E A

E A: A Y

K K

A 2002

T : O E A, K . K

ISBN 960-8317-00-2

E EOTPON A 14, A 105 52 T.: 010.32.36.852 Fax.: 010.32.10.472 E-mail: esoptron@kapatel.gr

E : B H - Layout : nirvana grafix

E.................................................................................................................6 ....................................................................................................................6 E ....................................................................................................................7

A M K X & B ....................................................................................13 K K .....................................................................................65 K K M..................................................................................................81 B K .........................................................................................................103 A ....................................................................................................125 K K O T .......................................................................162 O M A .............................................................................................167

B MI E K.............................................................................215 A M E A K ...............................................251 X M A E ...................................................................269 E ...................................................................................................295 ............................................................................................................307

6

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

E . K, A , K, A M, B , . E, Greenpeace N X , I, . T X M, .

, . K . M ... , , . T, , ... . K , , , , ... . A (;) . T . T , , , . , , ;

EIAH

7

EA , , , , , , , . , . . O , , E : Z - = Z , , . K , , . H . H , , , , , . A , - , . , ... K , ... . , , , , . A , , , , . T , ... . T , , . T , . T , , .

8

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

, , , . A , . O . M , , , , , ... K , . E , , , , , . O , , , , . T , , , . , , . H , , . O () , . O A . , . K - (.. NSA, ) , ... , , . , , ...

EIAH

9

H , , , . . . H . E , . , , . E, , . 2001 World Trade Center , . Y , . K , A, , I X, I. , , , . . , . , . M , , , . , . , . ,

10

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

. H . . , , , . , , . N P , , , , M A , . O . , , . T , . , ...

M I

1BIOOIKA & XHMIKA OA K

, , ... A, 2

O K 1968 A. E I A A. : A I, YK I , B, X I . Y A . T .

BIOOIKA & OA

15

BIOOIKA OAM , . O , , , . O : , .

I H , , . , 6 .X. . , A . ( ), K . T 1346 () T K ( ) K. O T . M , . T T . O K K, I E. A () .

16

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

P 1710. . A , 15 , Pizzaro N A . T Jeffrey Amherst I , , 1754 1767. T, A, Carillon, , . H A , . A, , (), , E . A . 20 A , () HA . T 1937 I 70 Harbin M, I, Unit 731. O I Unit 731 Ishii 1945, . B I . Unit 731 , - , (). T 3.000. O B , , 1934. T Gruinard B . 1943

BIOOIKA & OA

17

Gruinard, . A , . . O . T 1940 K M. , . T 1945, , I 400 , . T 1943 HA , B I. M B . , 1951 A . , B. K HA ( 1950). N 1956, P Z, K E, , . O A HA, Fort Detrick Maryland N Y . T 1969 N . M 1971 1972 , , (;) . E, 1972 . T 118 , . 1970 K ,

18

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

. M . A T-2 . T 1979 Sverdlovsk ( A) , , . , 19 ( ) . 200 - 1.000. T . T, Y Y E . M E . T , A, . T 1978 B Georgi Markov, BBC, , . T . . , . , E. B K P B . T A 1991 I , botulinum clostidium perfringens. E, 1995 I subtilis ( ). A , Scud, .

BIOOIKA & OA

19

T 1980 , K , clostidium botulinum, . . E 15.000 , VX, 100.000 Sarin, M T, 1995. T 1984, 750 N , . . 5 1995, A X O , American Type Culture Collection Yersinia pestis . H , , . T X . T, O A HA. O X , , . , X .

T - O T . E, , , . !

20

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

. 1.000.000.000 . H . M , . T , , (, , ..) . O . , , . 2.000 800 , 600 . A : 200.000.000 ( , ), 10.000.000 HA. E O Y, , () 500.000 , 95.000 125.000 . O . , (, ) , , , , . K , . T , , . A B -

BIOOIKA & OA

21

, . , , , , , , , , , , . T , , , , , . . E, , . K , . A. BAKTHPIAKOI BIOOIKOI APAONTE: 1. 2. B ( ) 3. X 4. Glanders ( ) 5. 6. T 7. Q B. BIOOIKOI APAONTE ME IOY: 1. E 2. E B 3. I . BIOOIKE TOINE: 1. A 2. -

22

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

3. P 4. T-2 - T A. BAKTHPIAKOI BIOOIKOI APAONTE 1. , . E 1850 . , 1877, Robert Koch. O . . , . K , , . A ( ) . H , , , . H . , 25%, ( ) 100%, . O , , . K , , , , , , , , . K (shock) 24-36 .

BIOOIKA & OA

23

H , . M , . , , . E, , , . O . H , , , 11 2001, A. A HA, . T . 2. B ( ) , : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. (). T . O (, , ). O 10 70 , . H . H . , , -

24

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

, . , , , , (), , , , , ( ). . H , . I . , , , . E . 3. X , Robert Koch 1884 A. O . . T ( ), 56C . H . K , ( ) . H , , , . E , , , . T . H , (, , ), , , , . . A , 50%. M , , , -

BIOOIKA & OA

25

. H 50% . O , , , . , . , . : , , , , 56C . T . K 19 E, B A A. A I, , B M. A . K, A A. E A A, . 4. G l a n d e r s ( ) A burkholderia mallei, , , . M 10 14 . T , , , , , , , - . H -

26

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

100%. H , , . . H Glanders , , . O , , . , , , . M , . K A (, A) P, . T P . O I Pinfang K, . A , HA E, , , . 5. () Yersinia pestis , , . , . . H , , , 24 . T 1894 Yersin Kitasato. , Yersinia. T . H

BIOOIKA & OA

27

, . H , , . T ( , ), . T 70%. H . H . T . . T . T , , , , . H . H , . H , , , . H , . K B I , . , . H . . 100 .X. P E. T 164 .X., M A P A 24 , . A I, 542 558 .X., K 1/3 ,

28

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

, . M P 590-591 .X. 597 .X. H K 619, A A. E, M A B A. N 744 A, E I, 747 K . M. A . E . T 1346 K. T K 13.000.000 . A I K. T K, , , K I. A I, E 1374. T E 27.000.000 . M E M , . E 4.000.000 1.500.000 , 1349 1.200.000 . T . X . H E A. K E, E E. M K, 1453, A O A. O O K A, . H O 1836. M 16 , . E -

BIOOIKA & OA

29

17 . N 1666 1703 70.000 500.000 . T . T . T 1679 B, 140.000 . T 1687 X, B O. T 18 O A. T, 1894-1895 Alexander Yersin, . Y . E, 1.000 , T K. 6. T Francisella tularensis. H , . M , . , . . O , , . M . A 0C, . O . : , , , , , . O 10-15 ,

30

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

, . H (75-85% ) . H , , , , . O . H (5-10% ) , . H (5-15% ) , . X , , . H . H (1-2% ) . O . O , . H . X . H , . E 30-80% 10-15% . H 5%. , , , . , . O HA 1950. 7. Q E . Coxiella burnetti. O . H

BIOOIKA & OA

31

. X , , 50% . E, . Y , , , . , . Q, , . O Q . B. IOI 1. E O . H . X 5 40%. . O : . O . , , . , () . O (). O , () , Edward Jenner 1798. H . E N A, A N A , , E B A . B 1972 ,

32

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

M, 175 , 35 . H E . 1966 O Y. T , , . T . H . T 3-4 , , . H : , , . M , , , . O , ( ). H , , , . H . . . I . H . , . T 26/10/1977 M . M , 9/12/1979, , , . 1980 . . T A HA M. , , , . E , , I B .

BIOOIKA & OA

33

. H O Y (.O.Y.) , , E I, 200.000.000 . , , , . 2. E B O . , . O . O . X , , , , , , , , , . H 24 72 . O . 4% ( ) , , , . . , 20%. . O E B HA 1950, . H . 3. I O RNA Filoviridae Ebola Marburg, Arenaviridae Lassa, A B , Bunyaviridae Hantavirus, o K- Nairovirus Rift

34

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

Phlebovirus. E, Flaviviridae K , Dengue . H . , : , , , , , . A shock () , . . . H . E, K , A , . E , , . O Ebola Z, 1976. K . , , . H Marburg A, E . M , . O A 1955 A, B, B . O K-K, K A, A E. O Rift A . O K , . , , () , .

BIOOIKA & OA

35

. E , , . , . . BIOOIKE TOINE (HHTHPIA) O . X . O . O , . A , , . O ( ). O . (, , ..) . O (, , ..). O : 1. A K A. E . . E 15.000 , VX. A 1-2 . E 100C 20 . H . . . T 18-96 ( ),

36

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

, . . O . H . . E, . B , , . T , . 2. - . A . H , 80% . T , , , , , , , . O . , , . Y , . , . H . 3. P E castor,

BIOOIKA & OA

37

, . A , , , ( 36-72 ) . A , , , , ( ) , . T , , , , . H . E . H . , B Georgi Markov 1978. 4. T - 2 M - T Fusarium, Myzotecium, Trichoderma, Stachybotrys ( ). E , . E , . T . T , , , , . A , , ( ) . A -, , . , , , , , . E ,

38

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

, , . , , , . , . O . (). A , 5% . T . . T . , , . . O - , . (1975-1981), K (1979-1981) A (1979-1981). Y 6.300 , 1.000 K 3.042 A. (, ). O , . H , , , , . M . , , . A , , ,

BIOOIKA & OA

39

. T . , .

40

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

XHMIKA OAX , . ( ), .

I T . , (428 .X.), . A . X M. A, , M 19 . H , , 1915 Y B, 5.000 . M A . , B 1/5 15% , 1,4% ( 100.000). T , , : ) (-) ) (), , . H A , . , . , ,

BIOOIKA & OA

41

, . , 1925 105 , , , . E, . T , , . , , , ( ). M (1918-1939), M , . O I, , A 1935-1936, . K , , . T Tabun 1936 . T 1938, , , Sarin. E, 1944, , Soman, , . E B E . A ( - ) . , , 100.000 Tabun, (E, T, , , ..). M B , , . K Y (HA - E) X , -

42

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

, . , , HA B, . E, , B, . T B ( ) , , , . X I 1984 I, 1986 , , . B , I , . I - I , B B I. H I 16/3/1988 Halabjia, I. T , 3.000 - 5.000 K, , 100.000 T. O K I 6 28% . H B , K, I, I. H I, K I - I - OHE. H M

BIOOIKA & OA

43

(, ..), I , HA P P, OHE, B. X B - E, BZ 1995 , Zepa Srebrenica. Aum Shinrikyo Matsumoto I, I 1994 T M 1995, Sarin, . A T 5.500 , . M T, Shinkaju, . T X HA, Sarin, 60, V, VX (). , HA , . A , , , Sarin, VR-55. T : 1) , 2) 3) . 1. NEYPOXHMIKA OA T ( ) . H , .

44

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

T Tabun, Sarin, Soman, VX VR-55. T VX. , VX 15 , 300 A . M 300 VX . T . A, , , , , , . ( ). 2. YAIKA OA T (, , ) , , , . O , . A , . O Sarin (GR2) VX (VX2). A VXBigeye HA . 3. AOYTIKA OA T . X , , B M (1948-1960) , , B. B B, . A 2,4,5-T 2,4-D, Agent Orange. A ,

BIOOIKA & OA

45

( ), B. , 150.000 (1 =10.000 ) , 70% 10% , B. T , , A.

M (). T , , , - , BZ, .

- XT , , . T : 1. H , ( , , -, , , ) . 2. E , (, , , , , ..). 3. , . 4. A , . 5. , . 6. (, , , , ..). H , -

46

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

. 7. T, .

H H : N , . A . E, . N . N , , , , , .., . N . N . A , , , .

X , .A. AEPIA NEYPN: . Tabun: . . Sarin: , Tabun. . Soman: .

BIOOIKA & OA

47

. G.F.: . . V.X. (): , . E . . VR-55: Sarin. T . H , . , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ( ), , , , , , , , . H . , , , , , , , , , , , , , cheyne-stokes ( , ), , , , . H , , , , . . E , . , . B. KAYTIKE OYIE ( ) , . A : . . -T . N

48

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

H , -T . T (--) DNA ( ) . E, (). M , (shock). - , () , , (, ), , . , () . A , () . M , . , , , . , , . , , , , . , , . , , . . A, , , , . H (phenargen) , . , . . A , . A ( ) . . MEIMATA APENIKOY ( ) H . (shock) , -

BIOOIKA & OA

49

. , , , , . , , - , . H , , , , , , , . E . H , , ( ). , , . H . . ENIO - IENIO . M (shock), . , , , . . M , . T . O ( ). . , . A , , , . , . A, , , , . H . E , . A . E. YPOKYANIO - XPOKYANIO

50

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

. , . . (), . , , , , , , . A , , , , , , , . , , , , . H . H - . T. EMETIKOI APAONTE . , . . ( ) (). . E, , , . , . Z. EPEITIKOI APAONTE , . A . H , . E . . E , , , ,

BIOOIKA & OA

51

. A , . M . , . , , . H - . . H. IBENZOAZAINH, O-XPOBENZYIINH MAONONITPIH H . , , ( ) . , . , , . . . . T . . . KAINOYKIINYBENZYIO (BZ), ENTANO E - . H . . ( ) , . , , , , , , . , , , . A, . . H . E ( ) . I. D-IAIYAMIH .

52

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

LSD. . A (). , ( ), . O LSD . , , , , , , , . A, . . E, .

T N , . A A , , . , 1925 105 . E , HA P, , . E I. T . M A I, I, . , . T , , T K. , ( ) . T 1925 ,

BIOOIKA & OA

53

. H , . , , , . I . H I 120 I. T , I, . T I 80 M A. , Tabun Sarin. T I 1984, 1986 , I, , . T . Y . A , HA E P, . E, . T , . O T K . , , . K , I. ,

54

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

( - ) I. A I , T-A . , M A I (I, I) (I, K A, A). I, , B, , , , , . H .. - . E, , , T K . . . T , . E, . T , , . T 100% . T , . T . H A , . T . T,

BIOOIKA & OA

55

NATO, . . T 1984 . H ( A ) A, . A 1984-1985, M HA, T . Y T NATO, VX-Bigeye . , T . A A K. T , , . H , . B E . T A . Machinery Chemical Industries . E Transrapid E P HA. T SR-6 830 .

X H . O , ,

56

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

. T , , . H I 1994, , Aum Shinrikyo. Matsumoto Sarin. H M 1995 T, Sarin. O , , , . K I, , , , . , , E. H Shinkaju (HCN), . , Sarin . T . , , E . , . T, , . E , . , . M HA, 11 2001, ( ) . H

BIOOIKA & OA

57

, .

, , () (, , ..). O : , . , , , . H . H . H MME ( T) . E , . H , , . , , . - . A , , , , ,

58

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

. T - , A . T - . , - . , , , () . A . , . T . , (). E , . E, . H , , , . T ( ). H , - . , . T , , . H , (, ) . H (), . NATO (SR-G). , , . A, , . A -

BIOOIKA & OA

59

, . H , , . , , . T , , . . H . E . A , , ( ). , , . , , . O , ( ), , , .. T . T . E . E , . A . T , . A . O , , . A, , . A , .

60

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

, , ( , , ), (, , ..). T ( ). A, . . K , , , (, , ) , , (, , , , shock ..) . K , , (, , ). - . T , , . H , . , , . T , . , ( ) . O , , . K . E , . A . H , ,

BIOOIKA & OA

61

, , . T - , , , . (, , ..) , , . H . T . X I OSIRAK I 1982, . A , . , , I K, I I. E , I . T . T , . E , , , , . K I , , , I. M 1925, , , .

62

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

- - . , , , , . T , , , . , , . T , , , . E, , , , , , . OHE , . M OHE, - - , , , . , , , , , .

Biological Warfare and Terrorism, The Military and Public Health Response, Satellite Broadcase, 21-23 1999. 1 , B, X I ,

BIOOIKA & OA

63

251 NA, N 1998. 1 , B, X I , 251 NA, N 1999. CECIL, , . B, 1991. . A. , E Y, 1997. I. K. , I M A, . B, 1989. : , . 28, 63, 147, 150. I , 2001.

2ANPO & EPIBAON K K

...K , , , , . A, H 7

O K K . 1962 E . (KA, H FM, Star Radio, Sprint FM) A. T, , A Millenium. A A E, K N. Y, T M A. A A .

O & EPIBAON

67

ANPO KAI EPIBAON . 2100 . , . M 2100, 55% A, 26% A, E . M 2025 ( A) . O , , . 40% , 30% , 24% , 2,5% 2,5% . H , , . E , . O . K . . , K , , , . A, , ( ) . , , .

68

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

... T , , , P. A , . , , , , , . H . , . E , , , . E . H . H , , , , .

O M . K , . T , , . T . X

O & EPIBAON

69

M . X . H N O . O , . O ( ) , . A , , , . H . X , , . O ( ) . A 1950 1984 . H 2,6 , . A , , . E , , , . T A , , : . E K E, , . T

70

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

. X , , B 18 . , 1984, ( ), , . E , , . O , , . H 10-15 , . H , . T , . . H , . O , . , . I 1% , 2% . A A, . M A A . A K E , E . A , . , , , . O A A, , -

O & EPIBAON

71

. A . A, , , . , A A . A, 82% . A , A . H (B A E) . T, (2% ) 2025. M , , , , . H , , T K. T . A , , , , . X , . M , . M , . A M , ,

72

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

. O .

NA , . K , , . T , (73%), . T , , , , . H , , . H , , , . A , . E , . H , . T , 2/3 . O E, A I , . O , . M , . , . (, , , -

O & EPIBAON

73

..). H , , A. OHE , I, X, N A . A . H , , , 70% . T . , (, , ) . . A , . H 4,5 . A A, , . E, , ( ) . H , . O , , . A . A , .

74

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

M . T E. H A N A 3,5% . H 12-15% A , . T M 11,5% . E, , I, M, , , . A , . E T P. OHE . O . Y HA 100 , . H HA 8.000 10.000 . H B , . , . , , . O E. O . H . , , . H . H

O & EPIBAON

75

, . K . M . M , . T . I 36% , 12% . A N N A. M A, . O . H , , , A M. A . T . . , 2007 . T . H A O T N N HA. H .

AH . E A E, 1945 , . O ,

76

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

T A . , . K . A 1949 1982 K , I , , 1960. O Y, N , , T . M, . T M , M . T A K. . H T K . O K M 19 . (1952) , , , . O . A , 150.000.000 HA O . , , . P B X M A K, . H , , , . O . K , , . A ,

O & EPIBAON

77

: , . , . , . H . . H , , . , . A , ( ), . T . , , (.. ). E . X -18 K 15 . O 33 , , , . A A, , 450 K, . E, A , . , () . H . ,

78

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

9 2/4 , . 19 , , . T , . O , . A , , , , . M , , . T . O , . E . M , , ; ; M , , , ; ; A ; M , B E, ; , ; A

O & EPIBAON

79

. E , , . A , . , . , 0,3 - 0,7C . A , , . Y 1,4 - 4,5C 2050. H . , 3C . A 1,5C, E A K, , .

, . T ; ; N ; ; . A . , . H . H , . H

80

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

. T, , . - . M , , , , , , . , , , , , . H , , . A E B A , . A .

B B: 1. Paul Kennedy, 21 , . . 2. Noam Chomsky, , . . 3. Lester Thurow, O I, E A, . N . 4. National Geographic, O 1990. 5. T Le Monde Diplomatique. 6. T Courrier Unesco. 7. T O. 8. A GreenPeace. 9. M.

3ENETIKH MHXANIKH* K K

... r , q, r , . A, 8-9 ,

*T Greenpeace.

82

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

T M;H , . T DNA, ( ) . T , . A , . A . DNA , . O , (.. , ). O . E , . H , , (.. , , ...). H , . M , . M , , , . .

ENETIKH MHXANIKH

83

T ; . H , , , , , HA, . E, A K. E , , , , 1998 ( , I). , A . Y 60% , 50% . E, , , .. , , . HA K , I A . , , HA K . E , . : , , , . A , , , . , . M .

84

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

EE , , . KO O O Y . . . Y, , . : O . K . Y = . T , . K , . , , , , . , , . , . T , . T -

ENETIKH MHXANIKH

85

, . K , . H . E , . A, . O . E , , , . , . KO O , . , . K , . : T , . A . A , . T . , . Y , .

86

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

A , , .

; , . O , , . , . E, . O John Beringer, B E A M O , . T . A , E E, Y HA Y T HA, . , . , , . O , , .

ENETIKH MHXANIKH

87

; o . O , , . , . I , . T, , . A , , , . H , HA, . B, , , , , . A , . , .

T EO Y 50.000 . -

88

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

. O , , , . H . T (, ..) . M . T . , . H , , , . A Purdue HA, , , . , . H . , . , ,

ENETIKH MHXANIKH

89

. A , . H , , E. K . AgrEvo ( ) , . , , . . H . M . A , , . X OO O , , . E , . , AgrEvo Plant Genetic Systems glufosinate. ,

90

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

glufosinate , . M , . , . A , , . O , , (glufosinate), . , . A , , . A . K , , . K , , . A . K ( ), . A , B, 7.500.000 , . A , . M, K. . A . AgrEvo ( Aventis, Hoechst Rhone Poulenc)

ENETIKH MHXANIKH

91

glufosinate , , . M, AgrEvo glufosinate HA 560 . , AgrEvo , glufosinate, . KO O M . A , . , . Novartis ( Bt) E. A (Bacillus Thunngiensis Bt), Bt. , . , Novartis - . M 1998 E , chrysopa, . 1999 HA Danaus plexippus ( M) . T

92

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

, . . . H . H , . A O , . A 1999 400 , 71% 22% . , . , (.. ) . A , : O . O . O , -

ENETIKH MHXANIKH

93

(.. ). . E , , . ( , ). K, , . , . , , .

O Roundup Ready RRS Monsanto. A 1996, 2% HA, 34% 1998 50% 1999. T 1998, 85 HA. Monsanto, B 1999 Roundup Ready Monsanto . H , glyphosate, Roundup

94

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

Monsanto. A Roundup , . Monsanto, glyphosate , . A . , , . A, Charles Benbrook, 8.200 , A Roundup Ready , Roundup. A , . M, glyphosate . A , , . . K , , . K , . A , . . A , , , . H

ENETIKH MHXANIKH

95

. M E E glyphosate . H Roundup Roundup Ready. T glyphosate , . K glyphosate . T glyphosate , , . A . 60% , . E ( ), . KO T . HA, 248 1998, 42 . K , . H Novartis E . T Novartis glufosinate, . , Novartis , E. T Novartis HA E , . E , A ,

96

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

. O Novartis . A , . M . A , . , Novartis , . H , 60 - 70% . T , K, . H . , NewLeaf Monsanto, , . T , . . T A 1998, Arpad Pusztai E I Rowett , Galanthus nivalis . M Arpad Pusztai I . A , , .

ENETIKH MHXANIKH

97

O O . A , , . M , , . T . A , . , . E, .

E OO H . T , - . A . E , , . , . A , . , - , .

98

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

A , , . A , , . OOO O E , . A (.. ). . T . , , . , . Novartis, ( ), Monsanto, , Plant Genetic Systems, . , . T .

ENETIKH MHXANIKH

99

AEIE IA THN YEIA A 1944, . H , . M 1990, . , , . O . O . A , , , 57% , , . O, E B N T E , ( Novartis), E, .

H H , . , . , 1991, 1993 1996 . T 1996 74% E , 60% 53% -

100

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

. O . : : O , . H Kraft Jacobs Suchard, E, E . T Nestl B, E, B, , A, I X K . HA, Gerber Heinz . K, McCain . E B I, , B I . A . M , , . H Iceland Frozen Foods 1998 , . T

ENETIKH MHXANIKH

101

. H . O , , , : Y. H , E B. T . . Y . O , . H. , . , , . . O . K , , O E. K. T , Monsanto, Novartis, Zeneca, Aventis DuPont. A .

4KNOOIHH B

K . A, IT 1

O B . 1975 A B. www.in.gr O .

KNOOIHH

105

E , 1996 . H N, . , Advanced Cell Technology . T . K , , , . H . M , : A, X, I . , . , K K X. . H . E , , . . K . H . T , , . A . A : , , , 4.000 . O DNA ( ).

106

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

H , 1953 ( ). E , . O (.. ), . A N I P . H DNA, . . H I .

K K H . , , , . H . O (embryo cloning) , , (twinning). , . A , . T

KNOOIHH

107

, . T (serial twins). T : , , . A , , . H , , 1993, T X O, . , . , N ( I P PPL Therapeutics), ( Advanced Cell Technology M). H DNA , . A - , () 1, . , 2, . , . O N 277 . M , 1-2%,

1. H . 2. A ...

108

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

X, X. T - , (). , , . O , 1-2% DNA . A . DNA , . T , DNA. K , , , .

: - T , , , A, , , . T , ( 200) . A , , . A, ( ). . (

KNOOIHH

109

) . H . O , , . B , , . , , . , . , - -. O N 2001 ACT . H . , , . , . O . , , , .

E O II, 2000, . E ,

110

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

: 1998, 200.000 . Genetics Australia, 400 . O 200.000 , . , , , ; E . O , , , , . , ( ). A .

E : H . , . M , , . E . T, , , DNA, ( ).

KNOOIHH

111

N. H PPL Therapeutics I P 1998 , , ( , ). , , . , pharming ( pharmaceutical, , farming, ).

Z O . M DNA - A. H (CC, CopyCat), 2002, , AIDS ( ). A, , 2001 PPL Therapeutics HA, , (). H . E , , . O , , , . H , , ( ) .

112

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

, . , . H , DNA , B . T , .

O O . O . N, , 48 ACT, . I, , . , . O . E, (, , ). . N K K Z K (The Frozen Zoo), DNA . , , -

KNOOIHH

113

, ... O . M , DNA . T I , , . , . , . E DNA , , , . A , .

A : ;O . N 2001 Advanced Cell Technology M T. T . E M K Kyung Hee N K. O M . E , . E , . 1990, X , ACT, ! K

114

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

, 32 . , . T . , . , . Y , . O P . A , HA 1999 K P, . A Clonaid, , P, ! E P M M, Air Liquide. A , 10 . , , P M , . Clonaid M. T I A Z. O . E HA I, Z A -

KNOOIHH

115

2003, M . , , . , , . 862, 86, . T Texas A&M 2000, . , 86 . , , . H , Washington Post M . (LOS, Large Offspring Syndrome) . A IGF 2R, . IGF 2R , DNA . H . , . E , , , , . T , . A : . E

116

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

, , M , Advanced Cell Technology. ; M , Z A. A , . H FISH (Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization, ), - DNA . O . , . A , , FISH Giemsa: , (Giemsa). T CGH (Comparative Genome Hybridization, ), PCR ( ) DNA. . , , , , . E . K . K, M, . H . . , , . Wired, 2000 -

KNOOIHH

117

I P HA , . H . , Infigen, M M, : , , . E .

N . , . . O , , . ... . . . : ; Y . . T X Der Spiegel 1997. , N Y T O K . K H (The Second Creation) N, ,

118

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

. H . T X E A . T , . . A , , , . , , . Infigen, : Y . M . A , . O , . O , , , , . E, , DNA . . T K P, , K K, E ( ). O P K B

KNOOIHH

119

Clonaid ( ) E , 1973, , . E P , , . K P , : X I ( I ) DNA I ! , , . M , A , .

H B M N 1997. H , , . H : . H . H I. . Y , . H , , . , , . T , , , . E,

120

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

, . , . , , . E, , . A M T, , : M , , . K . H HA, , T M, . E, , . H E 2002 . B E A E , E E B . A I, . , . H Z A . K , , . , . E 36 , Humancloning.org.

KNOOIHH

121

14, . , , . . X , . ; . H , . K ( ), . Y . K, , . , : ; O , . : . O . , , . , , . A , , . H . H ,

122

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

DNA, N M, Microsoft . . , , . B, : , . T , . H . T K M, , . O . , , , . H . , . , . , , . E A Y K E A, M K . K ( DNA T ), P N (, T ) K B. E, -

KNOOIHH

123

. , . , ( ) . , , , . O T , Wellcome Trust, (the yuk factor), . T, : , . A, , , .

5YPHNIKA OA A

K , , A... A, H 10-11

O A E EKEE HMOKPITO. A Salford, Manchester A. A, O, , B E. T A , M E M M M . T, . , , K M, , . H , X , , .. Parr & Yang Density functional theory of atoms and molecules. , (, , ) , A, : , EEYE, 1984. E P, K, 1987. X E E E E 1981-92. E O International Journal of Molecular Sciences.

YPHNIKA OA

127

EX, 6 A 1945, 8:15 . M . K . K , . T . T . . H . A I A . 78.000 . T , 9 A, N ( X ). . O X N 40.000 , 37 , . A, ; O . , , . K , P O, , E A E. H , , . A , , . Y HA . T . K ( ;) . 60 . H , , , , . T, , . H K

128

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

, , . T 1970, , , , , . K , HA , A . H B K , . T O .

T H . B . B , . B , , . M , . , . A : 2 , . H . T (. 1). 4,6 , . 11 , 300 , 5 (. 1). 15 , , -

YPHNIKA OA

129

3 , (. 1). 37 , 1. 1,8 15 , , 650 (. 1). 1. 4,6 110 , 1. 11 , 450 . A 1. 37 , (. 1). M 1. 110 . A : 1. . 2. . 3. . 4. . 5. . , .

130

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

H \O , . H (MeV). T , . , . , K. O , , . , , . H , , . H . H , , , ( ) . . H . O , , . H , . B . H . , . A . T . T , (.. ), . O . T , , .

YPHNIKA OA

131

. T , , . T , 14, 5.730 . TO OO T , . H , 300 . , 4 (TNT) . H 1.000 TNT. TNT. H N 20.000 TNT. H O H , . . A , , , . , 8 , , A . M 10 TNT 16 . O O O H . , -

132

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

.. O , . T . E , , , , . H . H 16 32 10 . T 32 64 . O , , , . T . O . M . T 65 300 . A 1 . T 10 130 600 . A , . 15 , 1.160 , 50 . , . E , . M , . , .

YPHNIKA OA

133

AO O H , , . M 15 15 2,5 . H 15 , . , . H 16 35 10 . O . X, , . O , , . T ... H . , , , , .. . . E . T . K , . A, ,

134

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

, . T - X. N, , , , . A O OO A , , , . H . M 100 32 43 . O 43 112 . H , . H , . E , , . O OO O T , . T , . H HA 1962 400 Johnston E, X, 1.300 . O (HM) , ,

YPHNIKA OA

135

. 40 , , , . T . A ( , ). H . O . T . A . I . , , , . K . O , . , , , . E, . M . O . E , . HM , ,

136

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

HA E 1963, . T O M , , , . T . O, . M , . , , , . H , , . T, , . T , , . M . T , , ( ) . T - . H . O . T . O . M , ( Rads ) . T . . T, , . H

YPHNIKA OA

137

. T . A , -131, -137 -90 -14, . H 1963, , , , . T, , , . H Rad, Rad, . O O T , , . E . H 50% 300 Rad. (M Rad, . A Rem, Rad).

A 150-450 Rad . T . . A

138

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

. A , , . A , . A 300 Rad, . 450-1.000 Rad . O . T . 450 Rad, 50%. 1.000 Rad H . . A 10.000 Rad, . MOO O O K , , , . H . O 20-25 . O (). O 30 . O (DNA). T . H . O O O . : .

YPHNIKA OA

139

T , , , ( 1%) . . T , . H , . T , . H , , . A , . 1983 O, , : , . . T O T ; . T , , . H . O , ( ) , . , .

140

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

O . T , . , . O , , . , .

O E 41 , , . E , , . T, , , , . T : K . K . O . T X N . , , , , . YOO , , .

YPHNIKA OA

141

50 A, , 300 (E=mc2). X , . T , , . 0,7% -235. E, . T . T, , . , . A O O O O . A : , , , . M 1.000 , , , N. O, HA, E, A , , . , . K, , , .

142

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

H H 1973. , . H 90 . H , , , . , , , , , . A H , . T . T , , , . O . A, . H . H P, ERDA, O E HA, , . H , , , , .

YPHNIKA OA

143

TO OO , , , , . T . , , EH 1982 . M T , , , , , , . H O ... T X HA, 1979, . E . K X , . H , . E, . TO: TO O , , T, . T , 1970, , . A E, T E, 1978, EH I. , E B T, ,

144

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

. . A , , . M , , . K , , . E, . E, , , . A, O A E . , . , . T T, X HA, P ! H T T , , , . , , , . H . O . , , , , , , , , .

YPHNIKA OA

145

H , , , . , .

A O: O K , . 460 , 1000 1100 , . O . (AO), . H AO, , . , . . T AO . T O U-235 0,71% O 2%, CANDU. U-235. , , . 0,1 0,3% U-235, U-238. A ( ), () ( ). U-238 (), -234, () -234 U-234 . 206 . O U-238 4,5 . A 1000 4,5 .

146

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

O, 10.000 U-238. , mgr 10 . B , . E , K I , .. , AO. TO O O OO T (19,8 g/cm3). , . 1.100 , . , , , , . E , , B-9 +-4 = + -12 (Y ). , AO, , , , . T . -238, (U-238), -239 , , 239, . , . U-235, 0,1 0,3 %, U-235 U-236 , -

YPHNIKA OA

147

, . H . T . M K TEI K, . . H , , . A , , . , . A . T , . B, . , . E , , 5 , AO. AO. M AO 500 TNT . , . , . AO .

148

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

H E O O OO OO T . 1.100 . , . (, ). , , , , , . O 1-10 (m) , . , , . B, , . , 12 . , , , . E, . A K. . E , . A , , , . M , , . T , . T , . T K . ,

YPHNIKA OA

149

, , , , . T . , . T E K. T, . , . M . , , . A . H , . H . H . E , , , . M , . E , Pugwash, O E, . H , , . , . A , X. Z . P , . E . M ,

150

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

, , . .

O T . , , . H 1945 HA 1949 . E . T 1951, HA , X. T 1953 E. H 1953 1954 . K , . T 1953 HA 1957 . E. T 1953 HA 1959 . E. T 1955 . T HA . T 1959 . E. T 1957 . E HA. T 1958 HA 1961 . E. H 1960 1963 . T 1963 1969 , , . T 1970 HA , . T 1974 . E. H 1972 1976 .

YPHNIKA OA

151

, , .., . O . O , , , . , , , . O , . A , , , . H . T .

H H . T . O 1940 . O , , , . M , . A , HA, E. K . H . .

152

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

, . M , . 1.000 , , 230-400 . T 1% . M 50-100 X. A , , , CANDU. T K , , . , ( 1.000 ). O , , I N. A . , . H OHE 36 (1981), . , , , . N A 22 1979 16 1980 .

H T 1968, OHE . , . E, .

YPHNIKA OA

153

, 1975, , . , I, . K I, HA . H HA . Y N. H N A O A E . H B A .

H A , (ABM), 1972 HA . O , P HA. . , , . H P , . A , HA . T . , , ,

154

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

, . H . B, , . , P P, K. A , A. H B K . T I I. H , , , . E HA, , . , . ABM . H HA. , , . O HA , . O . H HA P, . H P HA . O T HA...

YPHNIKA OA

155

H . H . T I, I B K, HA K M, , . O , , . H OHE. E , B K , , , modus vivendi N K. M , T, O M M O. H , 11 N 2001 N Y, HA. H T . A T; H , , , . H , . , K 1950 EOKA, E . K , A. I , . N . O , (.. P ). , HA , , ..

156

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

OHE, . , , , . M , , K N , T M , M 1980, . A HA , A , E . H . H E , . O . O . H HA , E . K. B 27/11/2001, : T ; N o M; A . : T . A , ; . . : 1. O HA X N 150 , . , , , I , , HA. 2. H . HA X. T, , . O T ,

YPHNIKA OA

157

48 B B , 24 ! O , . B, 1950 HA , HA P . T. M ; H . T , , NATO, , A. A , HA , . H . A , , . A , , -. H , . A. HA M ... E, Pu-239. 240 242, . . A ,

158

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

30 . B, . A , , .. , HA. . A , . A , , . O . A 11 . , , . . T , , . H , . A . H . A . K , . A K . E . O . A , .

O 15 25 , -

YPHNIKA OA

159

. H , . H . K . T . K, , . A 1960 HA . E . 12 , A X, HA 147 . E. K . O . M , MX , , . O . O , , , . O . A , . , , , , . . M O O OO Y HA (1981), : T 1965, P HA

160

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

Trident P. A, P , M , . O , P. HA-P. E P . A HA-P. O HA , Trident. , . 1970 . K K. . T 1975 . , . 9 N 1979, HA , . A . T , . E Charles Percy. William Odom, Zbigniew Brezinsky, , 200 2.200. E, Brezinsky , . T I 1980 . T .

YPHNIKA OA

161

26 1983, , . E . T . , 1956: HA , . T , M M. T , . , . O . T P , HA. H . K , . A , ; M , .

162

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

O IAAPTO YPHNIKO TPOMO K K

M , , . H A . MME . E; ; . T A K , M . A M , ; ; M , . A P , . O 25 50 . M, 1992 P, . X . . . , P P. HA, A K ... , . O : HA . A 132 , 48 . O . E , A, I M T B. T , . E A P. O -

O IAAPTO YPHNIKO TPOMO

163

, Times Washington Post, . O A P M I O 1996 K. O K 100 , 42 . T ; T B O, T Y . , . . O . O , , E A E . M E , . . A 100.000 . O M . T : P K. H , 90 , . H 30 - 40 , , . O . O , , . O 10% , , . O K M E I M K, ,

164

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

, M. A, FBI T A . A , K E. , M B . T , P. O A . , T A. O I P M-- B A, P . K. , . H B M, CIA T N A , T, . H 1945. O , . A, . O . Nellis, N, NEST (Nuclear Emergency Search Team= O E ) 24. T .

INIA KAI AKITAN 24 M 2002, HA P , , , . T I . T

O IAAPTO YPHNIKO TPOMO

165

. A . H . , I , . O , , , . E .

6O MEAO AEO A

... , , , , , , , . A, I 16-17

1962 A. O . E 15. T, A, . . E , . , , , . N E.

O MEAO AEO

169

08:45 T 11 2001, A A HA, N T. , World Trade Center M, , , , . M E . , A . Newsweek T , . A N T . , . T , M A , 11/9/2001 . underground . M ; A , . O HA T , , P ( 2000 -

H

170

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

), HA : A . , ... K , , A. . . , ( ) P 2000 T M: N . ; A A ; A . O : A! E! ! !. T , , . A , 11/9/2001 . T , E (10/12/2001) - E 2000. K N T , , , T. H , N T, E HA . O. T , K HA. A K ,

O MEAO AEO

171

HA E . , , , , , , , think tanks colpo grosso . K O , 11 2001 N T. M E , . , A ( , 143 I 15 ). P B , , , E HA, . K E . O A E. . T N E . , , , . , , , , 2001. , . -

172

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

, ( , ) . 1984 T , bourrage de crane, , , , ! K , , . E ( ), think tanks E . , , , , , interactive , , escorting, ... K , ( , real time economy ..). , , , , , . T , . 81% Big Brother 31/12/2001. T O . A, N T M Big Brother. A . A ( , ), ( , ), ( ) A N E, .

O MEAO AEO

173

TO AABHTAPI TH EIBIH TH NEA EOXH

ATOMIKO KIKO APIMO (A.K.A.)... , ... A, I 16 - 17. , E, . K , M ( ) , , , , , ... K , . E . , . K ( E ), . A AM , A.K.A., A K A , . A K A , , A T, E B, , A M, M E , O. H A.K.A. . A , , , , , , -

174

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

, , , , , , , , , , , . , , , . K ( ), ! , , - N T, A.K.A., . K ( 10 12 ), . Y 12 I 2012 A. M , ( ) A.K.A. ( , , ). 030 E ( , OHE ). K ( 012 2012). T ( 1 2 ). ( 4 ). M T DNA ( .. DNA ), 076 . , . ,

O MEAO AEO

175

, A K 030012140760000000. O , , . A, , A.K.A. 030012140760357098, , . A 12 0 8, . A 5, . M 9, ... A 12 A.K.A. , , , . M , , , , A K A . A 17 9 ( X O), , 17 6 ( M) 5 ( M , .. , A, I ..). 8, , (, , ..). A, 18 A.K.A. 3, . , A.K.A. A.K.A. , . 18 -

176

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

, . , . H , Y. E , Conspiracy Theories ( ). H night clubs ( ) K, . , ( ), , . , . H Applied Systems Solutions VeriChip, ( 11 2001...) , E , ...

BINTEOKPATIA , . K 1999 E ( 17 N B ) , ( , , ), K, . K

O MEAO AEO

177

. M . T , American Express, K, ! K , , , , . , ( , ) . K , K , , I.X. . O E 1970, , . O , . A , . K A , , , , . , . O A 2004 11 2001, . A 17 N, Big Brother. , , , , , , . E A, N 2001 -

178

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

. , , M 2002, , 2004 POS ( ), ( ) . A , . , . B, M A, . A , , .

IA TO KAO MA O N T : ! ; A . E , M., . T , , M. . E , , , push , . T ( ) , . M

O MEAO AEO

179

M. (, , ). M. ( ) : K M., . light . , , . A , N 2001 . K P . , OTE X O o . , A, z , . H .

IAHMITIKH ATYNOMOKPATIAO 60 , . A , ( , ) . T , . b-movie E , They live -

180

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

consume () obey (). A ( ) , , . , ordinary people, (no party ..), . H . E . K , I.E.K. . , teenagers ( ) ( ) . - . M . H . , , . , .

EEON (ECHELON)The right of the people to be secure... against unreasonable searches... 4th Amendment, Constitution of the United States , ! K , .

O MEAO AEO

181

, . K , . K , . T , , Echelon. T Echelon . O Echelon , . A B , A X, A , , Echelon! T , , , . , , , , . T 1960 1988, 28 , 12 E K, E NSA (National Security Agency), . Echelon N.

182

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

Z David Lange, : ... E, , ... , , . H NSA Echelon, K PKK. O O E N, , Echelon, Menwith Hill B A. O E, A E P Echelon: . O Echelon, HA, M B, K, A N Z. Intelsat, Inmarsat . . M , , . A Echelon. , . E , Y . X , . M , , , -

O MEAO AEO

183

. E Y E , , , . T T Echelon , . E, A ! T Echelon NSA, , . H , . O HA ( NSA) . M B, A, K N Z. , I, N, N K T. H K , E. H T E. O , . NSA A HA, HA, , NSA... , . Echelon , ( ) , , fax . O , -. Echelon, , - , . T . K E . E HA

184

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

E . O , HA , N Z, K .. Echelon NSA NSA. , -, , . , .., K 2365, 8760, EOT 7714, 6969, B 6660 .. T , . T , Echelon . Echelon , , , . H (e-mail) , fax . T e-mail ASCII (A K A ) . , Echelon ASCII 69 99 104 101 108 111 110 01000101 01100011 01101000 01100101 01101100 01101111 01101110. O . A , . , . fax , , ASCII, . fax (OCR) . Echelon, .

O MEAO AEO

185

fax OCR ASCII. ASCII. , . A OCR, , fax , . M . E, . , : MORAY () SPOKE ( ) UMBRA ( ) GAMMA ( P) DRUID ( -UK, USA ) H : ALPHA-ALPHA B A K E. ECHO-ECHO A A A. INDIA-INDIA A E N. Z. UNIFORM-UNIFORM K E A E. OSCAR-OSCAR A E Y A ( Oscar). M , NSA, NSA . H E ,

186

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

! . Echelon / Echelon. H Schengen , : , . email URL web. E . M , . E ( ) OTE . M ( ) A, . K OTE , , , Echelon, OTE NSA , T. , . , , , , , .. , , . A .

ZHTEITAI... TIMA! ( , ...)

O MEAO AEO

187

. , Cheaters ( , ). A , . A ! H , ! A . A , , . A ! T , A. , ! H K , , . A . A . Z (!) , , weekend.

HEKTPONIKO XPHMAH , , , , (digital money). X, , , ( ) . T ; O ( , , ..) (smart multicard) (chip) , . ,

188

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

: O K T . O K, GAMK 30133001, T . T, , , T K. T , , ( , POS: Post On Sale, ) Y O, . A . , T TML20-34400165. K N (TCR-3440229) , , () . T ( ) ( A) . K , , , , ... A , . Y . O K , . T , B, ( BWLV-90145) LS A, T . T , , K, , K K, , . , ,

O MEAO AEO

189

.

AAOKPATEIPE KAI EIPATE TN MEDIAA 24 ( ), . M , media, (, ). CNN K K. A A CNN K Al Jazeera, CNN , Al Jazeera A, MME M ( 13 N K, , B M). HA . K . O , , . M M ABC, A USA Today E , A .

190

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

CNN K . H MME ( ) ( ) ... , , , M , HA A!

INIKO MONTEO: TZATIH N T ... I... X K, A I , , . , I , O, M K A K, M, B, HA, . A I, , , , , N Y 21 , . M , A . H , , . : ; H ,

O MEAO AEO

191

11 2001, , K . To , . E , E, HA , N K . , , . M, , .. Z M, . , , B, K, B , T ; M ; M ! M , ; A ! H , . K , I T P. E, , X B, E E K, ( , ) T, E, . , T , . A T K , . , , . O , ,

192

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

B, , . B M, B, M . M , - , , , -, .., ... O outcasts , ... , . E 1999 A. T K , N A K . O , , . B , , , ( M) I I 2001 N E - I T. K , MME (America on Line, Disney, Pearson ..) , - , .

KAMEPE, KAMEPE ANTOY!O , .

O MEAO AEO

193

, ., . ., . T, ., , , . N , ; T , , . H , ., , , . . ( , , ) , : ., , , , , , , , 78 . T ., !

APANANTE EPOOTEO , E., . M, , R.U.F. Insurance S.A., . O E. ad hoc . K , , . ; , . A E. o K, X .

194

OI 7 AIE TH AOKAYH

H computers , . O e-mails , , . K 2 A 1999 Elf Exploitation Productive .

OYNTO Ein Whrung, ein Markt, ein Fhrer ( N, A, A). P , . , ... , , , , , . 20 1 I 2002 , . , ,