བོད་མཐོ་སྒང་ཐོག་གི་གནམ་གཤིས་འགྱུར་ལྡོག་གི་ཤུགས་རྐྱེན།

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The Impacts of Climate Change on the Tibetan Plateau: A Synthesis of Recent Science and Tibetan Research

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1 Jane Q., China: The third pole: Climate change is coming fast and furious to the Tibetan plateau, naturenews, Published online July 23, 20082 Walter Immerzeel, Jetse Stoorvogel and John Antle, Can Payments for ecosystemservices secure the water tower of Tibet? Agricultural systems 96 (2008) 52-633 Clifford Coonan, Global warming: Tibets lofty glaciers melt away,The Independent, 17 November, 2006, http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/global-warming-tibets-lofty-glaciers-melt-away-424651.html4 Barnett, T.P., Adam, J.C., Lettenmaier, D.P., 2005. Potential impacts of awarming climate on water availability in snow-dominated regions. Nature 438,303309.5 Jane Qiu, China: The third pole: Climate change is coming fast and furious to theTibetan plateau, naturenews, Published online July 23, 20086 Barnett, T.P., Adam, J.C., Lettenmaier, D.P., 2005. Potential impacts of awarming climate on water availability in snow-dominated regions. Nature 438,303309.7 WWF China, Melting-glaciers-on-the-Tibetan-Plateau,http://www.panda.org/wwf_news/features/?108360/Melting-glaciers-on-the-Tibetan-Plateau8 Environment and Development Desk, TIBET, A Human Development andEnvironment Report (2008), EDD, DIIR, Central Tibetan Administration,Dharamsala, HP, India, ISBN 81-86627-68-5v9 Walter Immerzeel, Historical trends and future predictions of climate variability inthe Brahmaputra basin, Int. J. Climatol. 28: 243254 (2008), Published online29 May 2007 in Wiley InterScience, DOI: 10.1002/joc.152810 Environment and Development Desk, TIBET, A Human Development andEnvironment Report (2008), EDD, DIIR, Central Tibetan Administration,Dharamsala, HP, India, ISBN 81-86627-68-511 Ibid12 WWF China, Melting-glaciers-on-the-Tibetan-Plateau,http://www.panda.org/wwf_news/features/?108360/Melting-glaciers-on-the-Tibetan-Plateau13 Wang Genxu, Li Yuanshou, Wang Yibo, Wu Qingbo, Effects of permafrost thawing onvegetation and soil carbon pool losses on the QinghaiTibet Plateau, China, Geoderma143 (2008) 14315214 Jane Qiu, China: The third pole: Climate change is coming fast and furious to theTibetan plateau, naturenews, Published online July 23, 200815 Jin, H. J., Shuxun Li, Guodong Cheng, Wang Shaoling, Xin Li, Permafrost andclimatic change in China, Global and Planetary Change 26 (2000) 38740416 Jin, H. J., X. L. Chang, and S. L. Wang (2007), Evolution of permafrost on theQinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau since the end of the late Pleistocene, J. Geophys. Res.,112, F02S09, doi:10.1029/2006JF00052117 Meixue Yang, Shaoling Wang, Tandong Yao, Xiaohua Gou, Anxin Lu & XuejunGuo, Desertification and its relationship with permafrost degradation in Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) plateau, Cold Regions Science and Technology 39 (2004) 47 5318 Edward A. G. Schuur, James Bockheim, Josep G. Canadell, EugeniE Euskirchen,Christopher B. Field, Sergey V. Goryachkin, Stefan Hagemann, Peter Kuhry, Peter M.

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Lafleur, Hanna Lee, Galina Mazhitova, Frederick E. Nelson, Annette Rinke, VladimirE. Romanovsky, Nikolay Shiklomanov, Charles Tarnocai, Sergey Venevsky, Jason G.Vogel, and Sergei A. Zimov, Vulnerability of Permafrost Carbon to Climate Change:Implications for the Global Carbon Cycle, BioScience September 2008 / Vol. 58 No.8, pp. 701- 71419 Wang Genxu, Li Yuanshou, Wang Yibo, Wu Qingbo, Effects of permafrost thawingon vegetation and soil carbon pool losses on the QinghaiTibet Plateau, China,Geoderma 143 (2008) 14315220 Ding Yongjian, Lui Shiyin, Xie Chanwei, Zhang Yong, Wang Jian,Yellow River at Risk, An Assessment of the Impacts of Climate Change on the YellowRiver Source Region, Greenpeace, 200521 Huakun Zhou,Xinquan Zhao,Yanhong Tang, Song Gu and Li Zhou, Alpinegrassland degradation and its control in the source region of the Yangtze and YellowRivers, China Grassland Science 51 (2005) 19120322 Guodong Cheng and Tonghua Wu, Responses of permafrost to climate change andtheir environmental significance, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 112, 200723 Jane Qiu, China: The third pole: Climate change is coming fast and furious to theTibetan plateau, naturenews, Published online July 23, 200824Evelyne Yohe and Laurie J. Schmidt, Riding the permafrost express,National Snow and Ice Data Center DAAC,http://nasadaacs.eos.nasa.gov/articles/2005/2005_permafrost.html25 Environment and Development Desk, TIBET, A Human Development andEnvironment Report (2008), EDD, DIIR, Central Tibetan Administration,Dharamsala, HP, India, ISBN 81-86627-68-526 Yuanhe Yang, Jingyun Fang, Yanhong Tang, Chengjun Ji, Chengyang, Zheng,Jinsheng He and Biao Zhu, Storage, patterns and controls of soil organic carbon in theTibetan grasslands, Global Change Biology (2008) 14, 15921599, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01591.x27 Jin, H. J., Shuxun Li, Guodong Cheng, Wang Shaoling and Xin Li, Permafrostand climatic change in China, Global and Planetary Change 26 (2000) 38740428 Ibid29 Wang Genxu, Li Yuanshou, Wang Yibo, Wu Qingbo, Effects of permafrost thawingon vegetation and soil carbon pool losses on the QinghaiTibet Plateau, China,Geoderma 143 (2008) 14315230 Jiangwen Fan & Huaping Zhong &Warwick Harris & Guirui Yu & ShaoqiangWang & Zhongmin Hu & Yanzhen Yue, Carbon storage in the grasslands of Chinabased on field measurements of above- and below-ground biomass, Climatic Change(2008) 86:37539631 China daily, Chinas vital wetlands shrinking due to climate change,http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-07/17/content_5437231.htm32 Jin, H. J., WU Jie, CHENG Guodong, Nakano Tomoko and SUN Guangyou,Methane emissions from wetlands on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Chinese ScienceBulletin Vol .44 No. 24 December 199933 Jin, H. J., Shuxun Li, Guodong Cheng, Wang Shaoling and Xin Li, Permafrostand climatic change in China, Global and Planetary Change 26 (2000) 38740434 Ding, W. X., Cai, Z. C and Dexuan Wang, Preliminary budget of methaneemissions from natural wetlands in China, Atmospheric Environment 38 (2004)751759

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35 Ding, W. X. and Cai, Z. C. 2007. Methane emission from natural wetlands inChina: Summary of years 19952004 studies. Pedosphere.17 (4): 47548636 Wetland in Tibet Absorb 78,800 tons of Carbon Dioxide Every Year,China Climate Change Info-net, February 14, 2006,http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/en/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=434937 Zhang Fawei, Liu Anhua, Li Yingnian, Zhao Liang, Wang Qinxue and DuMingyuan, CO2 flux in alpine wetland ecosystem on theQinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China, Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2008, 28(2), 453-46238 Wetland in Tibet Absorb 78,800 tons of Carbon Dioxide Every Year,China Climate Change Info-net, February 14, 2006,http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/en/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=434939 Ding, W. X. and Cai, Z. C. 2007. Methane emission from natural wetlands inChina: Summary of years 19952004 studies. Pedosphere.17 (4): 47548640 Jin, H. J., WU Jie, CHENG Guodong, Nakano Tomoko and SUN Guangyou, Methane emissions from wetlands on the Qinghai-TibetPlateau, Chinese Science Bulletin Vol .44 No. 24 December 199941 Ding, W. X. and Cai, Z. C. 2007. Methane emission from natural wetlands inChina: Summary of years 19952004 studies. Pedosphere.17 (4): 475486.42 Ding, W. X., Cai, Z. C and Dexuan Wang, Preliminary budget of methaneemissions from natural wetlands in China, Atmospheric Environment 38 (2004)75175943 Sudip Mitra, Reiner Wassmann and Paul L. G. Vlek, An appraisal of globalwetland area and its organic carbon stock, CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 88, NO.1, 10 JANUARY 2005, pp. 25 3544 Ding, W. X. and Cai, Z. C. 2007. Methane emission from natural wetlands inChina: Summary of years 19952004 studies. Pedosphere. 17(4): 47548645 Ding, W. X., Cai, Z. C and Dexuan Wang, Preliminary budget of methaneemissions from natural wetlands in China, Atmospheric Environment 38 (2004)75175946 Jane Qiu, China: The third pole: Climate change is coming fast and furious to theTibetan plateau, naturenews, Published online July 23, 200847 Guodong Cheng and Tonghua Wu, Responses of permafrost to climate change andtheir environmental significance, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 112, 200748Lin Zhao, Chien-Lu Ping, Daqing Yang, Guodong Cheng, Yongjian Ding andShiyin Liu, Changes of climate and seasonally frozen ground over the past 30 years inQinghaiXizang (Tibetan) Plateau, China, Global and Planetary Change 43 (2004)193149 Yihui Ding, Ying Sun, Zunya Wang, Yuxiang Zhu and Yafang Song,Inter-decadal variation of the summer precipitation in China and its associationwith decreasing Asian summer monsoon, Part II: Possible causes, Int. J. Climatology.(2009), DOI: 10.1002/joc50 DUAN Anmin, WU Guoxiong and and LIANG Xiaoyun, Influence of theTibetan Plateau on the Summer Climate Patterns over Asia in the IAP/LASGSAMIL Model, Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 25, No. 4, 2008, 51852851 Y. F. Qian*, Y. Q. Zheng, Y. Zhang and M. Q. Miao, Response of Chinas summermonsoon climate to snow anomaly over the Tibetan Plateau, Int. J. Climatol. 23:

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593613 (2003);52 Lin Zhao, Chien-Lu Ping, Daqing Yang, Guodong Cheng, Yongjian Ding andShiyin Liu, Changes of climate and seasonally frozen ground over the past 30 years inQinghaiXizang (Tibetan) Plateau, China, Global and Planetary Change 43(2004) 193153 Edward A. G. Schuur, James Bockheim, Josep G. Canadell, EugeniE Euskirchen,Christopher B. Field, Sergey V. Goryachkin, Stefan Hagemann, Peter Kuhry, Peter M.Lafleur, Hanna Lee, Galina Mazhitova, Frederick E. Nelson, Annette Rinke, VladimirE. Romanovsky, Nikolay Shiklomanov, Charles Tarnocai, Sergey Venevsky, Jason G.Vogel, and Sergei A. Zimov,Vulnerability of Permafrost Carbon to Climate Change: Implications for the GlobalCarbon Cycle, BioScience September 2008 / Vol. 58 No. 8, pp. 701- 71454 Ibid55 Jin, H. J., WU Jie, CHENG Guodong, Nakano Tomoko and SUN Guangyou,Methane emissions from wetlands on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Chinese ScienceBulletin Vol .44 No. 24 December 199956 Jin, H. J., Shuxun Li, Guodong Cheng, Wang Shaoling and Xin Li, Permafrostand climatic change in China, Global and Planetary Change 26: (2000) 38740457 Zhang Fawei, Liu Anhua, Li Yingnian, Zhao Liang, Wang Qinxue and DuMingyuan, CO2 flux in alpine wetland ecosystem on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,China, Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2008, 28(2), 453-462.58 Feng An and Amanda Sauer, IEA/UNEP Workshop on Automobile CO2 Reductionand Fuel Economy Improvement Policies, 13 October, 2004, Shanghai, China, (Ac-cessedFeb,2009)http://www.autoproject.org.cn/english/new_advance_en/Pew.pdf59 Wang Genxu, Li Yuanshou, Wang Yibo, Wu Qingbo, Effects of permafrost thawingon vegetation and soil carbon pool losses on the QinghaiTibet Plateau, China,Geoderma 143 (2008) 14315260 Julia Klein, TRIN-GYI-PHO-NYA: Tibets Environment & Development Digest,Tibet Justice Center, January, 2005, Vol. 2, No. 661 Lin Erda, Xu Yinlong, WU Shaohong, Ju Hui, MA Shiming,Chinas National Climate Change Assessment Report, 200762 Lin Zhao, Chien-Lu Ping, Daqing Yang, Guodong Cheng, Yongjian Ding andShiyin Liu, Changes of climate and seasonally frozen ground over the past 30 years inQinghaiXizang (Tibetan) Plateau, China, Global and Planetary Change 43 (2004)193163 Wang Jiaquan, Roof of the World Testifies Early Global Warming,Worldwatch Institute, June 21, 200764Jin, H. J., Shuxun Li, Guodong Cheng, Wang Shaoling and Xin Li, Permafrostand climatic change in China, Global and Planetary Change 26: (2000) 38740465 Chinas National Climate Change Programme, National Development andReform Commission, Peoples Republic of China, Printed in June 200766 Phil Mckenna, Tibet is warming at twice global average,NewScientistEnvironment, July 24, 2007.67 www.msnweather.com68 Manfred Domros and Peng Gongbing, The observation period covers the recentmeteoro-logical standard period from 1950-1980, either completely or partly for a

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number of years with available data: From The Climate of China (Berlin,Heidelberg, New York: Springer-Verlag, 1988)69 Walter Immerzeel, Jetse Stoorvogel and John Antle, Can Payments for ecosystemservices secure the water tower of Tibet? Agricultural systems 96 (2008) pp 52-63.70 Xinhua News Agency, Ngari prefecture in Tibet sees more abnormal weatherphenomena in 2007, January 11, 200871 Xinhua News Agency, Relief Rushed to Snowstorm Victims in Tibet, May 1, 200272 Oxfam,First situation report: snowstorms in Qinghai and Tibet of the PeoplesRepublic of China, Hong Kong, January 9, 199873 Koji Fujita, Takeshi Ohta and Yutaka Ageta, Characteristics and climaticsensitivities of runoff from a cold-type glacier on the Tibetan Plateau, HydrologicalProcesses, 21, 28822891 (2007)74 Natalie M. Kehrwald, Lonnie G. Thompson, Yao Tandong, Ellen Mosley-Thompson, Ulrich Schotterer, Vasily Alfimov, Jurg Beer, Jost Eikenberg, and Mary E.Davis (2008) Mass loss on Himalayan glacier endangers water resources, GeophysicalResearch Letters, Vol. 3575 Jane Qiu,China: The third pole: Climate change is coming fast and furious to theTibetan plateau, naturenews, Published online July 23, 200876 Gou Xiaohua, Chen Fahu, Yang Meixue, Jacoby Gordon, Peng Jianfeng andZhang Yongxiang A comparison of tree-ring records and glacier variations over thepast 700 years, northeastern Tibetan Plateau, Annals of Glaciology, Volume43, Number 1, September 2006 , pp. 86-9077 Ibid78 Clifford Coonan, Global warming: Tibets lofty glaciers melt away,The Independent, 17 November, 2006,http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/global-warming-tibetslofty-glaciers-melt-away-424651.html79 Kishan Khoday, Climate Change and the Right to Development. HimalayanGlacial Melting and the Future of Development on the Tibetan Plateau, UNDP,May 7, 200780 Regional Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) Risk Reduction in the HimalayasInitiative, UNDP, May 2008, http://pamirtimes.files.wordpress.com/2008/06/monthly_update-may_08.doc81 Yanjun Shang, Zhifa Yang, Lihui Li, Daan Liu, Qiulin Liao and YangchunWang, A super-large landslide in Tibet in 2000: background, occurrence, disaster,and origin, Geomorphology, Volume 54, Issues 3-4, 5 September 2003, Pages 225-24382 MA Dongtao, TU Jianjun, CUI Peng, and LU Ruren, Approach to mountainhazards in Tibet, China, Chengdu Institute of Mountain Hazards andEnvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Ministry of Water Conservancy,Sichuan (2004)83 Yang, X. Zhang, Y. Zhang, W. Yan, Y. Wang, Z. Ding, M. Chu, D, ClimateChange in Mt. Qomolangma Region since 1971, www.tibetmagazine.net/en84 Howard W. French, A Melting Glacier in Tibet Serves as an Example and aWarming, The New York Times, November 9, 200485 Jane Qiu, China: The third pole: Climate change is coming fast and furious to theTibetan plateau, naturenews, Published online July 23, 200886 International Center for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD, 2009)http://www.climatechallengeindia.org/Download-document/224-Climate-changein-the-Himalayas

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87 Pradeep M Kool, Melting of Himalayan Glaciers, ICIMOD(Adapted version)88 MA Dongtao, TU Jianjun, CUI Peng, and LU Ruren, Approach to mountainhazards in Tibet, China, Chengdu Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment,Chinese Academy of Sciences & Ministry of Water Conservancy, Sichuan (2004)89 Wu Lizong, Che Tao, Jin Rui, Li Xin (CAREERI), Gong Tongliang, Xie Yuhong(BHT), Tang Guon, Liu Yingmei (Northwest University), Pradeep Kumar Mool,Samjwal Ratna Bajracharya, Kiran Shakya, Gauri Shankar Dangol (ICIMOD),Poiqu (Bhote-Sun Koshi) and Rongxer (Tama Koshi) Basins, Tibet AutonomousRegion, PR China. Inventory of Glaciers and Glacial Lakes and the Identification ofPotential Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) Affected by Global Warming in theMountains of Himalayan Region. ICIMOD, CAREERI, BHT, Lanzhou, Gansu,China (2004)90 Ibid91 Ding Yongjian, Liu Shiyin, Xie Changwei, Zhang Yong, Wang Jian,Yellow River at Risk, An Assessment of the Impacts of Climate Change on the YellowRiver Source Region, Greenpeace, 200592 Ibid93 Guodong Cheng and Tonghua Wu, Responses of permafrost to climate change andtheir environmental significance, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 112, 200794 NAN Zhuotong, LI Shuxun & CHENG Guodong, Prediction of permafrostdistribution on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the next 50 and 100 years, State KeyLaboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental andEngineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China, 200395 Meixue Yang, Shaoling Wang, Tandong Yao, Xiaohua Gou, Anxin Lu & XuejunGuo, Desertification and its relationship with permafrost degradation in Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) plateau, Cold Regions Science and Technology 39 (2004) 47 5396 Hui-jun Jin, Qi-hao Yu, Shao-ling Wang and Lan-zhi L, Changes in permafrostenvironments along the QinghaiTibet engineering corridor induced byanthropogenic activities and climate warming, Cold Regions Science and Technology53 (2008) 31733397Jin, H. J., Shuxun Li, Guodong Cheng, Wang Shaoling and Xin Li, Permafrostand climatic change in China, Global and Planetary Change 26: (2000) 38740498 Evelyne Yohe and Laurie J. Schmidt, Riding the permafrost express,National Snow and Ice Data Center DAAC, http://nasadaacs.eos.nasa.gov/articles/2005/2005_permafrost.html99 Huakun Zhou,Xinquan Zhao,Yanhong Tang, Song Gu and Li Zhou, Alpinegrassland degradation and its control in the source region of the Yangtze and YellowRivers, China Grassland Science 51 (2005) 191203100 Guodong Cheng and Tonghua Wu, Responses of permafrost to climate change andtheir environmental significance, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Journal of GeophysicalResearch, Vol. 112, 2007101 Jane Qiu, China: The third pole: Climate change is coming fast and furious to theTibetan plateau, naturenews, Published online July 23, 2008102 Guodong Cheng and Tonghua Wu, Responses of permafrost to climate change andtheir environmental significance, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Journal of GeophysicalResearch, Vol. 112, 2007103 Jin, H. J., WU Jie, CHENG Guodong, Nakano Tomoko and SUN Guangyou,Methane emissions from wetlands on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Chinese Science

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Bulletin Vol .44 No. 24 December 1999104 Hui-jun Jin, Qi-hao Yu, Shao-ling Wang and Lan-zhi L, Changes inpermafrost environments along the QinghaiTibet engineering corridor induced byanthropogenic activities and climate warming, Cold Regions Science and Technology53 (2008) 317333105 Ibid106 Ding Yongjian, Liu Shiyin, Xie Changwei, Zhang Yong, Wang Jian. YellowRiver at Risk, An Assessment of the Impacts of Climate Change on the Yellow RiverSource Region, Greenpeace, 2005107 Guodong Cheng and Tonghua Wu, Responses of permafrost to climate change andtheir environmental significance, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Journal of GeophysicalResearch, Vol. 112, 2007108 Ibid109 Nan Zhuotong, Li Shuxun & Cheng Guodong, Prediction of permafrostdistribution on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the next 50 and 100 years, Cold andArid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy ofSciences, Lanzhou 730000, China, 2003110 Nico van Wageninggen, Sa Wenjun, The Living Plateau Changing lives ofherders in Qinghai, ICIMOD, 2001111 Jiahua Zhang,, Fengmei Yao, Lingyun Zheng and Limin YangEvaluation of Grassland Dynamics in the Northern-Tibet Plateau of China UsingRemote Sensing and Climate Data (2007), http://www.mdpi.org/sensors/papers/s7123312.pdf112 Yong Liang Sun, Xiaoyan Li, Lianyou Liu, Heye Xu and Dengshan Zhang,Climate change and sandy land development in Qinghai Lake Watershed, China,Front. Environ. Sci. Engin. China 2008, 2(3): 340348, DOI 10.1007/s11783-008-0045-5113 Xiao-Yan Li, He-Ye Xu, Yong-Liang Sun, Deng-Shan Zhang and Zhi-Peng Yang, Lake-Level Change and Water Balance Analysis at Lake Qinghai, WestChina during Recent Decades,Water Resource Management (2007) 21:15051516.114 Craig Simons, Amid Fears Of Global Warming, China Weighs Profits andPollution, Cox News Service Washington Bureau, April 8, 2007 http://www.coxwashington.com/hp/content/reporters/stories/2007/04/08/BC_CHINA_WARMING08_COX.html115 Song Shutao, Climate change sucks water from Chinas two longest rivers, XinhuaNews Agency, July 15, 2007;http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-07/15/content_6377992.htm116 Kishan Khoday, Climate Change and the Right to Development. HimalayanGlacial Melting and the Future of Development on the Tibetan Plateau, UNDP,May 7, 2007117 Wong, CM, Williams, CE, Pittock, J, Collier, U and P Schelle, Worlds top 10rivers at risk, WWF International, Gland, Switzerland, March 2007118 Riaz Ahmad Khan, Advisor to Ministry of Water and Power,Doubling Water Financing and Results, Conference on ADBs Water FinancingProgram 2006-2010, September 26, 2006119 Wong, CM, Williams, CE, Pittock, J, Collier, U and P Schelle,Worlds top 10 rivers at risk, WWF International. Gland, Switzerland, March 2007120 Ibid121 Marszalek Jessica, Worlds dams are contributing to global warming, http://

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www.news.com.au/story/0,23599,22360233-2,00.html(accessed September 4, 2008)122 Zhang Tingting,China to integrate biodiversity and climate change,March 7, 2008, http://www.china.org.cn/environment/news/2008-03/07/content_11878359.htm (accessed September 4, 2008)123 Julia A. Klein, John Harte and Xin-Quan Zhao, Decline in Medicinal andForage Species with Warming is Mediated by Plant Traits on the Tibetan Plateau,June 20,2008124 Julia A. Klein, John Harte and Xin-Quan Zhao, Experimental warming, notgrazing, decreases rangeland quality on the Tibetan plateau, Ecological Applications,17 (2), 2007125 Hongyan Xie, Why Tibetan poppies have the blues, Science Wise, Vol. 2,March\April 2008 http://sciencewise.anu.edu.au/issues/ScienceWise_Vol5_No2.pdf (accessed September 4, 2008)126 Claudia Delpero, Melting glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau,July 10, 2007, WWF http://www.panda.org/news_facts/newsroom/features/index.cfm?uNewsID=108360127 Snow disaster kills 5,500 Tibetan Gazelles,http://www.china.org.cn/environment/news/2008-03/15/content_12678376.htm128 Snowstorms kill nine, trap hundreds in Tibet , Nov 1, 2008 http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/239602,snowstorms-kill-nine-traphundreds-in-tibet.html129 Y. Feng, Q. Lu, T. Tokola, H. Liu and X. Wang, Assessment of grasslanddegradation in Guinan county, Qinghai province, China, in the past 30 years,Land Degradation & Development. (2008), DOI: 10.1002/ldr130 UNDP. 2002. China Human Development Report: Making GreenDevelopment, Oxford University Press, 2002131 Maureen Fan, For Chinas Nomads, Relocation Proves a Mixed Blessing MoreOpportunities, But Loss of Control, Washington Post Foreign Service, September 20,2008132 Katherine Morton, Climate Change on the Tibetan Plateau: A New SecurityChallenge, Woodrow Wilson Center, Washington DC, February 12th, 2009 http://www.wilsoncenter.org/ondemand/ index.cfm?fuseaction=Media.play&mediaid=A98B9EA0-B257-1FBB-7079F3FB8A24667F133 Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom, (2000)134 Huakun Zhou,Xinquan Zhao,Yanhong Tang, Song Gu and Li Zhou, Alpinegrassland degradation and its control in the source region of the Yangtze and YellowRivers, China Grassland Science 51 (2005) 191203135 Meixue Yang, Shaoling Wang, Tandong Yao, Xiaohua Gou, Anxin Lu & XuejunGuo, Desertification and its relationship with permafrost degradation in Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) plateau, Cold Regions Science and Technology 39 (2004) 47 53136 P. Yan, G. R. Dong, Z.Z. Su and D.S Zhang, Desertification problems in theYangtze River source area, China, Land Degradation & Development. 15: 177182 (2004)137 Julia A. Klein, John Harte and Xin-Quan Zhao, Experimental warming causeslarge and rapid species loss, dampened by simulated grazing, on the Tibetan Plateau,Ecology Letter, (2004) 7: 1170-1179138 P. Yan, G. R. Dong, Z.Z. Su and D.S Zhang, Desertification problems in theYangtze River source area, China, Land Degradation & Development. 15: 177182 (2004)139 Kishan Khoday, Climate Change and the Right to Development. Himalayan

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Glacial Melting and the Future of Development on the Tibetan Plateau, UNDP,May 7, 2007140 Meixue Yang, Shaoling Wang, Tandong Yao, Xiaohua Gou, Anxin Lu & XuejunGuo, Desertification and its relationship with permafrost degradation in Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) plateau, Cold Regions Science and Technology 39 (2004) 47 53141 Eric deCarbonnel, the geopolitics of food scarcity, February 13, 2009142 Ibid143 Ibid144 Ibid145 Impoverishing Tibetans, TCHRD Publications, 2000http://www.tchrd.org/publications/topical_reports/impoverishing_tibetans-2000/index.html146 Zhang Kejia, Zhang Kejia, 20 August, 2007http://english.biodiv.gov.cn/zyxw/200708/t20070820_108138.htm147 Tibetan shepherds welcome climate change, by Richard Spencer at the Karo-la Passin Tibet, Telegraph, 16 Feb 2007148 In a personal interview with Dr. Tej Partap on 31 May 2008 at his office inCSK Agriculture University, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh149 In a personal interview with Tashi Tsering at the DIIR Studio, CTA,Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh150 Lauren Sacks and Cynthia Rosenzweig, Climate Change and Food Security,available athttp://www.climate.org/2002/topics/agricul/index.shtml151 Junguo Liua, Hong Yanga, The impacts of climate change on seasonal cropirrigation requirement of wheat in China, Accessed at http://wwc2008.msem.univ-montp2.fr/resource/authors/abs434_article.pdf152 Zhou Jinxing, Yang Jun, Peng Gong, Constructing a green railway on the TibetPlateau: Evaluating the effectiveness of mitigation measures, Transportation ResearchPart D 13 (2008) 369376153 Hui-jun Jin, Qi-hao Yu, Shao-ling Wang and Lan-zhi L, Changes in permafrostenvironments along the QinghaiTibet engineering corridor induced byanthropogenic activities and climate warming, Cold Regions Science and Technology53 (2008) 317333154 Ibid155 Tingjun Zhang, T. Harry W. Baker, Guo-Dong Cheng and Qingbai Wu, TheQinghaiTibet Railroad: A milestone project and its environmental impact, ColdRegions Science and Technology 53 (2008) 229240156 Jin H. J., WU Jie, CHENG Guodong, Nakano Tomoko and SUN Guangyou,Methane emissions from wetlands on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Chinese ScienceBulletin Vol .44 No. 24 December 1999157 Baolai Wang and Hugh M. French, Implications of Frost Heave for PatternedGround, Tibet Plateau, Arctic and Alpine Research, Vol. 27, No. 4, 1995, pp. 337-344158 Tingjun Zhang, T. Harry W. Baker, Guo-Dong Cheng and Qingbai Wu, TheQinghaiTibet Railroad: A milestone project and its environmental impact, ColdRegions Science and Technology 53 (2008) 229240159 Environment and Development Desk, TIBET, A Human Development andEnvironment Report (2008), EDD, DIIR, Central Tibetan Administration,Dharamsala, HP, India, ISBN 81-86627-68-5v

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160 Y. Feng, Q. Lu, T. Tokola, H. Liu and X. Wang, Assessment of grasslanddegradation in Guinan county, Qinghai province, China, in the past 30 years,Land Degradation & Development. (2008), DOI: 10.1002/ldr161 Hui-jun Jin, Qi-hao Yu, Shao-ling Wang and Lan-zhi L, Changes in permafrostenvironments along the QinghaiTibet engineering corridor induced by anthropo-genic activities and climate warming, Cold Regions Science and Technology 53 (2008) 317333162 Jin, H. J., Shuxun Li, Guodong Cheng, Wang Shaoling and Xin Li, Permafrostand climatic change in China, Global and Planetary Change 26: (2000) 387404163 Ma wei, Nui Fujun, Akagawa Satishi and Jin Dewu, Slope instability phenomenain permafrost regions of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China, Landslides (2006) 3:260-264164 Wu, Douglas. 2000. Chinas Quiet Property Rights Revolution. Cato Policy Report,vol. 22 (6).165 Environment and Development Desk, TIBET, A Human Development andEnvironment Report (2008), EDD, DIIR, Central Tibetan Administration,Dharamsala, HP, India, ISBN 81-86627-68-5v166 Environment and Development Desk, TIBET, A Human Development andEnvironment Report (2008), EDD, DIIR, Central Tibetan Administration,Dharamsala, HP, India, ISBN 81-86627-68-5v167 Y. Feng, Q. Lu, T. Tokola, H. Liu and X. Wang, Assessment of grasslanddegradation in Guinan county, Qinghai province, China, in the past 30 years, LandDegradation & Development. (2008), DOI: 10.1002/ldr168 Wu, C., C. Maurer, Y. Wang, S. Xue and D.L. Davis. 1999. Water Pollution andHuman Health in China. Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 107 (4): 251-256.169 Wu, Douglas. 2000. Chinas Quiet Property Rights Revolution. Cato Policy Report,vol. 22 (6).170 Wu, C., C. Maurer, Y. Wang, S. Xue and D.L. Davis. 1999. Water Pollution andHuman Health in China. Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 107 (4): 251-256.171 Y. Feng, Q. Lu, T. Tokola, H. Liu and X. Wang, Assessment of grasslanddegradation in Guinan county, Qinghai province, China, in the past 30 years, LandDegradation & Development. (2008), DOI: 10.1002/ldr172 Energy, Environment and Climate Change Issues: China, A study by the AsianRegional Research Programme in Energy, Environment and Climate (ARRPEEC),2000177CRS Report RL34659, Chinas Greenhouse Gas Emissionsand MitigationPolicies, Jane A. Leggett, Jeffrey Logan and Anna Mackey, September 10, 2008173 See CRS Report RL34659 Chinas Greenhouse Gas Emissions and MitigationPolicies by Jane A. Leggett, Anna Mackey & Jeffrey Logan, September 10, 2008174 Netherland Environmental Assessment Agency (MNP), China now no. 1 in CO2emissions; USA in second position, http://www.mnp.nl/en/dossiers/Climatechange/mor-einfo/Chinanowno1inCO2emissionsUSAinsecondposition.html175 See CRS Report RL34659 Chinas Greenhouse Gas Emissions and MitigationPolicies by Jane A. Leggett, Anna Mackey & Jeffrey Logan, September 10, 2008176 Gordon Feller, Chinas Energy Demand, May 19th, 2007http://ecoworld.com/features/2007/05/19/chinas-energy-demand/177 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7888041.stm178 Gordon Feller, Chinas Energy Demand, May 19th, 2007

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http://ecoworld.com/features/2007/05/19/chinas-energy-demand/179 Technologies for Mitigation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Barriers and Promo-tional Approaches, China, Asian Regional Research Programme in Energy,Environment and Climate (ARRPEEC), ISBN 974-8257-00-2180 Cong, Z.Y., Kang, S.C., Liu, X.D., Wang, G.F., 2007. Elemental composition ofaerosol in the Nam Co region, Tibetan Plateau, during summer monsoon season.Atmospheric Environment 41, pp. 1180 -1187.181 Balerna, A., Bernieri, E., Pecci, M., Polesello, S., Smiraglia, C., Valsecchi, S.,2003. Chemical and radio-chemical composition of fresh snow samples from northernslopes of Himalayas (Cho Oyu range, Tibet). Atmospheric Environment 37, pp.1573-1581.182 Xiao, C.D., Kang, S.C., Qin, D.H., Yao, T.D., Ren, J.W., 2002. Transport ofatmospheric impurities over the QinghaieXizang (Tibetan) Plateau as shown by snowchemistry. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 20, pp. 231-239.183 Organization of Asia-Pacific News Agencies , 14 February 2007,http://www.oananews.org/184 Yulong copper mine: In Jomda (Ch: Jiangda) County, Chamdo (Ch: Qamdo)Prefecture, TAR185 China Tibet Information Center, Tibet smelter at Yulong Copper Mine, 31,January 2009,http://eng.tibet.cn/news/today/200810/t20081017_433139.htm186 UNEP/GRID-Arendal, Vital graphics,Waste from Consumption and Production -A threat to natural resources, http://www.grida.no/publications/vg/waste/page/2858.aspx187 Stephen J. Brooks, Valery Udachin and Ben J. Williamson, Impact of coppersmelting on lakes in the southern Ural Mountains, Russia, inferred from chironomids,Journal of Paleolimnol (2005) 33: 229241188 Vincent Bourret, Patrice Couture , Peter G.C. Campbell ,and Louis Bernatchez,Evolutionary ecotoxicology of wild yellow perch (Perca flavescens) populationschronically exposed to a polymetallic gradient, Aquatic Toxicology 86 (2008) 7690189 Xiang Huang, Mika Sillanpaa, Bu Duo and Egil T. Gjessing, Water quality inthe Tibetan Plateau: Metal contents of four selected rivers, Environmental Pollution156 (2008), pp. 270-277.190 Environment and Development Desk, TIBET, A Human Development andEnvironment Report (2008), EDD, DIIR, Central Tibetan Administration,Dharamsala, HP, India, ISBN 81-86627-68-5191 The Economic Influences-Benefits of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/Tibet/173746.htm(accessed 30 Jan,09)192 China Chemical Reporter - an English magazine, http://www.ccr.com.cn/193 United States Environment Protection Agency (USEPA), Evaluation of Impacts toUnderground Sources of Drinking Water by Hydraulic Fracturing of Coalbed Methane Reservoirs, EPA 816-R-04-003, June 2004194 TEDX, The Endocrine Disruption Exchange, Written testimony of Theo Colborn,PhD, President of TEDX, Paonia, Colorado before the House Committee on Oversightand Government Reform, hearing on The Applicability of Federal Requirements toProtect Public Health and the Environment from Oil and Gas Development, October31, 2007.195 Jane Qiu,China: The third pole: Climate change is coming fast and furious to theTibetan plateau, naturenews, Published online July 23, 2008

115

carbon sequester net sequester of carbon carbon flux

carbon dioxide

carbon footprint carbon Sink carbon chromium environmentally sound technolo-

gies ecological migrant snowstorm disaster / light fraction organic carbon

(LFOC) permafrost quasi-stable permafrost leachates from waste dump tailing dam climate feedback interconnectivity of the climate

system

intergovernmental panel on cli-mate change

hazardous chemical fertilizer river hydrology flood plain implementing cleaner production permanent settlement nickel aquatic species aquifer

116

contraction of wetland wetland secret-toxic sedentarisation global warming potential mean cold season air temperature mean cold season average temperature infiltration of precipitation receding waterline watershed conservation hydraulic fracturing

retrogressive thermal slumping

dolphin cadmium zinc extreme weather phenomena potash resource conservation resource extraction and mining household responsibility magnesium central nervous system disorder island refuge soot net emitter non-sequential fragile ecosystem gale force wind emission of GHGs greenhouse gases (GHGs) methane seasonally frozen ground

117

westerly Jet Stream energy related environment issues energy consumption energy efficient interconnected ecological changes introduction of invasive alien species arsenic smelting plant small and medium industry industrialized nation adaptation blizzard peatland north pacific desertification

UNDP

surface cyclonic circulation typhoon urbanization anthropogenic factors sulphur dioxide (SO2) monsoon tropical savannah tropic fresh water wetland freshwater marsh salt marsh Greenpeace food security benzene (C6F6) ice sheet glacial lakes

118

thaw season irrational human disturbance best available technology (BAT) evolutionary impacts

energy efficient and environmen-tally sound technology(E3ST)

harnessing renewable energy photosynthesis clean development mechanism (CDM) natural gas natural check genetic makeup gross domestic production (GDP)

international centre for integrated mountain development (ICIMOD)

sustainable asbestos clean coal technology coal fired plant seasonally frozen Soil active layer overgrazing rangeland atmospheric carbon mean air temperature jet stream lithium mean annual ground surface tem-

perature iron ore non-ferrous metal fall-out of metal-rich particulates anti cyclonic circulation

11

congenital defect tree-ring width chronology surface albedo above ground net primary production surface disturbances alpine landscape top soil subsoil active layer water table indigenous predator native plant species shallow soil depth land-ocean pressure gradient acid drainage ecosystem eco-payment eco-region microbial decomposition of or-

ganic matter bio fuel biodiversity organic carbon organochlorine pesticides biomass organic matter decomposition domestic herd vegetative cover/mat vulnerable recipient soil organic carbon (SOC) collectivization socio-economic asset NASA

1

above ground net primary production

acid drainage

active layer

adaptation

alpine landscape

anthropogenic factors

anti cyclonic circulation

aquatic species

aquifer

arsenic

asbestos

atmospheric carbon /

benzene (C6F6)

best available technology (BAT)

bio fuel

biodiversity

biomass

blizzard

cadmium

carbon

carbon dioxide

carbon flux

carbon footprint

carbon sequester

carbon sink

central nervous system disorder

chromium

clean coal technology

clean development mechanism (CDM)

11

climate feedback

coal fired plant

collectivization

congenital defect

contraction of wetland

desertification

dolphin

domestic herd

ecological migrant

eco-payment

eco-region

ecosystem

emission of GHGs

energy consumption

energy efficient and environmen-tally sound technology(E3ST)

energy efficient

energy related environment issues

environmentally sound technologies

evolutionary impacts

extreme weather phenomena

fall-out of metal-rich particulates

flood plain

food security

fragile ecosystem

fresh water wetland

freshwater marsh

gale force wind

genetic makeup

glacial lakes

global warming potential

greenhouse gases (GHGs)

1

Greenpeace

gross domestic production (GDP)

harnessing renewable energy

hazardous chemical fertilizer

household responsibility

hydraulic fracturing

ice sheet

implementing cleaner production

indigenous predator

industrialized nation

infiltration of precipitation

interconnected ecological changes

interconnectivity of the climate system

intergovernmental panel on cli-mate change

international centre for integrated mountain development (ICIMOD)

introduction of invasive alien species

iron ore

irrational human disturbance

island refuge

jet stream

land-ocean pressure gradient

leachates from waste dump

light fraction organic carbon (LFOC)

/

lithium

magnesium

mean air temperature

mean annual ground surface tem-perature

mean cold season air temperature

mean cold season average temperature

13

methane

microbial decomposition of or-ganic matter

monsoon

NASA

native plant species

natural check

natural gas

net emitter

net sequester of carbon

nickel

non-ferrous metal

non-sequential

north pacific

organic carbon /

organic matter decomposition

organochlorine pesticides

overgrazing

peatland

permafrost

permanent settlement

photosynthesis

potash

quasi-stable permafrost

rangeland

receding waterline

resource conservation

resource extraction and mining

retrogressive thermal slumping

river hydrology

salt marsh

seasonally frozen ground

14

seasonally frozen Soil

secret-toxic

sedentarisation

shallow soil depth

small and medium industry

smelting plant

snowstorm disaster

socio-economic asset

soil organic carbon (SOC)

soot

subsoil active layer

sulphur dioxide (SO2)

surface albedo

surface cyclonic circulation

surface disturbances

sustainable

tailing dam

thaw season

top soil

tree-ring width chronology

tropic

tropical savannah

typhoon

UNDP

urbanization

vegetative cover/mat

vulnerable recipient

water table

watershed conservation

westerly Jet Stream

wetland

zinc

15

Saigon Charlie

17

Emily Yeh

NASA

1

John Novis, Greenpeace

13

Guodong Cheng and Tonghua Wu

NASA

131

Lester Brown & Eric Zusman

13

Joh

n N

ovis

, G

reen

peace

138

47

Celsius

Fahrenheit

Documents

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