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Subject Index

Abatement options, 140Above-ground biomass, 209, 215

Advancing gasifier system, 108

Afforestation,203204,206,209,213214,

216217, 220, 222224, 228, 230, 233

Air

capture, 2831, 3334

devices, 28

-sea exchange, 241, 260

Albedo shield, 15

Algal blooms, 269270, 273Alternative Energy Sources, 1

American Clean Energy and Security

Act, 5254, 59

Aquifier contamination, 106, 123

Arable

soils, 187, 189

systems, 186

Arctic

marine environment, 285Ocean, 285287, 292

methane, 286

river plumes, 287

sea-ice, 257

Asia Pacific Partnership on Clean

Development and Climate, 68, 70

Atmospheric carbon dioxide

concentration, 10

AustralianCoal Association, 74

storage projects, 86

Bending zone, 113

Benthicinvertebrates, 266systems, 265

Big energy resources, 23

Biochar, 195197, 200production, 196197

Biodiversity, 266

BioenergyInfrastructure Scheme, 213scenarios, 211

Biogenic calcium carbonate, 256Biological

carbon pumps, 253

pump, 240, 251, 255, 269, 274Biomass, 16, 2122, 25, 233

production, 233Black

carbon, 195196

coal, 7274utilisation, 74

shales, 168

British Cement Association, 127,132133Brown coal, 26, 72, 82, 85Budget for carbon dioxide emissions, 11

Bunter Sandstone, 159, 171Buoyancy trapping, 159, 164

Calcifying organisms, 262Callide oxy-fuel project, 83

Capand trade, 47, 50, 52, 68

scheme, 47, 50, 52system, 225

rock, 158, 160, 162163, 172

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302 Subject Index

Capping rock, 114

Carbon

accumulation, 184

Capture and Storage Directive, 145

capture ready, 45

cycle, 179180, 183

exchange, 207

fixation, 244

flux, 229

leakages, 225

markets, 221

neutral, 56

neutrality, 3233

offset credits, 225offsets, 206, 233

Pollution Reduction Scheme, 68

pools, 181, 206208

and fluxes, 181

sequestration,192,204,206,211,

214215, 219, 222223, 230231,

234

in forests, 223

Leadership Forum, 68, 70potential, 192, 214

rates, 206, 219

strategy, 230

sink, 211, 221, 226, 229

sinks in wood products, 230

storage, 8, 89, 218, 223

in forests, 218

project, 89

Taskforce, 72

tax, 47, 50, 54, 56

trading, 221

Trust, 204

uptake, 210, 214, 223224, 227228

benefits, 228

costs, 223

in trees, 214

Carbonate

counter pump, 253, 255256

saturation state, 261system, 260

Carbon-cycle engineering, 13

Carbonic acid, 10, 179, 242

Carboniferous limestone, 157

Carbon-negative Class 3, 50

Carbon-neutral energy, 19

Carbon-offset services, 224

Carbon-sequestration

rates, 233

strategies, 191

Caved zone, 113

CCS

budget, 118

costs, 43

in Australia, 65, 67

incentives, 50

retrofit, 5758

Cementfrom Clinker, 131

kilns, 130

manufacture, 129, 134, 138, 140

plant

costs, 142

performance, 144

production, 130

Sustainability Initiative, 133

Centre for Low Emission Technology, 78Charcoal, 188

Chlorophyll, 246247, 249

Classes 1, 2 and 3 (carbon positive)

CCS, 46, 50

Class 3B CCS, 56

Clathrate gun, 289, 295

Clean Coal

Council, 73

Fund, 73

CleanDevelopmentMechanism,220,224

Climate, 1, 2, 8, 1213, 15, 18, 27,

42, 46, 67, 112, 127128, 132,

148, 185, 212, 217, 226, 232

Change, 1, 2, 8, 1213, 15, 18, 27,

46, 217

Act 2008, 127, 132, 212

benefit, 46

Levy in 2001, 127

mitigation, 217, 226Programme, 212

policy, 232

Clinker, 130131, 138, 140

CO2 tax, 52

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Subject Index 303

CoalBed Methane Recovery, 167estimates, 26gasification, 27, 78

plant, 81insustainabledevelopment,71,7475,78India, 111reserves, 102, 105

Cold-water corals, 268Commercial

viability of CCS, 97-scale

CCS, 99storage sites, 98

Committee on Climate Change, 132Common Agricultural Policy, 204Commonwealth

Offshore Petroleum and GreenhouseGas Storage Act 2006, 92

Scientific and ResearchOrganisation (CSIRO), 75

Conference of the Parties, 128Controlled

gasification of underground coal, 107retractable injection point, 104Coolimba Power Project, 82Cooperative Research Centre for

Greenhouse Gas Technologies, 76Corals, 266, 268Corporate Commercial Strategy, 137Cost

of syngas, 106penalty for CCS, 47

for CCS, 42CSIRO, 7576, 79, 8586Cumulative

carbon uptake, 210CO2 emissions, 46

Death rates in coal mines, 106Decarbonisation, 33, 42, 45, 4647, 59Decarbonising the transportation

sector, 33

Decomposition, 180, 182185, 187188rate, 184185

Deep saline aquifier, 72, 114Deforestation, 219220, 229Deglaciation events, 289

Denison Trough, 84Depleted oil and gas fields, 174Diagenesis, 156Dimethyl sulfide, 263, 269

Directcapture of CO2 from air, 28Connect Network, 148

Directional drilling, 108109, 122technology, 109

Dissolvedinorganic carbon, 241organic material, 243

Drainage, 187

Earth Summit in Rio in 1992, 126Economic case for UCG, 105Ecosystem function, 266El Nino, 252253, 259

Southern Oscillation, 252Index, 259

Emissionsallowances, 54

performance standards, 50, 52

trading, 56, 59scheme, 50, 59Energy

carriers, 15, 17consumption, 6demands, 5intensive

industries, 132Users Group, 127

sources, 1516

supply sector, 5uses, 15

EnhancedCoal Bed Methane Recovery, 167Gas Recovery, 166hydrocarbon recovery, 165Oil Recovery, 46, 51, 89, 112, 137, 165shale-gas production, 168

EnvironmentalImpact

Assessment, 147, 172173Directive, 147

of energy, 7Liability Directive, 147Risk Assessment, 115

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304 Subject Index

Erosion, 188

EU Emissions Trading

Scheme, 43, 47, 49, 5254, 135,

137, 143

Directive, 145

Energy Package, 150

European Cement

Association, 127

industry, 132

Research Academy, 133

Eutrophication, 274

Fault tree, 118

Fertilise the ocean, 13

Fire, 188189, 191, 195196

Flue Gas

Desulfurisation, 143

scrubber, 29

Forest

carbon, 227

ecosystems, 206, 208, 226

fires, 219

management, 203, 216, 228, 232plantations, 234

regeneration, 232

Forestry

and land-use changes, 212

-based carbon sequestration, 227

Commission, 206, 231

to mitigate climate change, 205

Forum for the Future, 133

Fossil energy, 23Fracture porosity, 157

Fractured zone, 113

Fusion energy, 17

FuturGas, 83

Gaias breath, 289

Gas hydrate, 169

formation, 165

stability zone, 288Gasification

channel, 108

reactor zone, 119

Geo-engineering, 1315, 30

Geological

Characterisation, 171

formations, 148

sequestration, 90, 114

storage, 86, 155, 158

Geosequestration, 87, 91, 94

Geothermal, 22

Global

Carbon Capture and Storage Initiative,

51

cooling, 14

Institute for Carbon Capture, 70

warming, 3, 14, 286, 289, 292, 294295

Gob gas, 167

Gorgon

Joint Venture, 83

project, 94

Grassland, 187, 190

soils, 187

Greenhouse

effect, 198

Gas

and Geological Sequestration Act2008, 96

Storage Act 2009, 95

storage potential, 94

gases, 126, 197

Gulf Stream, 251

Hazelwood 2030 project, 85

Horizontal slab aquifiers, 165

Hub & Spoke Network, 148Hybrid cars, 33

Hydrate

exploitation, 291

reservoirs, 290

stability

envelope, 288

zone, 287

Hydro

-dynamic trapping, 158-gasification process, 108

Hydroelectricity, 20

Hydrogen economy, 119

Hypoxia, 273

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Subject Index 305

Imperial College Centre for CCS, 60

Injectionboreholes, 107system, 108

Injectivity, 112, 113In-seam drilling of coal, 108Integrated Pollution Prevention and

Control Directive, 145Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

Change (IPCC), 42, 112

International Energy Agency, 41, 58,128, 132, 156, 173

Greenhouse Gas Programme, 156

IPCC report on Carbon Capture andStorage, 27

Joint Statement by G8 EnergyMinisters, 51

Kuroshio Current, 251Kyoto Protocol, 67, 69, 126, 127, 203

La Nina, 253

Lake Nyos and Lake Monoun incidents,173

Land use, 231change and forestry, 213

LargeCombustionPlantDirective,135,146

Latrobe Valley Post CombustionCapture Project, 85

Leakage, 173

Legal zones of the sea, 138Legislative framework for CCS, 91Lignite, 71

Mallik hydrate field, 291Marine

Arctic, 287biodiversity, 267invertebrates, 265

nutrients, 263

pelagic and benthic organisms, 261

pH, 260phytoplankton, 263

primary production, 274productivity, 269

snow, 255, 256

Measurement, Monitoring and

Verification (MMV), 172

Meltwater, 259

Metamorphic rocks, 156, 169

Methane, 22, 114, 155, 167, 169,

197198, 285290, 292, 295

cycle, 295

emissions, 114

hydrates, 169, 285, 287288, 290, 295

in the Arctic, 289

in the Arctic Ocean, 292

oxidation, 286

Methanogenesis, 286287, 292295

Microbialbiomass, 182, 185, 187, 197

methanogenesis, 288, 292294

Mineral trapping, 161, 164

Mobile

carbon pool, 3, 4, 11

Monash Energy, 81

NationalLowEmissionCoalInitiative,72

Net Primary Production, 181, 182Nitrogen fertiliser, 186

Nitrous oxide, 197, 198

North Atlantic Oscillation, 253

Nuclear

energy, 23, 24, 35

fission, 24

Nutrients, 249, 258, 263, 269

Ocean

acidification, 11, 260, 265, 267, 274

carbon

cycle, 268269

pool, 4

pumps, 250

sink, 257

uptake, 269

carbonate chemistry, 240

circulation, 251conveyer belt, 249

currents, 19, 20

ecosystems, 268269

productivity, 241

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306 Subject Index

sink, 256

stratification, 257thermal energy, 23tides, 19

ventilation, 251warming, 257waves, 19

Oceaniccalcification, 263

phytoplankton, 249

uptake, 242Oil and gas fields, 165Organic carbon pump, 253255, 263

Oxy-combustion, 61, 141, 144Oxy-fuel, 5758, 61, 72, 150151combustion, 150151

plants, 58retrofit, 57

Oxygen depletion, 269, 273, 274

Pacific Decadal Oscillation, 253Partial capture process, 49

Peat, 185, 187190

erosion, 189Peatland soils, 184

Pelagic systems, 262Performance standards, 52Permafrost, 169, 285, 291292, 294295

Permeability, 72, 114115, 118, 157158,160, 163, 165, 169

Phase behaviour of CO2, 158

Photosynthesis, 179180, 243, 246Photosynthetic

organisms, 247, 269

plankton, 247planktonic micro-organisms, 255response, 244

Photovoltaic cells, 25Phytoplankton, 243244, 246247,

249, 258, 263, 269270, 273

primary production, 258

Pilot-scale CCS demonstrations, 85

Plant production, 180Plume, 160, 162, 163, 172

Policy development, 41Porosity, 160, 165

Portland cement, 129, 131

Post-combustion capture, 45, 5758,

60, 7778, 141, 144, 146, 151Pre-combustion capture, 58, 60, 78, 140Primary

porosity, 156157production, 244245productivity, 257

Project Ramsay, 121122Public awareness, 174

Quantitative risk assessment, 117

Radiative forcing, 286

Reforestation, 203Renewableenergy, 205

Obligation Certificates, 56Reservoir

pressure, 162

rock, 158, 163simulations, 172

Residual gas trapping, 160, 164

Resource pyramid, 169170

RetrofittingCCS, 57, 60

of CO2 capture, 45oxyfuel technology, 57

Revelle factor, 251

Risk assessment, 115, 172Riverine input, 261Rock

characteristics, 156permeability, 113pores, 156

Royal Commission on EnvironmentalPollution, 132

Rural Development Programme, 213

Safe level of carbon dioxide, 11Saline aquifiers, 156, 158159, 161162,

168, 171, 174Salt cavern storage, 168

Sea-ice, 287, 291, 293295Seawater

carbon chemistry, 242pH, 242

Secondary porosity, 157

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Subject Index 307

SectoralCCS standard, 54

performance standard, 5556Sedimentary

basins of Australia, 8990rocks, 156sites, 89

Shale gas, 167Shelf pump, 252Sherwood Sandstone, 159Soil

carbon,4,183185,189190,192195,199sequestration potential, 192195, 199

stocks, 185, 189erosion, 188microorganisms, 179organic matter, 180182respiration, 180183, 187, 198

Solarelectric power, 25energy, 2325, 35

conversion, 25flux, 25

radiation, 16Solubilitypump, 240241, 250252trapping, 160, 164

Southern Annular Mode, 253Stern

Report, 127Review, 204

Storagecapacity, 114, 170171

reservoir, 163Stratigraphic traps, 158Structured What If Technique, 118Subsidence, 106, 116, 123Sulfate aerosols, 13Supercritical

CO2, 103fluid, 105state, 115, 122

Sustainable

DevelopmentCommission, 205Task Force, 134

energy, 3, 35infrastructure, 3

Syngas, 30, 7879, 82, 102, 106107,111, 120, 123

Synthesis gas, 30, 102

Terra Preta, 13, 22, 196, 197Thermal stratification, 258Tidal energy, 19Tillage, 187Tranches

for commercial-scale integratedCCS deployment, 45

model, 44Transport Network, 149Tropical

deforestation, 220forests, 219

UKCarbon Capture and Storage

Consortium, 60CCS Competition, 150Climate Change Act, 128Committee on Climate Change, 42, 148

Emissions TradingGroup, 127Scheme, 127

Renewables Obligation, 50Ukrainian forests, 208Underground Coal Gasification,102103,

105, 119, 168Partnership, 105natural gas storage, 155

United Nations Framework Convention

on Climate Change, 67Upwelling, 257258

WasteFramework Directive, 146streams, 9, 10

WaterFramework Directive, 116, 147inflow, 113ingress, 165

-gas shift reactions, 31, 79Wave energy, 19Wind, 21Woodland

development, 212

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308 Subject Index

expansion, 214soils, 190

WorldBusiness Council on Sustainable

Development, 133, 136Energy Outlook, 41

population, 4

Zero

Emission

Kiln, 141

power plants, 27

Technology Platform, 54

Gen, 8081

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