ) 1. 2.

13. ( Apprenticeship Training )3. 14. ( Job Rotation ) 14. ( Job Rotation )1. 2.3.14. ( Job Rotation )1. 2. 15. (Simulation Technique or Simulators)15. (Simulation Technique or Simulators)

15. ( Simulation Technique or Simulators ) 15.( Simulation Technique or Simulators )1.2.3.1.2. 3.4. (LECTURER)(RESOURCE PERSON)(LECTURER)

(LECTURER)

(LECTURER)

(LECTURER)

1.

2.

3.

4.

4.1 - - - - -

4.2

- - - - - - 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

1. 2. Transfer of Learning 3. 4. Two-Way Communication 5. 6. (Reinforment)7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. () 13. 14. 15. 16. Over 17. 18. 19. (Steps) 20. 1. 2. Thorandike Gestalt ?

3. 2 1. PowerPoint 2. 5 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. (Edgar Dale)

1. (Body Personality) 2. (Ability Personality) 3. (Habit Personality)

(Social Personality) (Emotional Personality) (Mild Personality)

6.

(Speaker) (Massage) (Audience or Listener) (Chanel) (Speaking Situation)

1.

2. 2 2.1 2.2

3.

3.1

3. 3.1 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

3. 3.2

3. 3.2 -

3. 3.3

3. 3.3

3. 3.4

1203. 3.4

4. 4.1 ( )4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8

5.

6. 1. 2. 3. 1. (Coneise)2. (Interesting)3. (Reasoning)4. (Modest)5. (Humourous)6. (Prefitable) (Present)1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Look down Some book8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

1. (Objectives and Contents)1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7

2. (Instructor or Lecturer)2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4

2.5 2.6 2.7

3. (Learner or Audience)3.1 3.2 3.3

3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7

4. (Environment of Learning and Teaching)4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4

4.5 4.6 O U 4.7

1. (Educational Psychology) 1.1 1.2

1.3 1.4

2. (Experimental Psychology)

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5

3. (Personality Psychology) 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6

4. (Clinical Psychology)

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4

5. (Developmental Psychology) 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4

6. (Social Psychology) 6.1 6.2 6.3

1. (Psychology Theory) 3 1.1 (Psychology Theory)

1.2 (Cognitive Theory) 5

1.3 (Social Learning Theory) 3

2. (Motivation Theory) X Y 1. X

2. Y X

3. (General System)

2 (Training) () 1. (Training) (Knowledge) (Skill) (Attitude) 2. ( 2524 : 6-8 ) 2.1. 2. 3. 4.

2.5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

3.3.1

3.2 1. 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 2. 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5

4. 1. 2.

4.3.4. 5.

6. 7. 4.5. 2 5. 1. (Pre Service Training) 2 1.1 (Orientation) 1.2 (Introduction Training)

5.5. 2. (In - Service Training) 5. 2.1 2.1.1 (On The Job Training) 2.1.2 (Off The Job Training) 2.2 2.2.1 (Introduction or Orientation) 5. 2.2.2 (On The Job Training) 2.2.3 (Supervisory Training)2.2.4 (Executive Development)

5. 6. 1. 2. 3.

6. 4) 5) 6) 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 6.7. 7. 4) 5) 6) 7)

7. 8) 9) 10) 11) 7. 12) 13) 14) 50 15)

7. 16) 17) 8. 8. 8. (Crafts) (Technologies)3. 8.3.1. 3.2. 8.3.3. 3.4. 2 (Two-Way Communication) 8.4. 4.1 4.2 8.4.3 5.

3 (Process training)

1.

2. 3.

4. 5.

6.

7.

1.(Organization Training Needs)

2. (Occupational Training Needs)3. (Individual Training Needs) (Needs assessment) 3

1. 2.

3. 3 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

3 1. 2. 3.

() .. 1. ( 3 )2.

3. 4. () ....................................5. () ....................................6. () ....................................7. () ....................................8.

..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................____________________________________________1...5..2...6..37..4...8.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................../.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

1. (Planning) (Systematic attempt) (What) (Why) (Who) (When) (Where) ( How) 2. (Plan ) 3.(Program) 4.(Project) (Subproject)

1. 2. (System approach)

3. 4.

5. 4

1. 2.

3. 4.

1.(Creativity) 2.

3.(Information Literacy) 4. (Regulation Study)

5.(System Thinking) 6.(Communication Skills)

7.(Scenario ability)

1. (Conceptual Framework) 1.1 (Vision)1.2 1.3 - 1.4 (Mission)1.5 (Input) 1.6

2. 1. 2. 3. 4. 4.1 4.2 4.3 5.(Objective) 6.(Target Index)(Output) 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. (Impact) 12. 12 15 25 1. ( ) 2.

3. 4. 5. 6. (Logic) (Creative Presentation)

1. () 2. 3.() 4.() 1 () // 2() 3 () 2 1 1 2

5.(,) 1. 2. 3.

6. () 1.2.3. 7. () 8. () 9. () (Gantt Chart) 2 9.1 1 - 2546

9.2 .- 25541.2. 3.4.5.6.. 2554 10.() 1. - 2.... - - -

11.() 12.(/)

13. 14. 15. 100-150 50 25

16. 1 15 3 1.2. 3.4. 5. 5 2 1.2.3.

1. .....................................................................................2. .............................................................................................3. .....................................................................4. ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................5. 1.................2.................3.................4.................5.............6. ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................7. ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................8. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................9. . ........................................................................1.................2.................3.................4.................5.............6............. . ..........................................................................10. ............................................... ..................................... 1. 1.................2.................3.................4.................5............. ______________(__________________)2. 1.................2.................3.................4.................5............. ______________(__________________)3. .......................... ......................................................(...........................................) ____________(__________________)

11. 1.................2.................3.................4.................5.............12. ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................13. 1.................2.................3.................4.................5.............

14. 1.................2.................3.................15. 1.................2.................3.................(.............)(.............)(.............)

............................................................ ...................................................... ............................................................................. ..... 255407.00-08.00 - 08.00-08.30 ..........................................................08.30-09.00 09.30-10.30 ............................................................................................................................... ........................................10.30-10.45 10.45-12.00 ...............................................................,...............................................................12.00-13.00 13.00-15.00 ...............................................................,............................................................... ........................................15.00-15.45 15.45-17.00 ...............................................................,...............................................................

..... 2554 07.00-08.00 - 08.00-09.00 09.00-10.30 ....................................................................................................................... ........................................10.30-10.45 10.45-12.00 ...............................................................,........................................................12.00-13.00 13.00-15.00 ...............................................................,...................................................... ........................................15.00-15.45 15.45-17.00 ...............................................................,......................................................17.00-17.45

2 1. 1.1 (Pre-evaluation) 1.2 (Ongoing Operational evaluation) 1.3 (Post- evaluation)

2. 2 2.1 2.2

1. 2. 3. 1. 2. - = x 100 - = x 100 - = x 100 - = x 100 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 2. 3.

4. 80-100 = 70-79 = 60-69 = 59 = 5. 6.

7. 8. (What) (Why) (Feedback) (How) (Who)(When) 7 / - / / / (Why)(Accreditation System)(Efficiency) / () (Sine Qua Non) (Stakeholders)

(Information Conference) (Problem-solving Conference) (Decision-making Conference) (Training Conference) (Brainstorming Conference)(information Conference) (information) (Problem-solving Conference) (Decision-making Conference) (Training Conference) (Brainstorming Conference)

15 (Conference) (Seminar) (Workshop) (Symposium) (Convention) (Lecture) (Debate) (Dialogue) (Forum) (Congress) (Brainstorming) (Syndicate) (Group Discussion) (Circular resoponse)

1 (Conference) 2 (Seminar) (Particular topic)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

1. (Problem Solving)2. (Teaching or Training)3. (Negotiation)4. (Decision-making or Policy determination)

: 1. 2. 3. 3 (Workshop) 12 2 4 (Symposium or Symposium Forum) (Expert) 3-5 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. (Public Forum) (Symposium or Symposium Forum)1. 2. 3. 4. 5 (Convention) (Convention)1. 2. 3. (Course of action)4. (Concerted action)5. 6. 6 (Lecture) 1. 2. 3. 7 (Debate) 2 8 (Dialogue) 2 9 (Forum) (Panel & Panel Forum) 3-5 (Forum) (Panel & Panel Forum)1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 10 (Congress) 11 (Brainstorming) 15 4 (Osborn, 1939) 1. 2. 3. 4. (Brainstorming)

12 (Syndicate) (Syndicate) 1. 2. 3. 4.

13 (Group Discussion) (Group Discussion)1. 2. 3.

14 66 (Philip 66) (Discussion 66) J. Donal Phillips 3 3 (buzz session) 1 buzz session 50 16 (Brainstorming) (2547, 43-44) 1. 20-30 2.3. 4. 5. 6. (Convention) 1. 2. 3. (Convention) 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

(Convention) 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6. 7. 8. 9. 1. 2.

( 20-30)

( 20-30)

( 20-30)

(30 )

(30-40 )

(40 )

1. 5 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

1. ( )2. 3. 1 2 3 1. 2. 4 5 1. 2. 3. 3.1 3.2 ..... .. () ...... ()3.3 1 ...................... ................................ () ................................................................... () ...............................

3.4 - ()- - 3.5 - - 1. 2. ()3.

4 1. 2. 3.

1. (Program) (Program Director) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

2. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. ()4. ( )5. 6. 7. 4. 5. 6. 7. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. (Design)

(Instructional Design) 1.2.3.

(Curriculum) (Training) (Knowledge) (Skill) (Attitude) 3 1. 4 1.1 1.2 1.3 (Task Analysis) 1.4 (Pre Test)(Post - Test) 2. 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 3. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8. 1 . 1. 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 2 . 3. 1. 2. 3. 4. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

5. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.6. ( 1)6.1 5 1.1 /2 1.2 3 6.2 30 2.1 6 2.2 6 2.3 24

6.3 18 3.1 6 3.2 6 3.3 6 6.4 1 4.1 4.2 60 7. ( 2)7.1 5 1.1 - 1 1.2 + 1 1.3 / 1 1.4 2 7.2 30 2.1 6 2.2 6 2.3 24

7.3 18 3.1 6 3.2 6 3.3 6 7.4 1 4.1 4.2 60 8. ( 3)8.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 8.2 2.1 2.2 2.3

8.3 3.1 3.2 3.3 8.4 4.1 4.2 8.5 5.1 5.2 5.3 8.6 6.1 6.2 6.3 8.7 7.1 7.2 7.3 9. ..........................................................................................1. ..2. ..3. ..4. ..5. ..6

2. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................3. 1. ..2. ..3. ..4. ..5. ..4. 1. ..2. ..3. ..4. ..5. ..5. 1. ..2. ..3. ..4. ..5. ..6. 6.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 6.2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4

6.3 3.1 3.2 3.3 6.4 4.1 4.2 6.5 5.15.25.3 6.6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.7 7.1 7.2 7.3 51. 4 1.1 1. 2. 1.2 1. 2. 3. 4. 416 1.3 1. 2. 3. 4. 1.4 1. 2. 2. 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 3. 3.1 1. 2. 3. 3.2 1. 2. 3.3 1. 2. 4. 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 6 (Modern Managment) K- Knowledge U- Understand J- JoinA- AttitudeB- BehaviorA- Active

1. 2. 3. 4.

1. 2. 3.4.5.

3 1.2.3.

1.2. 3.4.5.6.7.

1. (W5H)WhoWhatWhereWhenWhyHow

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

10. 11. 12.13. 14. 15. 16.17. 18.

2.2.1 2.2 - 2.3 - 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 3. 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.4.1 4.2 4.3

5.5.1 5.2 LCD OP5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 Digital6. 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5. - ( )

7. 7.1 7.2 --- 1.2.3.

1.2.3. 6-64.5.6. 7.8.

1. (Committee) 2. ( Buzz Session ) 2-4 3. 6-6 (Pillip 6-6) 3 3 6 6 1

4. (Huddled Group) 7 17 7 5. (Knee Group) 3-5

4446. (Syndicate )

7. ( Brain Storming ) 15 8. (Circular Respond)

1. ( Conference )2. ( Symposium )3. ( Convention )4. (Seminar)5. (Work Shop)

( Conference ) 4-5

( Symposium ) 2-6 ( Convention )

(Seminar)

(Work Shop)

1. 2. 3.

3 1. 2 1.1 1.2

2. 3.

1.

2. 3. 3.1 1. - 2.3.4. 5.

3.2 1. 2. 3. 4.5.

4. 4.1 1. 2. 3.

4.2 1. 2. 3. 4.

5.1 1.2.5.2 1.2. 1.2.1.2.

7. 7.2 1. 2. 3.-

7.3 1.2.3.

8. 8.1 1. 2. 8.2

9. 9.1 1. 2. 3.

9.2 1.2.3.-4. - 5. --- 10. 10.1 1.2.10.2 1.2. -

7

1. 2. 3. 4. 2 1. (Strategic Plan) 2. (Operational Plan) 1. 5 WlH Who, What, Why, Where, How 5 WlH 1. 2.

1.1 (Who) 1.2 (What) 1.3 (Why) 1.4 (Where) 1.5 (When) 1.6 (How) 2. 2.1 2.2 2.3 2 1. 2. 3 3.1

3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3 5 4 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 3 1. 2. 3. 7. 7.1. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 7.2. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 7.3. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 3 8

1. (output) 1.1 (input) 1.2 (input) (input) 1.3 (process) (input) (process) (output)

2. 4 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 3. (Questionnaire)

2 1. 2. (Input) (Process) (Output) (Impact)

1. 4 1.1 1.2 (Cognitive) (Affeetive)(Psyehomotor)1.3 1.2 1.4 3 2. 1. (observation) 2. (Interview) 3. (Questionnaire) 4. (Test) 5. (Sociometry) 3. 3.1 (Validity) 3.2 (Reliability) 3.3 (Objectivity) 3.4 1

..... 2554 ( ) ( )

11.1 1.2 23 45 6 7 8 9 1011/11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 -11.5 11.6

.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2 21 25 2554 QS1 206 **************************

5171. 1.1 1.2 // 1.3 1.4 1.5 2. 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 3. 3.1 3.2 3.3 4. / 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 5. .......................................................................................................................................................... 311.1 1.2 23 45 6 7 8 9 1011/11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 -11.5 11.6

4/

..........................................................................//......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

1. 2.3.4. 5. ( ) ( ) ................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 1.2.3.4.5....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5............................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ...........................................................................................................................................

(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)1/ 2/ 525(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)34 (1)( )(2)(3) (4) (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)4 ()(5)(6) (7) 5 () ........................................ ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................9

102030507090 1. 2. 3. 4. 1 5.

1. 2. 3. 4.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

1. 2 2

2. (multivision)

3. 4. 5.

6. 7. (multimedia) 1. 2. 3. 1 4. 5. 1 6.

7. 1 2 8. 9. 10. 1. 2. 3.

4. 5. ()6. 1. 2. 3. 1 5 7 9 ( 2530 : 1-7)

10

(Science) (Arts) (Administration) 3 40% 15% 39% 6% (Management) 1. 2. 3. 4 - - - -

(Conceptual Skill) (Technical Skill) (Human Skill) 3. 4. 7. (Team Work) (Staffing) 1. 2. 3. 10. 1. 2. 3. 4. 4 . 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

(manager) () () (The Managers Job) 2 (Management Functions)(Operational Functions) 2 2 - - 2 75% 25% (Managers Skills) (Conceptual Skills) (Human Skills ) TechnicalskillHumanskillConceptualskill 5 (Planning) (Organizing) (Staffing) (Directing) (Controlling) (Planning) (Planning) (anticipate) (for east)

(Organizing) (Organizing) (Staffing) (Staffing) (put the right man in the right job at the right time) (Directing) (Directing) (Coordinating) (Coordinating) (Reporting) (Reporting) (Reporting) 4 (man) (money) (materials) (method of management) (Recreation Activity) 11

(Recreation Leader) (Group Dynamics) (Recreation Leader and Group Dynamics) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

7. 8. 9. 10.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 1. , ,

, 2.3., , , ,

4.5. - 1.... , , , 2. ... , , 3. 4. , , , 5. 6.

1.1 1.2 1.3 - - - - -

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 5 .

- - - - - - - 6 - - - - - - -

6 - - - , , 6 / ()

(Experience Learning Approach) - 2 1. 1.1 (Indoor Games) 20 1. 1.2 (Outdoor Games) Walk RallyMini Rally 3 2.1 (Break the Ice or Unfreezing Behavior Games) 20

2.2 (Learning Games)

2.3 (Recreation Games) 1. 1.1 1. 1.2 1.3 TV & DVD 1.4 (Teacher Note) 1.5

2. 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 (Group Facilitator)2. 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12

3. 3.1 3.2 /3.3 3.4 /3.5 3.6 4. 4.1 4.2 4.3

5. 5.1 /5.2 Teacher Note 5.3 5.4 Teacher Note Workshop - Experimental Approach Training for job not for joke : Learning GameGroup Dynamics 8. 9. 10. - () ( , 2522) 1. 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.5 2. 2.1 2.2 2.3 3. 3.1 3.2 4. 4.1 4.1 5. 5.1 5.2 6.

1.1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 2. 3. 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 1. 2. 3. 1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.

1.2.2.1 2.2 2.3 3.4.5.

1. 2.3.4.5. 6. 7.8. 9. 10.1. 2. 3.

1.2.3.4.5. 6.7.8.

1.2. 53.4. 5.6.7.

1. 2. () 3. 4. 1.2.3.4.5.

1....2....3....4....5....6....

1. 2.3.4. 5.6. 7.

1. 2.3. 4.5.6.7.

1.2.3.4.

5 . 1.2.3.4.5.

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