905Seminar 2

1982 ,Gerd Binnig Heinrich Rohrer ( scanning tunneling microscope ,STM), 1986 ,Binnig Rohrer Scanning Probe microscope

(Atomic Force Microscopy, AFM)BinnigQuate

AFMSTM , STM AFM

AFM

AFM

AFM1000;100;AFM10,

,; ,,,,AFM

;AFMAFM,:

1988 Albrecht AFM

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AFM

AFM

1

Fig. 1. Section analysis of TM-AFM image.1

Fig. 2. Three-dimensional TM-AFM images of the PVDF membranes (W0, W3, W5, W7).

2

2

Fig. 2. Tapping mode atomic force micrographs of (a) (scan size: 500 nm, scan rate: 0.4268 Hz), and (b) outside (scansize: 10m, scan rate: 0.4002 Hz) with generally used silicon single-crystal probe and J-scanner, (c) APS-150 inside (scan size: 500 nm,scan rate: 0.3290 Hz) with highly sharpened silicon single-crystal probe and E-scanner having smaller maximum scan area and smaller maximum scan height, and (d) distribution of pore diameter determined by TMAFM.3

4

3 Surface roughness

5Fig. 2. Atomic force micrographs of 0.20 pm microfiltration membranes: (a) nylon; (b) polysulfone; (c) poly(vinylidene) fluoride; (d)polyethersulfone.

6Fig. 3. AFM images of modified NF-270 membranes of low (a), moderate (b) and heavy (c and d) modification. The average roughness (in nm) is: (a) 1.3; (b) 1.9; (c) 9.9 ; (d) 4.9.

4

3 X 1m/ ; Z 50 nm/ 4 X 1m/ ; Z 2 000 nm/ 7

8Fig.1: 105 ppm membrane, raw scan at 9.7 x 9.7 mm2; RMS roughness is 105 nm.Fig.2: 104 ppm membrane, raw scan at 9.7 x 9.7 mm2; RMS roughness is 7.11 nm.

Fig.3: 105 ppm membrane, raw scan at 9.7 x 9.7 mm2 and cross section of pits.Fig.4: 104 ppm membrane, raw scan at 9.7 x 9.7 mm2 and cross section of pits.

M. Khayet, K.C. Khulbe, T. Matsuura Characterization of membranes for membrane distillation by atomic force microscopy and estimation of their water vapor transfer coefficients in vacuum membrane distillation process Journal of Membrane Science, 238 (2004) 199211M. Khayet The effects of air gap length on the internal and external morphology of hollow fiber membranes Chemical Engineering Science 58 (2003) 3091 3104Masayo Hayama, Fukashi Kohori, Kiyotaka Sakai,AFM observation of small surface pores of hollow-fiber dialysis,membrane using highly sharpened probe Journal of Membrane Science 197 (2002) 243249N.A. Ochoa, P. Prdanos, L. Palacio,Pore size distributions based on AFM imaging and retention of multidisperse polymer solutes Characterisation of polyethersulfone UF membranes with dopes containing different PVP, Journal of Membrane Science 187 (2001) 227237Ken Riedl a, Benoit Girard b, Robert W. Lencki Journal of Membrane Science 139 (1998) 155-166Influence of membrane structure on fouling layermorphology during apple juice clarificationViatcheslav Freger, Jack Gilron, Sofia BelferTFC polyamide membranes modified by grafting of hydrophilic polymers: an FT-IR/AFM/TEM study Journal of Membrane Science 209 (2002) 2832922001,21(5) ,Membrane Science And Technology,X ,,AFM for Membrane Analysis