A course of English in Agriculture Tác giả: Lê Thị Thanh Chi Nguồn gốc: ĐH Ngoại ngữ - ĐH Huế Mã, 2009

8/13/2019 A course of English in Agriculture Tc gi: L Th Thanh Chi Ngun gc: H Ngoi ng - H Hu M, 2009

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FNKNXUS^ GL ME]HIUNGK IKE USINKNKB

J]M HG@@MBM GL IBSNH]@U]SM IKE LGSMXUS^

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I HG]SXM GL

MKB@NXJnk IBSNH]@U]SM

Hgursm Emsnbkmr1 @M UJN UJIKJ HJN (F.I )

J]M93/3??:

www.eiydmfquykjgk.uhgz.hgf

www.lihmcggd.hgf/eiydmf.quykjgk


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I hgursm gl Mkb`nsj nk Ibrnhu`turm ` bng trkj tnkb Ikj hjuyk kbkj h tj

ekb `f tn `nu bnkb ey hjg snkj vnk kbkj djuyk kkb, kbkj kkb `f dt jp v

`f tn tnu tjif djg hjg hh kbkj jh v Kkb @f h ck kj1 trkb trt, `f vk,

d tjut kkb `f ... hi trkb n Jh Kkb @f v n Jh X _jf (kbkj d

tjut Kkb @f).

Bng trkj ky h cnk sgk trk hs snkj vnk jh qui hjkb trkj tnkb

Ikj h ck4 h vk dnk tjh h ck v kb pjp tnkb Ikj v dnk tjh h ck v hh

hjuyk kbkj `nk quik k hy trkb v vt kun4 snkj vnkh kju hu pjt trnk d

kkb h, vnt v ehj tnkb Ikj hjuyk kbkjkkb `f. Eg fh hj hibng trkj

`1

Bnp snkj vnk `f qumk vn vk pjgkb tnkb Ikj djgi jh d tjut.

Sk `uyk d kkb h jnu hh vk ck djgi jh.

Hukb hp hjgsnkj vnk hh t, tjut kb hjuyk kbkj.

@uyk tjh jkj vnt v ehj ft s hu trh kb pjp tjkb bp.

\n n tkb hi bng trkj ` snkj vnk kf tj 8 trkb n Jh Kkb @f Ju v

tjn `kb ekj hjg fk jh `


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@ UjUjikj Hjn

UIC@M GL HGKUMKUX

_ibm

]knt 91 _`ikt (9) .............................................

]knt 31 _`ikts (3) .......................

]knt 81 Xgn`s..............

]knt 51 Ritmr nk tjm Xgn` ...........

]knt =1 @nvmstghd ...................

]knt 8

>=

93 Nk tjm lnrst stibm gl bmrfnkitngk tjm prnfiry rggt, gr rienh`m, mfmrbms. Ujmk tjm stmfpusjms nts wiy upwire uktn` nt ippmirs icgvm tjm surlihm gl tjm sgn`. It tjm sifm tnfm tjm rggtsystmf brgws egwkwire, ike cmbnks tg sprmie tjrgubj tjm sgn`. Nk tjm mir`y stibms gl




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=

emvm`gpfmkt tjm smme`nkb empmkes mktnrm`y gk tjm lgge stgrme nk tjm smme cut is sggk is tjm lnrst`mivms irm prgeuhme, nt ns ic`m tg fikulihturm lgge lgr ntsm`l. Ujm smme`nkb cmbnks pjgtgsyktjmsns.

9?Kmxt tjm pìkt mktmrs tjm stibm gl ripne brgwtj. Nk tjns stibm gl tjm `nlm hyh`m, tjm pìktcmbnks tg brgw tg nts lu`` snzm. Rjmk nt ns fiturm mkgubj, nt l`gwmrs, ike wjmk tjns jippmkspg``nkitngk ike lmrtn`nzitngk irm rmiey tg tidm pìhm. Nk tjm prghmss gl pg``nkitngk tjm pg``mk ns

hirrnme cy wnke gr nksmhts lrgf tjm stifmks tg tjm stnbfi gl tjm hirpm`. Nt bmrfnkitms gk tjmstnbfi ike brgws egwk tjm sty`m nktg tjm gviry, wjmrm lmrtn`nzitngk tidms pìhm.

(Ieiptme lrgf "tjm `nlm hyh`m gl i pìkt", Mkb`nsj nk Ibrnhu`turm, Iìk Fguktlgre)

NN. Hgfprmjmksngk qumstngks1

9. Mxpìnk tjm enllmrmkhms cmtwmmk ik ikkui`, i cnmkkni` ike i pmrmkkni`.

3. Lrgf tjm icgvm tmxt, nklmr tjmsm stitmfmkts irm trumgrli`sm1

i. Cmlgrm i smme bmrfnkitms nt ns nk i egrfikt stitm.

c. Rjmk tjm tmfpmriturm `mvm` ns rnbjt i smme wn`` bmrfnkitm.

h. Nl smmes irm ernme it tgg jnbj i tmfpmriturm tjmy wn`` kgt enm.

e. Nl tjm sgn` ns tgg ery smme wn`` kgt bmrfnkitm.

m. Ujm tmfpmriturm gl wmt sgn`s ns jnbjmr tjik tjit gl wm``-erinkme sgn`s.

l. Egrfikt smmes hikkgt stiy i`nvm nk i cie`y erinkme sgn`.

b. Ujm rggt systmf lgrfs cmlgrm tjm stmf ippmirs icgvm tjm surlihm gl tjm sgn`.

j. Ujm smme hgktinks mkgubj lgge tg kgurnsj tjm smme`nkb uktn` tjm lnrst mivms irmprgeuhme.

NNN. \ghicuìry1

9. Nk piribripj 2, `nkm 9 tjnsrmlmrs tg1

i. tjm `nlm hyh`m gl i pìkt.

c. tjm bmrfnkitngk gl i smme.

h. tjm rnbjt tmfpmriturm `mvm`.

3. Nk piribripj 2, `nkm 8 tjnsrmlmrs tg1

i. tgg jnbj i tmfpmriturm.

c. tjm erynkb gl smmes.

h. tjm hgkentngk tjit smmes fust cm i`nvm.

8. Nk piribripj 9?, `nkm 8 tjns jippmkrmlmrs tg1

i. wjmk tjm pìkt cmbnks tg brgw tg nts lu`` snzm.

c. wjmk tjm pìkt mktmrs tjm stibm gl ripne brgwtj.

h. wjmk tjm pìkt l`gwmrs.

5. Smwrntm tjm lg``gwnkb smktmkhms rmpìhnkb tjm wgres prnktme nk nti`nhs wntj mxprmssngkslrgf tjm tmxt wjnhj jivm tjm sifm fmiknkb.




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. / Ujm spgrms gl ensmism grbiknsfs ìke gk tjm pìkt. It tjm sifm tnfm tjmy irm dn``me cytjm lukbnhnem wjnhj jis cmmk spriyme gr eustme gk tg tjm pìkt surlihms. (is sggk is,wjn`m, cmlgrm)

9?. / Xgfmtnfms tjmrm ns tgg fuhj witmr nk tjm sgn`. Gk tjmsm ghhisngks nt fust cm erinkmegll. (iltmr, uktn`, wjmk)

MZMSHNXM C1 Unfm mxprmssngks (3)1 Ujmk, eurnkb, tjrgubjgut, prngr tg, lnrst

Hgfpirm tjm lg``gwnkb smktmkhms wntj ygur ikswmrs tg Mxmrhnsm I. Nl tjm smktmkhms jivmipprgxnfitm`y tjm sifm fmiknkb put i tnhd nk tjm cgx, nl kgt put i hrgss. Ujm lnrst twg jivm cmmkegkm lgr ygu.

9. _rngr tg tjm smme`nkb fikulihturnkb lgge lgr ntsm`l, nt usms up tjm lgge stgrme nk tjm smme.

3. Ujm prghmss gl pjgtgsyktjmsns cmbnks ike tjmk tjm ygukb sjggt ippmirs icgvm tjm surlihmgl tjm brguke.

8. Gxybmk hgfcnkms wntj ike crmids egwk tjm virngus hgfp`mx subirs prngr tg mkmrby

cmnkb rm`misme.

5. Ujrgubjgut tjm tnfm tjit egrfikt smmes irm nkihtnvm tjmy usm vmry `ntt`m inr.

=. Ujm ygukb rnhm pìkts irm trikspìktme tg tjm pieey lnmès ike tjmk tjmy irm brgwk nkkursmrnms lgr i lmw wmmds wjmrm prgpmr hirm hi cm bnvmk tg tjm smme`nkbs.

. Nl tjm spgrms gl ensmism grbiknsfs ìke gk tjm pìkt tjmy irm dn``me cy tjm lukbnhnemwjnhj jis cmmk spriyme gr eustme gk tg tjm pìkt surlihm.

9?. Nl tjmrm ns tgg fuhj witmr nk tjm sgn` nt fust cm erinkme gll.

MZMSHNXM H1 Mxprmssngks gl embrmm1 tgg ike mkgubj

_irt 91Smwrntm tjm lg``gwnkb smktmkhms usnkb tgg ike fidm iky gtjmr hjikbms tjit irmkmhmssiry. Ujm lnrst twg jivm cmmk egkm lgr ygu.

(i) Ujm sgn` wis ery sg tjm smme hguè kgt bmrfnkitm.

Gr Ujm sgn` wis tgg erylgr tjm smme tg bmrfnkitm.

(c) Ujm sgn` wis jmivy ike hìymy ike, is i rmsu`t, nt wis uksuntic`m lgr rggt hrgps.

Gr Ujm sgn` wis tgg jmivyike hìymytg cm suntic`m lgr rggt hrgps.

9. Ujm sgn` pirtnh`ms irm lnkm sg tjm witmr hikkgt pmrhgìtm misn`y tjrgubj tjm sgn`.

3. Cmhiusm tjm sgn` wis hgfpiht, nt wis kgt suntic`m lgr rggt hrgps.

8. Xgn` imritngk wis nkiemquitm ike hgksmqumkt`y tjm pìkt hguè kgt rmhmnvm i prgpmrsupp`y gl gxybmk.




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5. Is i rmsu`t gl tjm `ike cmnkb witmr`gbbme, nt wis kgt pgssnc`m tg prgeuhm i jmi`tjy hrgp.

=. Ujm sgn` prgln`m wis sg sji``gw tjit nt hgu`e kgt bnvm tjm rggts sullnhnmkt ikhjgribm.


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>

Lnburm 9. Ujm `nlm hyh`m gl i pìkt

Lrunt ike smme prgeuhtngk

_jgtgsyktjmsns cmbnks

_ìkt l`gwmrs

Xmme enspmrsi`

Emhiy gl vmbmtitnvm pirts

_g``nkitngk ike lmrtn`nzitngk

Xtibm gl ripne vmbmtic`m brgwk

Bmrfnkitngk

MZMSHNXM C1

@ggd it tjm lg``gwnkb stibms nk tjm brgwtj gl i pìkt (tjm Lrmkhj cmik)1

I. Ujm smme ns egrfikt. (stibm 9)

C. Bmrfnkitngk cmbnks

Ujm smme icsgrcs witmr. (stibm 3)

Ujm smme swm``s. (stibm 8)H. Ujm rienh`m mkìrbms (stibm 5)

Ujm rienh`m cursts tjrgubj tjm tmsti. (stibm =)

E. Ujm rienh`m m`gkbitms. (stibm


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9?

L. Ujm jypghgty` pu``s tjm hgty`megks gut gl tjm mirtj.

B. Ujm pùfu`m rmfinks cmtwmmk tjm hgty`megks. (stibm >)

Ujm jypghgty` strinbjtmks. (stibm 9?)

Ujm hgty`megks smpiritm. (stibm 99)

J. Ujm hgty`megks pjgtgsyktjmsns lgr i lmw eiys. (stibm 93)

Ujm hgty`megks sjrnvm`. (stibm 98)

Ujm hgty`megk li`` gll. (stibm 95)

_irt 91 Unfm hìusms ike tjm hgkaukhtngks wjmk, is, iltmr, cmlgrm, uktn`

Kgw rmie tjmsm mxifp`ms ike tjmk hgfp`mtm tjm smktmkhms1

Mxifp`m1 Ujm smme rmfinks egrfikt uktn` bmrfnkitngk cmbnks.

Rjmk tjm smme icsgrcs witmr, nt swm``.

9. Rjmk tjm rienh`m mkìrbms, ......

3. ...... , ìtmri` rggts emvm`gp.

8. Rjmk tjm jypghgty` brgws, ......

5. Ujm pùfu`m rmfinks cmtwmmk tjm hgty`megks uktn` ......

=. ...... , tjm hgty`megks smpiritm.


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99

Iltmr tjm smme ns egrfikt, ntbmrfnkitm.

Gr Iltmr egrfikhy, tjm smme bmrfnkitm/ Bmrfnkitngkghhurs.

Cmlgrm tjm ìtmri` rggts emvm`gp,tjm rienh`m m`gkbitms.

Gr Cmlgrm emvm`gpfmktgl tjm ìtmri` rggts, tjm rienh`mm`gkbitms /M`gkbitngkgl tjm rienh`m tidms pìhm.

Is tjm smme bmrfnkitms, nt icsgrcswitmr. Gr Eurnkb bmrfnkitngk, tjm smme icsgrcs witmr /Icsgrptngk gl witmr ghhurs.

Kgw hgpy ike hgfp`mtm tjns tic`m. @ggd up wgres nk ygur enhtngkiry wjmrm kmhmssiry.

\mrc Kguk

Icsgrc

Egrfikt

Emvm`gp

Bmrfnkitm

Mkìrbm

Brgw

Xmpiritm

_jgtgsyktjmsnzm

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

SMIENKB UMXU1

Hgfp`mtm tjm lg``gwnkb tmxt cy ln``nkb nk tjm cìkd spihms wntj tjm mxprmssngks bnvmk

cm`gw. I egttme `nkm ... rmqunrms i pjrism tg cm ieeme ike i strinbjt `nkm WWWW rmqunrms i wgre.Sggt systmf

hgèmr

smmes

tmfpmriturm

bmrfnkitngk (8 tnfms)

egwkwires

kgt

`nlm

up

ripne brgwtj

tgg jnbj

tgg fuhj

tmsti

pjgtgsyktjmsns

`ntt`m fgnsturm

nk tjm sgn`

witmr ike inr

emstrgyme

fiy cm rmeuhme

sullnhnmkt inr

tmfpmriturm `mvm`

lgge fikulihturm

wm``-erinkme sgn`s

empmkemkt gk tjm lgge stgrm

smhgkeiry rggts

surlihm gl tjm sgn`

fiturm

Ujm lnrst stibm nk tjm `nlm hyh`m gl i pìkt ns WWWW . Hmrtink hgkentngks irm kmhmssiry lgr WWWWtg ghhur. Lnrst`y, tjm WWWW fust cm i`nvm. Nl smmes irm ernme it ... i tmfpmriturm, tjm witmrhgktmkt nk tjm smmes ... tgg fuhj ike hmrtink mssmktni` prgtmnks WWWW . Xmhgke`y, tjm ifgukt glfgnsturm nk tjm sgn` fust cm rnbjt. Nl tjmrm ns tgg ... nk tjm sgn`, smme wn`` kgt bmrfnkitm.




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93

Jgwmvmr, nl tjmrm ns ... witmr nk tjm sgn`, smme wn`` WWWW bmrfnkitm mntjmr cmhiusm wmt sgn` tmketg cm WWWW tjik ernmr, .... Ujns ns tjm tjnre hgkentngk kmhmssiry lgr bmrfnkitngk tg ghhur. Ujm... gl tjm sgn` fust cm rnbjt. I lgurtj hgkentngk hgkhmrks tjm ifgukt gl inr ... I wmt, cie`yerinkme sgn` fiy ìhd ... lgr smmes tg bmrfnkitm. Ujus, wm fiy siy tjit WWWW gk`y jippmksukemr tjm rnbjt hgkentngks4 wjmk tjmrm ns WWWW, sullnhnmkt ..., ike tjm rnbjt WWWW .

Ujm lnrst stibm nk tjm bmrfnkitngk gl, lgr mxifp`m, i cmik ns tjm sp`nttnkb gl tjm WWWW. Ujmrienh`m mfmrbms ike stirts tg brgw WWWW. Kmxt, tjm hurvme pùfu`m cmbnks tg brgw WWWW tgwiretjm `nbjt. Fmikwjn`m, tjm ... ns cmbnkknkb tg sprmie tjrgubj tjm sgn`. Nk tjmsm mir`y stibm glemvm`gpfmkt, tjm smme`nkb ns mktnrm`y ... nk tjm smme. Iltmr tjm ygukb pìkt jis crgdmk tjm ...ike tjm lnrst `mivms irm prgeuhme .... cy WWWW hik cmbnk. Cy tjns tnfm, cm`gw tjm sgn` surlihm... irm emvm`gpnkb. Ujm pìkt ns rmiey tg cmbnk tjm stibm gl ... eurnkb wjnhj nt brgws tg nts lu``WWWW snzm.

Kmw wgres ike mxprmssngks1

-cnmkkni` (k.)1

-pmrmkkni` (k.)1

-cir`my (k.)1

-turknps (k.)1

-bmrfnkitngk (k.)1

-egrfikt (iea.)1

-fgnsturm (k.)1

-wm``-erinkme sgn`1

-sullnhnmkt (iea.)1-rienh`m (k.)1

-tjm surlihm gl tjm sgn`1

- smme`nkb (k.)1

- fikulihturm (v.)1

-pjgtgsyktjmsns (k.)1

-pg``nkitngk (k.)1

-pg``mk (k.)1

-stifmk (k.)1

-stnbfi (k.)1

-hirpm` (k.)1

-gviry (k.)1

-lmrtn`nzitngk (k.)1

(hy) jin kf

(hy) ù knk, kjnu kf

n fhj

hy hhn

sky ff

kf nf `f, djkb jgt kb, kb

f

t tnu tjgt tt

, y rff, rhgk

cft t trkb

hy hgk, hy bnkb

sk xut

quikb jp

stjpjk

jt pjk

kjjgi

kf kjy (jgi)

` kgk

cu kjy

stjpjk




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98

-trikspìktme1

-pieey lnmè1

-kursmrnms1

-ynmè (k.)1

-spgrms (k.)1

-ikhjgribm (k.)1

-hgirsm (iea.)1

-smme enspmrsi`1

-m`gkbitm (v.)1

- tmsti (k.)1

-jypghgty`s (k.)1

-hgty`megk (k.)1

-sjrnvm` (v.)1

h hy vg

hkj kb ì kh

rukb f

sk `kb

cg t

scf hjt

tj

spjt tk jt

dg en ri

vkbgn hi jt, vch

tren ` ff

` ff

kjk kjmg, xgk `n

--- ?g? ---




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95

@IKB]IBM X]FFIS^

]snkb ievmrc hìusms tg sjgw tnfm rmìtngksjnps1

iltmr (i)Iltmrsjm brieuitms, sjm wn`` bmt i agc.

(c)Iltmrsjm (jie) brieuitme, sjm bgt i agc

I prmsmkt tmksm, kgti luturm tmksmns usme nk ik ievmrc hìusm gl

tnfm. Kgtnhm mxifp`m (c) ike (e).cmlgrm (h) N wn`` `mivm cmlgrmjm hgfms.

(e) N (jie) `mlt cmlgrmjm hifm.

wjmk (m) RjmkN irrnvme, jm wis ti`dnkb gk tjm pjgkm.

(l) RjmkN bgt tjmrm, jm jie i`rmiey `mlt.

(b) Rjmknt cmbik tg rink, N stgge ukemr i trmm.

(j) RjmkN wis nk Hjnhibg, N vnsntme tjm fusmuf.

(n) RjmkN smm jnf tgfgrrgw, N wn`` isd jnf.

Rjmk 6 it tjit tnfm

(kgtnhm tjm enllmrmkt tnfmrmìtngksjnp mxprmssme cy tjmtmksms)

Rjn`m

Is

(a) Rjn`mN wis wi`dnkb jgfm, nt cmbik tg rink.

(d)IsN wis wi`dnkb jgfm, nt cmbik tg rink.

Rjn`m, is 6 eurnkb tjit tnfm

Cy tjm tnfm (`)Cy tjm tnfmjm irrnvme, wm jie i`rmiey `mlt.

(f)Cy tjm tnfmjm hgfms, wm wn`` i`rmiey jivm `mlt.

Cy tjm tnfm 6 gkm mvmkt nshgfp`mtme cmlgrm ikgtjmr mvmkt.(kgtnhm tjm usm gl tjm pist pmrlmhtike luturm pmrlmht nk tjm finkhìusm)

Xnkhm (k) N jivmkt smmk jnfsnkhmjm `mlt tjns fgrknkb. Xnkhm 6 lrgf tjit tnfm tg tjmprmsmkt. (Kgtnhm tjm prmsmktpmrlmht ns usme nk tjm fink hìusm)

]ktn`

t n ` `

(g) Rm stiyme tjmrm uktn`wm lnknsjme gur wgrd.

(p) Rm stiyme tjmrm tn``wm lnknsjme gur wgrd.

]ktn`, tn`` 6 tg tjit tnfm ike tjmk

kg `gkbmr (tn`` ns usme prnfirn`y nkspmidnkb ritjmr tjik wrntnkb)

Is sggk is

Gkhm

(q)Is sggk isnt stgps rinknkb, wm wn`` `mivm.

(r) Gkhmnt stgps rinknkb, wm wn`` `mivm.

Is sggk is, gkhm 6 wjmk gkmmvmkt jippmks, ikgtjmr mvmktjippmks sggk iltmrwires.

Is gkb is

Xg gkb is

(s) N wn`` kmvmr spmid tg jnf ibink is `gkb isN `nvm.

(t) N wn`` kmvmr spmid tg jnf ibinksg `gkb isN `nvm

Is sggk is, sg `gkb is 6 eurnkbi`` tjit tnfm, lrgf cmbnkknkb tgmke.

Rjmkmvmr

Mvmry tnfm

(u) RjmkmvmrN smm jmr, N siy jm``g.

(v)Mvmry tnfmN smm jmr, N siy jm``g.

Rjmkmvmr 6 mvmry tnfm

Ujm ln rst tnfm

Ujm ist tnfm

Ujm kmxt tnfm

(w) Ujm lnrst tnfmN wmkt tg Kmw ^grd, N wmkt tg ik gpmri.

(x) N siw twg pìys tjm ìst tnfm N wmkt tg Kmw ^grd.

(y) Ujm kmxt tnfm N bg tg Kmw ^grd, Nf bgnkb tg smm ici``mt.

Ievmrc hìusms hik cm nktrgeuhmecy tjm lg``gwnkb1

lnrstUjm smhgke tnfm

tjnreìstkmxt




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9=

L]SUJMS _SIHUNHM

I.Hgfp`mtm tjm lg` `gwnkb. _iy ittmktngk tg vmrc tmksms.

9. @ist knbjt N wmkt tg cme iltmr N WWWWWWWWW fy jgfmwgrd.

3. Ugknbjt N wn`` bg tg cme iltmr N WWWWWWWWWWWWWW fy jgfmwgrd.

8. Mvmr snkhm N wis i hjnè, N WWWWWWWWW ilrine gl egbs.

5. Aikms hgktiht `mks pgppme gut wjn`m sjm cisdmtci``.

=. Cm surm tg rmrmie ygur hgfpgsntngk lgr mrrgrs cmlgrm ygu WWWWWWWWWW nt nk tgtjm tmihjmr tgfgrrgw.

. Cy tjm tnfm N `mivm tjns hnty, N WWWWWWWWWWW jmrm lgr lgur fgktjs.

9?.Rjmkmvmr Fird WWWWWWWWWW ikbry, jns kgsm bmts rme.

99.N WWWWWWWWWW tg tjm cmihj wjmkmvmr tjm wmitjmr wis lnkm, cut kgw N egktjivm tnfm tg eg tjit cmhiusm N jivm tg stuey.

93.Rm wn`` jivm i cnb pirty wjmk WWWWWWWWWWWWW.

98.Ujm kmxt tnfm N WWWWWWWWW tg Jiwinn, Nf bgnkb tg vnsnt Fiuki @gi, tjmwgrè ìrbmst vg`hikg.

95.N jie lrnme hjnhdmk tjm ìst tnfm N WWWWWWWWWWW it tjit rmstiurikt.C.Hgfp`mtm tjm lg``gwnkb smktmkhms. _ukhtuitm hirmlu ` `y. _iy ittmktngk tg vmrc

tmksm usibm.

9. Aust is N wis li``nkb is`mmp ìst knbjt ..............................................................

3. N`` jm`p ygu wntj ygur jgfmwgrd is sggk is N ...............................................

8. .................................................... is `gkb is N `nvm.

5. Aust cmlgrm N ................................................................

=. Ujm ìst tnfm N .............................................................


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9 Ujm `mivms, wntj tjmnr crgie surlihms, irm tjm fink pirts gl tjm p`ikt wjmrmpjgtgsyktjmsns ghhurs (smm Lnburm 3)




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Lnburm 3._jgtgsyktjmsns n``ustritme enibriffitnhi``y

9? I vmry nfpgrtikt lmiturm gl tjm `mil struhturm ns tjm prmsmkhm gl `irbm kufcmrs gl tnkypgrms (stgfiti) gk tjm surlihm gl tjm `mil (smm Lnburm 8)

Ujmrm irm usui``y tjgusikes gl stgfiti pmr squirm hf gl `mil surlihm. Mihj pgrm (stgfi) nsgvi`-sjipme ike surrgukeme cy twg buire hm``s. Rjmk tjm buire hm``s irm turbne (lu`` gl witmr)tjm stgfi ns gpmk ike wjmk tjmy `gsm witmr tjm stgfi h`gsms.

Lnburm 8. Xtgfiti gk `mil surlihm.




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9:

99 Ujm hircgk engxnem usme nk pjgtgsyktjmsns enllusmsnktg tjm `mil tjrgubj tjm stgfiti ikefgst gl tjm witmr vipgur `mivnkb tjm pìkt, ike tjm gxybmk lrgf pjgtgsyktjmsns enllusms guttjrgubj tjm stgfiti.

Urikspnritngk

93 Ujm mvipgritngk gl witmr lrgf pìkts ns hi``me trikspnritngk. Nt fink`y ghhurs tjgubj tjmstgfiti ike jis i hgg`nkb mllmht gk tjm `mil hm``s. Ritmr nk tjm hm``s gl tjm `mil hik piss nktg tjmpgrm spihms nk tjm `mil ike tjmk gut tjrgubj tjm stgfiti is witmr vipgur (smm Lnburm 5).

Lnburm 5. Hrgss-smhtngk gl brmmk `mil sjgwnkb bismgus fgvmfmkts eurnkb eiy`nbjt.

98 Ujm ritm gl trikspnritngk virnms hgksnemric`y. Nt ns brmitmst wjmk tjm pìkt ns wm``supp`nme wntj witmr ike tjm inr gutsnem tjm `mil ns wirf ike ery. Nk vmry jgt gr wnkey wmitjmrwitmr mvipgritms lrgf tjm buire hm``s ike sg tjm stgfiti h`gsm ike rmeuhm tjm ritm gltrikspnritngk. Ujm stgfiti i`sg h`gsm nk vmry hgè wmitjmr, m.b. ? ?H.

95 Ujm ritm gl `gss ns rmeuhme nl tjm pìkt ns sjgrt gl witmr cmhiusm tjm buire hm``s tjmk `gsmwitmr ike h`gsm tjm stgfiti4 nt ns i`sg rmtireme nl tjm jufnenty gl tjm itfgspjmrm ns jnbj.

9= Ujm stgfiti buire hm``s h`gsm (ike sg trikspnritngk hmisms) eurnkb eirdkmss. Ujmy h`gsmcmhiusm pjgtgsyktjmsns hmisms ike witmr ns `gst lrgf tjm buire hm``s (gsfgsns) wjmk sgfm gl tjmsubirs prmsmkt hjikbm tg stirhj.

(Ieiptme lrgf @ghdjirt & Rnsmfik,Nktrgeuhtngk tg Hrgp Juscikery, _mrbifgk _rmss)


Kgw rmie tjm tmxt hirmlu``y, `ggdnkb up iky kmw ntmfs nk i enhtngkiry gr rmlmrmkhm cggd.

Ujmk ikswmr tjm lg``gwnkb qumstngks1

9. Rjit ns tjm fink enllmrmkhm cmtwmmk pìkts ike iknfi`s 7

3. Rjit ns stirhj ik mxifp`m gl 7

8. Rjit emhnems jgw fuhj pjgtgsyktjmsns tidm pìhm nk i eiy 7




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9>

5. Rjit ns tjm rmisgk lgr hrgp pìkts jivnkb ym``gw `mivms 7

=. Rjit eg pìkts fink`y hgksnst gl 7

. Rjy eg stgfiti h`gsm nk jgt wmitjmr 7

9?. Rjy egms pjgtgsyktjmsns kgt tidm pìhm nk eirdkmss 7

NNN. \ghicuìry1

9. Nk tjm lnrst piribripj, wjit tjmsm wgres rmlmr tg1

@nkm 91 Ujmy

@nkm 51 wjnhj

3. Nk tjm piribripj 9, wjnhj wgres nk tjm tmxt jivm tjm sifm fmiknkb is1

\mry sfi``

Hikkgt cm hguktme

kgt hgfp`nhitme

8. Nk piribripj 3, wjit wgres jivm tjm gppgsntm fmiknkb tg1

hikkgt cm gctinkme

mxhmss

nkhrmism

5. Nk piribripj 3, wjnhj wgres jivm tjm sifm fmiknkb is1

`mkbtj gl tnfm

i`tmr

quiktnty

=. @ggd it piribripj 8,5 ike = ike mxpìnk tjm lg``gwnkb wgres1

hj`grgpjy``

hirgtmkm

rmspnritngk


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3?

2. Nk piribripj 2,: ike >, wjnhj wgres jivm tjm gppgsntm fmiknkb tg1

kirrgw

egms kgt jippmk

:. @ggd it piribripj 9? ike 99, mxpìnk tjm lg``gwnkb wgres1

struhturm

surlihm

enllusms

vipgur

C. BSIFFIS

MZMSHNXM I1Ujm lgrf gl emlnkntngks

Emlnkntngks gltmk tidm gkm gl tjm lg``gwnkb lgrfs1

9. TIV ns/irm, fiy cm emlnkme is TCV wjnhj THV.M.b. TI Ujm mfcrygV ns / fiy cm emlnkme is TC tjm pirt gl i l`gwmrV wjnhj TH wn`` emvm`gp

nktg ikgtjmr pìktV

3. TCV wjnhj THV ns/irm hi``me, ns/irm dkgwk is TIV.

M.b. TC Ujm pirt gl i l`gwmrV wjnhj TH wn`` emvm`gp nktg ikgtjmr pìktV ns hi``me /ns dkgwkis TI tjm mfcrygV.

Mxpike tjm lg``gwnkb nktg lu`` emlnkntngks usnkb tjm pittmrks n`ùstritme icgvm

I C H

9._jgtgsyktjmsns Ujm prghmss Urikslgrfs `nbjt mkmrby lrgf tjm suknktg hjmfnhi` mkmrby.

3.I sgn` prgln`m I suhhmssngk gl sgn`jgrnzgks

Mxtmkes lrgf tjm surlihm gl tjm sgn` tgtjm pirmkt rghd.

8. Imrgcnh cihtmrni Grbiknsfs Hik `nvm nk tjm prmsmkhm gl inr.

5. Gsfgsns Cngpjysnhi` prghmss Uidm pìhm tjrgubj tjm tnssums gl`nvnkb pìkts.

=. I `mil Hgfp`mx struhturm ]tn`nzms mkmrby lrgf tjm suk nk tjmfikulihturm gl lgge.


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MZMSHNXM C1 Ujm nfpmrsgki` pissnvm

Mxifnkm tjm lg``gwnkb ihtnvm ike pissnvm smktmkhms, ike kgtm tjm vmrc lgrf gl mihj pissnvmsmktmkhm. Kgtm tjit tjm wgres nk crihdmts irm gptngki`, ike irm gltmk gfnttme nk shnmktnlnh wrntnkb.

Ihtnvm _issnvm

Rm nfprgvmtjm lmrtn`nty gl tjm sgn`. Ujm lmrtn`nty gl tjm sgn` ns nfprgvme

Ujm lrunt mkh`gsmstjm smmes. Ujm smmes irm mkh`gsmecy tjm lrunt.

Rm sjguè p`gubj ukemr `mbufnkguspìkts

@mbufnkgus pìktssjguè cm p`gubjmeukemr.

Kgw, wrntm egwk tjm pissnvm vmrsngk gl tjm lg``gwnkb ihtnvm smktmkhms. Ujmk hgfcnkm tjmpissnvm smktmkhms ygu jivm wrnttmk lg``gwnkb tjm hùms prgvneme.

M.b. I1 Ujm tnky rggt jinrs icsgrcme witmr ike fnkmri`. Ik nkhrmism nk tjm kufcmr gl rggt jinrsnkhrmisms tjm pgwmr gl icsgrptngk.

_1 Ritmr ike fnkmri` irm icsgrcme cy tjm tnky rggt jinrs. Ujmrmlgrm, tjm pgwmr glicsgrptngk ns nkhrmismecy ik nkhrmism nk tjm kufcmr gl rggt jinrs.

9. I1 Ujm lrunt mkh`gsms tjm smmes. Ujm lrunt prgtmhts tjmf wjn`m tjmy irm emvm`gpnkb.

_1 Ujm smmes ... cy tjm lrunt. Hgksmqumkt`y, tjmy ...wjn`m tjmy irm emvm`gpnkb.

3. I1 Ujm pìkt tidms nk gxybmk. Ujm pìkt usms gxybmk tg crmid egwk hircgjyeritms.

_1 Gxybmk ... nk cy tjm pìkt ike ... tg crmid egwk hircgjyeritms.

8.I1 Rnke ike nksmhts trikslmr pg``mk lrgf gkm l`gwmr tg ikgtjmr. Ujmy empgsnt tjm pg``mk gk tjmstnbfis gl tjm gtjmr l`gwmr.

_1 Rjmk pg``mk ... cy tjm wnke ike nksmhts lrgf gkm l`gwmr tg ikgtjmr, nt ... gk tjm stnbfis gltjm gtjmr l`gwmr.

5. I1 Ujm jufik cgey rmqunrms sfi`` quiktntnms gl smvmri` fnkmri`s. Ujm jufik cgey gctinkstjmsm fnkmri`s lrgf pìkts.

_1 Xfi`` quiktntnms gl smvmri` fnkmri`s wjnhj irm ... cy tjm jufik cgey ... lrgf pìkts.

=. I1 Rm hik usm sgfm rggts tg rmprgeuhm tjm spmhnms. Rm sjguè rmfgvm tjm wjg`m rggt gljirflu` wmmes suhj is eghds nkstmie p`gubjnkb tjmf nk `nbjt`y.

_1 Xgfm rggts ... tg rmprgeuhm tjm spmhnms. Ujus, tjm wjg`m rggt gl jirflu` wmmes suhj iseghds ... nkstmie gl ... `nbjt`y.


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_1Xnkhm sgn` struhturm ... cy tgg fuhj hu`tnvitngk, tjm struhturm ... cy i pisturm pjism ukemrbriss.

:.I1 Ujm pìkt fikulihturms lgge lrgf hjmfnhi` sucstikhms prmsmkt nk tjm sgn` & inr.

Ujm rggts tidm nk hjmfnhi` sucstikhms lrgf tjm sgn`.

Ujm `mivms tidm nk hircgk engxnem lrgf tjm inr._1Lgge ns ... cy tjm pìkt lrgf hjmfnhi` sucstikhms wjnhj ... lrgf tjm sgn` cy tjm rggts ike

lrgf hircgk engxnem wjnhj ... lrgf tjm inr cy tjm `mivms.

>. I1 Rm hik usm i uknt hi``me i sgn` prgln`m tg emshrncm sgn`s.

Rjmk wm wnsj tg hgfpirm twg sgn`s, wm mxifnkm tjmnr prgln`ms.

Rm hik emlnkm i sgn` is jivnkb ik nkenvneui` prgln`m.

_1I uknt hi``me i sgn` prgln`m ... tg emshrncm sgn`s. Xg wjmk wm wnsj tg hgfpirm twg sgn`s,tjmnr prgln`ms ..., ike mihj sgn` hik tjus ... is jivnkb ik nkenvneui` prgln`m.

9?.I1 _`gubjnkb turk nk tjm wjg`m surlihm gl i lnmè.

Nt curnms ike dn``s tjm wmmes

Nt `ggsmks ike mxpgsms tjm sgn` tg tjm inr.

_1Ujm wjg`m surlihm gl tjm lnmè ..... cy p`gubjnkb, wntj tjm rmsu`t tjit wmmes ... ike ...ike tjm sgn` ... ike ... tg tjm inr.

MZMSHNXM H1 Fidm stitmfmkts

]sm tjm lg``gwnkb vmrcs nk tjm hgrrmht lgrf tg hgfp`mtm tjm piribripj cm`gw1

hirry, cm jm`p, pmrlgritm, hirry, cm, kgt `nbknly,

usui``y lnke, lgrf, tjnhdmk, fidm, dkgw.

M.b. _ìkts tidm nkgxybmk wjnhj hgfcnkmswntj grbiknh lggestulls.

Hrgps irm hjmhdmenk brgwtj nl tjm rggts irm emprnvmegl gxybmk.

Ujm fgvmfmkt gl fitmrni`s tjrgubj tjm pìkt ........ is triks`ghitngk. Ujm xy`mf gr wggevmssm`swjnhj ....... tjm witmr gr fnkmri` si`ts lrgf tjm rggt tg tjm `mivms ......... tucms. Ujmsm tucms....... lrgf emie hm``s. Ujm hrgss wi``s gl tjm hm``s jivm ensippmirme ike tjm `gkbntuenki` wi``s ......wntj `nbkuf. Ujmsm ........ wgge. Ujm tucms ........ tg strmkbtjmk tjm stmf. Ujm pj`gmftucms (cist)........ grbiknh fitmrni` tjrgubj tjm pìkt. Ujmsm vmssm`s ..... hjinks gl `nvnkb hm``s wjnhj .........Ujmy jivm hrgss wi``s wjnhj ......... -jmkhm tjm i`tmrkitnvm kifm, snmvm tucms. Nk tjm stmf tjmxy`mf ike pj`gmf tucms ........ nk i rnkb kmir tjm gutsnem gl tjm stmf.

H. @IKB]IBM NK ]XM

MZMSHNXM I1 ]kemrstikenkb enshgursm

Nl ygu eg kgt ukemrstike sgfmtjnkb, ygu hik isd lgr ik mxpìkitngk nk i kufcmr gl wiys.@ggd it tjns tic`m1




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(Mxhusm fm)

(Nf sgrry, cut)

hik ygu

hguè ygu

mxpìnk ............

tm`` fm i cnt fgrm icgut ...............

N egkt rmi``y ukemrstike .....

hguè ygu (pgssnc`y/p`mism) rmpmit tjit ìst cnt ........

wjit ygu aust sine ......

Nfibnkm ygu eg kgt ukemrstike tjm lg``gwnkb tmrfs. Isd mihj gtjmr lgr ik mxpìkitngk.

- stgfiti - mvipgritngk

- pjgtgsyktjmsns - gsfgsns

- trikspnritngk - rggt jinr

MZMSHNXM C1@icm`nkb tjm enibrifs

Hgfp`mtm tjm ìcm`nkb gl tjm lg``gwnkb enibrifs cy nksmrtnkb tjm hgrrmht ìcm`s lrgf tjm `nst

gl wgres ike pjrisms cm`gw1

N. i) smhgkeiry rggt emvm`gp

c) rggt systmf sprmies tjrgubj sgn`

h) sp`nt tmsti

e) pjgtgsyktjmsns hik cmbnk

m) pùfu`m

l) rienh`m

b) hurvme tg prgtmht brgwnkb pgnkt

j) `mivms sprgutnkb

n) fink sjggt

Lnburm =. Ujm bmrfnkitngk gl i crgie cmik.




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NN. i) witmr lrgf sgn` e) suk`nbjt

c) hircgk engxnem tidmk nk m) gxybmk bnvmk gll is bis

h) suk`nbjt usme tg issnst hgfcnkitngk gl HG3 ike J3G

Lnburm


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3=

:.Lggestgrm / prgeuhm tjm kgurnsjfmkt lgr tjm brgwnkb mfcryg.

SMIENKB UMXU1

Hgfp`mtm tjm lg``gwnkb tmxt cy ln``nkb nk tjm cìkd spihms wntj tjm mxprmssngks bnvmk

cm`gw. I egttme `nkm ....... rmqunrms i pjrism tg cm ieeme ike i strinbjt `nkm WWWWW rmqunrms i wgretg cm ieeme.

rggts sjggt systmf sgn`

sgn` inr hircgk engxnem pjgtgsyktjmsns

fiem up gl rnpmkme gviry witmr ike fnkmri`s

hircgjyeritms `nvnkb suhj is

lukhtngk spmhni`nzme fgrm lmrtn`m

cy rmprgeuhtnvm grbiks hgksnsts gl

tjmnr rggts grbiknh fitmrni`s prghmss

hgkvmrsngk irm prgeuhme

I pìkt ns i `nvnkb grbiknsf ...(9)... enllmrmkt pirts mihj gl wjnhj jis i WWWWW lukhtngk. Ujmcisns pirts gl i pìkt irm tjm rggt systmf ike tjm ..(3).... .

Ujm rggt icsgrcs witmr ike fnkmri`s lrgf tjm WW(8)WWW. _ìkts suhj is subir cmmt ikehirrgts stgrm lgge nk ...(5)... @mbufnkgus pìkts ...(=)... h`gvmr ike ùhmrkm jivm spmhni` cihtmrniWW()... tjm stmf, tjm `mivms, l`gwmrs ike lrunt. Ik nfpgrtikt WW(9?)WWW gl

tjm stmf ns tg mkic`m ...(99)... tg piss up tg tjm `mivms ike l`gwmrs ike ..(93)... suhj is subir tgtrivm` egwk tg tjm WW(98)WWW. Nk tjm `mivms WW(95)WWW tidms pìhm. Ujm prghmss rmsu`ts nk tjm glwitmr lrgf tjm sgn` ike ...... lrgf tjm inr nktg subir ike gtjmr WW(9=)WWW. Eurnkb tjm WW(9)WWW tjm hirpm`. Ujm lrunt,tjm ...(3?).. gl tjm l`gwmr, mkh`gsms ike prgtmhts tjm smmes.


-nkkufmric`m (iea.)

-grbiknh sucstikhms1

-euritngk ike nktmksnty1-i `nfntnkb lihtgr1

-sjgrtibm (k.)

-ym``gw pnbfmkts1

-prghmss (k.)

v s

hh hjt ju h

s`nk th v hkb yu tjk hj

stjnu jt

sh tvkb

qu trkj




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3:?.(h) Ujm g`nvm gn` wis nfpgrtme lrgf Xpink.

]sui``y tjm pissnvm ns usme wntjgut i cy pjrism . Ujm pissnvm ns fgst lrmqumkt`yusme wjmk nt ns kgt dkgwk gr kgt nfpgrtikt tg dkgw mxiht`y wjg pmrlgrfs ik ihtngk.

Nk (i) 1 Snhm ns brgwk nk Nkeni cy pmgp`m, cy lirfmrs, cy sgfmgkm. Nk smktmkhm (i) ntns kgt dkgwk gr nfpgrtikt tg dkgw mxiht`y wjg brgws rnhm nk Nkeni. (i), (c) ike (h)n`ùstritm tjm fgst hgffgk usm gl tjm pissnvm, n.m., wntjgut tjm cy pjrism.

(e) @nlm gk tjm Fnssnssnppn wis wrnttmk cy Fird Uwink.

Ujm cy pjrism ns nkhùeme gk`y nl nt ns nfpgrtikt tg dkgw wjg pmrlgrfs ik ihtngk.Nk (e), cy Fird Uwinkns nfpgrtikt nklgrfitngk.

(m) Fy iukt fiem tjns rub. (ihtnvm)

(l) Ujns rub wis fiem cy fy iukt.

Ujns rub wis fiem cy fy fgtjmr.

Nl tjm spmidmr/wrntmr dkgws wjg pmrlgrfs ik ihtngk, usui``y tjm ihtnvm ns usme, is nk (m).

Ujm pissnvm fiy cm usme wntj tjm cy pjrism nkstmie gl tjm ihtnvm wjmk tjmspmidmr/wrntmr wikts tg lghus ittmktngk gk tjm sucamht gl i smktmkhm. Nk (l) tjm lghus glittmktngk ns gk twg rubs.

L]SUJMS _SIHUNHM

Hjikbm tjm lg``gwnkb ihtnvm smktmkhms tg pissnvm smktmkhms nl pgssnc`m. (sgfm gl tjmvmrcs irm nktriksntnvm ike hikkgt cm hjikbme). Dmmp tjm sifm tmksm. Nkhùem cy pjrismgk`y nl kmhmssiry.

9. _mgp`m brgw hgrk nk Ngwi. 6; Hgrk ns brgwk nk Ngwi.

3. _mtmr hifm jmrm twg fgktjs ibg. (kg hjikbm)

8. Xgfmgkm fiem tjns iktnqum tic`m nk 9285.

5. Ik ihhnemkt jippmkme it tjm hgrkmr gl Lnltj ike Fink.

=. Xgfmgkm stg`m fy pursm.

. Ujm auebms wn`` auebm tjm ipp`nhikts gk tjm cisnh gl tjmnr grnbnki`nty.




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3:

9?. Fy snstmrs p`ikm wn`` irrnvm it 9?.8=.

99. Ns prglmssgr Snvmrs tmihjnkb tjit hgursm tjns smfmstmr7

93. Rjmk ene sgfmgkm nkvmkt tjm rieng7

98. Ujm fin` hirrnmr jie i`rmiey em`nvmrme tjm fin` cy tjm tnfm N `mlt lgr shjgg` tjns

fgrknkb.

95. Rjmk ns sgfmgkm bgnkb tg ikkgukhm tjm rmsu`ts gl tjm hgktmst 7

9=. Iltmr tjm hgkhmrt wis gvmr, jukermes gl liks fgccme tjm rghd fusnh stir gutsnem tjmtjmitmr.

9


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Lgrfuìtnkb emlnkntngks1 ]snkb tjm nklgrfitngk bnvmk nk mihj smrnms, wrntm i emlnkntngk.]sm tjm smktmkhm pittmrks icgvm tg bunem ygu.

9. ik ifgmci / gkm-hm``me iknfi` / hgkstikt`y hjikbm nts sjipm.

Ikifgmci ns i gkm-hm``me iknfi` tjit hgkstikt`y hjikbms nts sjipm.

3. ik iktncngtnh / erub / hurms cihtmrni` ensmisms.

8. ùkb / grbik / crmitjnkb.

5. ihgustnhs / shnmkhm / sguke.

=. pjgtgsyktjmsns / prghmss / pìkts fikulihturm lgge.


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8?

]KNU UJSMM1 XGN@XI. SMIENKB IKE HGF_SMJMKXNGK

N. Smienkb tmxt1

9Xgn`s irm vmry hgfp`mx kituri` lgrfitngks wjnhj fidm up tjm surlihm gl tjm mirtj. Ujmy

prgvnem i suntic`m mkvnrgkfmkt nk wjnhj pìkts fiy gctink witmr, kutrnmkts ike gxybmklgr rggtrmspnritngk, ike lnrf ikhjgribm. Xgn`s irm lgrfme cy tjm wmitjmrnkb gl rghds, lg``gwme cy tjmbrgwtj ike emhiy gl pìkts, iknfi`s, ike sgn` fnhrg-grbiknsfs. Nl i lirfmr ns tg prgvnem tjm cmstpgssnc`m hgkentngks lgr hrgp brgwtj, nt ns emsnric`m tjit jm sjguè ukemrstike wjit sgn`s irm, jgwtjmy wmrm lgrfme ike jgw tjmy sjguè cm fikibme.

3 Ujm tgpsgn` grsurlihm sgn` ns i ìymr icgut : - 5= hf emmp wjnhj fiy cm tidmk is tjmbrmitmst emptj wjnhj i lirfmr wguè p`gubj gr hu`tnvitm ike nk wjnhj fgst gl tjm pìkt rggts irmlguke.

8 @ggsm, hu`tnvitme, tgpsgn` ns sgfmtnfms hi``me fguè.

Ujm sucsgn`, wjnhj `nms ukemrkmitj, ns ik nktmrfmenitm stibm nk tjm lgrfitngk gl sgn` lrgftjm rghd cm`gw.

Xgn` prgln`ms

5 Isgn` prgln`m ns i smhtngk tidmk tjrgubj tjm sgn` egwk tg tjm pirmkt rghd. Nk sgfm hismstjns fiy hgksnst gl gk`y i sji``gw surlihm sgn` 9? - 9= hf gk tgp gl i rghd suhj is hji`d gr`nfmstgkm. Nk gtjmr wm``-emvm`gpme sgn`s (icgut i fmtrm emmp) tjmrm irm usui``y tjrmm gr fgrmemlnkntm ìymrs (gr jgrnzgks) wjnhj viry nk hg`gur, tmxturm ike hgfpihtngk (smm Lnburm 2.).

= Ujm sgn` prgln`m hik cm mxifnkme cy enbbnkb i trmkhj gr cy tidnkb gut hgrms gl sgn` lrgfvirngus emptjs wntj isgn` iubmr.

< I hirmlu` mxifnkitngk gl tjm ìymrs (jgrnzgks) hik cm usmlu` nk lgrfnkb ik gpnkngk is tgjgw tjm sgn` wis lgrfme, nts kituri` erinkibm ike jgw nt fnbjt cm lirfme. Xgfm emtin`me sgn`hìssnlnhitngks irm cisme gk sgn` prgln`m.

Xgn` lgrfitngk

2 Ujmrm irm vmry enllmrmkt typms gl sgn`s ike sucsgn`s. Ujm enllmrmkhms irm fink`y eum tg tjmvirnmty gl rghds lrgf wjnhj tjmy irm lgrfme. Jgwmvmr, gtjmr lihtgrs suhj is h`nfitm, tgpgbripjy,pìkt ike iknfi` `nlm, tjm ibm gl tjm emvm`gpnkb sgn` fitmrni` ike lirfnkb gpmritngk i`sg illmhttjm typm gl sgn` wjnhj emvm`gp.




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Xurlihm vmbmtitngk Jgrnzgkgr ìymr

Emshrnptngk

Xurlihmsgn`

I

- Hg`gur1 usui``y brmynsj crgwk

- Umxturm1 usui``y hgirsmr tjiksucsgn`4 vmry wm`` wmitjmrme

- Hìy, sn`t, jufus,nrgk ikegtjmr hgfpgukes irm wisjmenktg jgrnzgk C.

Xucsgn`

C

- Hg`gur1 virngus sjiems glym``gw, rme gr crgwk - fiy cmbrmy gr cùm nl witmr`gbbme.

- Umxturm1 usui``y lnkmr tjiktgpsgn`4 kgt lu``y wmitjmrme.

- Smhmnvms fitmrni`s wisjme gutgl jgrnzgk I.

H

Sghd nk tjm mir`y stibms glwmitjmrnkb - fink`y eum tghjmfnhi` ihtngk.

_irmktrghd

]kwmitjmrme pirmkt rghd

Lnburm 2. Xgn` prgln`m enibrif sjgwnkb tjm crmidegwk gl rghd tg lgrf virngus sgn` ìymrs(jgrnzgks).

: Nbkmgus gr prnfiry rghd, m.b. brikntm (hgirsm hrysti`s) ike cisi`t(lnkm hrysti`s). Ujmsm

rghds wmrm lgrfme lrgf tjm vmry jgt fg`tmk fitmrni` wjnhj fiem up tjm mirtj, fn``ngks gl ymirsibg. Ujm fnkmri`s (hjmfnhi` hgfpgukes) nk tjmsm rghds irm fgst`y nk tjm lgrf gl hrysti`s ike irmtjm prnfiry sgurhm gl tjm fnkmri`s lguke nk i`` gur sgn`s. Nbkmgus rghds irm vmry jire ike wmitjmrvmry s`gw`y. Hìy ike sike irm crmidegwk prgeuhts.

> Xmenfmktiry gr trikspgrtme rghds. Ujmsm jivm cmmk lgrfme lrgf wmitjmrme fitmrni` (m.b.hìy, sn`t ike sike) hirrnme ike empgsntme cy witmr ike wnke. Ujm smenfmkts ìtmr cmhifmhgfprmssme cy fgrm fitmrni` gk tgp ike hmfmktme tg lgrf kmw rghds suhj is sikestgkms, hìysikesji`ms.

9?.Ujm hji`ds ike `nfmstgkms wmrm lgrfme lrgf tjm sjm``s ike sdm`mtgks gl smi iknfi`s glvirngus snzms. Ujmsm rghds irm fink`y hi`hnuf hircgkitm. Ujm hi`hirmgus sgn`s irm lgrfme lrgf

tjmf.99Fmtifgrpjnh rghds m.b. firc`m (lrgf `nfmstgkm) ikesìtm (lrgf sji`m). Ujmsm irm rghds

wjnhj jivm cmmk hjikbme nk virngus wiys.

Rmitjmrnkb gl rghds

Ujm crmidegwk gl rghds ns fink`y hiusme cy tjm pjysnhi` ike hjmfnhi` mllmhts gl tjmwmitjmr.




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93_jysnhi` wmitjmrnkb. Hjikbms gl tmfpmriturmhiusm tjm virngus fnkmri` hrysti`s nk rghdstg mxpike ike hgktriht cy enllmrmkt ifgukts, ike sg hrihdnkb ike sjittmrnkb gltmk ghhurs.

98 Rmttnkb ike erynkb gl sgfm rghds suhj is hìys ike sji`ms hiusms mxpiksngk ikehgktrihtngk ike rmsu`ts nk hrihdnkb ike lìdnkb.

95 Hjmfnhi` wmitjmrnkb.Hjmfnhi` crmidegwk gl tjm fnkmri` fittmr nk i emvm`gpnkb sgn` nscrgubjt icgut cy tjm ihtngk gl witmr, gxybmk, hircgk engxnem ike kntrnh ihne lrgf tjmitfgspjmrm4 ike cy hircgknh ike grbiknh ihnes lrgf tjm cng`gbnhi` ihtnvnty nk tjm sgn`. Ujm sgn`witmr, wjnhj ns i wmid ihne, enssg`vms sgfm fnkmri`s ike i``gws hjmfnhi` rmihtngks tg tidm pìhm.

9= Ritmr hik i`sg ukntm wntj sucstikhms nk tjm sgn` (jyeritngk) tg lgrf kmw sucstikhmswjnhj irm fgrm cu`dy ike sg hik hiusm sjittmrnkb gl rghd lribfmkts. Hìy ns prgeuhme cyhjmfnhi` wmitjmrnkb. Nk tjm hism gl rghds suhj is brikntm, wjmk tjm hìy-prgeuhnkb pirts irmwmitjmrme iwiy tjm fgrm rmsnstikt quirtz hrysti`s irm `mlt is sike gr sn`t.

9


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snfp`m `ggsm

kgt wiktme fihrg-

3. @ggd it pir.3 ike siy wjit tjm wgres wjnhj (usme 8 tnfms) rmlmr tg

8. @ggd it pir. 8, 5, =, < ike siy wjnhj wgres hgrrmspgke tg tjm emlnkntngks1

Jgw pirtnh`ms irm irrikbme nk i sucstikhm

Ujm prghmss gl prmssnkb pirtnh`m h`gsm`y tgbmtjmr

I enthj eub nk tjm brguke

Ujm fnee`m, gr fgst nfpgrtikt, pirt gl iky tjnkb

I systmf lgr tidnkb iwiy witmr

I brgup nktg wjnhj sgfmtjnkb ns put

5. @ggd it pir. 2, hik ygu mxp`ink tjm wgres1

h`nfitm tgpgbripjy=. @ggd it pir.:, ns tjns stitmfmkt hgrrmht gr nk hgrrmht 7

Hrysti`s irm kgt lguke nk nbkmgus rghds

, 9?, 99, wjit wgres jivm tjm sifm fmiknkb is1

put egwk

prmssme tgbmtjmr

gl enllmrmkt dnkes

2. @ggd it pir.93, Rjit wgres jivm tjm sifm fmiknkb is1

brgw `irbmr

brgw sfi``mr

jippmk

:. @ggd it pir.9


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is tjm surpùs witmr sgids egwk tg tjm erinks gr ns tidmk up cy pìkts, (lrmsj) WWWWW inr ns eriwknktg tjm sgn` tg rmln`` tjm pgrm spihms.

Ujm imritngk prghmss ns issnstme cy

(9) hjikbms nk tmfpmriturm

(3) hjikbms nk (cirgfmtrnh) WWWWW prmssurm.(8) (bgge) WWWWW erinkibm,

(5) hu`tnvitngk (mspmhni`) WWWWW gk hìy sgn`,

(=) (gpmk) WWWWW sgn` struhturm.

Xikey sgn`s irm (kgrfi`, bgge) WWWWW WWWWW imritme cmhiusm gl tjmnr (gpmk) WWWWWstruhturm. Hìy sgn`s irm (usui`, pggr) WWWWW WWWWW imritme (pirtnhuìr) WWWWW wjmk tjm vmry(sfi``) WWWWW pgrms nk suhj sgn`s cmhgfm ln``me wntj witmr. (Bgge) WWWWW imritngk ns (vnti`,nfpgrtikt) WWWWW WWWWW lgr bmrfnkitnkb smmes ike smme`nkb pìkts.

MZMSHNXM C1 Hgfpiritnvm Xmktmkhms

M.b. i) _irtnh`ms gl lnkm sike irm hgirsmr tjikpirtnh`ms gl hìy.

6 _irtnh`ms gl hìy irm kgt is hgirsm ispirtnh`ms gl lnkm sike.

c) Urikspgrtme sgn`s irm fgrm hgffgk tjik smemktiry sgn` nk jufne rmbngks.

6 Xmemktiry sgn`s irm `mss hgffgk tjik trikspgrtme sgn`s nk jufne rmbngks.

Hgfpirm tjm nklgrfitngk prmsmktme nk tjm tic`ms ike enibrif cm`gw usnkb tjm ieamhtnvmsbnvmk. ]sm IEA-mr + tjik ike kgt is IEA is hgkstruhtngks tg mxprmss tjm hgfpirnsgk.

9. @ggd it tic`m 9, hgfpirm tjm pirtnh`m snzm gl

i) lnkm sike wntj sn`t (lnkm)

c) hìy wntj lnkm sike (hgirsm)

h) lnkm sike wntj brivm` (hgirsm)

Uic`m 9.

Xgn` pirtnh`ms Enifmtmr (ff)

Brivm`

Hgirsm sike

Lnkm sike

Xn`tHìy

3.? gr fgrm

3.? - ?.3

?.3 - ?.?3

?.?3 - ?.??3?.??3 gr `mss

3. @ggd it tic`m 3 ike hgfpirm tjmsm sgn`s nk tmrfs gl fgrm gr `mss ihnenty gr i`di`nknty.

i) I sgn` wntj i pJ viùm gl 5.? wntj i sgn` wntj i pJ viùm gl .:




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Uic`m 3. Ujm pJ shi`m

5 = < 2 : >

strgkb`y fgemritm`y kmutri` fgemritm`y vmry

ihne ihne i`di`nkm i`di`nkm

Fgst sgn` nk ghhur gk`y nkjufne rmbngks irne rmbngkswjmk kgt `nfme

8. @ggd it tic`m 8 ike hgfpirm tjm hgktmkts gl tjmsm sgn`s nk tmrfs gl

i) Ujmnr sike hgktmkt

c) Ujmnr sn`t hgktmkt

h) Ujmnr hìy hgktmkte) Ujmnr jufus hgktmkt

Cmbnk tjm stitmfmkt is lg``gws1

(n) Ujm pmrhmktibm gl sike/sn`t mth. nk i `nbjt sikey sgn` ..............

(nn) Ujm sikey/sn`t mth. hgktmkt gl i jmivy hìy sgn` ....................

(nnn) I `nbjt sikey sgn` jis .............................

Uic`m 8.

I1 `nbjt sikey sgn` C1 jmivy hìy sgn`

%

brivm` 9.3

sike 82.5

sn`t 8:. Rjmk witmr li``s gk i ery sgn` nt egms kgtcmhgfm mvmk`y enstrncutme tjrgubj tjm sgn`. Ujmtgpfgst ìymr cmhgfms situritme lnrst ike is fgrm witmr ns ieeme tjm emptj gl tjm situritme ìymrnkhrmisms. Nk tjns ìymr fgst gl tjm pgrm spihm ns ln``me wntj witmr. Jgwmvmr, i wm``-erinkme sgn`hikkgt jgè i`` gl tjns witmr lgr vmry `gkb. Iltmr i eiy gr sg sgfm gl tjm witmr wn`` sgid nktg tjm`gwmr ìymrs gr ruk iwiy nk erinks. Ujm ifgukt gl witmr wjnhj ns tjmk rmtinkme cy tjm sgn` ns

hi``me tjm fgnsturm-jgènkb hipihntygrlnmè hipihnty. Ujm ifgukt gl witmr wjnhj hik cm jmè nktjns wiy virnms ihhgrenkb tg tjm tmxturm, ike struhturm gl tjm sgn`. Ujm wmnbjt gl witmr jmè cy ihìy sgn` fiy cm ji`l tjm wmnbjt gl tjm sgn` pirtnh`ms, wjmrmis i sikey sgn` fiy jgè `mss tjik gkm-tmktj gl tjm wmnbjt gl tjm pirtnh`ms. Ujm witmr-jgènkb hipihnty gl i sgn` ns usui``y mxprmssme nkff, m.b. i hìy sgn` fiy jivm i lnmè hipihnty gl 5 ff/hf nk emptj.

9? Ujm wiys nk wjnhj witmr ns rmtinkme nk tjm sgn` hik cm suffirnzme is lg``gws1

(i) is i ln`f irguke tjm sgn` pirtnh`ms,




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. Lukbn ittihd tjm imrni` pirts gl tjm hrgp, tjm `mivms, stmfs mth. Lukbn hik cm hgktrg``me cyfmiks gl hjmfnhi` sucstikhms. Ujmsm hjmfnhi` sucstikhms irm dkgwk is lukbnhnems.

9?. Lmrtn`nzmr gr fikurm ns rmqunrme lgr rnhm hu`tnvitngk. Ujm quiktnty gl lmrtn`nzmr gr fikurmempmkes gk tjm lmrtn`nty gl tjm sgn` ike tjm kutrnmkts. Ujm kutrnmkts irm rm`misme lrgf tjmrggtme wmmes ike stucc`m. Ujm wmmes ike stucc`m irm p`gubjme nk eurnkb hu`tnvitngk.

MZMSHNXM C1 Xjgrt-lgrf rmìtnvm hìusms

Smìtnvm hìusms gltmk ippmir nk i sjgrtmkme lgrf. Ujm rmìtnvm prgkguk ike tjm lgrf glvmrc tg cmhik cm gfnttme ike wntj, tjm -nkblgrf gl tjm vmrc, pist pirtnhnp`m, ieamhtnvm gr kguk

fiy cm usme nkstmie. Lgr mxifp`m1

Snhm virnmtnms wntj sjgrt mrmht `mivms rmspgke wm`` tg jnbj `mvm` gl lmrtn`nzmr.

Snhm virnmtnms jivnkb sjgrt mrmht `mivmsrmspgke wm`` tg jnbj `mvm` gl lmrtn`nzmr.

Ujm quiktnty gl lmrtn`nzmr rmqunrme lgr rnhm hu`tnvitngkpirt`y empmkes gk tjm virnmty gl rnhmusme.

Hgffgk kntrgbmk lmrtn`nzmrssuntic`m lgr rnhm irm iffgknuf su`pjitm ike urmi.

]rmi, tjm sucstikhm nk jufik ike iknfi` urnkm, ns i kntrgbmkgus lmrtn`nzmr.

Hgfcnkm mihj gl tjm lg``gwnkb pinrs gl smktmkhms nktg i snkb`m smktmkhm. Ujmk sjgrtmk tjm

rmìtnvm hìusms.9. \nrusms irm vmry sfi`` grbiknsfs. Ujmy irm usui``y triksfnttme cy fmiks gl nksmhts.

3. Kmfitgems irm sfi`` wgrfs nk tjm sgn` tjit mktmr pìkt rggts. Ujmy hiusm smrngus `gssmsnk sgfm hrgps, pirtnhuìr`y nk tjm trgpnhs.

8. Hgfpguke lmrtn`nzmrs irm fu`tnp`m kutrnmkt fitmrni`s. Ujmy supp`y twg gr tjrmm pìktkutrnmkts snfu`tikmgus`y.

5. Nt ns mssmktni` tg ukemrstike tjm fitmrni`s. Ujm fitmrni`s irm ivinìc`m tg tjm lirfmr tgfinktink tjm supp`y gl fnkmri`s nk tjm sgn`.

=. Lukbn irm fnhrgshgpnh grbiknsfs. Ujmsm grbiknsfs prgeuhm tjrmie-`ndm brgwtjs. Ujmsm

brgwtjs irm dkgwk is jypjim.


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=?

>. I hgfpgst ns i fnxturm gl pirt`y crgdmk egwk fitmrni`. Ujns fitmrni` ns usui``y fiem upgl `mivms gr briss huttnkb.

9?. Lukbn ittihd tjm imrni` pirts gl tjm hrgp, tjm `mivms, stmfs mth. Lukbn hik cm hgktrg``mecy fmiks gl hjmfnhi` sucstikhms. Ujmsm hjmfnhi` sucstikhms irm dkgwk is lukbnhnems.

MZMSHNXM H1 Emlnknkb

M.b. I lirfmr ns i pmrsgk wjgbrgws hrgp.

Ujm cikiki ns i pìkt wjnhjemvm`gps suhdmrs.

]sm rmìtnvm hìusm tg emlnkm mihj gl tjm wgres bnvmk cm`gw1

9. Ujm pgrm spihm ns i kmtwgrd gl spihms gr hjikkm`s ..........

3. tjm lnmè hipihnty ns tjm ifgukt gl witmr .........

8. Jmrcnhnem ns i dnke gl hjmfnhi` sucstikhm ..........

5. Ik ibrnhu`turi` wgrdmr ns i pmrsgk ..........

=. _ìkts irm `nvnkb grbiknsfs ...........

H. @IKB]IBM NK ]XM

MZMSXNXM I1 Hgkhùsngks cisme gk gcsmrvitngks

Xgn`s irm sgfmtnfms sjgrt gl pìkt kutrnmkts1

Xyfptgf Enibkgsns

_ìkt stuktme nkbrgwtj, `mivms ym``gwnsj

nk hg`gur

Xgnèmlnhnmkt nk

kntrgbmkRm hik mxprmss tjns nklgrfitngk is lg``gw1

Gcsmrvitngk Hgkhùsngk

Ujm pìkt ns stuktmenk brgwtj ike tjm `mivmsirm ym``gwnsj nk hg`gur.

Ujnssjgw tjit..

Ujm sgn` nsemlnhnmkt nkkntrgbmk.

6 Ujm pìkt ns stuktme nk brgwtj ike tjm `mivms irm ym``gwnsj nk hg`gur. Ujns sjgw tjittjm sgn` ns emlnhnmkt nk kntrgbmk.

Xjgw wjnhj syfptgfs bg wntj wjnhj enibkgsms nk tjm lg``gwnkb tic`m cy wrntnkbhgkhùsngks cisme gk gcsmrvitngks is nk tjm mxifp`m icgvm. Iee tjm lg``gwnkb dnkes gl wgrewjmrm ipprgprnitm1

(i)emlnkntm ike nkemlnkntm irtnh`ms4

(c)lgrfs gl tjm vmrc cm, ike tjmrm ns/irm4

(h)ike ike cut.




51/128

=9

Xyfptgfs Enibkgsns

(i) pìkt rggts eynkb it tnps, gr rmfink sjgrt ike stuccy Xu`pjur emlnhnmkhy nk sgn`

(c) i`` pirts gl pìkt stuktme nk brgwtj, wntj cùnsj-brmmk`mivms, pggr lrunt gr smme emvm`gpfmkt

_ìkt sjgrt gl m`mfmkt fibkmsnuf

(h) pìkt tnssums wmid, prgkm tg ittihd cy nksmhts ike lukbus Xgn` emlnhnmkt nk pgtissnuf

(e) `mivms `gsnkb tjmnr brmmk hg`gur, cmhgfnkb ym``gw it tnps,cmtwmmk vmnks

Emlnhnmkhy gl pjgspjgrgus nk sgn`

(m) kmw `mivms turknkb ym``gw, rggts ike stmfs cmhgfnkb`gkb ike wggey

Xupp`y gl hi`hnuf nk sgn` ns `gw

(l) ygukb `mivms emvm`gpnkb hj`grgsns, vmnks rmfink brmmk Ifgukt gl znkh nk sgn` nksullnhnmkt

(b) lg`nibm gl lnmè hrgps, pirtnhuìr`y `gwmr `mivms, jisnktrivmnki` hj`grgsns

_ìkt sullmrnkb lrgf emlnhnmkhy glnrgk

KGUM1 Ujmrm irm gtjmr wiys gl mxprmssnkb tjm rmìtngksjnp cmtwmmk gcsmrvitngks ikehgkhùsngks1

Gcsmrvitngk Hgkhùsngk

Ujm pìkt ns stuktmenk brgwtj ike tjm`mivms irm pi`mym``gwnsj nkhg`gur.

Ujns subbmstme tjit ..

Ujns nkenhitms tjit ..

Ujns ns ik nkenhitngk tjit

Ujns ns i snbk tjit ..

Rm fiy hgkhùem tjit ..

Ujns fmiks tjit ..

Xg ..

Ujmrmlgrm ..

tjm sgn` nsemlnhnmkt nkkntrgbmk.

MZMSHNXM C1 Bmkmri`nzitngks

Nl wm eriw i hgkhùsngk lrgf i kufcmr gl gcsmrvitngks wm fidm ibmkmri`nzitngk.

Nli pìkt ns/pìkts irm stuktme nk brgwtj ike tjm `mivms irm ym``gwnsj nk hg`gur, tjmktjmsgn` ns emlnhnmkt nk kntrgbmk.

GS Rjmki pìkt ns/pìkts irm stuktme nk brgwtj ike tjm `mivms irm ym``gwnsj nk hg`gur, tjmsgn` ns emlnhnmkt nk kntrgbmk.

Hjikbm tjm gcsmrvitngks ike hgkhùsngks ygu jivm wrnttmk nk Mxmrhnsm I nktgbmkmri`nzitngks.




52/128

=3

SMIENKB UMXU1

Hgfp`mtm tjm lg``gwnkb tmxt cy ln``nkb nk tjm cìkd spihms wntj tjm mxprmssngks bnvmkcm`gw. I egttme `nkm ....... rmqunrms i pjrism tg cm ieeme ike i strinbjt `nkm WWWWW rmqunrms i wgretg cm ieeme.

enbbnkb gr ern``nkb prgvneme `mkbtj

bmt rne gl gctinkme erinkme

tucm-cgrme lukhtngk typm gl hrgp purpgsm / lukhtngk

fust cm fgnsturm / witmr nrrnbitngk (5) mxhmss

tjns brguke witmr rmsmrvgnrs emmp

Rjmrm ike wjmk witmr ns nk sjgrt supp`y WWWWW ns kmmeme nk gremr tg fidm up lgr kituri`rinkli``. Ujmrm irm twg fink sgurhms gl WWWWW witmr1 surlihm witmr ike Xurlihm witmr nsWWWWW cy tjm l`gwnkb witmrs gl rnvmrs gr ns WWWWW lrgf tjm stn`` witmr gl tikds, pgkes gr irtnlnhni`

WWWWW. Xuctmrrikmik witmr ns tippme cy wm``s. Rm``s fiy cm sji``gw wm``s wjnhj jivm cmmkeub cy jike gr WWWWW wm``s wjnhj jivm cmmk WWWWW. Nk mntjmr hism witmr . @nltme cmlgrm nthik cm usme lgr WWWWW.

Lgr i bnvmk typm gl sgn` tjm ifgukt gl witmr wjnhj ns rmqunrme virnms wntj tjm - tjmpìkt, nts pjysng`gbnhi` fidm-up ike tjm WWWWW gl tjm brgwnkb smisgk.

Rjmrm ike wjmk tjmrm ns tgg fuhj witmr nk tjm sgn` sgfm gl nt fust cm WWWWW gll. Ujus,WWWWW ike WWWWW irm `ndm twg lihms gl tjm hgnk. Rjn`m tjm purpgsm gl nrrnbitngk ns tg irrikbm lgrsullnhnmkt WWWWW nk tjm sgn` lgr sitnslihtgry , tjm WWWWW gl erinkibm ns tg rmfgvm WWWWWfgnsturm lrgf tjm rggt zgkm. Ug ivgne ik mxhmss gl fgnsturm, hirm fust cm tidmk tg . Ikyhg``mhtngk gl witmr mntjmr icgvm gr cm`gw brguke surlihm. Ujmrm irm tjrmm fmtjges gl egnkb

WWWWW1 cy enthjnkb, cy ìynkb ike cy usnkb ..


- sgn` pirtnh`ms1

- pgrm spihm1

- mqui` vgùfm1

- hgfpihtngk gl tjm sgn`1

- nrrnbitngk (k.)1

- situritme (iea.)1- wm``-erinkme sgn`1

- rmtink (v.)1

- fgnsturm-jgènkb hipihnty1

- pmrfikmkt wn`tnkb pgnkt1

- hipn`ìry lgrhms1

pjk t t

dt

tjthj kbikb ckb kjiu

dt ekj hi t

stn tnu

cg jit h tnu tjit tt

bn`n

djkkb bnkh hi t

nf hjt vkj vnk

`h fig ek




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Rjit wis tjm kifm gl tjm fik wjg mkt ygu tjm fgkmy7

Ikygkm wjg ns nktmrmstme nk tjm agcfust ipp`y cmlgrm kmxt Lrneiy.

^gu hik usm tjit(nkstmie gl wjg). Cut ygu hik kgt usm tjitnk kgk-emlnknkb rmìtnvmhìusms (is tjm kmxt pirt).

* Rjmk wm irm ti`dnkb icgut tjnkbs, wm usm tjitgr wjnhjnk i rmìtnvm hìusm1

Rjmrm tjm hjmmsm tjit/wjnhj wis nk tjm rmlr nbmritgr7

N egkt `ndm stgrnms tjit/wjnhj jivm ukjippy mkenkbs.

Ujm fihjnkm tjit crgdm egwkjis kgw cmmk rmpinrme.

Ujitns fgrm usui` tjik wjnhj. Cut sgfmtnfms ygu fust usm wjnhjnk kgk-emlnknkbrmìtnvm hìusm (is tjm kmxt pirt)

* @ggd it tjmsm mxifp`ms1

Fy crgtjmr Anf, wjg `nvms nk Jgustgk, ns i eghtgr.

Crie tgè fm icgut jns kmw agc, wjnhj jms mkagynkb vmry fuhj.

Rm stiyme it tjm Brike jgtm`, wjnhj Ikk rmhgffmkeme tg us.

Nk tjmsm smktmkhms, tjm rmìtnvm hìusms eg kgt tm`` us wjnhj pmrsgk gr tjnkb tjmspmidmr fmiks. Rm i`rmiey dkgw wjnhj tjnkb gr pmrsgk ns fmikt1 fy crgtjmr Anf,Cries kmw agc, ike tjm Brike jgtm`

Ujm rmìtnvm hìusms nk tjmsm smktmkhms bnvm us mxtri nklgrfitngkicgut tjm pmrsgk grtjnkb4 tjmy irm kgk-emlnknkb rmìtnvm hìusms.

Rm usm hgffi (,) nk tjmsm hìusms

Fy Mkb`nsj tmihjmr, wjg hgfms lrgf Umxis, `gvms hgfputmrs.

Nk tjmsm typms gl rmìtnvms hìusms, wm usm wjglgr pmgp`m ike wjnhjlgr tjnkbs (yguhik kgt usm tjit). Rjgf hik cm usme wjmk nt ns ik gcamht.

Agjk , wjg(kgt tjit) spmids Lrmkhj ike Nti`nik, wgrds is i tgurnst bunem.

Crie tgè fm icgut jns agc, wjnhj(kgt tjit) jms mkagynkb nt vmry fuhj.

Ujns fgrknkb N fmt Ikk, wjgf(gr wjg) N jivmkt smmk lgr ibms.

Rm hikkgt `mivm gut wjg gr wjnhj nk tjns typm gl hìusms. (cut wm hik `mivm gutwjg/wjnhj/tjitwjmk nt ns tjm gcamht nk emlnknkb rmìtnvm hìusms.

Rm stiyme it tjm jgtm` (tjit/wjnhj)Ikk rmhgffmkeme.

Ujns fgrknkb N fmt sgfmcgey (wjg/tjit)N jiekt smmk lgr ibms.

Rjgfns ukusui` nk tjns typm gl hìusms.

Rjgsmns usme nk rmìtnvm hìusms nkstmie gl jns/jmr/tjmnr1

I wnegw ns i wgfik wjgsm juscike ns emie. (jmr juscike ns emie.)




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N fmt i fik wjgsm snstmr dkgws ygu. (jns snstmr dkgws ygu.)

Rjmrmhik cm usme nk i rmìtnvm hìusm tg ti`d icgut i pìhm1

Ujm jgtm` wjmrm wm stiymewiskt vmry h`mik.

N rmhmkt`y wmkt cihd tg tjm tgwk wjmrm N wis cgrk.

L]SUJMS _SIHUNHM

N. Fidm gkm smktmkhm lrgf twg. ]sm wjg/tjit/wjnhj1

9. I bnr` wis nkaurme nk tjm ihhnemkt. Xjm ns kgw nk tjm jgspnti`.

... Ujm bnr` wjg wis nkaurme nk tjm ihhnemkt ns kgw nk tjm jgspnti`...

3. I fik ikswmrme tjm pjgkme. Jm tgè fm ygu wmrm iwiy.

.......................................................................................................8. I wintrmss smrvme us. Xjm wis vmry nfpg`ntm ike nfpitnmkt.

.......................................................................................................

5. I cunènkb wis emstrgyme nk tjm lnrm. Nt jis kgw cmmk rmcun`t.

.....................................................................................................

=. Xgfm pmgp`m wmrm irrmstme. Ujmy jivm kgw cmmk rm`misme.

......................................................................................................


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= Hgws ike sjmmp jivm i enbmstnvm systmf wjnhj ns ieiptme tg emi` wntj lncrm.

9?Fgst iknfi` lmmenkb stulls irm emrnvme lrgf pìkts ike, hgksmqumkt`y, gur `nvmstghd irm

i`fgst mktnrm`y empmkemkt upgk pìkts lgr tjmnr supp`y gl mkmrby.

Lits ike Gn`s

99Lits ike gn`s irm hjmfnhi``y vmry snfnìr tg mihj gtjmr, cut it kgrfi` tmfpmriturms litsmxnst nk i sg`ne stitm ike gn`s irm `nqunes. @ndm hircgjyeritms, tjmy hgktink hircgk, jyergbmk ikegxybmk, cut tjmy enllmr nk tjm prgpgrtngks nk wjnhj tjmsm m`mfmkts irm hgfcnkme.

93 Aust is tjm snfp`mst cunènkb c`ghds nk tjm hircgjyeritms wmrm tjm subirs, suhj isbùhgsm, tjm snfp`mst cunènkb c`ghds nk tjm lits irmb`yhmrgìkelitty ihnes.




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39 I`tjgubj fnkmri`s gk`y hgkstntutm icgut 8% gl tjm tgti` cgey, icgut :?% gl fnkmri`fittmr, hjnml`y hi`hnuf ike pjgspjgrus ns lguke nk tjm sdm`mtgk. Nt ns, tjmrmlgrm, pirtnhuìr`ynfpgrtikt tg mksurm tjit ygukb iknfi`s wjgsm sdm`mtgk ns brgwnkb ripne`y gctink i bgge supp`ygl fnkmri`s.

33 Ujm typms ike quiktntnms gl fnkmri`s lguke nk enllmrmkt lmmenkb stulls irm mxtrmfm`y

virnic`m. Iknfi`s lmmenkb gk hmrtink enmts fiy, tjmrmlgrm, kmme supp`mfmktiry fnkmri` ritngks tgprmvmkt emlnhnmkhy ensmisms. I wnem rikbm gl fnkmri` supp`mfmkts ns ivinìc`m lrgf hgffmrhni`lnrfs, i`tjgubj jgfm fnxms usnkb i prgpgrtngk gl stmifme cgkm l`gur, brguke hji`d ike hgffgksi`t irm sgfmtnfms usme tg supp`y tjm mssmktni` fnkmri`s.

Uic`m =

Ujm lukhtngks issghnitme wntj tjm mssmktni` fnkmri`s

Hi`hnuf, pjgspjgrus

Fibkmsnuf

Nrgk

Xgenuf, pgtissnuf

Xu`lur

Cgkm ike tmmtj lgrfitngk

Brgwtj gl sglt tnssums

Lmrtn`nty

Lukhtngk gl tjm kmrvgus systmf

Cgkm lgrfitngk

C`gge lgrfitngk

Smbuìtngk cmtwmmk ihnenty ike i`di`nknty gl c`gge lùnes

Lgge enbmstngk

_irt gl hmrtink prgtmnks, m.b. jinr prgtmnk

38 Gtjmr fnkmri`s wjnhj irm gk`y kmhmssiry nk sfi`` quiktntnms irm hi``me trihm m`mfmkts.Ujmsm nkhùem ngenkm, fikbikmsm, hgci`t, hgppmr ike znkh.

(Ieiptme lrgf Cuhdmtt,Nktrgeuhtngk tg @nvmstghd Juscikery, _mrbifgk _rmss)

NN. Hgfprmjmksngk qumstngks

Kgw rmie tjm tmxt hirmlu``y, `ggdnkb up iky kmw ntmfs nk i enhtngkiry gr rmlmrmkhm cggd.Ujmk ikswmr tjm lg``gwnkb qumstngks1

9. Eg i`` ery fittmrs jivm tjm sifm lmmenkb viùm7

3. Rjit irm hircgjyeritms fiem up gl7

8. Rjy irm sgfm gèmr pìkts lncrgus7

5. Rjy eg lncrgus pìkts jivm `mss lmmenkb viùm7

=. Rjnhj hgktink fgrm mkmrby, lits gr hircgjyeritms7

. Rjnhj irm tjm mssmktni` fnkmri`s7




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Sggts

5. Sggts smrvm tjm sifm bmkmri` lukhtngk is lgr gtjmr pìkts1 ikhjgribm, icsgrptngk gl witmrike mssmktni` fnkmri`s, ike stgribm tjm pjgtgsyktjitm. Ujm stgribm lukhtngk ns `mss nfpgrtikt nklgrmst trmms tjik lgr fgst pmrmkkni` lnmè hrgps snkhm stmf tnssum tidms gvmr fuhj gl tjm stgribmlukhtngk nk trmms.

= Urmm spmhnms enllmr firdme`y nk tjm mxtmkt gl tjmnr rggt systmfs, enllmrmkhms tjit fiyillmht jgw tjm spmhnms irm fikibme nk tjm lgrmst. Lgr mxifp`m, fgst gid, jnhdgry, ike wi`kuttrmms jivm emmp ike mxtmksnvm tiprggt systmfs wjnhj prgvnem mxtrmfm`y sg`ne ikhjgribm. Ujus,tjmsm ike gtjmr trmms wntj snfnìr rggt systmfs irm kgt is prgkm tg uprggtnkb cy smvmrm wnkes. Nkjirvmstnkb i lgrmst, wnke eifibm ns i fnkgr hgkhmrk wntj tjmsm trmms. Xpruhms ike ci`sif, gk tjmgtjmr jike, jivm sji``gw rggt systmfs ike hik cm uprggtme mvmk cy fgemritm wnkes. Nk pìkknkbtjm jirvmst, suhj trmms fust cm rmfgvme gr i``gwme tg rmfink nk i pittmrk tjit wn`` mksurmiemquitm wnke prgtmhtngk. Fgst lgrmst trmms li`` sgfmwjmrm cmtwmmk tjmsm mxtrmfms. Bmkmri``y,tjm rggt systmf prgvnems sguke ikhjgribm mxhmpt nk rmìtnvm`y mxtrmfm hgkentngks. Gl hgursm,mvmk emmp-rggtme spmhnms hik cm uprggtme ukemr smvmrm hgkentngks, suhj is prg`gkbme jmivy rinkscmlgrm gr eurnkb jnbj wnkes. Jurrnhikm hgkentngks hik `mvm` mxtmksnvm irmis gl lgrmst. Nk ieentngk,trmms tjit kgrfi``y prgeuhm tiprggts fiy emvm`gp sji``gw rggt systmfs cmhiusm gl pggr sgn`hgkentngks, m.b. gk`y i tjnk ìymr gl sgn` icgvm tjm cmerghd. Nk suhj hisms trmms fiy cm kgt gk`ystuktme cut i`sg misn`y c`gwk gvmr.

Ujns tmxt ns tidmk lrgf CISEMK mt i`., _ìkt Xhnmkhm, FhBriw-Jn``

NN. Hgfprmjmksngk qumstngks

Kgw rmie tjm tmxt hirmlu``y, `ggdnkb up iky kmw ntmfs nk i enhtngkiry gr rmlmrmkhm cggd.Ujmk ikswmr tjm lg``gwnkb qumstngks1

9. Rjy irm lgrmst usui``y fikibme 7

3. Rjit ns tjm enllmrmkhm cmtwmmk ik ikbngspmrf ike byfkgspmrf 78. Jgw irm jirewgges ike sgltwgges enllmrmktnitme 7

5. Rjit dnke gl trmm ns tjm ispmk 7

=. Jgw `gkb egms nt tidm lgr i lgrmst tg fikurm 7

. Rjy ns ik gid `mss `ndm`y tg cm uprggtme tjik i ci`sif 7

9?. Rjmk ns tjm rggt systmf nkiemquitm tg ikhjgr i trmm 7

NNN. \ghicuìry

9. `ggd it pir.9, wjit wgres jivm tjm sifm fmiknkb is1

Rm``-nklgrfme

Fink, fgst nfpgrtikt




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3. @ggd it pir.3, wjit wgres jivm tjm gppgsntm fmiknkb tg1

Xtrinbjtlgrwire, misy tg ukemrstike

Is ik mxhmptngk

8. @ggd it pir. 3 ibink, hik ygu mxpìnk tjm wgres1

Jire jirewgge

Jire sgltwgge

5. @ggd it pir.8, wjit wgres jivm tjm sifm fmiknkb is1

Bg gk `nvnkb

Emhnenkb

Jukerme gl ymirs

_irt

I`` tjm tnfmXmègf

=. @ggd it pir.5 & =, wjnhj wgres hgrrmspgke tg tjmsm emlnkntngks1

Jgènkb sgfmtjnkb egwk sg tjit nt ns kgt c`gwk gvmr

@nic`m gr nkh`nkme tg

Bgnkb gk lgr i `gkb tnfm

_ggr`y emvm`gpme

Yui`ntnms wjnhj irm is wnem ipirt is pgssnc`m.

C. BSIFFIS

MZMSSHNXM I1 Isdnkb qumstngks

Lnke gut icgut tjm gn` pi`f cy isdnkb qumstngks lg``gwnkb tjmsm pgnkts (Kgtm egwk tjmikswmrs lrgf ygur tmihjmr)

9. Cgtiknhi` kifm1 Rjit ...........................................7

3. Lifn`y1 Rjnhj ......................................................7

8. \irnmtnms1 Jgw fiky ............................................7

5. Xmme ritm1 Rjit ....................................................7

=. _ìkknkb gut1 Rjmrm .............................................7

. ^nmè1 Rjit ......................................................................7




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9?. Hgfpgsntngk pmrhmktibm1 Rjit ...................................... 7

99. Ensmisms1 Rjit dnke gl .................................................. 7

93. _rghmssnkb1 Jgw ............................................................ 7

MZMSHNXM C1 Mxprmssnkb purpgsm1 tg-nklnkntnvm

M.b. Rm hut enthjms it hmrtink nktmrvi`s cmtwmmk tjm hrgps. Gur purpgsm nk egnkb tjns ns tgrmfgvm surlihm witmr.

6 Enthjms irm hutit hmrtink nktmrvi`s cmtwmmk tjm hrgps tg rmfgvmsurlihm witmr

Smwrntm tjm lg``gwnkb smktmkhms usnkb tjm pissnvm lgrfs gl tjm fink vmrcs is nk tjmmxifp`m icgvm.

9. I pìkt usms suk`nbjt. Ujm purpgsm nk usnkb nt ns tg hgfcnkm hircgk engxnem wntj witmr tglgrf hircgjyeritms.

3. Nk hguktrnms wntj nkiemquitm rinkli`` wm nrrnbitm tjm ìke. Gur gcamht nk egnkb tjns ns tgsupp`y mkgubj fgnsturm lgr sitnslihtgry pìkt brgwtj.

8. Ujm rggts gl pìkts suhj is subir cmmt, hirrgts ike pirsknps stgrm lgge. Ujm gcamht glegnkb tjns ns tg mkic`m tjmf tg `nvm fgrm tjik gkm smisgk.

5. Rm sjguè iee lmrtn`nzmrs gr fikurm tg tjm sgn`. Gur inf nk egnkb tjns ns tg mkhguribmpìkt brgwtj.

=. Nl i sgn` ns vmry ihne wm hik sprmie `nfm gk nt. Gur purpgsm nk egnkb tjns ns tg hgrrmht tjmihnenty.

. Rm sjguè dmmp enthjms is strinbjt is pgssnc`m ike gk ik mvmk brienmkt. Ujm rmisgk lgrtjns ns tg prmvmkt tjmf lrgf sn`tnkb up.

9?. Rm iee cu`dy fitmrni`s tg tjm sgn` `ndm iknfi` gr brmmk fikurm. Gur inf nk egnkb tjns nstg nfprgvm tjm pjysnhi` hgkentngk gl tjm sgn` ike tg dmmp up nts jufus hgktmkt.

MZMSHNXM H1 Mxprmssnkb purpgsm1 nk gremr tg + nklnkntnvm / sg is tg + nklnkntnvmLgr mxifp`m1

Rm kmme nrrnbitngk. Ujm rmisgk lgr tjns ns tg fidm up lgr ìhd gl kituri` rinkli``.

6 Nrrnbitngk ns kmmeme nk gremr tg/sg is tgfidm up lgr ìhd up kituri` rinkli``.

Smwrntm tjm smktmkhms nk Mxmrhnsm C usnkb tjm kmw struhturm nk gremr tg/sg is tg +nklnkntnvmike tjm pissnvm lgrf is nk tjm icgvm mxifp`m.




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H. @IKB]IBM NK ]XM

MZMSHNXM C1 Emlnkntngk gl tmrfs

Hgfcnkm tjm ntmfs nk Hgùfk I wntj tjm gkms nk hgùfk C tg fidm tjm hgrrmht emlnkntngkgl mihj tmrf. ^gu wn`` kmme tg iee sgfm kmhmssiry wgres (irtnh`ms, prgkguks ike ieamhtnvms,

lgrfs gl tjm vmrc cm) wjmrm ipprgprnitm.I C

Lgrmst

Xtike

Uypm

Xntm hìss

Xnzm gl trmm

Enifmtmr gl trmm

hf ecj

Mhg`gbnhi``y hgfp`mx uknt - hgffuknty gl trmms ike ukemrbrgwtjsprmienkb, sgfmtnfms, gvmr rmi``y mkgrfgus irmis.

Hg``mhtngk gl trmms wjnhj irm fgrm gr `mss uknlgrf (n.m fgrm gr `mss tjmsifm) nk spmhnms, ibm enstrncutngk mth.

Sitjmr `ndm i stike cut fgrm mxtmksnvm - brgup gl snfnìr stikes emlnkmecy tjm spmhnms hgfpgsntngk.

_jysnhi` lihtgrs wjnhj illmht tjm prgeuhtnvnty gl tjm trmms, hgkhmrknkb tjm

tjnkbs `ndm tjm sgn`, tjm s`gpm ike mxpgsurm (wnkes, rink).Jmnbjt gl trmm ike enifmtmr.

Fmisurme it gkm pgnkt tjrmm lnvm fmtrms lrgf tjm surlihm gl tjm sgn`.

Fmisurmfmkts usme lgr tjm enifmtmr gl trmms (ecj1 enifmtmr it crmistjmnbjt)

MZMSHNXM H

]sm tjm nklgrfitngk nk tjm tic`m cm`gw tg mxpìnk tjm tmrfs

M.b. - Nk lgrmstry wm usm tjm wgre/tmrf smme`nkb tg emshrncm i trmm brgwk lrgf smme tjit nskgt ymt gkm fmtrm jnbj.

- I stikeire trmm ns gkm wjnhj ns cmtwmmk tjnrty ike snxty hmktnfmtrms ecj.

Umrf Jmnbjt Enifmtmr

9. Xmme`nkb

3. Xjggt

8. Xfi`` sip`nkb

5. @irbm sip`nkb

=. Xfi`` pg`m


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MZMSHNXM E

Hìssnlnhitngk ihhgrenkb tg emlnknkb hjirihtmrnstnhs

Hìssnlnhitngks irm fiem ihhgrenkb tg sgfm prnkhnp`m gl hìssnlnhitngk, ike stitmfmkts irmfiem nk tjm ihtnvm gr pissnvm lgrf.

M.b. Rm fiy/hik hìssnly pìkts ihhgrenkb tg jgw `gkb tjmy `nvm.

Gr _ìkts fiy/hik cm hìssnlnme ihhgrenkb tg jgw `gkb tjmy `nvm. Lgr mxifp`m ikkui`spìkts hgfp`mtm tjmnr `nlm hyh`m nk i snkb`m smisgk, cut cnmkkni` pìkts rmqunrm twg ymirs tghgfp`mtm tjmnr`nlm hyh`m.

Fidm stitmfmkts icgut jgw tjm lg``gwnkb gcamhts fiy cm hìssnlnme is nk tjm mxifp`micgvm. ^gu wn`` kmme tg iee tjm kmhmssiry wgres nk tjm stitmfmkts.

Gcamht _rnkhnp`m gl

hìssnlnhitngk

Mxifp`ms Hjirihtmrnstnhs

9. _ìkts Jgw `gkb

tjmy `nvm

Ikkui`s pìkts Hgfp`mtm `nlm hyh`m nk snkb`m smisgk

Cnmkkni` pìkts Smqunrm twg ymirs tg hgfp`mtm `nlm hyh`m

3._ìktkutrnmkts

Xgurhm Gxybmk ike hircgk Emrnvme lrgf inr

Fnkmri`s suhj ispjgspjgrus,pgtissnuf, hi`hnuf,nrgk, ike znkh

Mxtrihtme lrgf fnkmri` sucstikhms

8. Xgn`s _rgpgrtngksgl sike, sn`tike hìy mihj

hgktink

@nbjt sikey sgn` Hgktink `gw prgpgrtngk gl hìy ikejnbjmr prgpgrtngk gl sike ike sn`t

Jmivy hìy sgn` Hgktinks i`fgst mqui` prgpgrtngks gl

sike, sn`t ike hìy

5. Hrgps ]sm fiem gltjmf

Hmrmi` gr brinkhrgps, suhj is wjmitike cir`my

Brgwk prnfirn`y lgr smme wjnhj ns usmelgr lgge

Lgribm ike pisturmhrgps, suhj is`mbufms

Brgwk prnfirn`y lgr `mily pirts wjnhjirm usme lgr `nvmstghd lmme

=.Rmitjmrnkb

ibmkts

Kituri` lgrhmnkvg`vme

_jysnhi` ibmkts suhjis witmr, nhm ike

wnke

Hjikbm snzm, lgrf ike sjipm gl rghdike fnkmri` emcrns

Hjmfnhi` ibmktssuhj is gxybmk ikekituri` ihnes

I`tmr hjmfnhi` hgfpgsntngk gl rghdsike fnkmri`s




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- prnkhnp`m (k.)1

- mssmktni` (iea.)1

- cgtiknhi` (iea.)1

- jgrtnhu`turm (k.)1

- jgrtnhu`turi` hrgps1

- ibrgkgfy (k.)

- ibrgkgfnh hrgps1

- grhjires1

- spmrfitgpjytms1

- byfkgspmrfs (k.p`.)1

- bmkmri` h`issnlnhitngk1

- kmme`m-`mivme trmm1

- spmhnms (k.)1

- emhneugus (iea.)1

- crgie-`mivme trmm1

- fgrpjg`gby (k.)1

- ikitgfy (k.)1

- fiturnty (k.)1

- hrgwk (k.)1- sjiem (k.)1

- rggt systmf1

- jurrnhikm (k.)1

- nk ieentngk1

kbuyk th

hjyu, tjnt yu

tjuh vtjh vt

kbj`f vk

hy k qu

kbkj kkb jh

hy kkb kbjnp

vk hy k qu

tjh vt h jt, tjh vt jgi jnk

tjh vt jt trk (tjh vt dji t)

spjk `gn tkb qut

hy h ` jkj dnf

`gn

rkb (qu, ` ...)

hy ` tg

jkj tjn jh

bnn pju jh

strkb tjkj

tk (hy), kj, kbkckb rf, ckb ft

cr

hk cg (h bn fkj hp :)

kbgn ri

--- ?g? ---




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SMIENKB UMZU 3

Hìssnlnhitngk shjmfms

9 Ujm fgst nfpgrtikt gl smvmri` crgie mhg`gbnhi` hìssnlnhitngks gl trmms lgr lgrmstfikibmfmkt ns sjiem tg`mrikhm. Isjiem-tg`mrikttrmm hik bmkmri``y wntjstike h`gsmr pìktnkb gr

fgrm hgfpmtntngk lgr `nbjt tjik kgk-tg`mrikt typm. Ujns cmhgfm i fiagr hgksnemritngk nk pìktnkb,tjnkknkb, gr jirvmstnkb gpmritngks ike shjmeu`ms. Lgrmst trmms irm hìssnlnme ukemr tjrmm crgiejmienkbs wntj rmbire tg `nbjt rmqunrmfmkts1

Xjiem-tg`mrikt spmhnms - m.b. ci`sif lnr, jmf`ghd, rmewgge, cisswgge, spruhm, cnrhj, ikefip`m.

Nktmrfmenitm- m.b. egubìs lnr, isj, m`f, ike fiky gids.

Xjiem-nktg`mrikt - m.b. hyprmss, mistmrk rme hmeir, ìrhj (tifirihd), pnkm, ispmk, cìhdhjmrry, cìhd wi`kut, hgttgk wgge, jnhdgry, `ghust, rme buf, syhifgrm, ym``gw pgpìr ikewn``gw.

3Xpmhnms nk tjmsm tjrmm brgups prmsufic`y enllmr nk cisnh pjysng`gbnhi` prghmssms rmìtme tgpjgtgsyktjmsns. Ujm fgst hgffgk mxpìkitngk ns tjit tjm enllmrmkhms nk sjiem tg`mrikhm irmrmìtme enrmht`y tg enllmrmkhms nk tjm ifgukt gl `nbjt i pìkt kmme lgr kmt pjgtgsyktjmsns tg ghhur,is wm`` is `nbjt situritngk. Nt ns nfpgrtikt tg kgtm tjit tjmsm hìssnlnhitngks irm crgie. Rntjnk ikyspmhnms irm bmkgtypms wjnhj fiy cm fgrm gr `mss tg`mrikt tg sjienkb tjik tjm ivmribm. Xnkhm ihgffgk hiusm gl sjienkb ns hrgwenkb gr emksm pìktnkb, trmms tjit tg`mritm sjienkb irm, wntjnk`nfnts, i`sg mxpmhtme tg tg`mritm fgrm hrgweme hgkentngks tjik kgk-tg`mrikt spmhnms. Ug`mrikhm nsgcvngus`y i fiagr hgksnemritngk nk emhnenkb wjmtjmr tg fikibm trmms is mvmk-ibme stikes gr isukmvmk-ibme stikes wjmrm rmbmkmritngk ike brgwtj fust tidm pìhm nk tjm sjiem gl smvmri` gè-ibme hìssms.

8 Ujm pittmrk gl hrgwk emvm`gpfmkt ns nfpgrtikt nk nemktnlynkb tjm spmhnms tjit wn``

suhhmme nk ukmvmk-ibme hgkentngks, rmìtme tg gr ik mxprmssngk gl, sjiem tg`mrikhm, nt hik cm isnbknlnhikt lihtgr nk tjnkknkb, jirvmstnkb ike lgrmst-fikibmfmkt emhnsngks. Nk i bnvmk stike,sgfm trmms, is tjmy bg tjrgubj tjmnr `nlm hyh`m, brgw icgvm i`` gtjmr ike ippmir tg egfnkitm istike. Gtjmr, is tjm gppgsntm mxtrmfm, fiy kmvmr mfmrbm it tjm uppmr surlihm gl tjm lgrmst hrgwkgr lg`nir hikgpy. Fiky li`` sgfmwjmrm nk cmtwmmk, kgt tru`y egfnkikt cut kgt gcvngus`yghhurrnkb gk`y it tjm `gwmr `mvm`s gl tjm hikgpy. Gcvngus`y trmms tjit eg kgt rmihj i egfnkikthrgwk pgsntngk fust cm sjiem-tg`mrikt gr m`sm tjmy wguè kgt survnvm ike fnbjt is wm`` cm hutike usme.

5 Smhgbknznkb hrgwk typms, sjienkb ike spihnkb rmqunrmfmkts irm hruhni` nk fidnkbjirvmst ike tjnkknkb emhnsngks. Lgur typms gl hrgwk emvm`gpfmkt ike pgsntngk irm rmhgbknzme1

Egfnkikt trmms - Ujm hrgwk mxtmke icgvm tjm bmkmri` jmnbjt gl tjm lgrmst hikgpy ikermhmnvm lu`` suk`nbjt lrgf icgvm ike pirtni` suk lrgf tjm snems. Ujmy mxpmrnmkhm fnknfi` sjienkbcmhiusm tjmy rmihj cmygke hgfpmtntgrs.

Hgegfnkikt trmms - Hrgwk emvm`gpfmkt ns it tjm bmkmri` `mvm` gl tjm lgrmst hikgpy. Urmmsrmhmnvm lu`` suk`nbjt lrgf icgvm cut ìtmri` sjienkb lrgf ieaihmkt trmms. Hrgwks irm fmenuf-snzme ike kgt mxtmksnvm is tjgsm issghnitme wntj egfnkikt trmms.




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@IKB]IBM X]FFIS^

Fidnkb Yumstngks

Nk qumstngks, wm usui``y put tjm lnrst iuxn`niry vmrc (I\) cmlgrm tjm sucamht (X).

X + I\ I\ + X

Ugf wn`` 6; Rn`` Ugf7 Rn`` Ugf cm jmrm tgfgrrgw7

^gu jivm 6; Jivm ygu7 Jivm ygu cmmk wgrdnkb jire7

N hik 6; Hik N7 Rjit hik N eg lgr ygu7

Ujm jgusm wis 6; wis tjm jgusm7 Rjmk wis tjm jgusm cun`t7

Nksnfp`m prmsmktqumstngks, wm usm eg/egms1

Eg ygu `nvm kmir jmrm7

Rjit tnfm egms tjm fgvnm cmbnk7

Nksnfp`m pistqumstngks, wm usm ene1

Ene ygu sm`` ygur hir7

Jgw ene tjm ihhnemkt jippmk7

Cut eg kgt usm eg/egms/ene nl wjg/wjit / wjnhj ns tjm sucamht gl tjm smktmkhm.

Mffi pjgkmesgfmcgey. 6; RjgeneMffi pjgkm7

Xgfmcgeypjgkme Mffi. 6; RjgpjgkmeMffi7

Fgrm mxifp`ms1 - Rjg wiktssgfmtjnkb tg mit7 (kgtwjg egms wikt)

- Rjit jippmkmetg ygu ìst knbjt7 (kgtwjit ene jippmk)

- Rjnhj cus bgmsegwktgwk7 (kgtwjnhj cus egms bg)

Kgtm tjm pgsntngk gl prmpgsntngks nk qumstngks cmbnkknkb Rjg/Rjit/Rjnhj/Rjmrm ... 7

- Rjg eg ygu wikt tg spmid tg7

- Rjnhj agc jis Aikm ipp`nme lgr7

- Rjit wis tjm wmitjmr `ndm ymstmreiy7

- Rjmrm irm ygu lrgf7

Xucamht\mrc Ibrmmfmkt.

I vmrc fust fithj nts sucamht nk kufcmr, snkbuìr sucamhts tidm snkbuìr vmrcs, ikepùri` sucamhts tidm pùri` vmrcs.

Cisnh Xucamht-\mrc Ibrmmfmkt

Fy lrnmke ns/wis/jis/egms ...

Fy lrnmkes irm/wmrm/jivm/eg ...




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Lrmqumkt`y Isdme Yumstngk Uypme

I. Rjmk tjm sucamht ike vmrc irm sp`nt1

Ujm tmihjmr, i`gkb wntj jns stuemkts, wikts tg pìy sghhmr.

Ujm nkstntutm tjit jm`ps tjmf ns lnkikhni``y suppgrtme cy tjm bgvmrkfmkt.

Ujm nkstruhtgr, is wm`` is jns stuemkts, jis wm`hgfme tjm shjgg`semhnsngk gl tjm uknlgrf.

Kgtm1 Ujm kufcmr gl i sucamht ns kgt illmhtme cy i pjrism gr hìusm tjit smpiritmstjm sucamht lrgf nts vmrc.

C. Rjmk tjm sucamht ns ik mxprmssngk gl tnfm, enstikhm, prnhm, ike wmnbjt.

Umk eg`ìrs ns tgg fuhj lgr i ernkd.

Uwmkty fn`ms ns tgg `gkb i wiy tg wi`d nk i eiy.

Uwmkty fnkutms ns kgt mkgubj tnfm lgr fm tg bmt tjmrm.H. Rjmk i lrihtngk gr nts mqunvi`mkt nkntnitms i sucamht1

Uwg-tjnres gl tjm ìke jis cmmk sgè.

Uwg-tjnres gl tjmf irm stuemkts.

Kgtm1 Nk tjmsm hisms, tjm kguk nk tjm gl-pjrism emtmrfnkms tjm kufcmr gl tjm vmrc.

E. Rjmk i sucamht cmbnks wntj mntjmrI grC, kmntjmrI kgrC, gr kgt gk`yI cut(i`sg)C.

Mntjmr jm gr jns pupn`s irm bgnkb tg jm`p us.

Kgt gk`y Agjk cut jns pirmkts wikt tg jm`p us.

Kgtm1 Rjmk tjmsm mxprmssngks nkntnitm i sucamht, tjm vmrc fust ibrmm wntj C nkkufcmr.

M. Rjmk i sucamht hgksnsts gl i prgpmr kguk gr i crikhj gl `mirknkb mkenkb nk -s1

Ujm ]kntme Xtitm jis i pgpuìtngk gl gvmr 3


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I kufcmr gl fy lrnmkes irm lrgf Hjnki.

Fiky hguktrnms jivm agnkme tjm Murgpmik ]kngk.

Xmvmri` hirs wmrm eifibme nk tjm ihhnemkt.

-----------------------------------------

L]SUJMS _SIHUNHM

N. Isd Agm qumstngks. (`ggd it jns ikswmrs cmlgrm ygu wrntm tjm qumstngks)

9.(wjmrm / lrgf7) ................................................ - Lrgf Ugrgktg grnbnki``y.

3. (wjmrm /`nvm / kgw7)........................................ - Nk \ikhguvmr.

8. (firrnme7)........................................................ - ^ms.

5. (jgw `gkb / firrnme7)...................................... - Uwm`vm ymirs.

=. (hjnèrmk7)....................................................... - ^ms, tjrmm cgys.

.

2. (wjit / wnlm / eg7).......................................... - Xjms i pg`nhm gllnhmr.

:. (sjm / `ndm jmr agc7)........................................ - ^ms, vmry fuhj.

NN. Fidm qumstngks wntj wjggr wjit.

9. Xgfmcgey bivm fm tjm dmy. - ....................................................................

3. Xgfmtjnkb jippmkme. - .....................................................................

8. Enikm tgè fm sgfmtjnkb. - .....................................................................

5. Ujm cggd cm`gkbs tg sgfmcgey. - .....................................................................

=. Xgfmcgey `nvms nk tjit jgusm. - .....................................................................

. N cgrrgwme tjm fgkmy lrgf sgfmcgey. - .................................................

9?. Nf wgrrnme icgut sgfmtjnkb.- .......................................................................

NNN. Hjggsm tjm cmst wgre gr pjrism tjit cmst hgfp`mtms tjm smktmkhm.9. WWWWWWWW hits is lintjlu` is egbs7

I. Cm C. Ns H. If E. Irm

3. Fitjmfitnhs WWWWWWWW tjm stuey gl kufcmrs, quiktntnms, gr sjipms.

I. cm C. ns H. irm E. wis

8. Mihj cggd WWWWWWWWW uknqum n`ùstritngks.




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I. jivm C. jis H. jivnkb E. jivms

5. Ujm pmgp`m WWWWWWWWW `nknkb up tg bmt gk tjm trink.

I. ns C. bmts H. irm E. ns cmnkb

=. Ujm hiptink, tgbmtjmr wntj jns hrmw fmfcmrs, WWWWWWWWW strubb`nkb tg hgktrg`

tjm sjnp.

I. wis C. wmrm H. jis E. cmhgfms

. Kgt gk`y tjm tmihjmr cut tjm stuemkts WWWWWWWWWW gppgsme tg tjm kmw uknlgrfs.

I. ns C. irm H. wn`` E. ns cmnkb

9?. Ujrmm jgurs WWWWWWWWWWW tgg sjgrt i tnfm lgr us tg ti`d icgut tjns fittmr.

I. ns C. irm H. tidms E. tidm

99. Hguè ygu WWWWWWWWWW fm i cnb livgr7

I. gllmr C. fidm H. wgrd E. eg

93. Jm fust jivm fnssme tjm trink4 gtjmrwnsm, jm WWWWWWWWWW irrnvme cy kgw.

I. jis C. jivm H. jie E. wguè jivm

98. Ujmrm wmrm p`mkty gl pmgp`m wjg WWWWWWWWW cìhd.

I. wis wmir C. wis wmirnkb H. wmirnkb E. wmrm wmirnkb

95. Jm ns mirknkb tmk eg`ìrs ik jgur, wjnhj WWWWWW kgt i sfi`` ifgukt gl fgkmy.

I. cm C. tg cm H. ns E. irm

9=. Jns eiubjtmr ns firrnme WWWWWWWWWW i eghtgr.

I. wntj C. cy H. lgr E. tg

---------------------------------------




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]KNU XM\MK1 LISF FIKIBMFMKUN. Smienkb tmxt1

Fikibmfmkt ns tjm dmy nkbrmenmkt. Ujm fikibmr fidm gr crmid i cusnkmss. Crink irmfgrm nfpgrtikt tjik criwk. Jgw gltmk jivm ygu jmire tjmsm gr snfnìr stitmfmkts gr rmie tjmf

nk lirf fibiznkms7 Ujmy i`` mfpjisnzm ik nfpgrtikt lihtgr nk tjm gpmritngk gl i lirf gr rikhj nktgeiys wgrè. Fikibmfmkt ns nfpgrtikt. Ujns egms kgt fmik tjit fikibmfmkt wis kgtnfpgrtikt nk tjm pist. Jgwmvmr nk ibrnhu`turm wjnhj ns jnbj`y fmhjiknzme, usms fikytmhjkg`gbnhi` nkkgvitngks, ike gpmritms wntj ìrbm ifgukts gl cgrrgwme hipnti`, fikibmfmkttidms gk i kmw enfmksngk ike nfpgrtikhm.

Rjy eg sgfm lirfmrs fidm fgrm fgkmy tjik gtjmrs7 Rjy eg sgfm lirf cusnkmssms brgwike mxpike wjn`m gtjmrs strubb`m tg finktink tjmnr hurrmkt snzm7 Bgge gr cie ùhd hik kgt mxpìnki`` tjm enllmrmkhms gcsmrvme nk tjm prglnticn`nty gl lirfs ike rikhjms mvmk ifgkb tjgsm wjnhjjivm icgut tjm sifm ifgukt gl ìke ike hipnti` ivinìc`m. Lirf cusnkmss rmhgres lrgf fikystitms sjgw tjm tgp gkm-tjnre gl tjm lirf tg cm jnbj`y prglntic`m wjn`m tjm cgttgf gkm-tjnre irm

gltmk gpmritnkb is i `gss. Rjy tjm enllmrmkhm7 Gcsmrvitngk ike iki`ysns gltmk `mie tg tjm sifmhgkhùsngk. Ujm enllmrmkhm ns eum tg fikibmfmkt.

Ujmsm enllmrmkhms nk fikibmfmkt hik sjgw up nk tjrmm irmis1 prgeuhtngk, firdmtnkb ikelnkikhnkb. _rgeuhtngk enllmrmkhms nkhùem tjm hjgnhm gl ibrnhu`turi` hgffgentnms tg cm prgeuhmeike jgw tjmy irm prgeuhme. Firdmtnkb nkhùems tjm wjmk, wjmrm, ike jgw gl purhjisnkb nkputsike sm``nkb hgffgentnms. Enllmrmkhms jmrm irm rml`mhtme nk enllmrmkt prnhms pine ike rmhmnvme.Lnkikhnkb hgvmrs kgt gk`y cgrrgwnkb fgkmy ike tjm rmìtme qumstngks gl wjmk, wjmrm, ike jgwfuhj, cut i`sg tjm mktnrm irmi gl jgw tg ihqunrm tjm rmsgurhms kmhmssiry tg prgeuhm ibrnhu`turi`hgffgentnms. Ujmrm ns rnsd tg cm hgksnemrme nk i`` tjrmm irmisjgw lirf fikibmrs ieipt tg ikejike`m tjns rnsd hik jivm i fiagr nfpiht gk prglnt.

Nl fikibmfmkt ns sg nfpgrtikt, wm fust isd mvmk fgrm qumstngks. Rjit mxiht`y nsfikibmfmkt7 Rjit eg fikibmrs eg 7 wjit ns tjm enllmrmkhm cmtwmmk fikibmfmkt ike ìcgr 7wjit dkgw`mebm ike sdn``s irm kmmeme tg cmhgfm i cmttmr fikibmr 7

Lirf ike rikhj fikibmfmkt

Ujmrm irm sgfm enllmrmkhms nk tjm fikibmfmkt gl i lirfs gr rikhj ike i fikibmfmkt gl ikgk-lirf cusnkmss hgrpgritngk. Ujm gcvngus enllmrmkhms irm nk snzm, typm gl cusnkmss, ike tjmprgeuhts gr smrvnhms prgeuhme. Gtjmr enllmrmkhms nkhùem tjm rmìtngksjnp cmtwmmk ìcgr ikefikibmfmkt ike tjm smttnkb gl bgi`s.

Nk i hgrpgritngk, tjm cgire gl enrmhtgrs smts pg`nhnms ike bgi`s ike jnrms fikibmrs tgihjnmvm tjmf. Nt ns bmkmri``y misy tg smpiritm hgrpgritngk mfp`gymms wjg irm fikibmrs lrgf

tjgsm wjg prgvnem tjm ìcgr kmhmssiry tg prgeuhm i prgeuht gr prgvnem i smrvnhm. Gk i typnhi`lirf gr rikhj, gkm nkenvneui` gr i lifn`y brgup smts tjm bgi`s, prgvnems tjm fikibmfmkt, ikepmrlgrfs fuhj gr i`` gl tjm ìcgr rmqunrme. Ujns fidms nt enllnhu`t tg smpiritm tjm fikibmfmktihtnvnty lrgf ìcgr cmhiusm tjm sifm nkenvneui`s irm nkvg`vme ike cgtj tisds fiy cm pmrlgrfme ittjm sifm tnfm. Lgr mxifp`m, i lirfmr fiy cm fmkti``y pìkknkb i firdmtnkb stritmby gremvm`gpnkb kmxt ymirs hrgppnkb prgbrif wjn`m gpmritnkb i trihtgr gr hgfcnkm. R jmk gkm pmrsgkpmrlgrfs cgtj tjm fikibmfmkt ike ìcgr lukhtngks, tjmrm ns i eikbmr tjit tjm nffmenitm kmme lgr




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ìcgr tg pmrlgrf sgfm tisd wn`` pìhm fikibmfmkt nk i smhgkeiry rg`m, wntj fikibmfmktemhnsngks pgstpgkms gr emìyme.

Ujmsm enllmrmkhms irm kgt rmien`y ippirmkt wjmk emlnkntngks gl cusnkmss fikibmfmkt ikelirf ike rikhj fikibmfmkt irm hgfpirme, cut tjmy irm kmvmrtjm`mss nfpgrtikt. Ujmrm irm fikyenllmrmkt tmxtcggd emlnkntngks gl lirf ike rikhj fikibmfmkt, cut smvmri` hgffgk pgnkts ruk

tjrgubj i`` gl tjmf. Gkm gl tjm fgrm hgkhnsm emlnkntngks ns Lirf fikibmfmkt ns hgkhmrkme wntjtjm emhnsngks wjnhj illmht tjm prglnticn`nty gl tjm lirf cusnkmss. Ujns crgie emlnkntngk hgktinkssmvmri` nfpgrtikt pgnkts. Lnrst, nt nemktnlnms prglnticn`nty is i fiagr gcamhtnvm gl tjm cusnkmss cutkgt kmhmssirn`y tg tjm mxhùsngk gl gtjmr gcamhtnvms. Xmhgke, tjns emlnkntngk spmhnlnhi``y nemktnlnmsemhnsngks ike emhnsngk fidnkb is pirt gl tjm fikibmfmkt prghmss.

Gtjmr lirf fikibmfmkt tmxts hgktink i`tmrkitnvm emlnkntngks cut wntj fiky gl tjm sifmhgkhmpts gr nemis. Ujmrm ns usui``y sgfm rmlmrmkhm tg emhnsngks gr emhnsngk fidnkb is cmnkb pirtgl fikibmfmkt prghmss. I`sg sgfm fmktngk ns fiem glbgi`sgr gcamhtnvms. Ujns fiy cm egkm nkbmkmri` tmrfs, gr i fgrm spmhnlnh bgi` suhj is prglnt fixnfnzitngk fiy cm nemktnlnme is cmnkb iknfpgrtikt mke tg wjnhj tjm fikibmfmkt mllgrt ns enrmhtme. Lnki``y, sgfm fmktngk gl tjmgrbiknzitngkike gpmritngkgl tjm lirf gr rikhj cusnkmss ns nkhùeme nk fiky emlnkntngks.

Lirf ike rikhj fikibmfmkt hik cm tjgubjt gl, tjmk, is cmnkb i emhnsngk-fidnkb prghmss.Nt ns i hgktnkui` prghmss cmhiusm gl tjm hgktnkui` hjikbms tidnkb pìhm nk gur mhgkgfy ike nk iknkenvneui` cusnkmss. Ujm emhnsngk irm hgkhmrkme wntj i``ghitnkb tjm `nfntme rmsgurhms gl ìke,ìcgr, ike hipnti` ifgkb i`tmrkitnvm ike usui``y hgfpmtnkb usms. Ujns i `ghitngk prghmss lgrhmstjm fikibmr tg nemktnly bgi`s ike gcamhtnvms tg bunem ike enrmht tjm emhnsngk fidnkb.

Nk tjns tmxt, tjm lg``gwnkb emlnkntngk wn`` cm iegptme1 lirf ike rikhj fikibmfmkt ns tjmemhnsngk-fidnkb prghmss wjmrmcy `nfntme rmsgurhms irm i``ghitme tg i kufcmr gl prgeuhtngk

i`tmrkitnvms tg grbiknzm ike gpmritm tjm cusnkmss nk suhj i wiy is tg ittink sgfm gcamhtnvm(s).Rjn`m tjns emlnkntngk ns sgfmwjit `gkb, nt egms nemktnly fgst gl tjm hjirihtmrnstnhs gl tjmfikibmfmkt ihtnvntnms lguke gk lirfs ike rikhjms.

(Ieiptme lrgf Cuhdmtt,Nktrgeuhtngk tg @nvmstghd Juscikery, _mrbifgk _rmss)


9. Rjy jis lirf fikibmfmkt tidmk gk i kmw enfmksngk ike nfpgrtikhm7

3. Egms ùhd ihhgukt lgr tjm suhhmss gr linùrm gl lirfs7

8. Rjit lihtgr egms ihhgukt lgr tjm suhhmss gr linùrm gl lirfs7

5. Nk wjit tjrmm irmis egms tjm lirf fikibmr lihm rnsds7

=. Rjit ns enllmrmkt cmtwmmk i lirf ike i cusnkmss hgrpgritngk7

. Jgw egms tjm wrntmr tjnkd gl lirf fikibmfmkt7

9?. Rjy egms tjns prghmss bg gk i`` tjm tnfm7



8/13/2019 A course of English in Agriculture Tc gi: L

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A course of English in Agriculture Tác giả: Lê Thị Thanh Chi Nguồn gốc: ĐH Ngoại ngữ - ĐH Huế Mã, 2009