2003.12 revision 1

6 章 备用条款： 检验、索赔、不可抗力和仲裁 • 必要条款

– 是指合同履行过程中必须执行的条款。• 备用条款

– 是指合同履行过程中不一定执行的条款。

2003.12 revision 2

检验

• 含义：检验也称为商品检验，是指由检验机构

1. 对进出口商品的品质、数量、包装进行检验，以便确定买卖的标的是否符合合同的规定；

2. 对装运技术条件、货物的残损、短缺进行鉴定，以便明确事故的起因、责任的归属；

3. 按照国家法规进行法定检验、检疫。

2003.12 revision 3

买方的检验权• 买方对进口货物享有检验权。• 但是，买方的检验权并不是强制性的，

不是买方接受货物的前提条件。如果买方没有利用合理的机会检验货物，就是自动放弃了检验权。

• 如果合同的检验条款规定以卖方的检验为准，就是排除了买方的检验权。

2003.12 revision 4

检验的时间和地点

• 确定检验的时间和地点，实际上就是确定由买卖双方的哪一方行使对货物的检验权，也就是确定检验结果以哪一方提供的检验证书为准。 （黎孝先 P248 ）

• 常用的规定是出口国检验、进口国复验• 卖方在出口国装运货物时，以出口国检验机构的检验证书

作为卖方收取货款的凭证之一。货物抵达目的地后，由进口国检验机构复验，作为买方在规定期限提出索赔的依据。 （黎孝先 P250 ，有改动）

2003.12 revision 5

检验机构• 官方机构

– 我国过去： CCIB ， China Import & Export Commodity Inspection Bureau

现在：中国出入境检验检疫局 将来：国家质量监督检验检疫总局 AQSIQ, Admin

istration of Quality Supervision and Inspection and Quarantine （根据我国入世文件 188 条的规定，检验检疫局将与国家质量技术监督合并为 AQSIQ ，个人观点，仅供参考 )

– 美国食品药物管理局 FDA– 日本通商省检验所

• 半官方机构– 美国 Underwriter’s Laboratory ， UL ( 担保人实验室）

• 私营机构– 瑞士 Societe Generale de Surveillance ， SGS （通用鉴定公司）

2003.12 revision 6

检验证书• 类型

– Inspection Certificate of Quality– Inspection Certificate of Quantity– Inspection Certificate of Weight– Inspection Certificate of Origin– Sanitary Inspection Certificate

• 作用1. 作为货物是否符合合同规定的凭证2. 作为报关单据3. 作为议付单据4. 索赔和理赔的依据

2003.12 revision 7

索赔• 含义

– 是指发生违约时，受损害方向违约方要求损害赔偿的行为。

• 相对概念：理赔– 是指受违约方对要求损害赔偿的受理与处理。

• 索赔条款的意义– 索赔条款是违约方的违约责任条款。

2003.12 revision 8

索赔条款的两种规定（黎孝先 P260 ，有改动）

1. 品质不符索赔 Discrepancy and claim

2. 迟交货罚款 Late delivery and penalty

2003.12 revision 9

检验与索赔条款(18) Inspection and claimsa. The manufacturer shall before delivery make an inspection of the goods as regards their

quality, specifications, performance and quantity/weight, and issue certificates certifying that the goods are in conformity with the stipulations of this contract. The certificates shall form an integral part of the documents to be presented to the paying bank for negotiation/collection of payment but shall not be considered as final in respect of quality, specifications, performance and quantity/weight.

b. After arrival of the goods at the port of destination, the buyer shall apply to China Commodity Inspection Bureau (CCIB) for a preliminary inspection of the goods in respect of their quality, specifications, and quantity/weight. If any discrepancies are found by CCIB regarding the specifications or quantity/weight or both, except those for which either the insurance company or the shipping company is responsible, the buyer shall, within 120 days after discharge of the goods at the port of destination, have the right either to reject the goods or to claim against the seller on the strength of the inspection certificate issued by CCIB.

c. Within the warrantee period stipulated in Clause 17 hereof should the quality and/or the specifications of the goods are found not in conformity with the contracted stipulations, or should the goods prove defective for any reasons, the buyer shall arrange for an inspection to be carried out by CCIB and have the right to claim against the seller on the strength of the inspection certificate issued by CCIB.

2003.12 revision 10

(19) Settlement of claims

In case the seller is liable for the discrepancies and a claim is made by the buyer within the period of claim or warrantee period as stipulated in Clauses 17 and 18 of this contract, the seller shall settle the claim upon the agreement of the buyer in the following ways:

a. Agrees to the rejection of the goods and refund to the buyer the value of the goods so rejected in the same currency as contracted herein, and to bear all direct losses and expenses in connection therewith including interest accrued, banking charges, freight, insurance premium, inspection charges, storage, stevedore charges and all other necessary expenses required for the custody and protection of the rejected goods.

b. Devaluates the goods according to the degree of inferiority, extent of damage and amount of losses suffered by the buyer.

c. Replaces the defective goods with new ones which conform to the specifications, quality and performance as stipulated in this contract, and bear all expenses incurred to and direct losses sustained by the buyer.

2003.12 revision 11

(21) Late delivery and penalty

In case of delayed delivery, except for force majeure cases, the seller shall pay to the buyer for every week of delay a penalty amounting to 0.5% of the total value of the goods whose delivery has been delayed. Any fractional part of a week is to be considered a full week. The total amount of penalty shall not, however, exceed 5% of the total value of the goods involved in late delivery and is to be deducted from the amount due to the seller by the paying bank at the time of negotiation, or by the buyer directly at the time of payment.

In case the period of delay exceed 10 weeks after the stipulated delivery date the buyer have the right to terminate this contract but the seller shall not hereby be exempted from the payment of penalty.

2003.12 revision 12

不可抗力 （人力不可抗拒） • 含义

– 是指不能预见、不能避免、不能克服、导致合同当事人违约的客观情况。

• 不可抗力事件的构成条件 1. 在合同生效之后发生； 2. 不是由当事人的过失造成； 3. 对事件的发生及后果，当事人不能预见、不能避免、

不能克服。– 商品价格的波动、汇率变化、股市涨跌、零配件供应不及

时等等，属于正常贸易风险，不构成不可抗力事件。 • 不可抗力条款的意义

– 不可抗力条款是违约方的违约免责条款。

2003.12 revision 13

不可抗力条款Force Majeue:

The Seller shall not be held responsible for failure or delay to

免责 不可抗力事件的后果perform all or any part of this contract due to war, earthquake, flood,

不可抗力事件的范围fire, storm, heavy snow or other causes of Force Majeue. However, the Seller shall advi

se the Buyer immediately of such occurrence, and

通知方式和期限within N days thereafter, shall send by registered airmail to the Buyer for their acceptan

ce a certificate issued by the competent government

证明文件及出证机构authorities of the place where the accidents occurs as evidence thereof. Under such circ

umetance, the Seller, however, is still under the obligation

处理方式to take all necessary measure to hasten the delivery of the goods. In case the accident las

ts for more than M weeks, the Buyer shall have the right to cancel the contract.

2003.12 revision 14

不可抗力 如由于战争、地震、水灾、火灾、暴风雨、雪灾或其他不可抗力原因，致使卖方不能全部履行或不能部分履行合同，或者对合同的履行全部延迟或部分延迟，卖方将不承担责任。但卖方应立即将事件通知买方，并于事件发生后 N天内将事件发生地政府当局出具的事件证明书邮寄给买方为证，并取得买方认可。在这种情况下，卖方仍有责任采取一切必要措施从速交货。如果事件持续超过 M 个星期，买方有权撤销合同。

2003.12 revision 15

仲裁 • 含义

– 是指买卖双方自愿将争议提交双方所同意的机构，按照一定的程序和规则进行裁决，裁决结果对双方具有法律约束力。

• 特点 1. 仲裁机构对争议不具备强制管辖权；因此，

必须由争议双方同意仲裁，否则，仲裁机构不能受理。

2. 仲裁的裁决是终局的 。

2003.12 revision 16

仲裁协议 • 含义

– 是指双方当事人自愿将争议交付仲裁机构裁决的书面表示。

• 形式1. 买卖合同中的仲裁条款（争议之前）2. 单独签订的协议（争议之后）• 仲裁条款的意义

– 仲裁条款是争议解决条款。

2003.12 revision 17

仲裁协议的作用

1. 约束双方当事人只能以仲裁方式解决争议，不得向法院起诉；

2. 使仲裁机构取得对争议案件的管辖权，任何仲裁机构都无权受理没有仲裁协议的争议，这是仲裁的基本原则；

3. 排除法院对争议案件的管辖权，如果一方向法院起诉，另一方可根据仲裁协议要求法院不予受理；

2003.12 revision 18

仲裁条款的主要内容• 仲裁条款的主要内容• 1 、确定仲裁的对象与范围：• 对象：与买卖合同有关的争议• 范围：任何争议，或者具体列出哪些争议• 2 、确定仲裁国别（地点）• 我国的外贸合同通常从下列三项国别中选择一项• 1) 我国• 2) 被申请人所在国• 3) 第三国• 3 、确定仲裁机构 • 实际上，一旦确定了仲裁国别，也就确定了仲裁机构。• 我国的涉外仲裁机构是中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会。• 4 、确定适用的仲裁规则• 一旦确定了仲裁机构，也就确定了适用该仲裁机构的仲裁规则。• 5 、明确仲裁的效力

2003.12 revision 19

仲裁条款Arbitration:

Any dispute arising from or in connection with this contract shall be submitted to China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission for arbitration which shall be conducted by the Commission in Beijing or by its Shenzhen Sub-commission in Shenzhen or by its Shanghai Sub-commission in Shanghai at the Claimant’s option in accordance with the Commission’s arbitration rules in effect at the time of applying for arbitration. The arbitral award is final and binding upon both parties.

2003.12 revision 20

习题名词解释备用条款 商品检验 索赔 不可抗力 仲裁 仲裁协议

简答6.1 买方行使检验权时应注意什么 ?

6.2 构成不可抗力事件有哪些条件 ?

6.3 与法律诉讼相比，仲裁有何特点？

2003.12 revision 21

案例分析

• 我国进出口公司 A从伞厂 B 取得报价单后，转向意大利客户 C 报价。 A 与 C 成交后，合同规定 7月底以前交货。 C 按时开来信用证，不料在 7月初伞厂 B仓库失火，成品、半成品及原料均烧毁，以至无法交货。请问：公司 A 能否以不可抗力为由要求免交货物？

2003.12 revision 22

案例分析

• 我国进出口公司 A于 9月 1 日与国外客户 C签订一份农产品出口合同，合同规定 10月份装运。但 9月中旬以后，国内市场该产品价格上涨，公司 A 因亏损过高不能出口。经查，发现该产品国内市场涨价的原因是 7月中旬产地曾发生过严重水灾，货源受损所致。请问：在此情况下，我方是否可以利用不可抗力条款来免除责任？本案中，我方应吸取什么教训？