A Systemic Functional Linguistics Approach to Translation Studies 系统功能语言学视角下的翻译研究 Huang Guowen (Sun Yat-sen University) 中山大学黃国文

A Systemic Functional Linguistics Approach to A Systemic Functional Linguistics Approach to Translation StudiesTranslation Studies

系统功能语言学视角下的系统功能语言学视角下的翻译研究翻译研究

Huang Guowen (Sun Yat-sen University)Huang Guowen (Sun Yat-sen University)

中山大中山大学学黃黃国国文文<[email protected]><[email protected]>

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

I’d like to express my thanks to the I’d like to express my thanks to the School of Foreign Languages of School of Foreign Languages of Nanjing University of Technology for Nanjing University of Technology for inviting me to give a talk here.inviting me to give a talk here.

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

At Sun Yat-sen University a number of peoAt Sun Yat-sen University a number of people have worked with me in the area of tranple have worked with me in the area of translation studies:slation studies:

张美芳教授、博士（中山大学张美芳教授、博士（中山大学 // 澳门大学）澳门大学）尚媛媛副教授、博士（深圳大学）尚媛媛副教授、博士（深圳大学）王鹏讲师、博士（中山大学）王鹏讲师、博士（中山大学）李发根教授、博士（江西师范大学）李发根教授、博士（江西师范大学）司显柱教授、博士（江西财经大学）司显柱教授、博士（江西财经大学）

近年来我们的有关研究近年来我们的有关研究黄国文黄国文 20012001 ，《语篇分析的理论与实践》，上海：，《语篇分析的理论与实践》，上海：上海外语教育出版社。上海外语教育出版社。黄国文黄国文 20022002 ，关于语篇与翻译，《外语与外语教，关于语篇与翻译，《外语与外语教学》学》 20022002 第第 77 期。期。黄国文黄国文 20062006 ，《翻译研究的语言学探索》，上海：，《翻译研究的语言学探索》，上海：上海外语教育出版社。上海外语教育出版社。张美芳、黄国文张美芳、黄国文 20022002 ，语篇语言学与翻译研究，，语篇语言学与翻译研究，《中国翻译》《中国翻译》 20022002 年第年第 33 期。期。黄国文、张美芳黄国文、张美芳 2003, 2003, 从语篇从语篇分析角度看分析角度看翻译单翻译单位的确定位的确定 ,(,( 香港香港 ))Translation QuarterlyTranslation Quarterly, 2003, 2003（（ 3030 ）。）。

黄国文：功能语言学分析对翻译研究的启示黄国文：功能语言学分析对翻译研究的启示 ,, 《外《外语与外语教学》，语与外语教学》， 2002 (5)2002 (5) 。。黄国文：杜牧《清明》英译文的逻辑功能分析黄国文：杜牧《清明》英译文的逻辑功能分析 ,, 《《外语与翻译》，外语与翻译》， 2002 (1)2002 (1) 。。黄国文：《清明》英译文的人际功能探讨黄国文：《清明》英译文的人际功能探讨 ,, 《外语《外语教学》，教学》， 2002 (3)2002 (3) 。。黄国文：从语篇功能的角度看《清明》的几种英译文黄国文：从语篇功能的角度看《清明》的几种英译文 ,,钱军编《语言学：中国与世界同步》，北京：外钱军编《语言学：中国与世界同步》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社语教学与研究出版社 , 2002, 2002 。。黄国文：唐诗英译文中的引述现象分析，《外语学黄国文：唐诗英译文中的引述现象分析，《外语学刊》刊》 2002 (3)2002 (3) 。。黄国文：对唐诗《寻隐者不遇》英译文的功能语篇分黄国文：对唐诗《寻隐者不遇》英译文的功能语篇分析，《解放军外语学院学报》，析，《解放军外语学院学报》， 2002(5)2002(5) 。。黄国文：古诗英译文里的时态分析，《四川外语学院黄国文：古诗英译文里的时态分析，《四川外语学院学报》学报》 20032003 （（ 11 ）。）。

黄国文：汉英语篇比较研究的功能语言学尝试，《外语与黄国文：汉英语篇比较研究的功能语言学尝试，《外语与外语教学》外语教学》 20032003 （（ 22 ）。）。黄国文：从《天净沙黄国文：从《天净沙 · · 秋思》的英译文看 “形式对秋思》的英译文看 “形式对等”的重要性，《中国翻译》等”的重要性，《中国翻译》 20032003 （（ 22 ）。）。黄国文：静态与动态在翻译中的表现—— 柳宗元的《江黄国文：静态与动态在翻译中的表现—— 柳宗元的《江雪》英译文分析，《外语与翻译》雪》英译文分析，《外语与翻译》 20032003 （（ 11 ）。）。黄国文：翻译研究的功能语言学途径。《中国翻译》黄国文：翻译研究的功能语言学途径。《中国翻译》 20042004（（ 55 ）。）。黄国文：形式的选择与意义的体现——古诗英译文中的人黄国文：形式的选择与意义的体现——古诗英译文中的人称问题研究。《外语艺术教育研究》称问题研究。《外语艺术教育研究》 20042004 （（ 44 ）。）。黄国文：古诗英译分析的语言学尝试。《外语论坛》黄国文：古诗英译分析的语言学尝试。《外语论坛》 20062006（（ 11 ）。）。黄国文：关于功能语言学与翻译研究。王东风编《功能黄国文：关于功能语言学与翻译研究。王东风编《功能语言学与翻译研究》广州：中山大学出版社，语言学与翻译研究》广州：中山大学出版社， 20062006 。。

OutlineOutline1 Introduction: Two general approaches to translati1 Introduction: Two general approaches to translation studieson studies

2 Functional Linguistics2 Functional Linguistics

3 Functional Linguistics and translation studies3 Functional Linguistics and translation studies

4 Hallidayan functionalism in translation studies 4 Hallidayan functionalism in translation studies (Catford, Hatim & Mason, Bell, Baker)(Catford, Hatim & Mason, Bell, Baker)

5 SFL approach revisited (assumptions, functional 5 SFL approach revisited (assumptions, functional views of language, levels of analysis)views of language, levels of analysis)

6 Illustration: “Jiang Xue”6 Illustration: “Jiang Xue”

7 Summary7 Summary

1 Introduction: Two approaches1 Introduction: Two approaches

Two approaches to translation studies:Two approaches to translation studies:

(1) Linguistics (formal vs functional)(1) Linguistics (formal vs functional)

(2) Literary(2) Literary

Translation studies as a scienceTranslation studies as a science

Translation as an artTranslation as an art

Translation as a practice and translation studiTranslation as a practice and translation studies as a inter-discipline or a multi-disciplinees as a inter-discipline or a multi-discipline


Linguistics:Linguistics:

(1) Formal linguistics (e.g. generative (1) Formal linguistics (e.g. generative linguistics)linguistics)

(2) Functional linguistics (including (2) Functional linguistics (including Systemic Functional Linguistics, Systemic Functional Linguistics, Pragmatics, Cognitive Linguistics, Pragmatics, Cognitive Linguistics, Discourse Analysis, Sociolinguistics, Discourse Analysis, Sociolinguistics, etc.)etc.)


Functionalism in linguisticsFunctionalism in linguistics(1) Prague School Linguistics (V. Mathesi(1) Prague School Linguistics (V. Mathesius, R. Jakobson, J. Firbas, N. Trubetzkous, R. Jakobson, J. Firbas, N. Trubetzkoy)y)(2) London School Linguistics (J. Firth)(2) London School Linguistics (J. Firth)(3) Copenhagen School (L. Hjelmslev) (3) Copenhagen School (L. Hjelmslev) (4) French functionalism (A. Martinet )(4) French functionalism (A. Martinet )(5) Systemic Functional Linguistics (M. H(5) Systemic Functional Linguistics (M. Halliday)alliday)


(6) Autonomist functionalism or generativ(6) Autonomist functionalism or generative functionalism (S. Kuno, E. Prince)e functionalism (S. Kuno, E. Prince)

(7) Functional grammar (S. Dik)(7) Functional grammar (S. Dik)

(8) Text/Discourse grammar (van Dijk)(8) Text/Discourse grammar (van Dijk)

(9) Mixed functionalism (S. Levinson)(9) Mixed functionalism (S. Levinson)


(10) Typological functionalism (W. Croft)(10) Typological functionalism (W. Croft)

(11) Role and Reference Grammar (R.D. v(11) Role and Reference Grammar (R.D. van Valin, W.A. Foley)an Valin, W.A. Foley)

(12) West Coast Functionalism (T. Giv(12) West Coast Functionalism (T. Givóón, n, P. Hopper, S. Thompson)P. Hopper, S. Thompson)

(13) Cognitive linguistics (R.W. Langacker)(13) Cognitive linguistics (R.W. Langacker)

Note that different functional approaches arNote that different functional approaches are usually related in one way or another. E.e usually related in one way or another. E.g., g., Halliday was Firth's student and both were iHalliday was Firth's student and both were influenced by the Prague School. Both Hallinfluenced by the Prague School. Both Halliday and Firth came from a European traditiday and Firth came from a European tradition influenced by de Saussure (esp Hallidaon influenced by de Saussure (esp Halliday) (as was the Prague School to some extey) (as was the Prague School to some extent). nt). What is clear is that there are influences ratWhat is clear is that there are influences rather than hierarchies involved here.her than hierarchies involved here.

3 Functional Linguistics and 3 Functional Linguistics and translation studiestranslation studies

As a practice, the history of translation is As a practice, the history of translation is as old as that of the human society.as old as that of the human society.In terms of theoretical approaches to In terms of theoretical approaches to translation studies, almost every linguistic translation studies, almost every linguistic theory/model has something to offer to the theory/model has something to offer to the study of translation (as a theory or as a study of translation (as a theory or as a practice).practice).Thus, one can say that there are more Thus, one can say that there are more than 10 “functional linguistics” approaches than 10 “functional linguistics” approaches to translation studies.to translation studies.


There are a number of important functional aThere are a number of important functional approaches to translation studies. Below are tpproaches to translation studies. Below are three major ones:hree major ones:(1) Hallidayan functionalism (M. Baker, B. Hat(1) Hallidayan functionalism (M. Baker, B. Hatim, R. Bell, J. House)im, R. Bell, J. House)(2) German functionalism (K. Reiss, H. Verme(2) German functionalism (K. Reiss, H. Vermeer, C. Nord, J. Holz-Manttari)er, C. Nord, J. Holz-Manttari)(3) Pragmatics/Mixed functionalism (E-A. Gut(3) Pragmatics/Mixed functionalism (E-A. Gutt, L. Hickey)t, L. Hickey)


Basic assumptions:Basic assumptions:

Viewing language as a means of Viewing language as a means of communicationcommunication

Emphasizing cognitive, socio-cultural, Emphasizing cognitive, socio-cultural, physiological factorsphysiological factors

Regarding semantic, pragmatic, functional Regarding semantic, pragmatic, functional patterning as centralpatterning as central

Doing analysis of texts and their contextsDoing analysis of texts and their contexts

Translation is Translation is translating meaning!translating meaning!

4 Hallidayan functionalism in transl4 Hallidayan functionalism in translation studiesation studies

Background (neo-Firthian )Background (neo-Firthian )Developments of Hallidayan linguistics: fDevelopments of Hallidayan linguistics: four stagesour stages(1) 1961--: Scale and Category Grammar(1) 1961--: Scale and Category Grammar(2) 1966--: Systemic Grammar(2) 1966--: Systemic Grammar(3) 1970--: Functional Grammar (Systemic (3) 1970--: Functional Grammar (Systemic Functional Grammar)Functional Grammar)(4) 1978--: Systemic Functional Linguistic(4) 1978--: Systemic Functional Linguisticss

Halliday develops his theory of language frHalliday develops his theory of language from the study of syntax. From “a theory of om the study of syntax. From “a theory of syntax” to “a theory of language”syntax” to “a theory of language”

Scale and Category Grammar, Scale and Category Grammar,

Systemic Grammar, Systemic Grammar,

Functional Grammar, Functional Grammar,

Systemic Functional Grammar, Systemic Functional Grammar,

Systemic Functional LinguisticsSystemic Functional Linguistics

4.1 Catford’s approach4.1 Catford’s approach

J. C. Catford, J. C. Catford, A Linguistic Theory of TranslatiA Linguistic Theory of Translation: An Essay in Applied Linguistics, on: An Essay in Applied Linguistics, 1965. 1965. (( 卡特福德《翻译的语言学理论》卡特福德《翻译的语言学理论》 ;; 穆雷译穆雷译 . . 北京旅游出版社北京旅游出版社 1991)1991)

Notes: (1) Based on Scale and Category GraNotes: (1) Based on Scale and Category Grammar; (2) An Essay in Applied Linguisticsmmar; (2) An Essay in Applied Linguistics

In 1956, the University of Edinburgh establisIn 1956, the University of Edinburgh established the first School of Applied Linguistics unhed the first School of Applied Linguistics under the direction of J.C. Catford.der the direction of J.C. Catford.

《翻译的语言学理论》目录《翻译的语言学理论》目录 (( 穆雷译穆雷译 ))

第一章：普通语言学理论第一章：普通语言学理论第二章：翻译的定义和基本类型第二章：翻译的定义和基本类型第三章：翻译等值第三章：翻译等值第四章：形式对应第四章：形式对应第五章：意义和完全翻译第五章：意义和完全翻译第六章：转移第六章：转移第七章：翻译等值的条件第七章：翻译等值的条件第八章：按音位学原理的翻译，或称音位翻译第八章：按音位学原理的翻译，或称音位翻译第九章：按字形学原理的翻译，或称字形翻译第九章：按字形学原理的翻译，或称字形翻译第十章：音译第十章：音译第十一章：语法翻译和词汇翻译第十一章：语法翻译和词汇翻译第十二章：翻译转换或翻译转位第十二章：翻译转换或翻译转位第十三章：翻译中的语言变体第十三章：翻译中的语言变体第十四章：可译性的限度第十四章：可译性的限度

““ 早在早在 19651965 年，年， J.C. Catford J.C. Catford 就试就试图用图用 M.A.K. Halliday M.A.K. Halliday （（ 1956, 1961956, 19611 ）的阶和范畴语法思想来建立一个基）的阶和范畴语法思想来建立一个基于语言学的翻译理论模式，他所说的于语言学的翻译理论模式，他所说的诸如“语境”（诸如“语境”（ ContextContext ）和“语境意）和“语境意义”（义”（ Contextual MeaningContextual Meaning ）这些概）这些概念都是源于念都是源于 HallidayHalliday 及其老师、伦敦及其老师、伦敦学派的奠基人学派的奠基人 J.R. FirthJ.R. Firth 的语言学理的语言学理论。” 论。” (( 黄国文黄国文 2004)2004)

““CatfordCatford （（ 19651965 ）以系统语言学为基）以系统语言学为基础，提出了‘翻译对等论’。他认为，础，提出了‘翻译对等论’。他认为，翻译实践的中心问题是寻求等值成分：翻译实践的中心问题是寻求等值成分：等值关系可以在 ‘层面’ 等值关系可以在 ‘层面’ (levels, (levels, 语语法、词汇、语音、词形等法、词汇、语音、词形等 ) ) 和 ‘等和 ‘等级’ 级’ (ranks, (ranks, 语法结构、句子、短语、语法结构、句子、短语、词、词素等词、词素等 ) ) 的任何一个交叉点上建的任何一个交叉点上建立。” 立。” (( 黄国文黄国文 2003)2003)

DefinitionDefinition

Translation: the replacement of textTranslation: the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by ual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in anotheequivalent textual material in another language (TL). (Catford 1965)r language (TL). (Catford 1965)

翻译是用另一种语言（译语）的等值翻译是用另一种语言（译语）的等值的文本材料来替换一种语言（原语）的文本材料来替换一种语言（原语）的文本材料。（穆雷译的文本材料。（穆雷译 19901990 ））

““textual material”textual material”

““textual material” (rather than “text”): it is textual material” (rather than “text”): it is not the entirety of a SL which is translatednot the entirety of a SL which is translatedReplacement: replacement of SL grammaReplacement: replacement of SL grammar and lexis by equivalent TL grammar and r and lexis by equivalent TL grammar and lexislexisReplacement of SL graphology by TL graReplacement of SL graphology by TL graphology – but the TL graphological form is phology – but the TL graphological form is by no means a translation equivalent of thby no means a translation equivalent of the SL graphological forme SL graphological form

““equivalent”equivalent”

““The central problem of translatioThe central problem of translation practice is that of finding TL transln practice is that of finding TL translation equivalents. A central task of tation equivalents. A central task of translation theory is that of defining ranslation theory is that of defining the nature and conditions of translathe nature and conditions of translation equivalence.”tion equivalence.”

““transference”transference”

““at one or more levels there may be no at one or more levels there may be no replacement at all, but simple replacement at all, but simple transference of SL material into the TL transference of SL material into the TL text.”text.”

In normal translation, the TL text has a In normal translation, the TL text has a TL meaning. The values of TL items TL meaning. The values of TL items are entirely those set up by formal and are entirely those set up by formal and contextual relations in the TL itself.contextual relations in the TL itself.

However, it is possible to carry out aHowever, it is possible to carry out an operation in which the TL text, or pn operation in which the TL text, or part of the TL text, does have values art of the TL text, does have values set up in the SL (i.e. has SL meaninset up in the SL (i.e. has SL meaning). g).

Catford calls this process “transferenCatford calls this process “transference”.ce”.

In translation, there is substitution of In translation, there is substitution of TL meanings for SL meanings: not TL meanings for SL meanings: not transference of SL meanings into the transference of SL meanings into the TL. In transference there is an TL. In transference there is an implantation of SL meanings into the implantation of SL meanings into the TL text. TL text. These two processes must be clearly These two processes must be clearly differentiated in any theory of differentiated in any theory of translation.translation.

““textual equivalence” vs “formal cortextual equivalence” vs “formal correspondence”respondence”

““A textual equivalent is any TL A textual equivalent is any TL text or portion of text which is text or portion of text which is observed on a particular observed on a particular occasion to be the equivalent of occasion to be the equivalent of a given SL text or portion of text. a given SL text or portion of text. ””

““A formal correspondent, on the other A formal correspondent, on the other hand, is any TL category (unit, class, hand, is any TL category (unit, class, structure, element of structure, etc.) wstructure, element of structure, etc.) which can be said to occupy, as nearly hich can be said to occupy, as nearly as possible, the ‘same’ place in the ‘eas possible, the ‘same’ place in the ‘economy’ of the TL as the given SL catconomy’ of the TL as the given SL category occupies in the SL.”egory occupies in the SL.”

穆雷穆雷 . . 评卡特福德的《翻译的语言学理论》评卡特福德的《翻译的语言学理论》[J] [J] 《外语教学》《外语教学》 1990 (2):371990 (2):37林克难林克难 . . 重新认识卡特福德翻译理论重新认识卡特福德翻译理论 [J] [J] 《天津外国语学院学报》《天津外国语学院学报》 2001(1)2001(1)刘文华梁燕刘文华梁燕 .. 卡特福德翻译等值论中的翻译卡特福德翻译等值论中的翻译的转移及对语言教学的启示的转移及对语言教学的启示 [J] [J] 《鞍山师《鞍山师范学院学报》范学院学报》 2004(3)2004(3)范祥涛范祥涛 . . 从卡特福德到翻译规律的探讨从卡特福德到翻译规律的探讨 ----兼论语料库翻译研究的意义兼论语料库翻译研究的意义 [J] [J] 《外语研《外语研究》究》 20062006 （（ 22 ））孙乃荣王秀娟孙乃荣王秀娟 .. 《语言学翻译理论》评介《语言学翻译理论》评介[J].[J]. 《安徽工业大学学报》《安徽工业大学学报》 20062006 （（ 66 ））

4.2 Approach by Hatim & Mason 4.2 Approach by Hatim & Mason

Hatim & Mason (1990) takes a functioHatim & Mason (1990) takes a functional discourse approachnal discourse approachRegister analysisRegister analysisDiscourse structureDiscourse structureTextureTextureText typeText typeContextContextIntertextuality and intentionalityIntertextuality and intentionality

4.3 Bell’s approach4.3 Bell’s approach

Bell (1991) focuses on elements in Bell (1991) focuses on elements in communicationcommunicationWhat?What?Why?Why?When?When?How?How?Where?Where?Who?Who?

4.4 Baker’s approach4.4 Baker’s approach

Baker (1992) focuses on “equivalencBaker (1992) focuses on “equivalence”:e”:

Equivalence at word levelEquivalence at word level

Equivalence above word levelEquivalence above word level

Grammatical equivalenceGrammatical equivalence

Textual equivalenceTextual equivalence

Pragmatic equivalence Pragmatic equivalence

5 SFL approach revisited5 SFL approach revisited

Revisiting the Systemic Revisiting the Systemic Functional Linguistics approach Functional Linguistics approach to translation studiesto translation studies

5.15.1 Basic assumptions Basic assumptions

A translated text is different from the A translated text is different from the original text in terms of context of original text in terms of context of co-co-text, text, context of situation and context context of situation and context of cultureof culture..

A A functional linguisticsfunctional linguistics approach to approach to the analysis of a translated text is a the analysis of a translated text is a ffunctional linguisticsunctional linguistics study of the text study of the text and its context.and its context.

5.25.2 A functional view of languageA functional view of language

Language as meaning-potentialLanguage as meaning-potential– Choices of language are meaningful in relation to the Choices of language are meaningful in relation to the

system of choices available (system of choices available (what could have been swhat could have been said but was notaid but was not))

Language as metafunctionalLanguage as metafunctional– IdeationalIdeational– InterpersonalInterpersonal– TextualTextual

Language as multi-stratalLanguage as multi-stratal– (Discourse) Semantics(Discourse) Semantics– LexicogrammarLexicogrammar– Phonology / GraphologyPhonology / Graphology

The traffic light systemThe traffic light system

StopStop

Slow down REDSlow down RED

Go AMBERGo AMBER

GREENGREEN

MeaningMeaning (is realized by) (is realized by) FormForm

Language as meaning-potentialLanguage as meaning-potential

He is my He is my fatherfather//daddad..

父亲。父亲。他是我他是我爸爸。爸爸。老窦。老窦。

Meaning as metafunctionalMeaning as metafunctional

– Ideational metafunctionIdeational metafunction– Interpersonal metafunctionInterpersonal metafunction– Textual metafunctionTextual metafunction

Ideational equivalenceIdeational equivalenceInterpersonal equivalenceInterpersonal equivalenceTextual equivalenceTextual equivalence

Ideational equivalenceIdeational equivalence

A. He A. He isis a teacher of English. (Relational a teacher of English. (Relational process)process)

B. He B. He teachesteaches English. (Material process) English. (Material process)

(1) (1) 他他是是英语老师。（关系过程）英语老师。（关系过程）(2) (2) 他他教授教授英语的。（物质过程）英语的。（物质过程）

Interpersonal equivalenceInterpersonal equivalence

窈窕淑女，君子好逑。（《诗经》）窈窕淑女，君子好逑。（《诗经》）A good young man A good young man is wooingis wooing a maid a maiden fair he loves. en fair he loves. （许渊冲译，（许渊冲译， 19919922 ）） The lad The lad is keen to woois keen to woo the lass, a ver the lass, a very dream.y dream. （赵彦春译，（赵彦春译， 20022002 ））A lad A lad would like to woowould like to woo a lass with pr a lass with pretty looks.etty looks. （汪榕培译，（汪榕培译， 19971997 ））

Textual equivalenceTextual equivalence

They arrived at the airport yesterdaThey arrived at the airport yesterday afternoon and y afternoon and were met by the mwere met by the mayor of Beijing thereayor of Beijing there. (. (passivepassive))（（ 11 ）他们昨天下午到达机场，）他们昨天下午到达机场，北京北京市市长到那里接见了他们市市长到那里接见了他们。（。（主动语主动语态态））（（ 22 ）他们昨天下午到达机场，）他们昨天下午到达机场，便受便受到北京市市长的接见到北京市市长的接见。（。（被动语态被动语态））

5.3 Levels of analysis5.3 Levels of analysis

(1) Ideology(1) Ideology

(2) Context of Culture: genre (schematic (2) Context of Culture: genre (schematic patterning)patterning)

(3) Context of Situation: register (field, (3) Context of Situation: register (field, tenor, mode) tenor, mode)

(4) Context of co-text: language (4) Context of co-text: language (Ideational, Interpersonal, Textual)(Ideational, Interpersonal, Textual)


Metafunction: Metafunction: Transitivity (process types: material, mental, Transitivity (process types: material, mental, relational, verbal, behavioral, existential),relational, verbal, behavioral, existential), Ergativity, Ergativity, Voice; Voice; Speech role (offer, statement, command, queSpeech role (offer, statement, command, question),stion), Mood (declarative, indicative, interrogative),Mood (declarative, indicative, interrogative), Modality (modalisation, modulation);Modality (modalisation, modulation);


Thematic structure, Thematic structure, Information structure, Information structure, Cohesion (reference, ellipsis, substitution, Cohesion (reference, ellipsis, substitution, conjunction).conjunction).

Grammatical metaphor (ideational, Grammatical metaphor (ideational, interpersonal, textual)interpersonal, textual)Groups and phrasesGroups and phrasesClausesClauses


Clauses in combinationClauses in combination

Types of relations between clauses: logical dTypes of relations between clauses: logical dependency relations (dependence/ hypotaxis;ependency relations (dependence/ hypotaxis; equality/parataxis); logico-semantic relation: equality/parataxis); logico-semantic relation: (a) expansion: elaboration, extension, enhan (a) expansion: elaboration, extension, enhancement, (b) projection: locution, idea)cement, (b) projection: locution, idea)

6 Illustration: 6 Illustration: “Jiang Xue”“Jiang Xue”

IllustrationsIllustrations: : River SnowRiver Snow

柳宗元《江雪》柳宗元《江雪》

6. Illustration: 6. Illustration: “Jiang Xue”“Jiang Xue”

江雪江雪柳宗元柳宗元千山鸟飞绝，千山鸟飞绝，万径人踪灭。万径人踪灭。孤舟蓑笠翁，孤舟蓑笠翁，独钓寒江雪。独钓寒江雪。


Text 1: River SnowText 1: River Snow

A hundred mountains and no bird,A hundred mountains and no bird,

A thousand paths without a footprint;A thousand paths without a footprint;

A little boat, a bamboo cloak,A little boat, a bamboo cloak,

An old man fishing in the cold river-snoAn old man fishing in the cold river-snow.w.

(Witter Bynner (Witter Bynner 译）译）


Text 2: The Snowbound RiverText 2: The Snowbound River O’er mountains and mountains no bird is on tO’er mountains and mountains no bird is on t

he wing;he wing;On thousand lines of the pathways there’s no On thousand lines of the pathways there’s no

footprint.footprint.In a lone boat on the snowbound river, an old In a lone boat on the snowbound river, an old

man,man,In palm-bark cape and straw hat, drops his aIn palm-bark cape and straw hat, drops his a

ngle string.ngle string. (( 吴钧陶译吴钧陶译 ))


Text 3: River SnowfallText 3: River Snowfall

Amidst all mountains, birds no longer fly;Amidst all mountains, birds no longer fly;

On all roads, no more travelers pass by.On all roads, no more travelers pass by.

Straw hat and cloak, old man’s in boat, heaStraw hat and cloak, old man’s in boat, head low,d low,

Fishing alone on river cold with snow.Fishing alone on river cold with snow. (( 王大濂译）王大濂译）


T1: Thing (nominal groups)T1: Thing (nominal groups)

T2 & T3: Situation (clauses)T2 & T3: Situation (clauses)

T1 & T2: State (relational, existential)T1 & T2: State (relational, existential)

T3: Event (material)T3: Event (material)


Text 1Text 1

Ngp+ngp:Ngp+ngp: A hundred mountains and no bird, A hundred mountains and no bird,

Ngp:Ngp: A thousand paths without a footprint; A thousand paths without a footprint;

Ngp+ngp:Ngp+ngp: A little boat, a bamboo cloak, A little boat, a bamboo cloak,

Ngp:Ngp: An old man fishing in the cold river-sno An old man fishing in the cold river-snow.w.

Text 2Text 2

Clause: relational process:Clause: relational process: O’er mountains and O’er mountains and mountains no bird is on the wing;mountains no bird is on the wing;

Clause: existential process:Clause: existential process: On thousand lines of On thousand lines of the pathways there’s no footprint.the pathways there’s no footprint.

Clause: material process:Clause: material process: In a lone boat on the In a lone boat on the snowbound river, an old man, / In palm-bark snowbound river, an old man, / In palm-bark cape and straw hat, drops his angle string.cape and straw hat, drops his angle string.

Text 3Text 3

Clause: material process:Clause: material process: Amidst all Amidst all mountains, birds no longer fly;mountains, birds no longer fly;

Clause: material process:Clause: material process: On all roads, no On all roads, no more travelers pass by.more travelers pass by.

Clause: material process:Clause: material process: Straw hat and cloak, Straw hat and cloak, old man’s in boat, head low, / Fishing alone old man’s in boat, head low, / Fishing alone on river cold with snow.on river cold with snow.

6. Illustration: 6. Illustration: SummarySummary

Text 1: Text 1: staticstatic (Thing, nominal group) (Thing, nominal group)

Text 2: Text 2: static---dynamicstatic---dynamic (Situation, clause, (Situation, clause, relational/existential process)relational/existential process)

Text 3: Text 3: dynamicdynamic (Situation, clause, material (Situation, clause, material process)process)

Source text (Source text (statestate) ---Target text ) ---Target text ((state/eventstate/event))

7 Summary7 Summary

1 Two general approaches to translation st1 Two general approaches to translation studiesudies2 Functional Linguistics and translation stu2 Functional Linguistics and translation studiesdies3 Hallidayan functionalism in translation stu3 Hallidayan functionalism in translation studiesdies4 SFL approach revisited4 SFL approach revisited5 Illustrations: “Jiang Xue”5 Illustrations: “Jiang Xue”6 Evaluation of translated texts6 Evaluation of translated texts

Translation is translating meaning!Translation is translating meaning!

Thank you!Thank you! 謝謝大家！謝謝大家！

Documents

A Systemic Functional Linguistics Approach to Translation Studies 系统功能语言学视角下的 翻译研究 Huang Guowen (Sun Yat-sen University) 中山大学 黃国文

A Systemic Functional Linguistics Approach to Translation Studies 系统功能语言学视角下的翻译研究 Huang Guowen (Sun Yat-sen University) 中山大学黃国文