7.1 rdehaf tho;f;if Kiwapd; gz;Gfs; G-8 P-II...ghl;LlDk;> rl;lq;fSf;Ff; fl;Lg; gl;L tho;tjw;Fk; cupa gapw;rp ghlrhiy %ykhfNt vkf;Ff; fpilf;fpd;wJ vd;gij ,jpypUe;J tpsq;fpapUg;gPu;fs;

22 ,ytrg; ghlE}y; ,ytrg; ghlE}y; ,ytrg; ghlE}y; ,ytrg; ghlE}y; ,ytrg; ghlE}y;

rdehaf tho;f;if vd;gJ kf;fs; kf;fSf;fhf tho;tjhFk;.

xUtiu xUtu; kjpj;J thoy; rpwg;ghdJ. kdpjd; r%fg;gpuhzp vd;w

tifapy; mtdhy; jdpj;J thoKbahJ. Nru;e;J thOk; gz;G mtdplj;jpy;

,ay;ghfNt cz;L. r%fj;jpYs;s xt;nthUtUf;Fk; gpwuJ cjtpAk;>

cgrhuKk; kpfTk; mtrpakhdjhFk;. r%fj;jpy; kdpju;;fsJ nraw;ghLfs;

gy;NtWtpjkhf mike;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Ntw;Wikfisf; nfhz;l

gue;j r%fj;jpy; kdpjd; mtdJ tpUg;gk; Nghy tho KbahJ.

r%fj;jpYs;s VidNahu;fsJ fUj;Jf;fs;> tpUg;G ntWg;Gf;fs;

njhlu;ghff; ftdk; nrYj;JtJ mtrpakhFk;.

,jw;fhfr; r%fj;jpy; epyTfpd;w gof;f tof;fq;fs;> rk;gpujhaq;fs;>

rl;ljpl;lq;fs; gw;wp mwpe;jpUg;gJ mtrpakhFk;. ,jd; %yk; kf;fs;

r%fj;jpd; eilKiwapid tpsq;fpf; nfhz;L nraw;glyhk;. vdNt

,g;ghlj;ijf; fw;gjd; %yk; cq;fSf;F rdehaf tho;f;if Kiwia

tpsq;fTk;> mjd; Kf;fpa gz;Gfis mwpe;Jnfhs;sTk; KbAk; mj;Jld;

FLk;gk;> ghlrhiy vd;gtw;wpYs;s rdehafg; gz;Gfs; gw;wpAk; r%fj;jpd;

gpuirfs; vd;w tifapy; rpWtu;fsJ cupik> flikfs; gw;wpAk;>

r%fj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F rdehaf tho;f;if Kiw cjTk; tpjk;

Fwpj;Jk; tpsf;fj;jpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;.

¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ rdehaf tho;f;if Kiwrdehaf tho;f;if Kiwrdehaf tho;f;if Kiwrdehaf tho;f;if Kiwrdehaf tho;f;if Kiw

rdehaf tho;f;if Kiw vd;gJ kf;fs; kf;fSf;fhfNt

thOtjhFk;> rdehafk; gw;wpa rpe;jid xU rpwe;j tho;f;if

KiwahfTk;> mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l KiwahfTk; tpsq;FfpwJ. mjhtJ

r%fj;jpy; thOk; xt;nthU gpuirAk; rfy topfspYk; xUtiu xUtu;

kjpj;J gu];guk; xw;WikahfTk;> rkhjhdkhfTk; tho;tNj rdehaf

tho;f;if vdg;gLk;. NkYk;> rkj;Jtk;> gu];guk; xj;Jioj;jy;> gof;f

tof;fq;fs;> rk;gpujhaq;fs; vd;gtw;iwg; gpd;gw;Wtjd; %yk; xt;nthU

jdpahSk;> r%fj;jpYs;s midtUlDk; xd;wpize;J tho KbAk;.

7.1 rdehaf tho;f;if Kiwapd; gz;Gfs;


ngUk;ghd;ikNahupd;

tpUg;gj;jpw;F

kjpg;gspj;jy;jiyikj;Jtj;ij

kjpj;jYk; mtw;Wf;Ff;

fPo;g;gbjYk;

nrhe;jf; fUj;Jf;fis

ntspaplYk; gpwu;

fUj;Jf;fis kjpj;jYk;

Ngr;Rthu;j;ij %yk;

gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;j;jy;

gu];guk; xj;Jiog;Gld;

fUkkhw;Wjy;

ey;nyhOf;fq;fisg;

gpd;gw;wp thOjy;

gpwuJ Rje;jpuq;fs; kPJ

jilfis

Vw;gLj;jhjpUj;jy;

ngsjPfr; #oiyg;

ghJfhj;jy;

rdehafrdehafrdehafrdehafrdehaf

tho;f;iftho;f;iftho;f;iftho;f;iftho;f;if

Kiwapd;Kiwapd;Kiwapd;Kiwapd;Kiwapd;

gz;Gfs;gz;Gfs;gz;Gfs;gz;Gfs;gz;Gfs;

rl;lq;fis kjpj;jYk;

mtw;Wf;Ff;

fPo;g;gbjYk;

r%fr; #oiy

ghJfhj;jy;

,q;F jdJ eyd;fspy; kl;Lk; mf;fiw nfhs;shJ> gpwu; eyd;fspy;

mf;fiwAlDk;> mu;g;gzpg;GlDk; tho;tNj Kf;fpakhd gz;ghFk;.

¬¬¬¬¬ rdehaf tho;f;if Kiwapd; gz;Gfsrdehaf tho;f;if Kiwapd; gz;Gfsrdehaf tho;f;if Kiwapd; gz;Gfsrdehaf tho;f;if Kiwapd; gz;Gfsrdehaf tho;f;if Kiwapd; gz;Gfs ;; ;; ;

rdehaf tho;f;if Kiw xd;wpDs; fhzg;glf;$ba Kf;fpa

gz;Gfshf gpd;tUtdtw;iw ehk; milahsg;gLj;jyhk;.

cU 7.1 rpukjhdk;cU 7.1 rpukjhdk;cU 7.1 rpukjhdk;cU 7.1 rpukjhdk;cU 7.1 rpukjhdk; cU 7.2 xt;nthUtUf;Fk;cU 7.2 xt;nthUtUf;Fk;cU 7.2 xt;nthUtUf;Fk;cU 7.2 xt;nthUtUf;Fk;cU 7.2 xt;nthUtUf;Fk;cjTjy;cjTjy;cjTjy;cjTjy;cjTjy;


Nkw;gb cUtpd; %yk; rdehaf tho;f;if Kiwf;F kpfTk;

mtrpakhd gz;Gfs; vitnad;gij tpsq;fpf; nfhz;bUg;gPu;fs;. ,tw;iw

vkJ tho;f;ifapy; Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L thOk;NghJ ehk; r%fj;jpy;

kjpg;Gs;s> rpwe;j gpui[ahf tpsq;fyhk;.

rdehaf tho;f;if Kiwia Vw;Wf;nfhz;l r%fkhdJ jdpr;rpwg;G

kpf;fjhFk;. mq;F gpd;tUk; Kf;fpa gz;Gfs; fhzg;gLk;. ,it r%f

Nkk;ghl;Lf;F cjTfpd;wd.

Mfpad gpujhd gpupTfshFk;

¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ Rafl;Lg;ghLRafl;Lg;ghLRafl;Lg;ghLRafl;Lg;ghLRafl;Lg;ghL

RaxOf;fj;Jld; thOjy; rdehaf r%fj;jpy; fhzg;glf;$ba

Kf;fpa gz;ghFk;. RaxOf;fj;Jld; thOjy; vd;gJ xUtu; jk;ik jhk;

thOfpd;w r%fj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhf khw;WtJ vd;W nghUs; nfhs;s

yhk; rup gpiofis mwpe;J nfhz;L vz;zq;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jpr;

nraw;gLjiy ,J Fwpf;fpwJ. RaxOf;fj;Jld; thOk; xUtu; vg;NghJk;

kjpf;fg;glf; $batuhthu;.

jhk; nra;Ak; nray;fs; njhlu;ghfr; Rakhf Muha;e;J> FLk;gk;

ghlrhiy kw;Wk; r%fj;jpdhy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l rk;gpujhaq;fs;>

topKiwfspd; gb mtu; tho;f;ifia mikj;Jf; nfhs;thu;.

01. ~~rdehaf tho;f;if Kiwapd; gz;Gfs; || vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy;

ghlrhiyr; Rtu;g;gyiff;F Mf;fk; xd;iw tiuaTk;.

02. rdehaf tho;f;if Kiwapd; gz;Gfis r%fj;jpy; ghJ

fhg;gjw;F Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba topKiwfs; Fwpj;Jj;

njspTgLj;jTk;.

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL I

Ngr;R thu;j;ijAk; ,zf;fg;ghLk;

Rafl;Lg;ghL

rl;lj;jpw;Ff; fPo;g;gbjy;

7.2 rdehaf tho;f;if Kiwapd; gz;Gfs;


Ra xOf;fkpd;wp thOk; NghJ mJ vkf;Fk; r%fj;Jf;Fk; ghjpg;G

Vw;glf; fhuzkhtNjhL ,J jpBu; Mgj;Jf;fis cUthf;Ftjw;Fk;

ghijfspy ; jilfis Vw ;gLj ;Jtjw ;Fk ; g pwiu kjpf ;fhJ

ele;Jnfhs;tjw;Fk; $lf; fhuzkhfyhk;.

NkYs;s cUf;fspy; Ra

xOf;fj ;Jld; nraw ;gLk ;

kf;fisf; fhzyhk;. ,t;thW

ehk; vkJ tho;tpy; vy;yhr;

re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; RaxOf;fj;

Jld; nraw;gl Ntz;bAs;sJ.

RaxOf;fj;ij ,oe;jtUf;F

jkJ tho;f;ifapd; Fwpf;Nfhs;

fis mila KbahJ Nghfpd;

wJ. Rafl;Lg;ghl;L xOq;Fld;

nraw;gly; jdpg;gl;NlhUf;Fk; r%fj;jpYs;s VidNahUf;Fk;

gaDs;sjhFk;. rpwe;j kdg;ghq;if Vw;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; fl;Lg;ghlhd

tho;Tf;Fupa rf;jpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Fk;> gpwUld; rpwe;j

njhlu;Gfisg; NgZtjw;Fk;> Vidatu;fsJ ey;yhrpfisg; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;tjw;Fk; ,aYkha; ,Uf;Fk;.

¬¬¬¬¬ rl;lj;jpw;Ff; fPo;g;gbjy rl;lj;jpw;Ff; fPo;g;gbjy rl;lj;jpw;Ff; fPo;g;gbjy rl;lj;jpw;Ff; fPo;g;gbjy rl;lj;jpw;Ff; fPo;g;gbjy ;; ;; ;

kdpjdplj;jpy; gy;NtWgl;l gz;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. cly;uPjpahd

gz;Gfs;> fyhrhug; gz;Gfs; vd;gtw;iw mtjhdpf;fyhk; ,e;j NtWgl;l

gz;Gfis Kiwahfg; ghJfhg;gjd; %yk; r%fj;ijg; NgZtjw;Fr;

rl;lq;fs; JizGupfpd;wd. rl;lq;fspd; %yk; kdpju;fspd; r%f

elj;ijfs; ghJfhf;fg;gLtJld;> mtu;fspd; ntsp elj;ijfs;

xOq;FgLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

rl;lq;fs; gw;wpa mbg;gil mwpit kdpju;fs; Kjypy;

FLk;gj;jpypUe;Nj ngWfpd;wdu;. ePz;lfhykhfg; gpd;gw;wg;gLk; FLk;gg;

gof;f tof;fq;fs; FLk;gr; rl;lq;fs; vd;w me;j];j;ijg; ngWfpd;wd.

ngw;Nwhupd; mDkjpapd;wp tPl;Lf;F ntspNa nry;yhjpUj;jy;>

ngw;Nwhupd; miog;Gf;Fr; nrtpkLj;jy;> ngw;Nwhupd; jiyikj;Jtj;ij

Vw;Wf; nfhs;sy;> FLk;g kuGfisg; ghJfhj;jy;> ngw;NwhUf;F

Ntiyfspd; NghJ cjTjy; Nghd;wd ,jDs; mlq;Ffpd;wd.

cU 7.3 g]; tz;bapy; tupirahfcU 7.3 g]; tz;bapy; tupirahfcU 7.3 g]; tz;bapy; tupirahfcU 7.3 g]; tz;bapy; tupirahfcU 7.3 g]; tz;bapy; tupirahfVWk; gpuahzpfs;VWk; gpuahzpfs;VWk; gpuahzpfs;VWk; gpuahzpfs;VWk; gpuahzpfs;


,t;thW FLk;gj;jpypUe;J Njhd;Wfpd;w mbg;gilf; fUj;Jf;fs;

gpd;G r%fj;jpd; nraw;ghLfSf;Fj; Njitg;gLtdthf mikfp;d;wd.

FLk;gj;jpDs; rl;lk; kw;Wk; rl;lj;jpw;Ff; fPo;g;gbjy; gw;wpa

mbg;gil mwpitg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; gps;is mLj;J ghlrhiyAld;

njhlu;G gLfpd;wJ. ghlrhiyapYk; gy;NtW xOq;F tpjpfs; fhzg;gLk;.

ghlrhiyia elj;Jjy;> khztu;fspd; ghJfhg;G> ghlrhiyapd;

Nehf;fq;fis miltJ njhlu;ghf mj;jifa rl;lq;fSk; xOq;F

tpjpfSk; mtrpakhFk;. cupa Neuj;jpw;F ghlrhiyf;F tUjy;>

ghlrhiyia tpl;L ntspNaWjy;> ghlrhiy Neuj;jpy; fy;tp

eltbf;iffspy; gq;Fgw;Wjy;> rPUilia mzpe;J tUjy;> mDkjpapd;wp

tFg;giwapypUe;Njh ghlrhiyapypUe;Njh ntspNa nry;yhjpUj;jy;>

Neu#rpf;Nfw;g ghlq;fisg; gapYjy;> ghlq;fisf; fw;gjw;F Nkyjpfkhf

tpisahl;L kw;Wk; Mf;fr; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLjy;> tpisahl;Lfspy;

gq;Fgw;wp mtw;wpd; rl;lj;jpl;lq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sjy; Mfpad

,tw;Ws; mlq;Ffpd;wd.

rl ;lj ;j pw ;Ff ; f Po ;g ;gbAk ;

mDgtj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F

tpisahl;Lf;fSk; vkf;Fg; ngU

kstpy; JizGupfpd;wd. eLepiy

ahfr; nraw;glTk;> Nghl;b eil

ngWk; topKiw njhlu;ghf mwpe;J

nfhs;sTk; mjDs; re;ju;g;gq;fs;

fpilf;fpd;wd. vdNt Rafl;Lg;

ghl;LlDk;> rl;lq;fSf;Ff; fl;Lg;

gl;L tho;tjw;Fk; cupa gapw;rp

ghlrhiy %ykhfNt vkf;Ff;

fpilf;fpd;wJ vd;gij ,jpypUe;J tpsq;fpapUg;gPu;fs;.

NkYk; gpui[ vd;w tifapy; r%fj;jpy; thOfpd;w mq;fj;jtu;fs;

r%fj;jpy; eilKiwapYs;s rl;ljpl;lq;fs; njhlu;ghf tpsf;fq;fisg;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. murhq;f epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; mtw;Wld;

njhlu;Gila rl;ljpl;lq;fs;> mit nraw;gLj;jg;gLk; tpjk; Fwpj;J

rl;lq;fis kjpj ;J elj;jy;> rl ;lj ;jpw ;F kjpg ;gspj ;jy;> vd;gJ

rl;lj;jpl;lq;fSf;F fPo;g;gbe;J nraw;gLtJ MFk;. rdehaf r%fj;jpd;

xt;nthU gpuirAk; rl;lq;fis kjpj;J elj;jy; mtrpakhdJ.

cU 7.4 tPjpr; rl;lq;fis kjpj;JcU 7.4 tPjpr; rl;lq;fis kjpj;JcU 7.4 tPjpr; rl;lq;fis kjpj;JcU 7.4 tPjpr; rl;lq;fis kjpj;JcU 7.4 tPjpr; rl;lq;fis kjpj;Jelj;jy;elj;jy;elj;jy;elj;jy;elj;jy;


njupe;J itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. murhq;fj;jpd; %yk; r%fj;ij

elhj;Jtjw;F Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s gy;NtW rl;ljpl;lq;fs; gw;wpAk;

mwpe;jpUg;gJ mtrpakhdJ. rl;ljpl;lq;fis kPWtjdhy; Vw;gLfpd;w

ghjpg;Gf;fs; Fwpj;Jk; mtjhdk; Njit> r%fj;jpDs; Ntiyfspy;;;

<LgLfpd;wtu;fs; fPNo fhzg;gLk; fhuzq;fSf;fhfr; rl;lj;jpw;F

fPo;g;gbtjid ePq;fs; mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;:

Nkw;gb fhuzq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ghu;f;Fk; NghJ

rdehaf gpui[fs; vd;w tifapy; rl;lq;fSf;Ff; fPo;g;gbe;J elg;gJ

xt;nthUtuJk; nghWg;Gk ; > flikAkhFk;. mJNt ehl ;bd;

epiyj;jpUj;jYf;Fk; fhuzkhFk;. rl;lq;fis kjpf;fhJ tho;tJ jkf;F

khj;jpukd;wp VidNahUf;Fk; ,ila+W jUtjyhy; rl;lj;jpw;F kjpg;gspj;J

fPo;g;gbe;J nraw;gl Ntz;bAs;sJ.

rl;lq;fspDs; fhzg;glf;$ba nghJthd gz;Gfshfg; gpd;tUtdrl;lq;fspDs; fhzg;glf;$ba nghJthd gz;Gfshfg; gpd;tUtdrl;lq;fspDs; fhzg;glf;$ba nghJthd gz;Gfshfg; gpd;tUtdrl;lq;fspDs; fhzg;glf;$ba nghJthd gz;Gfshfg; gpd;tUtdrl;lq;fspDs; fhzg;glf;$ba nghJthd gz;Gfshfg; gpd;tUtd

mike;Js;sd.mike;Js;sd.mike;Js;sd.mike;Js;sd.mike;Js;sd.

¬¬¬¬¬ Ngr;Rthu;j;ijAk; ,zf;fg;ghLk;Ngr;Rthu;j;ijAk; ,zf;fg;ghLk;Ngr;Rthu;j;ijAk; ,zf;fg;ghLk;Ngr;Rthu;j;ijAk; ,zf;fg;ghLk;Ngr;Rthu;j;ijAk; ,zf;fg;ghLk;

Ngr;Rthu;j;ijfs; %yk; ,zf;fg;ghl;Lf;F tUjy; rdehaf

Nkk;ghl;Lf;F mtrpakhdnjhU gz;ghFk;. Ngr;Rthu;j;ij %yk;

ve;jnthU tplak; njhlu;ghfTk; gy fUj;Jf;fs;> MNyhridfs;

Kd;itf;fg;gLk;. ,q;F Rje;jpukhff; fye;Jiuahb KbTf;F tUfpd;w

epiy Kf;fpakhdJ. jkJ fUj;Jf;fisj; jilapd;wp ntspg;gLj;J

tjw;Fs;s cupik gad; kpf;fJ. vkf;F fUj;J ntspaplTk;>

® rl;lk; r%fj;jpy; ey; xOq;fpid Vw;gLj;Jtjdhy;

® rl;lk; r%fj;jpYs;s vy;NyhUf;Fk; nghJthdjhf ,Ug;gjdhy;

® rl;lk; gpui[fspd; cupikfisAk; Rje;jpuq;fisAk;

ghJfhg;ghy;

® rl;lj;ij kPWk;NghJ r%fj;jpy; nfstuk; ,of;fg;gLtjdhy;

® rl;lj;ij kPwpdhy; jz;lidAz;L vd;w gaj;jpdhy;

® rl;lk; jdpg;gl;Nlhupd; ghJfhg;ig cWjp nra;fpd;wikahy;

® rl;lk; vy;NyhUf;Fk; nghJthdjhf ,Uj;jy;.

® rl;lq;fSf;F Kiwahd ePjpkd;wq;fNs tpsf;fkspj;jy;.

® rl;lq;fs; jz;lidfs; %ykhfNt eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLjy;.

® rl;ljpl;lq;fs;> tpjpfs; kpfTk; ntspg;gilahdjhf ,Uj;jy;.

® rl;lq;fs; r%fj;jpd; rpwe;j Nehf;fq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtjhf

,Uj;jy;.

® khw;wkilAk; r%f epiyikfSf;Fg; nghUe;jf;$badthf

,Uj;jy;.


fye;JiuahlTk; KbahjpUe;jhy; mJ

rdeha r%fj ;j pd ; gz;gd ;W

Rje;jpukhfTk;> jpwe;j mbg;gilapYk;

fye;Jiuahb Ngr;Rthu;j;ijfspy; <Lgl;L

,zf;fj;jpw ;F tUtJ rdehaf

r%fj;jpy; mikjpAk;> xw;WikAk;

cUthff; fhuzkhFk;.

rdehafg; gz;Gs;s r%fj;jpy;

thONthu ; gy ; NtW thjg ;

gpujpthjq;fspy; <LgLtu;. tpthjq;fSk;> fUj;Jf;fSk; NrUk;NghNj

cz;ik ntsptu KbAk;. fUj;JfSk; thjg; gpujpthjq;fSk; jLf;fg;gLk;

NghJ cz;ikfs; ntsptukhl;lh. Ngr;Rthu;j;ijapd; NghJ rfy

jug;gpduJ fUj;Jf;fSf;Fk; tha;g;G toq;fg;gLtJ Kf;fpa ,ay;G

MFk;.

vf;fhuzk; nfhz;Lk; vjpu;f;fUj;Jf;fs;> re;Njfq;fs;> tpku;rdq;fs;

kWf;fg;glNth> my;yJ jilnra;ag;glNth $lhJ. ve;j tplaj;ijAk;

Rje;jpukhfg; Ngrpj;jPu;f;Fk; gz;G jdpg;gl;NlhUf;Fk; r%fj;Jf;Fk; kw;Wk;

KO ehl;Lf;Fk; gad;kpf;fjhFk;.

Ngr;Rthu;j;ij %ykhf ,zf;fk; fhz;gJ kpfTk; rupahd

jPu;khdj;ij Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Ff; fhuzkhfyhk;. Ngr;Rthu;j;ijapd; NghJ

ngUk;ghd;ikapdupd; mgpg;gpuhaq;fSf;F kl;Lkd;wp cz;ikahd

fUj;Jf;fs; mtjhdj;JlDk;> xOq;FlDk; guprPypf;fg;gLfpd;wd. MfNt

Ngr;Rthu;j;ij my;yJ fye;Jiuahly; %yk; rfpg;Gj;jd;ik> kjpg;gspj;jy;>

myrp Muha;jy;> cz;ikfis Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy;> vijAk; tw;GWj;jhj

jd;ik Nghd;w gz;Gfs; Vw;gLtjdhy; mit rdehaf r%f

Nkk;ghl;Lf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jit vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

cU cU cU cU cU 7.5 fye;Jiuahb KbT7.5 fye;Jiuahb KbT7.5 fye;Jiuahb KbT7.5 fye;Jiuahb KbT7.5 fye;Jiuahb KbTnra;jy;nra;jy;nra;jy;nra;jy;nra;jy;

01. Rafl;Lg;ghL ,d;ikapdhy; Vw;glf; $ba ghjpg;Gfs; Fwpj;J

'FW ehlfk;" xd;iw Maj;jkhf;fp ebj;Jf; fhl;Lf.

02. ~~Ngr;Rthu;j;ij %yk; ,zf;fg;ghl;Lf;F tUtjdhy; gpur;rpid

fSf;Fj; jPu;Tfhzyhk;|| vDk; fUj;ij ntspg;gLj;jf;$ba rpWfij

xd;iw vOJf.

03. ~~rl;lj;jpw;F fPo;g;gbjy; rpwe;j gpuirfsJ gz;ghFk;.|| vDk;

jiyg;gpy;;;;; FOthfr; nraw;gl;Lf; fye;JiuahLf.

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL II


¬¬¬¬¬ FLk;gj;jpd; rdehafg; gz;Gfs FLk;gj;jpd; rdehafg; gz;Gfs FLk;gj;jpd; rdehafg; gz;Gfs FLk;gj;jpd; rdehafg; gz;Gfs FLk;gj;jpd; rdehafg; gz;Gfs ;; ;; ;

rdehafkhdJ FLk;gj;jpypUe;Nj Muk;gkhfpd;wJ. FLk;gk;

r%fj;jpd; mbg;gilahd mikg;G MFk;. r%f epWtdq;fspy; kpfr;

rpwe;jhfTk; mJ tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. jha;> je;ij> gps;isfs; MfpNahu;

mbg;gil mq;fj;jtu;fshtu;. mtu;fis tpl ghl;b> ghl;lh> rpwpaje;ij>

rpwpajha;> khkh> khkp Nghd;NwhUk; vkJ FLk;gj;Jld; njhlu;Ggl;Lf;

fhzg;gLtu;. ey;y njhlu;Gk;> cwTk; FLk;g tho;Tf;F mtrpakhfpd;wJ.

nghJthff; FLk;gj;jpYk; mNef rdehafg; gz;Gfs; ekf;Fj;

njupe;Njh njupahkNyh fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

Nkw;gb gz;Gfs; FLk;gj;jpy; fhzg;gLtjid ePq;fs; mwptPu;fs;.

FLk;gj;jpy; fhzg;glf; $ba Kf;fpa ,U rdehafg; gz;Gfshf md;Gk;

mutizg;Gk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ngw;NwhuplkpUe;Jjhd; ,it

fpilf;fg;ngWfpd;wd. ngw;Nwhupd; Ntz;LNfhs;fis Vw;gJk;> gps;isfspd;

fUj;Jf;fisg; ngw;Nwhu; Vw;Fk; jd;ikAk; FLk;gj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;.

ngw;Nwhu;fshy; gps;isfSf;Fk;>

g ps ;isfshy ; ngw ; NwhUf ;Fr ;

nra;ag ;glNtz;ba flikfSk ;

nghWg;Gf;fSk; cs;sd. ,tw;iwr;

ruptu epiwNtw;Wk; NghJ ngw;Nwhu;

gps;isfSf;F ,ilapyhd cwT

neUf;fkiltJld; FLk;gk; rdehafg;

gz;Gs;sjhfTk; khw;wkilAk;.

gps;isfshfpa vkf;F rdehafg; gz;Gfs; gw;wpa mbg;gil

mDgtk; FLk;gj;jpy;jhd; fpilf;fpd;wJ.

7.3 FLk;gj;jpYk;> ghlrhiyapYk; mtjhdpf;ff;$ba

rdehafg; gz;Gfs;

cU 7.6cU 7.6cU 7.6cU 7.6cU 7.6

mutizg;G md;G ghJfhg;G

Rje;jpuk; xw;Wik gzpTilik

tpl;Lf;nfhLg;G rkj;Jtk; xj;Jioj;jy;

cjtpGupjy; kjpj;jy; KbntLj;jy;

czu;r;rptrg;glhik


je;ijapd; jiyikj;Jtj;ij Vw;wy;> ngw;NwhuJ fUj;Jf;fisr;

nrtpkLj;jYk; kjpg;gspj;jYk;> czu;r;rptrg;glhik Nghd;w rpwe;j

rdehafg;gz;Gfs; FLk;g myFfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. FLk;gj;jpy;

vkf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; md;Gk;> ghrKk;

tho;f;ifapy; ngUksT nry;thf;Fr;

nrYj;Jfpd;wd.

rpwe;j gps;isfs; ngw;Nwhupd;

kdk; ghjpf;Fk; tifapy; vijAk; $w

khl;lhu;fs;. fijf;f Ntz;ba vy;yh

t plaq ;fisAk ; mtu ; fSld ;

ey;yKiwapy; fye;JiuahLtu;.

ngw;Nwhu; fUj;Jf;fis Muha;e;J ghu;j;J MNyhridfis

Vw;Wf;nfhs;tu; mjd;gbNa ,Wjpj; jPu;khdj;Jf;Fk; tUtu;. xspT

kiwtpd;wpf; fijj;Jg; Ngrf;$ba ,lk; FLk;gkhFk;. VjhtJ

tplaq;fisr; nra;tjw;F Kd; ePq;fSk; cq;fs; ngw;Nwhu;fSld; fye;J

NgrpaJ cq;fSf;F QhgfkpUf;fpwjh? NkYk; ve;jtplakhdhYk;

,zf;fj;JlDk; xj;Jiog;GlDk; nra;tjw;Fupa rf;jp FLk;gj;jpy;

fpilf;fpd;wJ. tPl;by; Ntiyfisj; jkJ Ntiyfshff; fUjp midtUk;

gq;Nfw;Wr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. FLk;gk; rpwe;J tpsq;Ftjw;fhfj; jk;khy;

KbAkhdijr; nra;tJ rpwe;j FLk;g cWg;gpduJ flikahFk;.

FLk;gj;jpy; elf;Fk; ew;fhupak;

vkJ ew ;fhu pakhFk; . vdNt

FLk;gj;jpd; rpwg;Gf;F ciog;gJ

vq;fsJ nghWg;ghFk;. ePq;fSk; xU

FLk;g cWg;gpdu; vd;w tifapy;

tPl;Lr;#oiyr; Rj;jkhf itj;jpUj;jy;>

cupa ,lq;fspy; nghUl;fis itj;Jg;

guhkupj;jy;> tpNuhjkdg;ghq;if ePf;fpr;

rfpg;Gj; jd;ikiaf; ifahSjy;

Nghd ;w tw ;iw Nkw ;nfhs ;s

Ntz;Lky;yth? FLk;gj;jpy; fhzg;glf; $ba kw;nwhU rdehafg; gz;G

Rje;jpukhFk;. ve;j tplaj;ijAk; Rje;jpukhff; FLk;gj;jpy; Ngrpj;jPu;khdpf;fyhk;.

vkJ nraw;ghLfisj; jilfspd;wpr; nra;tjw;Fupa Rje;jpuk; FLk;gj;jpDs;

fpilf;fpd;wJ.

cU 7.7cU 7.7cU 7.7cU 7.7cU 7.7

cU 7.8 xOq;fhff; fhzg;gLk; tPl;LcU 7.8 xOq;fhff; fhzg;gLk; tPl;LcU 7.8 xOq;fhff; fhzg;gLk; tPl;LcU 7.8 xOq;fhff; fhzg;gLk; tPl;LcU 7.8 xOq;fhff; fhzg;gLk; tPl;Lmiwapd; Njhw;wk;miwapd; Njhw;wk;miwapd; Njhw;wk;miwapd; Njhw;wk;miwapd; Njhw;wk;


ePq;fs; cq;fsJ tPl;by; ngw;Nwhu;> cwtpdu;fspd; mutizg;Gf;

fhuzkhf mjpf Rje;jpuj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpwPu;fs;.

KOikahd Rje;jpuj;ijg; ngWk; NghNj tho;f;ifAk; rpwg;ghf

mikAk;. Rje;jpuj;ij ehk; FLk;gj;jpy; mDgtpg;gjw;F mikjpAk;>

xw;WikAk; epyTtJ mtrpak;. Rje;jpuk; ,Ue;jhy; jhd; vkJ

tpUg;gq;fis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;s KbAk; vd;gij ,jpypUe;J ePq;fs;

tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tPu;fs;.

¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ghlrhiyapd; rdehafg; gz;Gfs; ghlrhiyapd; rdehafg; gz;Gfs; ghlrhiyapd; rdehafg; gz;Gfs; ghlrhiyapd; rdehafg; gz;Gfs; ghlrhiyapd; rdehafg; gz;Gfs;

FLk;gj;jpw;F mLj;jjhf ehk; kpfTk; njhlu;gpid Vw;gLj;Jk;

,lk; ghlrhiyahFk;. vkJ nraw;ghLfis mwpT> jpwd;> kdg;ghq;Ffis

tpUj;jp nra;J nfhz;L cyfpid tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sk; jskhfNt

ghlrhiy cs;sJ. FLk;gj;jpy; Nghd;W ghlrhiyapYk; gy rdehafg;

gz;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. cU 7.9 ,id mtjhdpg;gjd; %yk; rpy

Kf;fpa gz;Gfis ePq;fs; mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.

cU 7.9

ghlrhiyfspy;ghlrhiyfspy;ghlrhiyfspy;ghlrhiyfspy;ghlrhiyfspy;

fhzg;gLk;fhzg;gLk;fhzg;gLk;fhzg;gLk;fhzg;gLk;

[dehaf[dehaf[dehaf[dehaf[dehaf

gz;Gfs;gz;Gfs;gz;Gfs;gz;Gfs;gz;Gfs;

ghlq;fis

tpsq;Ftjw;F

Mrpupau;fsJ

cjtpfisg;

ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;

gu];guk;

khztu;fSf;F

,ilNa

cjtpfisr;

nra;jy;

rfpg;G jd;ikAld;

,Uj;jYk;

ngUk;ghd;ikapdupd;

fUj;ij kjpj;jYk;

Mrpupa-khzt

cwitr; rpwe;j

Kiwap;y; NgZjy;

ghlrhiyapd;

xOq;F

tpjpfSf;Ff;

fl;Lg;gl;L elj;jy;

ntw;wp

Njhy;tpfisr;

rfpj;Jf;

nfhs;sy;mjpgu;

Mrpupau;fs;

khztu;

jiyikj;Jtj;ij

kjpj;jy;

mikjpahd

topapy;

gpur;rpidfisj;

jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;sy;

fye;Jiuahbj;

jPu;khdq;fis

Nkw;nfhs;sy;


rdehafg; gz;Gfis Kiwahf tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fupa tha;g;G

ghlrhiyapd; fw;wy; nraw;ghLfs;> nghJ epfo;r;rpfs;> tpohf;fs;

Nghd;wtw;wpy; gq;FngWtjd; %yk; khztu;fshfpa vkf;Ff; fpilf;fg;

ngWfpwJ.

ntt;NtW FLk;gq;fs;> kw;Wk; r%fq;fspypUe;J tUk; khztu;fs;

xw;WikAlDk; rkj;Jtj;JlDk; ghlrhiyapy; nraw;gLtu;. ghlrhiyapd;

xOq;F tpjpfis Mrpupau;fSk; khztu;fSk; gpd;gw;wp elg;gu;. ghlE}y;fs;

toq;Fjy; tFg;giw trjpfis toq;Fjy;;;;. tpisahl;Lf;fspy; gq;Fgw;Wjy;

vd;gtw;wpy; rfy khztu;fSk; rkj;Jtkhf elj;jg;gLtu;.

ghlrhiyapy; khztu;fSf;F nghWg;Gf;fs; gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gl;L>

jiyikj;Jtk; toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mjidf; nfhz;L elj;jTk; my;yJ

fl;Lg;gl;L elf;fTk; ehk; goFfpd;Nwhk;. ,t;thW r%fj;Jf;Fg;

nghUj;jkhd mNef rdehafg; gz;Gfs; ghlrhiyr; r%fj;jpy;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

,g;gz;GfspypUe;J khztu;fshfpa ehk; gad;ngwNtz;baJ

mtrpakhFk;. ehis ey;y r%fg; gpui[ahf cUthFjw;F

ghlrhiyapy; rdehafg; gz;Gfisg; gpd;gw;wp thOfpd;w flik vk;kPJ

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

ngw;Nwhupd; cj;jkkhd nrhj;Jfs; gps;isfshtu;. ngw;NwhUf;F

khj;jpukd;wp ehl;bdJ %y tskhfTk; rpWtu;fs; tpsq;;Ffpd;wdu;.

eilKiwr; r%fj;jpd; vjpu;fhyr; nrhj;jhd rpWtu;fisg; Ngzpg;

ghJfhg;gJ r%fj;jpYs;s midtuJk; flg;ghlhFk;. r%fj;jpy; mjpf

mf;fiwiar; rpWtu;fs; kPJjhd; nrYj;jNtz;bAs;sJ. vdNt

gps;isfis Cl;b tsu;j;jy;> mutizj;jy;> jk;ik tpUj;jp nra;J

nfhs;tjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy; vd;gd %j;NjhuJ

flikfshFk;.

7.4 rpWtu;fs; vd;w tifapy; r%fj;jpy; vkJ

cupikfSk; flikfSk;

01. cq;fsJ FLk;gj;jpy; ePu; mtjhdpf;ff; $ba rdehafg;

gz;Gfisj; njhFj;J vOJf.

02. ghlrhiyapy; fhzg;glf; $ba vd;ndd;d rdehafg; gz;Gfs;

tho;Tf;F Vd;> mtrpak; vd;gij tpsf;Ff.

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL III


rkfhyj;jpy; rpWtu;fs; vd;Nghu; gjpndl;L tajpYk; Fiwe;j ,isa

gUtj;jpduhtu;. mg;gbahdhy; 8 Me; juj;jpy; gapYk; ePq;fSk; rpWtu;

vd;gjw;Fs; cs;slq;Ffpd;wPu;fs;. tsu;e;Njhiug; Nghd;W rpWtu;fSf;Fk;

cupikfs; cz;L vd;whYk; rpWtu;fs; kPjhd cupikfSk;> flikfSk;

jdpj;JtkhditahFk;.

rpWtu;fsJ cupikfs;> flikfs; njhlu;ghf ePz;lfhykhfg;;

Ngrg;gl;L te;Js;sJ. vdpDk; 1945 Mk; Mz;L If;fpa ehLfs; rig

cUthf;fg;gl;ljd; gpd;Ng kdpj cupikfs;> rpWtu; cupikfs; Fwpj;J

mjpf ftdk; jpUk;gpaJ. 1948 Mk; Mz;by; kdpj cupikfs; gpufldk;

Vw ;gLj ;jg ;gl ;lJ. Mdhy; r pWtu ;

cupikfs; njhlu;ghd rpWtu; cupikfs;

rkthak; 1989 Mk; Mz;L If;fpa

ehLfs; rigahy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l gpd;Ng

rpWtu;fs; Fwpj;j ftdk; cyfshtpa

u Pj pa py ; t pu ptile ;jJ. mtw ;iw

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl vkJ ehl;bYk;

1992 Mk; Mz;L rpWtu; cupikfs;

njhlu ; g hd Njr pa rhrdk ; ;

cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ru;tNjr uPjpahf

rpWtu;fspd; eyd;fisf; ftdpf;Fk;

If;fpa ehLfs; mikg;G Adpnrg; MFk;.

mjd; ,yr;rpdNa mUfpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

r pWtu ; fs pd ; cu pikfs ;

rkthaj;jpd; gb Mz;> ngz; NtWghbd;wp vy;yhr; rpWtu;fSk; nghJthf

Nehf;fg;gLtJ mtrpak;. rpWtu;fsJ nraw;ghL> ghJfhg;G> mgptpUj;jp

kw;Wk; gq;Fgw;wy; Mfpa mbg;gilfisf; nfhz;Nl rpWtu;fsJ cupikfs;

Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

rpWtu; cupikfSld; ,ize;j kw;WnkhU mk;rkhf rpWtu;fsJ

flikfs; tpsq;Ffpd;wd. cupikfSk; flikfSk; xU ehzaj;jpd;

,U gf;fq;fisg; Nghd;W xd;Wgl;litahFk;. xt;nthU cupikapd;

gpd;dzpapYk; flikfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rpWtu;fspd; rpwg;ghd

tho;f;iff;Fk; r%fj;jpd; njhopw;ghl;Lf;Fk; ,t;TupikfSk; - flikfSk;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wd. vdNt khztu;fshfpa ePq;fs; cq;fsJ

flikfisr; nra;tjd; %yk; cq;fsJ cupikfis mDgtpf;fyhk;.

rpWtu;fshfpa ePq;fs; gpwe;j ehs; Kjy; cq;fSf;Fs;s

cupikfisAk;> flikfisAk; ePq;fs; njupe;J itj;jpUg;gJ

mtrpakhFk;. gpd;tUk; ml;ltizapd; %yk; rpWtu;fspd; cupikfSk;

- flikfSk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

cU 7.10 Adpnrg; rpd;dk;cU 7.10 Adpnrg; rpd;dk;cU 7.10 Adpnrg; rpd;dk;cU 7.10 Adpnrg; rpd;dk;cU 7.10 Adpnrg; rpd;dk;


¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ rpWtu;fspd; cupikfs;

rka> fyhrhu topKiwfis

mDgtpg;gjw;fhd cupik

capu;tho;tjw;fhd cupik

eyd;fisAk; ngw;Nwhupd;

guhkupg;igAk; ngWtjw;fhd

cupik

ngw;NwhUld; thOtjw;Fk;

mtu;fSld; cwTfisg;

NgZtjw;Fkhd cupik

ghypay; J\;gpuNahfk;

Nghijg; nghUs;

J\;gpuNahfq;fspypUe;J

ghJfhg;Gg; ngWk; cupik

Rfhjhuj;ijAk; Rfhjhug;

guhkupg;igAk; ngWtjw;fhd

cupik

tpisahl;L> nghOJ Nghf;F

eltbf;iffspy; gq;Fgw;Wk;

cupik

tho;f;ifj; juj;ij

Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;fhd cupik

ghFghL fhl;lg;gLtjpypUe;J

ghJfhg;Gg; ngWk; cupik

Rje;jpukhff; fUj;J

ntspapLk; cupik

rpe;jid nra;tjw;Fk;

kdr;rhl;rpiag;

gpd;gw;Wtjw;Fkhd cupik

rpj;jputij> ,opthd

elj;ijfspypUe;J ghJfhg;Gg;

ngWk; cupik

fy;tpiag; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;tjw;fhd cupik


¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ rpWtu;fspd; flikfs;

ez;gu;fSld; xw;Wikahfg;

goFjy;

Mrpupau;fSf;F kupahij

nra;jy;

MNuhf;fpakhf thOjy;

ngw;NwhUf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;L

elj;jy;

FLk;gj;jpdiuAk;>

maytu;fisAk; Nerpj;jy;

jiyikj;Jtj;Jf;Ff;

fPo;g;gbjy;

r%fj;jpy; %j;Njhu;fis

kjpj;jy;

ey;nyhOf;fq;fisf;

filg;gpbj;J thOjy;

tyJ Fiwe;NjhUf;F cjtp

nra;jy;

Fw;wr; nray;fspy;

<LglhjpUj;jy;

Rw;whliyg; ghJfhj;jy;

gpuhzpfs;> capupdq;fs; kPJ

,uf;fk; fhl;Ljy;

nghJr; nrhj;Jf;fisg;

ghJfhj;Jg; guhkupj;jy;

rl;lq;fisAk;>

rk;gpujhaq;fisAk; kjpj;jYk;>

mtw;iwg; gpd;gw;wYk;

r%f Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy;

gq;nfLj;jy;


r%fk; rpwg;ghf ,aq;Ftjw;Fk;> epiyj;jpUg;gjw;Fk; rdehaf

tho;f;if KiwNa fhuzkhfpd;wJ. rdehafg; gz;Gs;s r%fj;jpypUe;Nj

rpwe;j gpui[fs; cUthf;fpd;wdu;. gpd;G mtu;fs; r%f mgptpUj;jpfspy;

gq;Nfw;fTk; nra;fpd;wdu;. r%fg;gw;Ws;s> mf;fiwAs;stu;fis

cUthf;FtNj ,jd; ,Wjp ,yf;fhFk;.

rdehaf mgptpUj;jpf;Fk; cupikfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;Fkhd

kf;fspd; mikg;G 8Mk; juj;jpy; fy;tpf;fw;Fk; ghlrhiy khztu;fs;

kj;jpapy; ~~rdehaf tho;f;if Kiw|| vDk; fUg;nghUspd; fPo; ehlshtpa

uPjpapy; elj;jpa fl;Liug; Nghl;bapy; ntw;wpngw;w khztu;fspd;

Mf;fq;fspypspUe;J rpy gFjpfs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;iw

thrpj;jwpe;J r%fj;jpd; epiyj;jpUj;jYf;F rdehaf tho;f;if Kiwapd;

mtrpak; Fwpj;J ePq;fs; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;syhk;.

¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ egu;fspilNa cwTfisf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;egu;fspilNa cwTfisf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;egu;fspilNa cwTfisf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;egu;fspilNa cwTfisf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;egu;fspilNa cwTfisf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;

FLk;g cwtpdu;fspilNa rpwe;j njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpf;

nfhs;tjw;Fr; rdehaf tho;f ;if Kiw gw;wpa kdg;ghq;F

cs;stu;fSf;Nf KbAk;. jkJ FLk;gj;jpYs;stu;fSf;Fr; nra;a

Ntz;bAs;s flikfisr; ruptur; nra;J mtu;fSld; neUf;fj;ij

Vw ;gLj ;j pf ; nfhs ;syhk ; . jkJ ntw ;w pf ;fhf khj ;j pukd ;w p

KOf;FLk;gj;jpdJk; ntw;wpf;Fk; Kd;Ndw;wj; jpw;Fk; ,jd; %yk; gq;fspg;Gr;

nra;ayhk;.

,t;thW rpWtu;fshfpa vkf;F cupikfSk;> flikfSk;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. cupikfSld; thOfpd;w NghNj vkJ tho;T rpwg;ghf

mikAk; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

7.5 r%fj;jpd; epiyj;jpUj;jYf;Fr; rdehaf

tho;f;if Kiwapd; mtrpak;

01. fPo;f; fhzg;gLk; ,lq;fspy; rpWtu; cupikfs; eil

Kiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; tpjk; Fwpj;Jk; mtw;wpy; epiwNtw;w Ntz;ba

flikfs; Fwpj;Jk; tpsf;Ff.

(m) ghlrhiy (M) FLk;gk;

(,) tPjpfs; (<) gazpfs; thfdq;fspy;;

02. rpWtu; cupikfs; kPwYf;Fs;shtjpypUe;J ghJfhg;gjw;F

Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba toptiffs; Fwpj;J xU fl;Liu tiuf.

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL IV


cU 7.11 FLk;gj;jpdu;; czT Ntisapy;cU 7.11 FLk;gj;jpdu;; czT Ntisapy;cU 7.11 FLk;gj;jpdu;; czT Ntisapy;cU 7.11 FLk;gj;jpdu;; czT Ntisapy;cU 7.11 FLk;gj;jpdu;; czT Ntisapy;

rdehaf tho;f;ifKiwia tpsq;fpf;

nfhz;ltu;fs; jkJ FLk;gj;jpd;

ghJfhg;Gj; njhlu;ghf mtjhdj;

Jld; tho;tu;. FLk;g cwtpdu;

fspilNa fUj;Jf;fisg; gupkhWjy;

kpfTk; rpwg;ghf ,lk;ngWk;- eltbf;

iffs; njhlu;ghfj; jPu;khdq;fis

Nkw;nfhs;sTk; nra;tu;. FLk;g

mq;fj;jtu;fspd; cupikfisg;

ghJfhj;Jf; nfhz;L eilKiwr;

r%fj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd etPd

gpuirfshfj ; jk ;ik Mf;f pf ;

nfhs;tu;. mtu;fspd; %yk; cwtpdu; fSf;Fk; r%fj;jtu;fSf;Fk;

Gupa Ntz;ba flikfs;> nghWg;Gf;fis epiwNtw;Wtjp;y; mf;fiwAld;

nraw;gLtu;. re;ju;g;gj;jpw;Nfw;gTk;> FLk;gj;jtu;fSf;Fk; Vida

cwtpdu;fSf;Fk; kw;Wk; r%fj;jpdUf;Fk; cjTgtu;fshf tpsq;Ftu;.

mtu;fsJ jdpg;gl;l Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhf ciof;Fk; mNjNeuk; gpwUld;

ey;Ywit tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;sTk; Kaw;rpnra;tu;.

NkYk; rdehaf tho;f;if Kiwia tpsq;fpf; nfhz;ltu;fs;>

jkJ maytu;fSld; el;GwTld; nraw;gLtjw;F Kw;gLtu;. maytu;fspd;

RfJf;fq;fspy; gq;nfLj;Jr; rkj;Jtkhf nraw;gLtu;. r%fj;jpd;

mq;fj;jtu;fSld; gpur;rpidfs;> Kuz;ghLfis Vw;gLj;jhJ rfpg;Gj;

jd;ikAld; thOtu;. mj;Jld; cz;ikia czu;e;J nfhs;tjw;F

cjTgtu;fshfTk; tpsq;Ftu;. rfy gpur;rpidf;Fupa re;ju;g;gq;fspd;

NghJk; eLepiyAld; ele;Jnfhs;tu;. ,t;thwhd rdehafg;

gz;Gs;stu;fs; maytu;fis kjpg;gjw;Fk; Mjupg;gjw;Fk; gpwupd;

MNyhridfis Vw;Wr; nraw;gLtjw;Fk; Kay;tu;. ,t;thW rpwe;j

gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l kdpju;fisNa ehk; ~~ew; gpui[fs;|| vd;W miof;

fpd;Nwhk;.

¬¬¬¬¬ gu];guk; rfpg;Gj;; jd;ikAld; thOjygu];guk; rfpg;Gj;; jd;ikAld; thOjygu];guk; rfpg;Gj;; jd;ikAld; thOjygu];guk; rfpg;Gj;; jd;ikAld; thOjygu];guk; rfpg;Gj;; jd;ikAld; thOjy;

r%fj;jpy; egu;fSf;Fk;> FOf;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa Vw;gLk; mNef

Kuz;ghLfs; gpwuJ fUj;Jf;fSf;F kjpg;gspf;fhikapdhYk;

gpur;rpidAld; rk;ge;jg;gl;ltu;fs; rfpg;Gj;jd;ik nfhs;shikahYNk

Njhd;Wfpd;wd. gpwupd; fUj;Jf;fSf;Fr; nrtpkLj;J Muha;e;J gy

gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. rfpg;Gj;jd;ikapdhy; jdp;g;gl;Nlhu;

jkJ fUj;Jf;fis xspTkiwtpd;wp ntspapLtjw;Fk; re;ju;g;gk;

fpilf;fpd;wJ.


re;Njfq;fSk; fUj;JfSk; Kuz;gLk; NghJ cz;ik kiwf;fg;

gLfpwJ. ,jdhy; rfpg;Gj;jd;ikAk; fUj;Jf;fis Vw;Fk; gz;Gk; ,y;yhJ

Nghfpd;wJ. mj;Jld; jdpg;gl;ltu;fsJ nfsutKk; r%fj;jpd; nfsutKk;

ghjpf;fg;gLtjw;Fk; ,J fhuzkhf mikayhk;.

¬¬¬¬¬ r%fg;ghJfhg;ig cWjp nra;jyr%fg;ghJfhg;ig cWjp nra;jyr%fg;ghJfhg;ig cWjp nra;jyr%fg;ghJfhg;ig cWjp nra;jyr%fg;ghJfhg;ig cWjp nra;jy ;; ;; ;

rdehafg; gz;Gs;s gpuirfsplj;jpy;

fhzg;glf;$ba Kf;fpa gz;Gfspy; r%fj;jpd;

ghJfhg;G Fwpj;J mf;fiw nfhs;tJk;

xd;whFk;. r%fj;jpy; thOk; xt;nthUtUk;

jkJ ghJfhg;Gf; Fwpj;J mf;fiwAld;

nraw;gLtJ vd;gJ ,ay;ghdJ. mJ Nghd;Nw

r%fj;jpd; ghJfhg;G Fwpj;Jk; ftdk; nrYj;j

Ntz;Lk;. jkJ r%fr; #oypYs;sitfs;

kw;Wk; r%fj;jpy; thOk; egu;fs; njhlu;ghf

mwpe;J itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; %yk;

vjpu;ghuhj tpjkhf Vw;glf;$ba Mgj;Jf;

fs py pUe ;J jk ;ikAk ; r%fj ;ijAk ;

ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.

r%f tpNuhjr; nray;fs; eilngWkhapd; mit njhlu;ghfr;

rk;ge;jg;gl;ltu;fSf;F mwptpg;gJ flikahFk;. Fwpg;ghf kf;fs; gpuahzj;jpd;

NghJk; Vida re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; mtjhdj;Jld; nraw;gl Ntz;bAs;sJ.

,t;thW r%fj;jpYs;s xt;nthUtUk; jk;;ikAk; jhk; rhu;e;Js;s

r%fj;ijAk; ghJfhj;J cWjpg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; ciof;f Ntz;baJ

mtrpakhFk;.

¬¬¬¬¬ jiyikj;Jtj;jpw;F fPo;g;gbe;J elj;jy;jiyikj;Jtj;jpw;F fPo;g;gbe;J elj;jy;jiyikj;Jtj;jpw;F fPo;g;gbe;J elj;jy;jiyikj;Jtj;jpw;F fPo;g;gbe;J elj;jy;jiyikj;Jtj;jpw;F fPo;g;gbe;J elj;jy;

rupahd jiyikj;Jtj;ij Vw;W kjpj;J elg;gJ rdehaf tho;f;if

Kiwapd; kw;nwhU gz;ghFk;. me;je;j ,lq;fspy; eilngwf;$ba

fUkq;fis ntw;wpfukhf epiw Ntw;Wtjw;Fj; jiyikj;Jtk;

mtrpakhFk;. FLk;gk;> ghlrhiy> r%fk; vd vy;yh ,lq;fspYk;

jiyikj;Jtk; fhzg;gLk;. khztu;fshfpa ehk; jiyikj;Jtq;fis

kjpj;J elg;gJ flikahFk;. tPl;by; je;ijf;Fk;> %j;jtu;fSf;Fk;

fPo;g;gbtJld; ghlrhiyapy; mjpgu;> Mrpupau;fs;> khztu; jiytu;fSf;Fk;

fPo;g;gbtjd; %yk; epiwthd mDgtq;fis ehk; ngwyhk;.

cU 7.12cU 7.12cU 7.12cU 7.12cU 7.12


NkYk; ghlrhiyapy; eilngWk; gy;NtW epfo;Tfspy; FOthfr;

nraw;gLk; NghJ jiyikj;Jtk; tfpg;gjw;Fk; mjd; fPo;r; nraw;gLtjw;Fk;

tha;g;Gf;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd. ghlrhiy kd;wq;fs;> tpisahl;L Nghl;bfs;

NghJ jiytu;> nrayhsu;> nghUshsu Nghd;w jiyikj;Jtg; gapw;rp

ghlrhiyfs; %yk; toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. xU Gwk; jiyikj;Jtj;ij

Vw;Wr; nraw;gLtjw;Fk; kWGwk; jiyikj;Jtj;Jf;Ff; fPo;g;gbtjw;

FupaJkhd gapw;rpfs; ghlrhiyapy; fpilf;fpd;wd.

Nkw;gb ve;jr; nraw;ghlhapDk;> mjid epiwNtw;Wtjw;Fk;>

mtw;wpy; ntw;wp fhz;gjw;Fk; jiyikj;Jtk; kpf kpf mtrpakhFk;.

jiyikj;Jtkpd;wpr; r%fj;jpd; ve;jnthU xOq;fikg;Gk; FOf;fSk;

nraw;gLtJ fbdk;. vdNt jiyikj;Jtg; gz;Gfs; gpuirfs;

xt;nthUtUf;Fk; mtrpakhdit. mjd; %yk; jhd; jiyikj;Jtq;fis

Vw;Wr; nraw;gLj;jTk; my;yJ jiyikj;Jtj;Jf;Ff; fPo;g;gbe;J

fl;Lg;ghl;Lld; elg;gjw;Fk; topgpwf;Fk;.

01. ~~rdehaf tho;f;if %yNk rpwe;j gpuirfs; cUthfpd;wdu;||

vDk; jiyg;gpy; fhiy Muhjidf; $l;lj;jpy; Ngr;R xd;iw

epfo;j;Jf.

02. rfpg;Gj; jd;ikAld; thOjy; gpur;rpidfSf;Fj; jPu;Tfhz;gjw;F

cjTtjw;fhd fhuzk; MFk; tpsf;Ff.

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL V

rhuhk;rk;

v rdehaf tho;f;if Kiwapd; %yk; rpwe;j r%f m i k g ; i g

Ngzyhk;. mjid cUthf;fpf; nfhz;L nraw;gLtJ xt;nthU

gpui[fspdJk; nghWg;ghFk;.

v r%fk; cWjpahf epiyj;jpUg;gjw;F rdehafg; gz;Gfs; epiwe;jjhf

mika Ntz;Lk;.

v rpwe;j Mspilj; njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;Jtjd; %yKk;> Rafl;Lghl;Lld;

tho;tjd; %yKk; rl;lq;fSf;Ff; fPo;g;gbjy; %yKk; rpwe;j r%f

tho;f;ifia milayhk;

v rdehafk; FLk;gj;jpypUe;J Muk;gpj;J ghlrhiy kw;Wk; r%f

epWtdq;fSf;F tpuptile;J KOik ngWfpwJ.

v r%fj;jpd; vjpu ;fhyg; gpui[fshd rpWtu;fs; Ngh\pj ;Jg ;

ghJfhf;fg;gLtJld; mtu;fsJ cupikfSk; cWjp nra;ag;gl

Ntz;Lk;. rpWtu;fshfpa ePq;fs; cupikfisg; ngWtjw;Fk;

tha;g;Gf;fis Vw;gLj;jpj; jUtJ r%fj;jtu;fspd; nghWg;ghFk;.

Documents

7.1 rdehaf tho;f;if Kiwapd; gz;Gfs; G-8 P-II...ghl;LlDk;> rl;lq;fSf;Ff; fl;Lg; gl;L tho;tjw;Fk; cupa gapw;rp ghlrhiy %ykhfNt vkf;Ff; fpilf;fpd;wJ vd;gij ,jpypUe;J tpsq;fpapUg;gPu;fs;