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g§ñH¥$V§ ¶o àe§gpÝV ¶o àe§gpÝV g§ñH¥${V‘² & ñdXoe§ ¶o M e§gpÝV Yݶ§ OrdpÝV Vo Zam: &&4&&

CnH«$‘m:1. 1/4/6/10 (n.n., Am.n.) YmVyZm§ Vm{bH$m: {bIV & (bQ²-bH$mao, bL²>-bH$mao)2. A/Am/B/B© H$mamÝVeãXmZm§ Vm{bH$m: {bIV &3. dmŠ¶{Z‘m©U‘²- n#mXedmŠ¶m{Z (bQ²-bH$mao, bL²>-bH$mao) {bIV &4. eãX§ {bIV- AYmoXÎmmZ² {df¶mZ² A{YH¥$˶ eãXgL²>J«h§ Hw$éV & 1. embm 2. J¥h‘² 3. J«ÝWmb¶: 4. OÝ‘{XZ‘² 5. d¥j: 6. JUoe: 7. nmH$J¥h‘² 8. g‘wÐVra‘²

àH$ënm:1. {df¶mZwgma§ gw^m{fVgL²>J«h§ Hw$éV & 1. {dÚm 2. namonH$ma: 3. g‚mZm: 4. JwUm: 5. ñd^mdm: 6. g§ñH¥$V^mfm 7. {d{eï>-{d^³Ë¶ÝVgw^m{fVm{Z 8. AmË‘ZonXr¶{H«$¶mnX¶w³Vgw^m{fVm{Z 9. bQ²bH$ma¶w³Vm{Z gw^m{fVm{Z2. dñVyZm§ àXe©Zt ¶moO¶V & 1. nmH$J¥h‘² 2. embm 3. àm{UZ: 4. IJm: 5. dUm©: 6. {ZgJ©: 7. ¶mZm{Z 8. ImÚnXmWm©:3. {d{dYg§ñWmZm§ ~moYdmŠ¶mZm§ gL²>J«h§ Hw$éV & ¶Wm-g˶‘od O¶Vo & e§ Zmo déU: &4. {d{dYàg“ofw ew^oÀN>mnÌmUm§ àmê$n§ {ejH$ñ¶ gmhmæ¶oZ aM¶V & ¶Wm - Zddf©ñ¶ hmXm©: ew^me¶m: & {ejH${XZ{Z{‘Îm‘² A{^dmXZ‘² &

22

{MÌnXH$mof: &

Am‘«‘²

god‘²

Zma“‘² nZg‘²

Ðmjm H$Xbr

‘YwH$H©$Q>r

Xm{S>‘‘²

’$bm{Z

H$mH$:

H$nmoV:

gm[aH$m

MQ>H$m

Ԧya:

í¶oZ:

ewH$:

~H$:

h§g:

n{jU:

H$m{b“‘²

3

H$jmdñVy{Z

qgh:

JO:

‘m{nH$m

‘mO©H$:

ì¶OZ‘²

AmgÝX:

nwZ:nyaUr

boIZr

dmVm¶Z‘²

CËnr{R>H$m

^„zH$:

d¥H$:

ee:

ì¶mK«:

gwYmIÊS>:

ñ¶yV:

’$bH$‘²

dݶned:

‘‘ boIZdñVy{Z

boIZnwpñVH$m

44

ànaø: naø: ø: AÚ œ: naœ: ànaœ:

(e{Zdmga:) (a{ddmga:) (gmo‘dmga:) (‘“bdmga:) (~wYdmga:) (Jwédmga:) (ewH«$dmga:)

ànaø: ø:

a{ddmga: gmo‘dmga:

Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V &

AÚ œ:

~wYdmga: ewH«$dmga:

YoZw:

‘of:

Aíd:

‘{hfr

JX©^:

Cï´>:

AOm

ewZH$:

‘mOm©a:

J«må¶ned:

H$‘b‘²

gy¶©nwîn‘²

nmQ>b‘²

godpÝVH$m

OnmHw$gw‘‘²

MånH$‘²

nwînm{U

5

Ah§ N>mÌ: & ‘‘ Zm‘ amhþb: & ‘‘ ‘mVm {dXþbm & ‘‘ {nVm gwaoe: &

Ëd§ N>mÌm &Ëd§ amYm &

Ef: AWd©: & Efm a‘m &

g: Xrnoe: & gm lo¶m &

• H¥${V:- Ed§ gd} N>mÌm: ñdn[aM¶§ H$W¶pÝV & VWm ñd{‘Ìñ¶ Zm‘ dXpÝV &

C C

CC

Jm¶V! ZÝXV! hñVHw$Qw>å~‘² &

1

23 4

5 Ho$em:

Z¶Z‘² Zm{gH$m

ñH$ÝY:

Hy$n©a:

hñV:

A“xbr

A‘:$

nmX:nmpîU©:

OmZw

‘{U~ÝY:

CXa‘²

dj:H$ÊR>:

{M~wH$‘²Amoð>m¡

H$U©:

bbmQ>‘²

{npÊS>:

‘‘ A“m{Z &

H«$sS>m-{dXÿfH$: dX{V- H$Uª Xe©¶V & ‘wI‘² CX²KmQ>¶V & Ho$emZ² ñn¥eV & hñV‘² Cn[a Hw$éV &

1. n[aM¶: & (àW‘: KQ>H$:)

Ef: ñZohmbw: VmV: & Añ¶ Zm‘ Ibw A“xð>: &&1&&{ZH$Q>o {Zdg{V ZZw ‘mVm & Zm‘ VO©Zr Vñ¶m: &&2&&Á¶oð>m nwÌr XrK©V‘m & Zm‘ ‘ܶ‘m Vñ¶m: &&3&&Vñ¶m: ^{JZr ‘Zmoa‘m & ApñV ZZw gm AZm{‘H$m &&4&&AÝVo ^d{V H${Zð>~mbm & Vñ¶m: Zm‘ H${Z{ð>H$m &&5&&hñVÛ¶oZ àU‘m{‘ & Amerdm©X§ {dÝXm{‘ &&6&&

66

2.1 Ef:/g:

¶moJoe: Ymd{V & AOw©Z: JÀN>{V & ‘oK: df©{V & qgh: JO©{V &

• H¥${V :- N>mÌm: ‘ÄOyfmÛ¶ñ¶ gmhmæ¶oZ dm³¶m{Z dXpÝV &

NmÌ:, {Jare:, qgh:, nR{V, JÀ>N{V, AmJÀN>{V, {bI{V, ‘¶ya:, H$mH$:, JO:, ‘yfH$:, ImX{V, Cn{de{V, C{Îmð>{V, {n~{V, ewZH$:, ewH$:, {ejH$: ní¶{V, Z¥Ë¶{V, Iob{V, Jm¶{V, ~mbH$:, Aíd:, ‘H©$Q>: Z‘{V, CËnV{V, dX{V

{M̧ ÑîQ‰>m dm³¶§ {bIV &

2.2 Efm/gm

Efm Zr{b‘m & gm ñdmVr & Efm Jm¶{V & gm Z¥Ë¶{V & H$m Jm¶{V? H$m Z¥Ë¶{V? Efm Zr{b‘m Jm¶{V & gm ñdmVr Z¥Ë¶{V &

• H¥${V: - N>mÌ: ñdg‘rno/Xÿao Cn{dï>ñ¶ {‘Ìñ¶ {df¶o dm³¶§ dX{V & ¶Wm, Ef: gw^mf: Cn{de{V & g: g‘>oV: hg{V & Efm ZrVm {bI{V & gm gwdUm© Mb{V &

२. क:, का, ककम ?

Ef: Agr‘: & Ef: Mb{V &H$: Mb{V?Ef: Agr‘: Mb{V &

g: àgmX: &g: Ymd{V &H$: Ymd{V?g: àgmX: Ymd{V &

CC

C C

^mfmä¶mg:

7

1. ‘ÄOyfm¶m: gmhmæ¶oZ dmŠ¶m{Z aM¶V &

h[aU:, Jm¶H$:, Z¥n:, g:, Ef:, H$:,A{‘V:, H$nmoV:, ‘mOm©a:, ewH$:, qgh:

MQ>H$m, {nnr{bH$m, ~m{bH$m, {dÚm{W©Zr,‘{hbm, ‘{jH$m, JrVm, ZXr, gm, Efm, H$m, lo¶m, {e{jH$m

dX{V, ní¶{V, nV{V, hg{V, ImX{V, {n~{V, dg{V, H$W¶{V, Z‘{V, dh{V, Jm¶{V Mb{V, Cn{de{V, {jn{V, C{Îmð>{V, {Vð>{V, JÀN>{V, AmJÀN>{V, ^«‘{V, JO©{V

2. {M̧ ÑîQ‰m dmŠ¶§ {bIV &

2.3 EVX²/VX² EVV² ’$b‘² & VV² H$‘b‘² & EVV² nV{V & VV² {dH$g{V & qH$ nV{V? qH$ {dH$g{V? EVV² ’$b§ nV{V & VV² H$‘b§ {dH$g{V &

• H¥${V:- {H«$¶mnX§ ¶moO{¶Ëdm N>mÌm: dmŠ¶m{Z dXpÝV &

ì¶OZ‘² & An˶§ & Ob‘² & aob¶mZ‘² &

H«$sS>m- {ejH$: EH¡$H§$ eãX§ dX{V & eãXñ¶ {b“§ kmËdm N>mÌm: {H«$¶m§ Hw$d©pÝV & ¶Wm- ¶{X nw§{b“eãX: V{h© N>mÌm: hñV‘² Cn[a Hw$d©pÝV, ¶{X ór{b“eãX: V{h© Vm{bH$mdmXZ‘², ¶{X Znw§gH${b“eãX: V{h© "›' B{V Üd{Z: & eãXm:- Aûd:, d¥Õm, nU©‘², d¥j:, Ef:, no{Q>H$m, JJZ‘², hñV:, gm, MfH$:, Hy$nr, VV², dZ‘², nmÌ‘², ZXr, Efm, ñWm{bH$m, ’$b‘², ¶mZ‘², nwéf:, EVV², CXa‘² &

C

^mfmä¶mg:

C

88

पठत-बाधत

Jm¶V ! ZÝXV !MQ>H$! MQ>H$!

MQ>H$, MQ>H$, ao MQ>H$

{Md±² {Md±², Hy$O{g Ëd§ {dhJ !

ZrS>o {Zdg{g gwIoZ S>¶go

ImX{g ’$bm{Z ‘Ywam{U &

{dha{g {d‘bo {dnwbo JJZo

ZmpñV OZ: Ibw dma{¶Vm &&1&&

ewZH$: AÌ & nd©V: VÌ & dm¶w: Hw$Ì? ¶mZ§ Hw$Ì?~m{bH$m AÌ & d¥j: VÌ & dm¶w: gd©Ì & ¶mZ‘² AÌ ZmpñV,H$ÝXþH$: Hw$Ì? ZXr Hw$Ì ? àH$me: Hw$Ì? ¶mZ§ VÌ ZmpñV &H$ÝXþH$: AÌ & ZXr VÌ & àH$me: gd©Ì & ¶mZ‘² AÝ¶Ì & ~m{bH$m, H$ÝXþH$: ewZH$: M EH$Ì & J¥h§ d¥j: M EH$Ì & dXV- AÌ, VÌ, Hw$Ì, AݶÌ, gd©Ì, EH$Ì &

AÌ

VÌ

Hw$Ì

M

E?

‘mVm{nVam{dh ‘‘ Z ñV:

EH$mH$s Ibw pIÞmo@h‘² &

E{h g‘rn§ {Md±² {Md±² {‘Ì

XXm{‘ Vw䶧 ~hþYmݶ‘² &&2&&

MUH§$ ñdrHw$é {n~ ao Zra§

Ëd§ nwZa{n aQ> {Md±² {Md±² {Md±² &

Vmof¶ ‘m§ Hw$é ‘Ywambmn§

nmR>¶ ‘m‘{n Vd ^mfm‘² &&3&&

-S>m°. {dídmg:, ~|Jbwé &

1. ¶mo½¶ñVå^ofw eãXmZ² {bIV &

eãXm: g: gm VV²MÝÐ:, bVm, nÌ‘², Xþ½Y‘², nmXajm, Aíd:, {d‘mZ‘², em{Q>H$m, d¥Õ:, no{Q>H$m, J¥h‘²

2. àý{Z‘m©U§ Hw$éV & ¶Wm- ‘¥J: Ymd{V & H$: Ymd{V? 1. N>mÌ: {bI{V & 2.’$b§ nV{V & 3.~m{bH$m Jm¶{V & 4. ‘H©$Q>: ImX{V & 5. Efm ní¶{V &

^mfmä¶mg:

9

3.1 EVo/Vo

N>mÌm: {bIpÝV & nwéfm: Cn{depÝV & eH$Q>m: JÀN>pÝV & ~mbH$m: ní¶pÝV &

l H¥${V: - {ejH$, d¡Ú, {MÌH$ma, Jm¶H$, g¡{ZH$, EV¡: eãX¡: gh N>mÌm: n[a{MV{H«$¶mnXm{Z ¶mMH$, d¥Õ, nwéf, ~mbH$, qgh, ajH$ ¶moO{¶Ëdm ~hþdMZdmŠ¶m{Z dXpÝV &

3.2 EVm:/Vm:

EVm: ~m{bH$m:& Vm: {dÚm{W©Ý¶: &EVm: dXpÝV & Vm: Z¥Ë¶pÝV & H$m: dXpÝV? H$m: Z¥Ë¶pÝV?EVm: ~m{bH$m: dXpÝV & Vm: {dÚm{W©Ý¶: Z¥Ë¶pÝV &

MQ>H$m: Hy$OpÝV & ‘{hbm: Z‘pÝV & {nnr{bH$m: JÀN>pÝV & Vm: IobpÝV &

l H¥${V:- {ejH$: eãX§ dX{V & N>mÌm: ~hþdMZ§ dXpÝV & ¶Wm ‘m{nH$m-‘m{nH$m: &

no{Q>H$m, N>mÌm, d¡Úm, {Zdo{XH$m, A“xbr, nwpñVH$m, boIZr, Hy$nr, ÐmoUr &

3. Ho$ Hw$d©pÝV ?

EVo N>mÌm: &EVo nR>pÝV &Ho$ nR>pÝV?EVo N>mÌm: nR>pÝV &

Vo Aídm: &Vo YmdpÝV &Ho$ YmdpÝV? Vo Aídm: YmdpÝV &

C C

C C

1010

ga ga Am¶mpÝV dfm©Ymam:AÌ àgÞm: gd} Ordm: &d¥j¡: àm᧠ZdOrdZ‘²Z¥Ë¶pÝV ‘moXoZ ~mbm: gVV‘² &&1&&

Z¥Ë¶§ Hw$d©pÝV ‘¶yamñVoqghm JO©pÝV ZZw ‘oKZmX: &gËda§ dhpÝV gmJa§ ZÚ: àmUm {h àm{UZm§ dfm©H$mb: &&4&&

S>m°. lrh[a: JmoH$U©H$a:

Jm¶V! ZÝXV!H¥$îUmZ² ‘oKmZ² ní¶ AmH$meoYS>m‘² YwSw>‘² YS>m‘² YwSw‘² JO©pÝV Vo &OboZ pŠbÞ§ OmV‘“§Ymo Ymo Ymo df©pÝV ‘oKm: gVV‘² &&3&&

Yn² Yn² nVpÝV ObànmVm:S´±>d S´±>d Hw$d©pÝV Hy$n‘ÊSy>H$m: &Q>n² Q>n² Jm¶pÝV nU}fw {~ÝXd:n¹$dQ>ImXZo ‘¾m OZm: &&2&&

3.3 EVm{Z/Vm{Z

EVm{Z H$‘bm{Z & EVm{Z {dH$gpÝV & Vm{Z nÌm{U & Vm{Z nVpÝV & H$m{Z {dH$gpÝV? EVm{Z H$‘bm{Z {dH$gpÝV & H$m{Z nVpÝV? Vm{Z nÌm{U nVpÝV &

{d‘mZm{Z JÀN>pÝV & ¶mZm{Z {Vð>pÝV & dmhZm{Z Ymd>pÝV&l H¥${V:- {M̧ ÑîQ‰m dmŠ¶§ {bIV &

1. dmŠ¶m{Z nya¶V & 1. EVo (qgh) JO©pÝV & 2. (Ho$/H$m:/H$m{Z) ¶mZm{Z YmdpÝV? 3. ‘{hbm: & (dX{V/dXpÝV)

4. ~m{bH$m: Z¥Ë¶pÝV & (Vo/Vm:/Vm{Z)5. (ZXr) dhpÝV &6. d¡Úm: & (ní¶{V/ní¶pÝV)

^mfmä¶mg:

C C

11

EVm¡ ewZH$m¡ & EVm¡ ImXV: & Vm¡ ~mbm¡ & Vm¡ IobV: & H$m¡ ImXV:? EVm¡ ewZH$m¡ ImXV: & H$m¡ IobV:? Vm¡ ~mbm¡ IobV: &

4.2 EVo/Vo

EVo Jm{¶Ho$ & EVo Jm¶V: & Vo {dÚm{W©Ý¶m¡ & Vo nR>V: & Ho$ Jm¶V:? EVo Jm{¶Ho$ Jm¶V: & Ho$ nR>V:? Vo {dÚm{W©Ý¶m¡ nR>V: &

4.3 EVo/Vo

EVo dmhZo & EVo JÀN>V: & Vo nwîno& Vo {dH$gV: & Ho$ JÀN>V:? EVo dmhZo JÀN>V: & Ho$ {dH$gV:? Vo nwîno {dH$gV: &

1. Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V &

N>mÌ: nR>{V & N>mÌm¡ nR>V: & ì¶mK«: JO©{V & ‘mOm©am¡ {n~V: & JO: JÀN>{V & nwéfm¡ ní¶V: &

4.1 EVm¡/Vm¡

C C

C C

C C

2. ‘obZ§ Hw$éV &

J¥h‘² Vo VV² nÌo nÌ‘² nwñVHo$ nwñVH$‘² J¥ho

4. Ûm¡, Ûo, Ûo &

^mfmä¶mg:

1212

5.1 Ah‘² Ah§ ~mbH$: Apñ‘ & Ah§ ~m{bH$m Apñ‘ &Ah§ à^mVo ñZmZ§ H$amo{‘ & Ah§ àmVame§ ImXm{‘ & Ah§ ‘ܶm•o embm§ JÀN>m{‘ & Ah§ à^mVo embm§ JÀN>m{‘ &Ah§ gm¶‘mbo Iobm{‘ & Ah§ ‘ܶm•o ñdmܶm¶§ H$amo{‘ &Ah§ amÌm¡ {ZÐm§ H$amo{‘ & Ah§ gm¶‘mbo JrV§ Jm¶m{‘ &

l H¥${V:- N>mÌ: ñd{XZM¶mª n#mfS²dmŠ¶ofw dX{V &5.2 Ëd‘² {e{jH$m - Ëd§ Hw$Ì dg{g?

N>mÌ: - Ah§ Zm{eH$ZJao dgm{‘ &{e{jH$m - Ëd§ H$Xm Iob{g?N>mÌ: - Ah§ gm¶‘mbo gnmXgádmXZo Iobm{‘ &{e{jH$m - V{h© H$Xm Aܶ¶Z§ H$amo{f?N>mÌ: - amÌm¡ XedmXZn¶©ÝV‘² Aܶ¶Z§ H$amo{‘ &{e{jH$m - Ëd§ gå¶H²$ Jm¶{g & {MÌ‘{n gwÝXa‘² Am{bI{g & Aܶ¶Z‘² A{n

H$amo{f & g˶‘od Ëd‘² AmXe©: ~mbH$: &l H¥${V:- EH$: N>mÌ: Aݶ§ N>m̧ àíZ§ n¥ÀN>{V & Aݶ: N>mÌ: CÎma§ dX{V & "Ëd§ Hw$Ì dg{g? Ëd§ qH$

H$amo{f?' Ed§ N>mÌm: nañna§ àíZ§ Hw$d©pÝV & CÎma§ dXpÝV M &

Ah‘²/Ëd‘² B{V eãX§ ¶moO¶V &

1. Iobm{‘ & 2. Ymd{g & 3. nR>{g & 4. ní¶m{‘ & 5. Hy$X©{g & 6. hgm{‘ &

5.3 Amdm‘², d¶‘²

Amdm§ {bImd: & d¶§ {bIm‘: &

Amdm§ {bImd: & d¶§ Ymdm‘: &

l H¥${V:-EH$: N>mÌ: dmŠ¶§ dX{V (Ah§ JÀN>m{‘ &), AZÝVa§§§§ ~mbH$Û¶‘² "Amdm§' eãXoZ (Amdm§ JÀN>md:&), Aݶo ~mbH$m: "d¶§' eãXoZ (d¶§ JÀN>m‘: &) B{V ~hþdMZ§ dXpÝV & VW¡d Aݶo N>mÌm: &

5. Ah§, Ëd‘² &

^mfmä¶mg:

13

6. dX{g & (Ëd§/¶y¶§)7. {jnW & (Ëd§/¶y¶§)8. Z¥Ë¶{g & (Ëd§/¶y¶§)9. {bIW: & (Ëd§/¶wdm§)10. ¶y¶§ & (nR>{g/nR>W)

5.4 ¶wdm§, ¶y¶‘²

1. ¶mo½¶§ n¶m©¶§ {MZwwV {bIV M &1. Ah‘² & (Cn{dem{‘/Cn{dem‘:)2. H«$sS>m‘: & (Ah§/d¶§)3. d¶§ & (^«‘m{‘/^«‘m‘:)4. d¶§ & (Z‘m{‘/Z‘m‘:)5. hgm{‘ & (Ah§/d¶§)

तव पशयसि । याव पशयथ: । ययव पशयथ ।

^mfmä¶mg:

g˶{à¶: H$m{ð>H$: &

l H¥${V:- {ejH$: H$Wm§ H$W¶{V & N>mÌm: e¥ÊdpÝV, AdJÀN>pÝV, ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m nwZ: dXpÝV &

EH$: H$m{ð>H$: H$mð>ÀN>oXZmWª dZ§ JÀN>{V & AZdYmZmV² Vñ¶ hñVmV² Hw$R>ma: Obo nV{V & g: {MÝVmHw$b: ^d{V & VXm VÌ Xod: AmJÀN>{V & Xod: Obo ‘‚m{V & gwdU©Hw$R>ma§ J¥hrËdm ~{h: AmJÀN>{V & g: dX{V, ""A{n Ef: Vd Hw$R>ma:?'' H$m{ð>H$: dX{V- ""Z Ef: ‘‘ Hw$R>ma: &'' VXZÝVa§ Xod: am¡ß¶Hw$R>ma§ Xe©¶{V & H$m{ð>H$: VX{n Z ñdrH$amo{V & AÝVo Xod: bmohHw$R>ma‘² AmZ¶{V & H$m{ð>H$: dX{V, ""Am‘², Ef: Ed ‘‘ Hw$R>ma: &'' àgÞ: Xod: Vñ‘¡ gdm©Z² Hw$R>mamZ² ¶ÀN>{V & Ahmo H$m{ð>H$ñ¶ {Z:ñn¥hVm g˶{à¶Vm M !

6. ldUmä¶mg:

dmMZ‘² ldU‘² AZwdmMZ‘² Ad~moYZ‘²

1414

7. Ah§ ImXm{‘ & 8. Amdm§ ImXmd: & 9. d¶§ ImXm‘: &

2 Vm¡ ~mbH$m¡ ImXV: &2 Vo H$ݶo ImXV: &2 Vo An˶o ImXV: &

3 Vo ~mbH$m: ImXpÝV &3 Vm: H$ݶm: ImXpÝV & 3 Vm{Z An˶m{Z ImXpÝV &

4. Ëd§ ImX{g & 5. ¶wdm§ ImXW: & 6. ¶y¶§ ImXW &

1 g: ~mbH$: ImX{V &1 gm H$ݶm ImX{V &1 VX² An˶§ ImX{V &

Ëd‘² ¶wdm‘² ¶y¶‘²

‘ܶ‘nwéf:

Vm¡

àW‘nwéf:

१

७

४

२

८

५

३

९

६

àW‘nwéf: ImX{V ImXV: ImXpÝV

‘ܶ‘nwéf: ImX{g ImXW: ImXW

CÎm‘nwéf: ImXm{‘ ImXmd: ImXm‘:

पञचदश वाकाकि । (परसममपदम ) कणठसथीकरणाथम ।

{H«$¶mnXm{Z-1bQ²bH$ma: (dV©‘mZH$mb:) nañ‘¡nX‘²

CÎm‘nwéf:

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘²

EVofw dmŠ¶ofw "ImX{V' B{V ñWmZo nR>{V, Ymd{V, hg{V, Iob{V, JÀN>{V, AmJÀN>{V, Cn{de{V, C{Îmð>{V EVofm‘² Cn¶moJ§ H¥$Ëdm nwZ: dXV ñ‘aV M &

g:

१

४

७

२

५

८

३

६

९

Vo

Ah‘² Amdm‘² d¶‘²

^mfmgyÌ‘² - 1

15

AmXoea{hV: YmVwg‘yh: - Z‘²-Z‘{V, H«w$Y²-H«w$ܶ{V, {bI²-{bI{V, nyO²-nyO¶{V

{H«$¶mnXgyÌ‘² -

AmXoe: (EH$ñ¶ ñWmZo Anañ¶ AmJ‘Z§ Zm‘ AmXoe: &)

(‘ybYmVw: + JU{dH$aU‘²) = YmËd“‘² + à˶¶: = {H«$¶mnX‘² (AmXoe:) ({M•‘²)

nR² (1 n. n.) = nR² + A = nR> + {V = nR>{V

Z¥V² (4 n. n.) = Z¥V² + ¶ = Z¥Ë¶ +{V = Z¥Ë¶{V

{bI² (6 n. n) = {bI² +A = {bI + {V= {bI{V

nyO² (10 n. n) = nyO² +A¶ = nyO¶ + {V = nyO¶{V

AmXoeg{hV: YmVwg‘yh: - J‘²-JÀN>² (1 n. n.) = JÀN>² + A = JÀN> + {V = JÀN>{V

nR>{V = nR²> + A + {V

‘ybYmVw: JU{dH$aU‘² à˶¶:

JU: {dH$aU‘² CXmhaU‘²àW‘: A nR>{VMVwW©: ¶ Z¥Ë¶{Vfð>: A {bI{VXe‘: A¶ nyO¶{V

ñWm {Vð>² - (1 n. n.) = {Vð>{V, nm {n~² -(1 n.n.) = {n~{V

àÀN² n¥ÀN² - (6 n. n.) = n¥ÀN>{V, Xm ¶ÀN²> - (1 n. n.) = ¶ÀN>{V

{H«$¶mnXñ¶ ‘yb§ = YmVw: & YmVyZm§ Xe {d^mJm: = JUm: & JUgyMH$‘² {M•‘² = JU{dH$aU‘² &

YmVyZm§ àH$maÛ¶‘²

nañ‘¡n{XZ: & AmË‘Zon{XZ: & H$mbmZwgma§ nXmZwgma§ M à˶¶m: dpÝV &

bQ²>bH$ma: (dV©‘mZH$mb:)nañ‘¡nXà˶¶m:

à. nw. {V V: ApÝV

‘.nw. {g W: W

C.nw. {‘ d: ‘:

१

७

२

८

३

४ ५ ६

९

E.d. {Ûd. ~. d.

1616

AZwñdmañ¶/‘H$mañ¶ boIZ‘² &1. Ho$db§ eãXboIZg‘¶o eãXmÝV-AZwñdmañ¶ ñWmZo "‘²' B{V Ed AZwZm{gH§$ boIZr¶‘² &

¶Wm-gm¡Oݶ‘², {MÌ‘² &2. AZwñdmañ¶ nwaV: ì¶ÄOZmÝVeãX: ^doV² VXm ( §) AZwñdma: boIZr¶: & ¶Wm-dmŠ¶§ agmË‘H§$ H$m춑² &3. AZwñdmañ¶ nwaV: ñda: ^doV² VXm "‘²' B{V boIZr¶‘² & ¶Wm-dmŠ¶‘² AVrd agnyU©‘² &4. dmŠ¶mÝVo AZwñdma: ^doV² VXm "‘²' B{V Ed boIZr¶‘² & ¶Wm-hñVñ¶ ^yfU§ XmZ‘² &

g§ñH¥$VboIZ{Z¶‘mZwgma§ nwZ: {bIV & CXm. g˶‘² H§$R>ñ¶ ^yfU§ (A¶mo½¶‘²)& g˶§ H$ÊR>ñ¶ ^yfU‘² (¶mo½¶‘²)&

1. namonH$mamWª BX‘² eara‘² & 2. qnS>o qnS>o ‘{V: {^Þm &3. gVm‘² Vw g§J: gH$b‘² àgyVo & 4. gËg§J{V: H$W¶ {H$‘² Z H$amo{V nw§gm§ &5. Z^mo@ÝV[aj‘² JJZ‘² AZ§V‘² gwadË‘© I§ &

nR>V-~moYV &

E. d. {Ûd. ~. d.

à. nw. nR>{V nR>V: nR>pÝV

‘. nw. nR>{g nR>W: nR>W

C.nw. nR>m{‘ nR>md: nR>m‘:

E. d. [Ûd. ~. d.

à. nw. Z¥Ë¶{V Z¥Ë¶V: Z¥Ë¶pÝV

‘. nw. Z¥Ë¶{g Z¥Ë¶W: Z¥Ë¶W

C. nw. Z¥Ë¶m{‘ Z¥Ë¶md: Z¥Ë¶m‘:

E. d. {Ûd. ~. d.

à. nw. {bI{V {bIV: {bIpÝV

‘. nw. {bI{g {bIW: {bIW

C.nw. {bIm{‘ {bImd: {bIm‘:

E. d. {Ûd. ~. d.

à. nw. nyO¶{V nyO¶V: nyO¶pÝV

‘. nw. nyO¶{g nyO¶W: nyO¶W

C. nw. nyO¶m{‘ nyO¶md: nyO¶m‘:

nR²> 1 n. n. Z¥V² 4 n. n.

{bI² 6 n. n. nyO² 10 n. n.

bQ²>ê$nm{U

H«$rS>m -1. {H«$¶mnXgL²>J«h:- à˶oH§$ N>mÌ: EH¡$H§$ {H«$¶mnX§ dX{V & EHo$Z Cº§$ {H«$¶mnX‘² AݶoZ Z d³V춑² &2. Amew-A{^Z¶:- EH$: N>mÌ: A{^Z¶oZ {H«$¶m§ Xe©¶{V & Aݶo N>mÌm: {H«$¶mnX‘² A{^OmZpÝV dXpÝV M &3. {H«$¶mnXe¥’bm - EH$: N>mÌ: EH§$ {H«$¶mnX§ dX{V & {ÛVr¶: N>mÌ: nydmo©³V{H«$¶mnXoZ gh ZyVZ§ {H«$¶mnX§dX{V & V¥Vr¶: N>mÌ: AZwH«$‘oU nydm}³V-{H«$¶mnX-Û¶oZ gh ZyVZ§ {H«$¶mnX§ dX{V & Ed§ à˶oH§$ N>mÌ:nydm}³V-{H«$¶mnX¡: gh ZyVZ§ {H«$¶mnX§ dX{V & Ed§ {H«$¶mnXmZm§ e¥’bm ^doV² &4. A{dbå~§ Xe{H«$¶mnXm{Z dXV &5. {ZaÝVa§ n#mXedmŠ¶m{Z dXV &

17

dJ©narjm 1. {MÌZm‘ {bIV & 2 2. dMZ‘² AZwg¥Ë¶ {MÌZm‘ {bIV & 2

3. ñVå^‘obZ§ Hw$éV & (Ho$db§ 2) 2 A ~ CÎmam{U 1) ‘{hbm: Jm¶{V ----- 2) nwéf: ní¶{g ----- 3) EVm¡ Z¥Ë¶pÝV ----- 4) Ëd‘² dXV: -----4. gL²>»¶m: Aja¡: {bIV & (Ho$db§ 1) 1) 27 & 2) 43 & 1

5. eãXmZ² n¥WH²$ Hw$éV & (Ho$db§ 2) 1

eãXm: g: gm VX²MÝÐ:, ‘mbm, J¥h‘², ‘m{nH$m, {d‘mZ‘²

E. d. {Ûd. ~. d.

à. nw. YmdV: YmdpÝV

‘. nw. Ymd{g YmdW:

C. nw. Ymdm‘:

6. {H«$¶mnXH$moï>H§$ nya¶V & 2

१

१

२

२

dJ©narjmàmê$n‘² & JwUm: - 10

Aä¶mgH«$‘:- ñdn[aM¶:, {b“kmZ‘², nwéfkmZ‘², dMZkmZ‘², bQ²>ê$nm{U &

àmê$n‘² - 1) {MÌZm‘ {bIV & ({MÌnXH$mofV:) 2

2) dMZ‘² AZwg¥Ë¶ {MÌZm‘m{Z {bIV & 2

3) ñVå^‘obZ§ Hw$éV & (H$V¥©nX§-{H«$¶mnX‘²) 2

4) gL²>»¶m: {bIV & (Aja¡:/A‘¡$:) 1

5) eãXmZ² n¥WH²$ Hw$éV & ({b“mZwgma‘²) 1

6) {H«$¶mnXH$moï>H§$ nya¶V & (bQ²>ê$nm{U) 2

1818

H²$ I² J² K² L²>

Q²> R²> S²> T²> U²

e²

g²

j²

n² ’²$ ~² >^² ‘²

¶²

b²

a²

d²

d¶§ gd} ñdam: & F$, G , b¥ EVo A{n ñdam: Ed & F$½doX:, F${f: AmXrZm§ eãXmZm‘² AJ«ñWmZo F$ B{V ñda: &

:Ah§ {dgJ©: & ‘‘ A{n CƒmaU§ ñda¡: gh ^d{V & ¶{X ‘m‘² dºw$‘² BÀN>{g V{h© dX, "A:' "B:' "C:' B{V &

A-Am-B-B©-C-D$- F$-G -b¥ -E-Eo-Amo-Am¡

d¶§ ì¶ÄOZm{Z & d¶§ gd} ghmoXam: & "H$' dJu¶m: & Añ‘mH$‘² CƒmaU§ H$ÊR>o ^d{V & AV: d¶§ H$ÊR>çm:&

d¶§ Ibw "Q>' dJu¶m: & Añ‘mH$‘² CƒmaUñWmZ§ dV©Vo ‘yYm© & AV: d¶§ ‘yY©Ý¶m: &

¶Xm ‘‘ CƒmaU§ ^d{V VXm {Oˆm¶m: ‘ܶ: Vmbw§ {H${#mV² ñn¥e{V & ¶Wm eeH$: B{V eãXo & AV: Ah§ Vmbì¶:&

¶Xm ‘‘ CƒmaU§ ^d{V VXm {Oˆm¶m: AJ«§ XÝVmZ² {H${#mV² ñn¥e{V & ¶Wm g‘ra: B{V eãXo & AV: Ah§ XÝ˶: &

(H²$ + f²) EV¶mo: g§¶moJoZ Ah§ ^dm{‘ & AV: Ah§ g§¶w³Vmja‘² &

d¶§ "n' dJu¶m: & Añ‘mH$‘² CƒmaUo Amoð>m¡ gpå‘bV: & d¶§ Ibw Amoð²>¶m: &

Ah§ Vmbì¶: &

Ah§ XÝ˶: &

Ah§ ‘yY©Ý¶: &

Ah§ XÝVmoîR>ç: &

d¶‘² A{n ghmoXam: & "M' dJu¶m: & Añ‘mH$‘² CƒmaUñWmZ‘² ApñV Vmbw: & AV: d¶§ Vmbì¶m: &

d¶§ "V' dJu¶m: & d¶§ XÝ˶m: & Añ‘mH$‘² CƒmaUo {Oˆm XÝVmZ² ñn¥e{V &

¶Xm ‘‘ CƒmaU§ ^d{V VXm {Oˆm¶m: n¥ð>^mJ: ‘yYm©Z§ {H${#mV² ñn¥e{V & ¶Wm fQ²H$moU: B{V eãXo & AV: Ah§ ‘yY©Ý¶: &

Ah§ H$ÊR>ç: &

(O² + Äm²) EV¶mo: g§¶moJoZ Ah§ ^dm{‘ & AV: Ah‘{n g§¶w³Vmja‘² &

M² N²> O² P² Äm²

V² W² X² Y² Z²

f²

h²

k²

7. dUm©Zm§ g§dmX: & ({ÛVr¶: KQ>H$:)

Ah‘² AZwñdma: & Ah§ Vw ñdamUm‘² Aml¶oU Ed {Vð>m{‘ & qH$ ‘‘ CƒmaU§ H$Vw©‘² BÀN>{g? V{h© dX "A‘²' "Am‘²' "B‘²' B{V &

19

1. Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V & 2. AYmoXÎmofw dJ}fw ¶mo½¶§ dUª {bIV &

õñdñda: XrK©ñda: Äm², ‘², L²>, U², Z²

A ---- H²$ I² J² K² .... &

--- B© M² N² O² P² .... &

---- D$ Q² R² S² T² .... &

F$ ---- V² W² X² Y² .... &

n² ’²$ ~² ^² .... &

3. AYmoXÎmmZ² eãXmZ² ní¶V, nR>V, CƒmaU^oX‘² AdJÀN>V &

Ame¶:, {df¶:, ‘eH$:, ‘yfH$:, gH$b:, eH$b: &

4. g‘yhoVa§ dUª {MZwV &

1) H²$ I² J² L²> R²

2) n² N² ’²$ ‘² ^²

3) B© E C j² Amo

4) Z² Y² W² M² X²

6. eãXH$mofo "kmZ‘²' VWm "j‘m' B{V eãXÛ¶‘² ApÝdî¶V &

7. AZwnR>V-Xod:, ‘mbm:, H${d:, ZXr:, ‘{V:, ^mZw:, YoZy:, Xod¡:, ZÚmo:, ‘Vo:, Jm¡: &

dU©‘mbm &

ñdam: (13) 1) õñd-ñdam:- A B C F$ b¥2) XrK©-ñdam:- Am B© D$ G3) g§¶w³V$-XrK©ñdam:- E (A/Am + B/B©)

Eo (A/Am + E/Eo) Amo (A/Am + C/D$) Am¡ (A/Am + Amo/Am¡)

ñdam{lVm¡ (2)- AZwñdma: ( § ) {dgJ©: (:) M &

ì¶ÄOZm{Z (33)1) dJu¶ì¶ÄOZm{ZHw$ (H$ dJ©:) H²$ I² J² K² L²> Mw (M dJ©:) M² N² O² P² Äm² Qw> (Q> dJ©:) Q² R² S² T² U² Vw (V dJ©:) V² W² X² Y Z² nw (n dJ©:) n² ’²$ ~² ^² ‘²2) AdJu¶ì¶ÄOZm{Z(1) AÝV:ñWì¶ÄOZm{Z ¶² a² b² d²(2) Cî‘ì¶ÄOZm{Z e² f² g² h²A{^OmVg§ñH¥$Vo "i²' ZmpñV, Ho$db§ d¡{XH$gyºo$fw &

5. ewÕ§ eãX§ {MZwV &

1) ê$Mm - F$Mm 2) n¥Ïdr - à¥Ïdr3) F$U‘² - éU‘² 4) ê${f:- F${f:5) {dîdmg:- {dídmg:

l {nZmH$-’${U-~mboÝXþ-^ñ‘-‘ÝXm{H$Zr¶wVm &ndJ©a{MVm‘y{V©andJ©àXm{¶Zr &&

nR>V-~moYV

^mfmä¶mg:

2020

$8.1 gå~ÝYdmMH$m: &

8.1.1 XeaW: am‘: amdU: ‘oKZmX: Y¥Vamï´>: Xþ¶m}YZ: am‘: bd: ^r‘: KQ>moËH$M:8.1.2

am‘m¶U‘² dmë‘r{H$: 1. am‘m¶Uñ¶ H${d: dmë‘r{H$: &‘hm^maV‘² H${d: ì¶mg: 2. ‘hm^maVñ¶ H${d: ì¶mg: &aKwd§e‘² H$m{bXmg: 3. H${d: H$m{bXmg: &JrVJmo{dÝX‘² O¶Xod: 4. H${d: O¶Xod: &

8.1.3 grVm am‘: D${‘©bm bú‘U: a‘m ‘mYd: nmd©Vr {ed: épŠ‘Ur {dÇ>b:

१. रावणसय पतर: मघनाद: । ५. मघनादसय पपता रावण: । २. पतर: दययोधन: । ६. दययोधनसय ।३. लव: । ७. पपता राम: ।४. भीमसय । ८. पपता ।

१. पपत: लकमण: । ५. पतनी D$पममिला ।२. पपत: माधव: । ६. पतनी ।३. पावमितया: पपत: पिव: । ७. पतनी पावमिती ।४. पपत: पवठठल: । ८. ।

H$ñ¶ nwÌ: am‘:? XeaWñ¶ nwÌ: am‘: &H$ñ¶ {nVm XeaW:? am‘ñ¶ {nVm XeaW: &

कसय पतनी सीता? रामसय पतनी सीता ।कसया: पपत: राम:? सीताया: पपत: राम: ।

Efm ‘‘ nmR>embm &Efm Vd nmR>embm&Ef: ‘‘ ñ¶yV: &EVñ¶ dU©: Zrb: &Efm Vd Hy$nr &EVñ¶m: dU©: a³V: &

g: ~mbH$: & VX² Vñ¶ nwñVH$‘² &nwñVH$ñ¶ Zm‘ "Am‘moX:' &gm Vñ¶ boIZr & Vñ¶m: dU©: H¥$îU: &

gm ‘{hbm & Vñ¶m: em{Q>H$m nrVm &Vñ¶m: ñ¶yV: H¥$îU: &

8.1.4 Vd-‘‘

8.1.5 Vñ¶-Vñ¶m:DE

E

E

पपता

पपत:

पतर:

पतनी

21

l H¥${V:- N>mÌ: ñdg‘rno VWm M Xÿao Cn{dï>ñ¶ N>mÌñ¶ Zm‘ H$W¶{V &¶Wm- EVñ¶ Zm‘ hare: & EVñ¶m: Zm‘ a‘m &

Vñ¶ Zm‘ ‘H$aÝX: & Vñ¶m: Zm‘ C‘m &

3. ‘obZ§ Hw$éV &

Ef: ‘‘

VX² EVñ¶

Ah‘² Vñ¶

Ëd‘² EVñ¶m:

Efm Vd

4. eãXê$nm{U {bIV & ¶Wm Xod:-Xodñ¶1) gy¶©: 2) ñ¶yV: 3) JUoe: 4) nmXn:5) ‘mbm 6) ~m{bH$m 7) ‘m{nH$m 8) em{Q>H$m9) ZXr 10) ÐmoUr 2) do„Zr 12) H$V©ar13) Ob‘² 14) J¥h‘² 15) dZ‘² 16) eara‘²17) Ah‘² 18) Efm 19) Ëd‘² 20) VV²

dm‘V:

दकषिणत:

AY:

Cn[a

n¥îR>V:nwaV:

^mfmä¶mg:1. ¶mo½¶oZ ê$noU JrV§ nya¶V &(H$mH$) dU©: H¥$îU: H¥$îU: & (Am‘«) dU©: nrV: nrV: &(nU©) dU©: h[aV: h[aV: & (JJZ) dU©: Zrb: Zrb: &

2. dmŠ¶m{Z {bIV&

eH©$am ñdmX: ‘Ywa:

¶mZ‘² doJ: A{YH$:

~mbH$: ¶wVH$‘² ‘{bZ‘²

ZXr Ob‘² erV‘²

5. {MÌñW-eãXmZm‘² AmYmaoU dm³¶m{Z aM¶V & ¶Wm-nmR>embm¶m: nwaV: ÜdOñVå^: ApñV &

2222

1. AW©nyUm©{Z dm³¶m{Z aM¶V &

(nd©V) ‘pÝXa‘²

ApñVZmpñV

(Xþ½Y) eH©$am

(boIZr) ‘gr

(dm{Q>H$m) Xmobm

(nwñVH$) JrV‘²

८.२ कतर असत?

’$b§ Hw$Ì ApñV?’$b§ d¥jo ApñV &

‘m¡p³VH$m{Z Hw$Ì?

‘m¡p³VH$m{Z ‘mbm¶m‘² &

Hy$nr Hw$Ì ApñV? Hy$nr ñ¶yVo ApñV &

boIZr Hw$Ì?boIZr no{Q>H$m¶m‘² &

MÝÐ: Hw$Ì? MÝÐ: JJZo &

Zm¡H$m Hw$Ì dh{V?Zm¡H$m ZÚm§ dh{V &

‘rZm: Hw$Ì VapÝV ?

‘rZm: Obo VapÝV &

Ob§ Hw$Ì ApñV?Ob§ Ðmoʶm‘² ApñV &

8.2.1

8.2.2

l H¥${V:-{ejH$: eãX§ dX{V & N>mÌm: eãXê$n§ dXpÝV & ¶Wm dJ©:-dJ}(A) (eãXm:- hñV:, ’$bH$:, ‘mJ©:, nd©V:, AmgÝX:, KQ>:, H$U©:, {dÚmb¶:)

l H¥${V:- {ejH$: eãX§ dX{V & N>mÌm: eãXê$n§ dXpÝV & ¶Wm J¥h‘²-J¥ho & (Am) (eãXm:- nmÌ‘², Ûma‘², ‘wI‘², nwîn‘², ’$b‘², emH$‘², nwñVH$‘², nmZH$‘², Xþ½Y‘², CÚmZ‘²)

l ककत:- {ejH$: eãX§ dX{V & N>mÌm: eãXê$n§ dXpÝV & ¶Wm-em{Q>H$m-em{Q>H$m¶m‘² &(B) (eãXm:- ‘m{nH$m, Zm{gH$m, Z{bH$m, nmR>embm, ‘m{J©H$m, ‘ÄOyfm, eH©$am, dm{Q>H$m, Xmobm)

l ककत:- {ejH$: eãX§ dX{V & N>mÌm: eãXê$n§ dXpÝV & ¶Wm, ZXr-ZÚm‘² &(B©) (eãXm:- H$V©ar, ‘mO©Zr, boIZr, nwZ:nyaUr, KQ>r, Hy$nr)

Ob‘²

H$be:Hy$nr

gamoda:

J“m

g‘wÐ:

ZXr

2. Ob§ Hw$Ì ApñV? B{V {bIV &

^mfmä¶mg:

23

८.३ सहाका: ।

g: gwYmIÊS>oZ {bI{V &

gm ‘m{nH$¶m Am{bI{V &$

g: ¶mZoZ JÀN>{V &

Ah§ MaUoZ VmS>¶m{‘ &

~m{bH$m Nw>[aH$¶m H$V©¶{V &

Ah§ ‘wIoZ dXm{‘ &

Ah§ M‘goZ ImXm{‘ &

‘mVm do„ݶm amo{Q>H$m: H$amo{V &

gm dóoU ‘mO©¶{V &

gm hñVoZ dmX¶{V &

~mbH$: Hy$߶m Xþ½Y§ {n~{V &

‘H©$Q>: ì¶OZoZ drO¶{V &

8.3.1

8.3.2

8.3.3

l H¥${V:- {ejH$: EH¡$H§$ eãX§ dX{V & XÝVHy$M©:, MaU:, ‘mO©H$:, XÝV:, H$U©:, ñ¶yV:, Xrn:, g“UH$:,H$be:, Vmb:, IS²J:, ~mU: B{V eãXmZm§ ¶mo½¶ê$nm{U N>mÌm: dXpÝV & ¶Wm hñV:-hñVoZ

l H¥${V:- {ejH$: eãX§ dX{V & ZoÌ‘², dmhZ‘², Ob‘², dó‘², ¶ÝÌ‘², ì¶OZ‘², nwñVH$‘², ^mÊS>‘², eó‘²B{V eãXmZm§ ¶mo½¶ê$nm{U N>mÌm: dXpÝV & ¶Wm ZoÌ‘²-ZoÌoU &

l H¥${V:- {ejH$: eãX§ dX{V & amo{Q>H$m, nwpñVH$m, H$nm{Q>H$m, no{Q>H$m, Z{bH$m, CËnr{R>H$m, eH©$am,Jw{bH$m, nwÎm{bH$m, Hw${#mH$m, ‘mO©Zr, A“xbr, nwZ:nyaUr, A‘>Zr, H$V©ar, KQ>r B{V eãXmZm§ ¶mo½¶ê$nm{U N>mÌm: dXpÝV & ¶Wm em{Q>H$m-em{Q>H$¶m, ZXr-ZÚm &

1. dmŠ¶m{Z nya¶V &1) ‘{hbm (ÐmoUr) Ob‘² AmZ¶{V & 4) g: (XÊS>) VmS>¶{V &2) ~mbH$: (M‘g) ImX{V & 5) gm (Ob) ‘wI§ àjmb¶{V &3) gm (hñV) amo{Q>H$m§ ImX{V & 6) Ah§ (Hw${#mH$m) Vmb‘² CÓmQ>¶m{‘ &

^mfmä¶mg:

2424

Jm¶V! ZÝXV!am‘: ¶m{VgrV¶m gh &Hw$Ì g: ¶m{V?ga¶yZXr‘² &&1&&

AZwñdmañ¶> CƒmaU§ boIZ§ M &J§Jm, amo‘m§M:, K§Q>m, X§V:, O§~yH$:- B{V eãXofw AZwñdma: g‘mZ:, naÝVw AZwñdmañ¶ CƒmaU§ Z g‘mZ‘² & VÌ qH$ H$maU‘²? AZwñdmañ¶ nao ¶: dU©: VXZwgma‘² CƒmaU§ ^d{V & ¶Wm- J§Jm l AZwñdmañ¶ nao "J'H$ma: & JH$ma: H$ dJ} ApñV & (H²$, I², J², K², L²>) l H$ dJ©ñ¶ AZwZm{gH$‘² L²> B{V & lAV: J§Jm B{V eãXo AZwñdmañWmZo dJu¶ñ¶ AZwZm{gH$ñ¶ CƒmaU§ ^d{V & J§Jm = JL²>Jm(J“m) &VW¡d� amo‘m§M:- M², N², O², P², Äm² = amo‘mÄm²M: (amo‘mÄM:) K§Q>m - Q², R², S², T², U² = KU²Q>m (KÊQ>m) X§V: - V², W², X², Y², Z² = XZ²V: (XÝV:) O§~yH$: - n², ’²$, ~², ^², ‘² = O‘²~yH$: (Oå~yH$:)

l AZwñdmañ¶ nao AdJu¶-dU©: ^d{V VXm AZwñdma: Ed bopIVì¶: & ¶Wm h§g:, g§dmX:

¶mo½¶‘² AZwZm{gH§$ ¶moO{¶Ëdm eãX§ nwZ: {bIV & CXm. - A§O{b:- AÄO{b: ‘§Xm{H$Zr, ZmJ|Ð:, e§H$m, n§M, H§$nZ‘², b§{~V‘², ^wO§J:, Vm§S>d‘², g§^«‘:, M§Ð:, g§»¶m,

Z§{XZr, g§V{V:, A§~wO‘², ‘§Sy>H$:, qgMZ‘², qZ~:, Hw§${MH$m, H§$Q>H$:

H¥$îU: ¶m{VamY¶m ghHw$Ì g: ¶m{V?¶‘wZmZXr‘² &&2&&

{dÇ>b: ¶m{V épŠ‘ʶm gh &Hw$Ì g: ¶m{V? MÝÐ^mJm‘² &&3&& - {eewJrVm{Z 1A°n² V: &

8.3.4 gh

‘ÝXma: {ZZmXoZ gh Iob{V & {e{jH$m N>m̶m gh ûcmoH§$ nR>{V & Zrbm ‘mo{hݶm gh nwñVH§$ nR>{V &8.3.5 {dZm

‘Ëñ¶m: OboZ {dZm Z OrdpÝV & ~mbH$: bÈx>Ho$Z {dZm {H$‘{n Z ImX{V & d¥Õ: CnZoÌoU {dZm Z nR>{V &

l H¥${V:- {ejH$: N>mÌmZ² àý§ n¥ÀN>{V, "Ëd§ Ho$Z gh {bI{g/H«$sS>{g/ImX{g?' ñd{‘Ìñ¶ Zm‘ ¶moO{¶Ëdm N>mÌ: CÎma§ dX{V &

25

8.4 {H$‘²? {H$‘²?

1. {M̧ ÑîQ‰m àýmZ² nR>V & {MÌdU©Z§ nR>V & 1) ~mbH$: qH$ nR>{V? (nwñVH$) 1) ~mbH$: nwñVH§$ nR>{V & 2) d¥Õ: qH$ Ya{V? (N>Ì) 2) d¥Õ: N>̧ Ya{V & 3) ewZH$: qH$ ImX{V? (amo{Q>H$m) 3) ewZH$: amo{Q>H$m§ ImX{V & 4) ~m{bH$m qH$ {jn{V? (H$ÝXþH$) 4) ~m{bH$m H$ÝXþH§$ {jn{V & 5) ‘{hbm qH$ Z¶{V? (ÐmoUr) 5) ‘{hbm ÐmoUt Z¶{V & 6) d¥Õm qH$ ní¶{V? (~m{bH$m) 6) d¥Õm ~m{bH$m§ ní¶{V &

1. "{H$‘²' eãXñ¶ ñWmZo CÎma§ ¶moO¶V & dmŠ¶§ nwZ: dXV & 1) ‘H©$Q>: qH$ ImX{V? (H$Xbr’$b) 4) ~mbH$: qH$ ñdrH$amo{V? (bÈx>H$) 2) JO: qH$ {jn{V? (Ob) 5) N>mÌm qH$ dX{V? (ûcmoH$) 3) ewH$: qH$ ImX{V? (‘ar{MH$m) 6) nwéf: qH$ ní¶{V? (ZXr)H«$sS>m- A{^Z¶H«$sS>m - {ejH$: N>mÌm¶ dmŠ¶§ H$W¶{V & N>mÌ: dmŠ¶ñ¶ A{^Z¶§ H$amo{V & Vñ¶ {‘Ìm{U dmŠ¶‘² A{^OmZpÝV &

8.4.2 ~mbH$: Hw$Ì JÀN>{V?

{dÚmb¶:

~mbH$:

nmR>embm

ZXr

{dÎmH$moe:

J¥h‘²

CÚmZ‘²dm{Q>H$m

n#mdQ>r

~mbH$: {dÚmb¶§ JÀN>{V &~mbH$: dm{Q>H$m§ JÀN>{V &

dmŠ¶m{Z Hw$éV &

am‘: (ga¶yZXr)

JÀN>{V &{dÇ>b: (MÝÐ^mJm)N>mÌ: ({dÚmb¶)‘mVm (nmH$J¥h)d¥Õm (Xodmb¶)

8.4.1

^mfmä¶mg:

2626

H$ݶm Amn{UH$m¶ ¶y¶§ nR>Zm¶ N>mÌm: {ejH$m¶¡ YZ§ ¶ÀN>{V & {dÚmb¶§ JÀN>W & nwînm{U ¶ÀN>pÝV &

AmMm¶m©¶ Z‘: & {e{jH$m¶¡ Z‘: & OZݶ¡ Z‘: &

1. dmŠ¶m{Z nya¶V & 1. (JUoe) Z‘: & 2. (gañdVr) Z‘: & 3. g: (~mb) bÈx>H§$ ¶ÀN>{V & 4. Vo (^moOZ) CnmhmaJ¥h§ JÀN>pÝV & 5. d¶§ (d¥Õm) nwînm{U ¶ÀN>m‘: & 6. Ëd§ ({‘Ì) boIZt ¶ÀN>{g &2. ‘{hbm H$ñ‘¡ qH$ ¶ÀN>{V? B{V {bIV &

‘{hbm

(~mbH$)(~m{bH$m)({^jwH$)(go{dH$m)(‘mVm‘hr)(Amn{UH$)

‘moXH§$Hy$nt dó§ YZ§àmVame§ZmUH§$

¶ÀN>{V &

3. {H$‘Wª Hw$Ì JÀN>{V? B{V {bIV &

~mbH$:

(nR>Z)(dmMZ)(ì¶m¶m‘)(dñVwH«$¶U)(nyOZ)(ImXZ)

embm§J«ÝWmb¶§ì¶m¶m‘embm§AmnU§‘pÝXa§CnmhmaJ¥h§

JÀN>{V &

8.5 H$ñ‘¡ ? H$ñ¶¡ ?

^mfmä¶mg:

27

8.6.1

{‘{ha: J«ÝWmb¶§ JÀN>{V & J«ÝWmb¶mV² J¥h‘² AmJÀN>{V & AdZr ‘pÝXa§ JÀN>{V & ‘pÝXamV² J¥h‘² AmJÀN>{V & ‘{hbm dm{Q>H$m§ JÀN>{V & dm{Q>H$m¶m: J¥h‘² AmJÀN>{V & {nVm‘h: ZJat JÀN>{V & ZJ¶m©: J¥h‘² AmJÀN>{V &

• H¥${V:- {ejH$: eãX§ dX{V & N>mÌm: eãXê$n§ dXpÝV & ¶Wm-J«ÝWmb¶:-J«ÝWmb¶mV² (n¥ð>§ 24-"A' V: eãXm:), CÚmZ‘² -CÚmZmV² (n¥ð>§ 24-"Am' V: eãXm:),

nmR>embm-nmR>embm¶m: (n¥ð>§ 24-"B' V:eãXm:), ZXr-ZÚm: (n¥ð>§ 24-"B©' V: eãXm:) 8.6.2

d¥jmV² ’$b§ nV{V & ‘oKmV² Ob§ nV{V & AmgÝXmV² {Jare: nV{V & ~mbH$: AídmV² nV{V &

1. {M̧ ÑîQ‰m dmŠ¶m{Z dXV &

ZXraobñWmZH$‘² nmR>embm{dÎmH$mof:

8.6 H$ñ‘mV² ñWmZmV² ?

(hñV) H$adó§ nV{V &

(no{Q>H$m) gm nwñVH§$ ñdrH$amo{V &

(joÌ) H¥$frdb: AmJÀN>{V &

(ZXr) ‘mVm AmJÀN>{V &

Ef: J¥h‘² AmJÀN>{V & Ef: Hw$V: J¥h‘² AmJÀN>{V?- Ef: {dÎmH$mofmV² J¥h‘² AmJÀN>{V & Ef: aobñWmZH$mV² J¥h‘² AmJÀN>{V & Ef: nmR>embm¶m: J¥h‘² AmJÀN>{V & Ef: ZÚm: J¥h‘² AmJÀN>{V &

^mfmä¶mg:

2828

ao {dZ¶, Hw$Ì JÀN>{g? A{¶ C‘oe, gå¶H²$ Jm¶{g

ho ‘{hbm:, AmnU‘² AÌ & ^mo: {‘{Wbo, A{n Amdm§ Iobmd: ?

^mo: N>mÌm:, ¶y¶‘² CÎmam{U {bIW &

ho Xod, Ah§ Z‘m{‘ &

1. dmŠ¶m{Z Hw$éV & 1) ............ H$Xm AmJÀN>{g? (CX¶) 2) ao ............ erK«§ {bI{g Ibw! ({dZrVm) 3) ^mo: ............ A{n d¶§ nR>m‘:? (~mbH$) 4) mo: ............ ¶y¶§ gå¶H²$ Z¥Ë¶W & (~m{bH$m)

g§¶w³V-ì¶ÄOZm{Z & l = e² + a² + A & J« = J² + a² + A & Ì = V² + a² + A & k = O² + Äm² + A & j = H²$ + f² + A &

g§¶w³V-ì¶ÄOZ-boIZ‘² & nX²‘‘² = nÙ‘² {Mh²Z‘² = {M•‘² ~«h²‘m= ~«÷m {X²dVr¶m = {ÛVr¶m CX²^d: = CØd: JL²>Jm = J“m {dX²¶m = {dÚm ZmQ>²¶‘² = ZmQ>瑲 H$píMV²= H${üV² ~w{X²Y: = ~w{Õ: {dX²dÎmm = {dÛÎmm

eãX{dJ«h: & (CXmhaUmZwgma§ eãX{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &)‘mbm- ‘² + Am + b² + Am & H¥$îU:- H²$ + F$ + f² + U² + A: &àkm- n² + a² + A + O² + Äm² + Am & ~«÷- ~² + a² + A + h² + ‘² + A &M#mw: - M² + A + Äm² + M² + C: & XÎm‘² - X² + A + V² + V²$ + A$ + ‘² &g§ñH¥$V‘²- lrnmX: -{M•‘² - ^wO“: -Om•dr - hñV: -Aíd: - Xod: -

8.7 gå~moYZ‘² &

^mfmä¶mg:

29

Y‘m} O¶{V ZmY‘©:, g˶§ O¶{V ZmZ¥V‘² &j‘m O¶{V Z H«$moYmo, Xodmo O¶{V Zmgwa: && àW‘m &&

dgwXodgwV§ Xod§ H§$gMmUya‘X©Z‘² &XodH$sna‘mZÝX§ H¥$îU§ dÝXo OJX²Jþ鑲 && {ÛVr¶m &&

H$mì¶emó{dZmoXoZ H$mbmo JÀN>{V Yr‘Vm‘² & ì¶gZoZ Vw ‘yIm©Um§ {Zжm H$bhoZ dm && V¥Vr¶m &&

{dÚm {ddmXm¶ YZ§ ‘Xm¶ Ibñ¶ ep³V: nanrS>Zm¶ &gmYmoñVw gdª {dnarV‘oVV²

kmZm¶ XmZm¶ M ajUm¶ && MVwWu &&

V¡bmÐjoX² ObmÐjoX² ajoV² {e{Wb~ÝYZmV² &‘yI©hñVo Z XmV춑² Ed§ dX{V nwñVH$‘² && n#m‘r &&

Zañ¶m^aU§ ê$n§ ê$nñ¶m^aU§ JwU: &JwUñ¶m^aU§ kmZ§ kmZñ¶m^aU§ j‘m && fð>r&&

ì¶gZo {‘Ìnarjm eyanarjm aUm“Uo ^d{V &{dZ¶o ^¥Ë¶narjm XmZnarjm M Xþ{^©jo && gá‘r &&

Am{XXod Z‘ñVw䶧 àgrX ‘‘ ^mñH$a &{XdmH$a Z‘ñVw䶧 à^mH$a Z‘mo@ñVw Vo && gå~moYZ‘²&&

am‘mo amO‘{U: gXm {dO¶Vo am‘§ a‘oe§ ^Oo am‘oUm{^hVm {ZemMaM‘y am‘m¶ Vñ‘¡ Z‘: &am‘mÞmpñV nam¶U§ naVa§ am‘ñ¶ Xmgmo@ñå¶h‘² am‘o {MÎmb¶: gXm ^dVw ‘o ^mo am‘ ‘m‘wÕa &&

ûbmoH$: -11. àW‘mÝVnXm{Z {bIV &2. OmbaoIm{M̧ nya¶V & O¶{V Z O¶{V

^mfmä¶mg:

9. {d^p³V‘mbm &

3030

lrH¥$îU:

ûbmoH$: -31. V¥Vr¶mÝVnXm{Z {bIV &2. g‘mZmW©H$eãXmZ² ‘ob¶V &

{dZmoX: Xþaä¶mg:‘yI©: e¶Z‘²{ZÐm ‘ZmoaÄOZ‘²

ì¶gZ‘² ‘yT>:

ûbmoH$: -41. MVw϶©ÝVnXm{Z {bIV &

2. ñVå^nyaU§ Hw$éV &

{H$‘² {H$‘W©‘²Ibñ¶ g‚mZñ¶

{dÚmYZ‘²ep³V:

ûbmoH$: -51. n#må¶ÝVnXm{Z {bIV &2. OmbaoIm{M̧ nya¶V &

ûbmoH$: -61. fîR>çÝVnXm{Z [bIV &2. OmbaoIm{M̧ nya¶V &

Am^aU‘²

Zañ¶

ê$nñ¶

JwUñ¶

kmZñ¶

ûbmoH$: -21. {ÛVr¶mÝVnXm{Z {bIV &2. gw^m{fVo {H«$¶mnX§ {H$‘²? 3. OmbaoIm{M̧ nya¶V &

‘yI©hñVmV²

nwñVH$ajU‘²

ûbmoH$: -7

1. gáå¶ÝVnXm{Z {bIV &

2. ñVå^nyaU§ Hw$éV &

narjm

ûbmoH$: -8

1. gå~moYZmÝVnXm{Z {bIV &2. "gy¶©' B˶ñ¶ eãXñ¶ H¥$Vo A‘anpL²>º¨$ {bIV &

ûbmoH$: -91. "am‘' B{V eãXñ¶ H$m {d^p³V: dm³¶o à¶w³Vm

B{V {bIV & 1. amO‘{U: am‘: gXm {dO¶Vo & 2. Ah§ am‘§ ^Oo & 3. am‘oU {ZemMaM‘y: A{^hVm & 4. Vñ‘¡ am‘m¶ Z‘: & 5. am‘mV² naVa§ nam¶U§ Z ApñV & 6. Ah§ am‘ñ¶ Xmg: Apñ‘ & 7. ‘o (‘‘) {MÎmb¶: gXm am‘o ^dVw & 8. ^mo am‘, (Ëd§) ‘m‘² CÕa &

•   gd©ûcmoH$mZm§ gabmWª ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m {bIV &

H$ñ¶ ? H$Xm ?{‘Ìñ¶eyañ¶^¥Ë¶ñ¶XmZñ¶

31

नामाकन-१• Zm‘- dñVw-ñWmZ-Zm‘Xe©H$: eãX: & ¶Wm gwYmIÊS>:, ‘m{nH$m, embm, Xoe:, C‘oe:, kmZ‘² B˶mX¶:&• àm{Vn{XH$‘²- eãXñ¶ ‘yb§ ê$n‘² & ¶Wm Xod, dZ, ‘mbm, Añ‘X², ¶wî‘X² B˶mX¶: & dmŠ¶aMZm¶m§

‘ybeãXñ¶ (àm{Vn{XH$ñ¶) Cn¶moJ: Z {H«$¶Vo & A{n Vw {d^p³V¶w³VeãXmZm‘² Cn¶moJ: ^d{V &• {d^p³Vê$nm{U- dmŠ¶mWm©Zwgma§ eãXmZm§ {d{dYm{Z ê$nm{U ^dpÝV & Vm{Z {d^p³Vê$nm{U B{V CÀ¶ÝVo &

1) Ef: ‘‘ hñV: & 2) emaXm¶m: hñVo drUm emo^Vo &3) hñVñ¶ ^yfU§ XmZ‘² & 4) hñVmV² KQ>: nV{V &AÌ "hñV' B{V àm{Vn{XH$ñ¶ hñV:, hñVo, hñVñ¶, hñVmV² B{V {d^p³Vê$nm{U &{d^³V¶: gá-àW‘m, {ÛVr¶m, V¥Vr¶m, MVwWu, n#m‘r, fð>r, gá‘r &gå~moYZ‘² B{V n¥WH²$ {d^p³V: Z & àW‘m{d^ºo$: ê$nmUm‘² Ed nañna-AmdmhZo à¶moJ: - gå~moYZ‘² &

Ed§ 8 (7 {d^³V¶:+ gå~moYZ‘²) 3 (dMZm{Z) = 24 Zm‘nXmZm§ {d^p³Vê$nm{U ^dpÝV &

nw§{b“‘ ór{b“‘² Znw§gH${b“‘²AH$mamÝV: Xod --- dZAmH$mamÝV: --- ‘mbm ---BH$mamÝV: H${d ‘{V dm[aB©H$mamÝV: --- ZXr ---CXmhaUm{Z XÝV, Xoe, M‘g,

MfH$, hñV, dJ©, ñ¶yV, Xrn, nmX, H$U©, ¶{V, ‘w{Z, F${f, a{d B.

embm, {dÚm, ~mbm, H$ݶm, H$Wm, H$bm, H«$sS>m, ~w{Õ, ^y{‘, Hy$nr, boIZr B.

Ob, ì¶OZ, nwñVH$, ¶wVH$, kmZ, AmgZ, Z¥Ë¶, XmZ, ’$b, YZ, J¥h, ^y[a B.

"A'H$mamÝV§ nw§{b“§ Zm‘ Xod (Xod = X² + E + d² + A)

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^p³V:Xod: Xodm¡ Xodm: àW‘mXod‘² Xodm¡ XodmZ² {ÛVr¶mXodoZ Xodmä¶m‘² Xod¡: V¥Vr¶mXodm¶ Xodmä¶m‘² Xodoä¶: MVwWuXodmV² Xodmä¶m‘² Xodoä¶: n#m‘rXodñ¶ Xod¶mo: XodmZm‘² fð>rXodoo Xod¶mo: Xodofw gá‘r

ho Xod ho Xodm¡ ho Xodm: gå~moYZ‘²

^mfmgyÌ‘² - 2

3232

1. Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V &

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^p³V:MÝÐm¡ àW‘m

ZoÌ‘² {ÛVr¶m‘m{nH$¶m V¥Vr¶m

XÝVoä¶: MVwWudmVm¶Zmä¶m‘² n#m‘r

JOmZZñ¶ fð>rCËnr{R>H$¶mo: gá‘r

ho d¶ñ¶m: gå~moYZ‘²

"A'H$mamÝV§ Znw§gH${b“§ Zm‘ dZ (dZ = d² + A + Z² + A)

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^p³V:dZ‘² dZo dZm{Z àW‘mdZ‘² dZo dZm{Z {ÛVr¶mdZoZ dZmä¶m‘² dZ¡: V¥Vr¶mdZm¶ dZmä¶m‘² dZoä¶: MVwWudZmV² dZmä¶m‘² dZoä¶: n#m‘rdZñ¶ dZ¶mo: dZmZm‘² fð>rdZo dZ¶mo: dZofw gá‘rho dZ ho dZo ho dZm{Z gå~moYZ‘²

Znw§gH${b“eãXmZm§ V¥Vr¶mV: gá‘rn¶©ÝV§ nw§{b“eãXdV² ê$nm{U gd©Ì ^dpÝV &

"Am'H$mamÝV§ ór{b“§ Zm‘ ‘mbm (‘mbm = ‘² + Am + b² + Am)

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^p³V:‘mbm ‘mbo ‘mbm: àW‘m‘mbm‘² ‘mbo ‘mbm: {ÛVr¶m‘mb¶m ‘mbmä¶m‘² ‘mbm{^: V¥Vr¶m‘mbm¶¡ ‘mbmä¶m‘² ‘mbmä¶: MVwWu‘mbm¶m: ‘mbmä¶m‘² ‘mbmä¶: n#m‘r‘mbm¶m: ‘mb¶mo: ‘mbmZm‘² fð>r‘mbm¶m‘² ‘mb¶mo: ‘mbmgw gá‘rho ‘mbo ho ‘mbo ho ‘mbm: gå~moYZ‘²

^mfmä¶mg:

33

2. eãXmZm‘² AWª {d^³ËçZwgma§ ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m {bIV &

d¥jmZ², ^m¶m©¶¡, H$amä¶m‘², Xn©Uo, Hw${#mH$¶m, ¶mZmV², JrVofw, d¥jofw, hñV¶mo:, H$Um©ä¶m‘²

3. MVwW©nX§ {bIV &1. Xod-XodoZ :: ^yn - & 2. ñ¶yV-ñ¶yVmZm‘² :: M‘g - & 3. ’$b-’$bm{Z :: nU© - & 4. gy¶©-gy¶m©V² :: MÝÐ & 5. Xod-Xodofw :: dZ - & 6. ‘mbm-‘mbmgw :: embm - &

àW‘nwéfdmMH$m{Z gd©Zm‘m{Z - VX²

gd©Zm‘m{Z1) a‘oe: embm§ JÀN>{V & g: embm§ JÀN>{V & 2) a‘oe: J«ÝW§ nR>{V & g: J«ÝW§ nR>{V & " a‘oe: '- Zm‘3) a‘oe: àý§ n¥ÀN>{V & g: àý§ n¥ÀN>{V & g:- gd©Zm‘4) a‘oe: JrV§ Jm¶{V & g: JrV§ Jm¶{V &5) a‘oe: gwaoe§ dX{V & g: gwaoe§ dX{V &Zm‘nXñ¶ ñWmZo à¶wº§$ nX§ "gd©Zm‘' B{V CÀ¶Vo &

CÎm‘nwéfdmMH§$ gd©Zm‘({Ìfw {b“ofw g‘mZ‘²) "Añ‘X²'

‘ܶ‘nwéfdmMH§$ gd©Zm‘({Ìfw {b“ofw g‘mZ‘²) "¶wî‘X²'

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^p³V: EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘²

Ah‘² Amdm‘² d¶‘² àW‘m Ëd‘² ¶wdm‘² ¶y¶‘²

‘m‘²/‘m Amdm‘²/Zm¡ Añ‘mZ²/Z: {ÛVr¶m Ëdm‘²/Ëdm ¶wdm‘²/dm‘² ¶wî‘mZ²/d:

‘¶m Amdmä¶m‘² Añ‘m{^: V¥Vr¶m Ëd¶m ¶wdmä¶m‘² ¶wî‘m{^:

‘ø‘²/‘o Amdmä¶m‘²/Zm¡ Añ‘䶑²/Z: MVwWu Vw䶑²/Vo ¶wdmä¶m‘²/dm‘² ¶wî‘䶑²/d:

‘V² Amdmä¶m‘² Añ‘V² n#m‘r ËdV² ¶wdmä¶m‘² ¶wî‘V²

‘‘/‘o Amd¶mo:/Zm¡ Añ‘mH$‘²/Z: fð>r Vd/Vo ¶wd¶mo:/dm‘² ¶wî‘mH$‘²/d:

‘{¶ Amd¶mo: Añ‘mgw gá‘r Ëd{¶ ¶wd¶mo: ¶wî‘mgw

VX² nw§{b“‘² VX² ór{b“‘² VX² Znw§gH${b“‘²E. d. {Ûd. ~. d. E. d. {Ûd. ~. d. E.d. {Ûd. ~. d {d^p³V:g: Vm¡ Vo gm Vo Vm: VV²-VX² Vo Vm{Z àW‘m

V‘² Vm¡ VmZ² Vm‘² Vo Vm: VV²-VX² Vo Vm{Z {ÛVr¶m

VoZ Vmä¶m‘² V¡: V¶m Vmä¶m‘² Vm{^: VoZ Vmä¶m‘² V¡: V¥Vr¶m

Vñ‘¡ Vmä¶m‘² Voä¶: Vñ¶¡ Vmä¶m‘² Vmä¶: Vñ‘¡ Vmä¶m‘² Voä¶: MVwWuVñ‘mV² Vmä¶m‘² Voä¶: Vñ¶m: Vmä¶m‘² Vmä¶: Vñ‘mV² Vmä¶m‘² Voä¶: n#m‘rVñ¶ V¶mo: Vofm‘² Vñ¶m: V¶mo: Vmgm‘² Vñ¶ V¶mo: Vofm‘² fð>r

Vpñ‘Z² V¶mo: Vofw Vñ¶m‘² V¶mo: Vmgw Vpñ‘Z² V¶mo: Vofw gá‘r

Ad~moYV - gd©Zm‘nXmZm§ gå~moYZ{d^{º$: Z ^d{V &

3434

nw§{b“‘² ór{b“‘² Znw§gH${b“‘²E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. E. d. {Û.d. ~. d. E. d. {Ûd. ~. d.

¶X² ¶: ¶m¡ ¶o ¶m ¶o ¶m: ¶X² ¶o ¶m{Z

EVX² Ef: EVm¡ EVo Efm EVo EVm: EVV²/EVX² EVo EVm{Z

{H$‘² H$: H$m¡ Ho$ H$m Ho$ H$m: {H$‘² Ho$ H$m{Z

"VX²' gd©Zm‘dV² Ed "¶X²', "EVX²' VWm "{H$‘²' EVofm§ ê$nm{U ^dpÝV &

1. ‘obZ§ Hw$éV &

{d^p³V: ê$n‘² àW‘m ¶mgm‘² {ÛVr¶m H$m{^: V¥Vr¶m EVñ‘¡ MVwWu ‘m‘² n#m‘r ‘V² fð>r Ëd{¶ gá‘r Vm{Z

2. ¶mo½¶ê$n§ {bIV &1. (EVX²) ‘‘ hñVm¡ &2. Aao ~mbH$, qH$ (¶wî‘X²) Zm‘ &3. (¶X²) hñVo eó§ (VX²) g¡{ZH$: & 4. (Añ‘X²) gd} ^maVr¶m: &5. (VX²) ZJao àm{UgL²>J«hmb¶: dV©Vo &

^mfmä¶mg:

E. d. {Ûd. ~. d.

à. nw. ApñV ñV: gpÝV

‘. nw. A{g ñW: ñW

C. nw. Apñ‘ ñd: ñ‘:

E. d. {Ûd. ~. d.

à. nw. H$amo{V Hw$éV: Hw$d©pÝV

‘. nw. H$amo{f Hw$éW: Hw$éW

C. nw. H$amo{‘ Hw$d©: Hw$‘©:

Ag² (n.n.) bQ²>bH$ma:

H¥$ (n. n.) bQ²>bH$ma:

nR>V-~moYV

"Ag²' VWm "H¥$' EV¶mo: Cn¶moJ§ H¥$Ëdm n#mXedm³¶m{Z dXV &

N>mÌ: ApñV & N>mÌm: gpÝV &XÝV: ApñV & XÝVm: gpÝV &Ho$e: ApñV Ho$em: gpÝV &MaU: ApñV & MaUm¡ ñV: &hñV: ApñV & hñVm¡ ñV: &Ah§ N>mÌ: Apñ‘ & d¶§ N>mÌm: ñ‘: &Ëd§ ~mbH$: A{g & ¶y¶§ ~mbH$m: ñW &~mbH$: nR>Z§ H$amo{V &

~mbH$m: nR>Z§ Hw$d©pÝV &Hw$å^H$ma: Hw$å^mZ² H$amo{V &

Hw$å^H$mam: Hw$å^mZ² Hw$d©pÝV &bdHw$em¡ Jm¶Z§ Hw$éV: &

nmÊS>dm: XmZ§ Hw$d©pÝV &

35

(V¥Vr¶: KQ>H$:)10. AmË‘ZonXr¶m &

Anyd©: H$mo@{n H$mofmo@¶§ {dÚVo Vd ^ma{V &춶Vmo d¥{Õ‘m¶m{V j¶‘m¶m{V g#m¶mV² &&1&&

Hw$gw‘§ dU©gånÞ§ JÝYhrZ§ Z emo^Vo &Z emo^Vo {H«$¶mhrZ§ ‘Ywa§ dMZ§ VWm &&2&&

Anmao H$mì¶g§gmao H${daoH$: àOmn{V: &¶Wmñ‘¡ amoMVo {dûd§ VWm d¡ n[adV©Vo &&3&&

eVofw Om¶Vo eya: ghòofw M npÊS>V: &d³Vm Xeghòofw XmVm ^d{V dm Z dm &&4&&

Z Xodmo dV©Vo H$mð>o Z nmfmUo Z ‘¥Ê‘¶o &^mdo {h {dÚVo Xod: Vñ‘mX² ^mdmo {h H$maU‘² &&5&&

ûbmoH$:-11. íbmoHo$ {H«$¶mnX§ {H$‘²?2. AYmoXÎmmZm§ eãXmZm§ H¥$Vo íbmoHo$ AmJVmZ²

eãXmZ² {bIV & gañdVr- A{ÛVr¶:- gL²>J«h: - 3. {déÕmW©H$eãX§ {bIV & 춶: ´ d¥{Õ: ´

ûbmoH$:-2

1. ûbmoHo$ {H«$¶mnX§ {H$‘²?

2. {deofU-{deoî¶-gå~ÝY: - 1) "Hw$gw‘‘²' B˶ñ¶ Ûo {deofUo {bIV &

2) "dMZ‘²' B˶ñ¶ Ûo {deofUo {bIV &

3. íbmoH$mV² g‘mZmW©H$eãXmZ² {MZwV &

1) àgyZ‘², gw‘‘², nwîn‘² -

2) dM:, Cp³V:, dmŠ¶‘² -

ûbmoH$:-3

EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &1. íbmoHo$ {H«$¶mnXo Ho$ ?2. Anmao H$mì¶g§gmao H$: àOmn{V: ?

^mfmä¶mg:

3636

ûbmoH$:-41. ñVå^‘obZ§ Hw$éV &

"A' "~'eVofwghòofwXeghòofw

XmVmeya:npÊS>V:d³Vm

2. H$pñ‘Z² H$: JwU: dV©Vo? B{V {bIV & A - eyao, npÊS>Vo, ^mfU{ZnwUo, CXmao ~ - XmV¥Ëd‘², d³V¥Ëd‘², nmpÊS>˶‘², em¡¶©‘²3. g‘mZmW©H$eãXmZ² {bIV & XmVm, eya:, npÊS>V:

ûbmoH$:-5

1. Xod: Hw$Ì dV©Vo?2. Xod:, H$mð‘²>, nmfmU: B{V eãXmZm‘²

A‘aH$mofnL²>³Vr: {bIV &3. OmbaoIm{M̧ nya¶V & gáå¶ÝVnXm{Z

Xod: dV©Vo &

Z

Z

Z

7 Ah§ ^mfo & 8 Amdm§ ^mfmdho & 9 d¶§ ^mfm‘ho &

2 Vm¡ ~mbH$m¡ ^mfoVo &2 Vo H$ݶo ^mfoVo &2 Vo An˶o ^mfoVo &

3 Vo ~mbH$m: ^mfÝVo &3 Vm: H$ݶm: ^mfÝVo & 3 Vm{Z An˶m{Z ^mfÝVo &

4 Ëd§ ^mfgo & 5 ¶wdm§ ^mfoWo & 6 ¶y¶§ ^mfÜdo &

n#mXe dm³¶m{Z & (AmË‘ZonX‘²)

1. g: ~mbH$: ^mfVo &1 gm H$ݶm ^mfVo &1 VX² An˶§ ^mfVo &

• gd}fm§ gw^m{fVmZm§ gabmWª ñnï>rH$aU§ M ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m {bIV &

Efm N>Ìn{V{edam¶ñ¶ amO‘wÐm & ‘wÐm¶m§ ‘w{ÐV-íbmoH$: B©Ñe:- ""à{VnƒÝÐboIod d{Y©îUw{d©íddpÝXVm & emhgyZmo: {edñ¶¡fm ‘wÐm ^Ðm¶ amOVo &&''Añ¶ íbmoH$ñ¶ AW©:-(emhgyZmo:) (ehm{O‘hmamOñ¶ nwÌñ¶ {edñ¶) N>Ìn{V{edam¶ñ¶ (à{VnƒÝÐboIm Bd d{Y©îUw:) ¶Wm

à{VnX: MÝÐboIm à{V{XZ§ dY©Vo VWm dY©‘mZm, ({dûddpÝXVm) {dûdñ¶ H¥$Vo dÝXZr¶m (‘wÐm) amO‘wÐm (^Ðm¶) H$ë¶mUm¶ (amOVo) emo Vo & B{V &

AÚ A{n Efm ‘wÐm àmMrZJ«ÝWmb¶ofw nwñVHo$fw g§J«hmb¶ofw M Ðïw>§ eŠ¶Vo &

nR>V-~moYV

37

ApñV (P) dm ZmpñV (O) B{V {bIV &

‘‘ g‘rno dJ} J¥ho J«ÝWmb¶oboIZr {MÌ’$bH$‘² XÿaXe©Z‘² g§ñH¥$VH$WmnwñVH$‘²

boIZnwpñVH$m {XZX{e©H$m g“UH$: gå^mfUgÝXoe: (g§ñH¥$V‘m{gH$‘²)eãXYmVwê$nmd{b: CËnr{R>H$m H$nm{Q>H$m g§ñH¥$VeãXH$mof:

eãXH$mof: AmgÝX: erVH$nm{Q>H$m gwY‘m© (g§ñH¥$VX¡{ZH$‘²)nmR>çnwñVH$‘² gwYmIÊS>: Xn©U: A‘aH$mof:{ÛM{H«$H$m ’$bH$‘mO©Zr XÊS>Xrn: g§ñH¥${VH$mof:

AYmoXÎmmZm§ eãXmZm§ V¥Vr¶m {d^³Vo: EH$dMZê$nm{U/fð>r {d^³Vo: ~hþdMZê$nm{U {bIV & damh = dó = H«$sS>m = J¥h = àOm = ñne© = ñVmoÌ = H$U© = d¥j = amjg = A‘˶© = ñZwfm = Vmam = amYm = ^mfm = gyÌ = VjH$ = nwîn =

H$ dJ©:/n dJ©:/¶²/d²/h² /H$mo@{n ñda:

M dJ©/Q> dJ©/V dJ©/b², e², g²

Z = U

Z = Z

a² + Am + ‘² + E + Z² + A = am‘oUa² + Am + ‘² + Am + Z² + Am + ‘² = am‘mUm‘²F$ + H²$ + f² + E + Z² + A = F$joUF$ + H²$ + f² + Am + Z² + Am + ‘² = F$jmUm‘²

a² + A + O² + A + H² + E + Z² + A = aOHo$Z a² + A + O² + A + H² + Am + Z² + Am + ‘² = aOH$mZm‘² d² + F$+ f² + A + b² + E + Z² + A = d¥fboZ d² + F$+ f² + A + b² + Am + Z² + Am + ‘² = d¥fbmZm‘²

+ +

+ +

 ZH$mañ¶ UH$ma: H$Xm ^d{V ?

AYmoXÎmm{Z CXmhaUm{Z nR>ÝVw & H${VMZ-CXmhaUofw "Z'H$ma: {dÚVo, H${VMZ-CXmhaUofw "U'H$ma: ^d{V & ¶Wm

V¥Vr¶m EH$dMZ‘² fð>r ~hþdMZ‘²Xod XodoZ XodmZm‘²ZoÌ ZoÌoU ZoÌmUm‘²hñV hñVoZ hñVmZm‘²gy¶© gy¶}U gy¶m©Um‘²

F$

a² f²

F$

a²

f²

3838

3. g‘m{YñWb§ (‘odmS>àmÝV) {damOVo &4. Aíd: (g‘mYmZ) àmUmZ² ˶O{V &

3. ¶mo½¶ {d^p³Vê$n§ {bIV & 1. Vñ¶ (n¥ð>) Cn{dï>: ApñV Vñ¶ ñdm‘r & 2. Vñ¶ EH$: nmX: (d«{UV) &

g: & ""AYwZm J«m‘: g‘rno Ed & VÌ ñdm{‘Z§ Z¶m{‘ g§ajm{‘ M & na§ ‘mJ} {dñVrU©: Obàdmh: & AYwZm qH$ H$aUr¶‘²?'' B{V {MÝV¶{V Aíd: & jrU: d«{UV: M Aíd: V‘² C„”{¶Vw‘² Ag‘W©: & {H$ÝVw g‘¶: Aën: & H$W‘{n àmUmZ² A{dJUæ¶ g: Obàdmh‘² C„”¶{V & AnaVra§ JËdm ^y‘m¡ nV{V & VoZ AmKmVoZ ñdm‘r A{n ^y‘m¡ {ZnV{V & {H${#mËH$mbmZÝVa§ ñdm‘r g§km§ b^Vo & g: Aídñ¶ g‘rno AmJÀN>{V & ñZohoZ Aídñ¶ eara§ ñn¥e{V & ^y‘m¡ n{VV: Aíd: A{n ñdm{‘Z§ ní¶{V g‘mYmZoZ àmUmZ² ˶O{V M &

H$: Ef: Z¥n:? km¶Vo dm? g: Ed ‘hmamUmàVmn: & amOñWmZamÁ¶ñ¶ ‘odmS>àXoeñ¶ Z¥nloð>: & H$: Ef: ñdm{‘^³V: Aíd:? Ef: MoVH$: Zm‘ Aíd: & Aídofw AmXe©^yV: g: & Vñ¶ ñ‘¥Ë¶Wª {Z{‘©V§ g‘m{YñWb§ ‘odmS>àmÝVo {damOVo &

Yݶ: ñdm‘r amUmàVmn: Yݶ: M ñdm{‘^³V: Aíd: MoVH$: &(H${dHw$bJwé-H$m{bXmg-g§ñH¥$V{díd{dÚmb¶oZ àH$m{eVm¶m: g§ñH¥$V~mbgm{h˶‘mbm¶m: AmYmaoU B¶§ H$Wm &)

4. AmË‘Zon{X{H«$¶mnXm{Z {MËdm {bIV &5. ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m CÎma§ {bIV & 1. "newn{jU: ‘mZdñ¶ gmhm涧 Hw$d©pÝV &' B{V {df¶o H$m: H$Wm: ¶y¶§ OmZrW?

‘ܶm•g‘¶: & gd©Ì ZradVm & ‘mJ©: A{n {Z‘©Zwî¶: & VXm Ed H$mo@{n Aíd: ‘mJ} Ymd{V & Vñ¶ EH$: nmX: d«{UV: & g: H$ï>oZ doXZm§ ghVo & VWm{n {Ì{^: nmX¡: ¶WmH$W‘{n g: Ymd{V & Vñ¶ n¥ð>o Cn{dï>: ApñV Vñ¶ ñdm‘r& Vñ¶ ñdm‘r eóàhma¡: d«{UV: &

A{daV§ YmdZoZ Aíd: AVrd lmÝV: Om¶Vo & g: doJoZ Ym{dVw‘² Ag‘W©: ^d{V & AV: ‘ÝX§ Ym{dVw§ àma^Vo & na§ Z¡d {da‘{V

11. Aídñ¶ ñdm{‘{Zð>m &

1. EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎmaV & 1. ‘mJ©: H$sÑe:? 2. Aídñ¶ n¥ð>o H$: Cn{dï>: ApñV?

3. Aíd: {H$‘² C„”¶{V? 4. ñdm‘r qH$ ñn¥e{V?

2. àý{Z‘m©U§ Hw$éV & 1. ñdm‘r Aídñ¶ g‘rno AmJÀN>{V & 2. ñdm‘r y‘m¡ {ZnV{V &

^mfmä¶mg:

39

12. g‘mZ‘ñVw ^moOZ‘² &

~mbH¥$îU: JmoHw$bo JmonmbZ§ H$amo{V ñ‘ & à{V{XZ§ g: d¶ñ¶¡: gh dZ§ JÀN>{V ñ‘ & JmoHw$bñWm: ~mbJmonmbm: dmgwXodoZ gh Amgm¶§ {hÊS>ÝVo ñ‘ & ‘ܶm•o Vo gd} ñdJ¥hoä¶: AmZrVm{Z ImÚdñVy{Z EH$Ì Cn{dí¶ ImXpÝV ñ‘ &

EH$pñ‘Z² {XZo ^moOZdobm¶m§ gd} Jmonm: H¥$îU§ n[aV: Cnm{deZ² & XodH$sZÝXZ: Jmon~mbmZ² An¥ÀN>V² & ""AÚ ^moOZmWª {H$‘² AmZrV‘² ?'' B{V & VXm àW‘: AdXV², ""‘‘ g‘rno XܶmoXZ§ dV©Vo &'' Ana: A^mfV, ""‘‘ g‘rno n¥WwH$m: &'' Ed‘od gd} ""Anynm:, bÈx>H$m:, dQ>H$m:, ‘moXH$m: AmZrVm:'' B{V AdXZ² & VXm H¥$îU: AdXV², ""A{¶ {‘Ìm{U, d¶§ EVofm§ ImÚnXmWm©Zm§ {‘lU§ Hw$‘©: &'' gd} Jmonmbm: AmZÝXoZ H¥$îUm¶ ñd§ ñd§ ImÚ‘² A¶ÀN>Z² & H¥$îU: ñd¶‘od nXmWm©Zm§ {‘lU‘² AH$amoV² & gd}ä¶: M VX² {‘lU§ n¶©dof¶V² & VX² Anydª ñdm{Xð>§ {‘lU§ gd}ä¶: AVrd AamoMV & ¶V: Vpñ‘Z² {‘lUo Z Ho$db§ ImÚnXmWm©: A{n Vw ñZohü {‘{lV: & VXm JmonZm¶H$: ~mbH¥$îU: AdXV², ""BV:na§ d¶§ gd} gpå‘ë¶ Ed ^moOZ§ Hw$‘©: & A{¶ {‘Ìm{U, Añ‘mH§$ ‘Zm§{g g‘mZm{Z, {dMmam: g‘mZm:, ^moOZ‘{n g‘mZ‘ñVw &''

1. EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎma§ {bIV &

1. Jmon~mbm: ^moOZm¶ qH$ {H$‘² AmZ¶Z²?

2. H¥$îU: qH$ qH$ g‘mZ{‘{V dX{V?

3. H¥$îU: ImÚnXmW} qH$ {‘l¶{V?

4. nmR>o à¶w³Vm{Z H¥$îUñ¶ Zm‘m{Z {bIV &

2. àý{Z‘m©U§ Hw$éV &

1. JmoHw$bñWm: ~mbJmonmbm: dmgwXodoZ gh Amgm¶§ {hÊS>ÝVo ñ‘ &

2. ~mbH¥$îU: JmoHw$bo JmonmbZ§ H$amo{V ñ‘ &

^mfmä¶mg:

4040

3. n¥WH²$ Hw$éV &

Zm‘ gd©Zm‘ {deofU‘² {H«$¶mnX‘²

(JmoHw$bñWm:, H¥$îU:, AH$amoV², {H$‘², ‘‘, ‘moXH$m:, Cnm{deZ², g‘mZm:)

4. g‘yhoVanX§ {MZwV &

1. ~mbH¥$îU:, XodH$sZÝXZ:, MÝÐeoIa:, JmonZm¶H$:

2. AdXV², A^UV², AJXV², AH$amoV²

5. {déÕmW©eãXmZ² ‘ÄOyfmV: {MZwV &

1. {‘Ìm{U 3. ñdm{Xð>‘²

2. g‘rno 4. g‘mZm{Z

(é{MhrZ‘², {d{dYm{Z, Aa¶:, Xÿao)

6. bQ²>ê$nm{U à¶wÁ¶ H$Wm§ nwZ: dXV/{bIV &

7. gh^moOZñ¶ ñdr¶‘² AZw d§ ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m {bIV &

8. H¥$îUñ¶ Aݶm{Z {d{dYm{Z Zm‘m{Z ApÝdî¶V {bIV M &

9. ¶wî‘mH§$ {à¶^moOZnXmWm©Zm§ gyqM g§ñH¥$V^mf¶m Hw$éV &

bQ²bH$mañ¶ nwaV: "ñ‘' B{V A춶ñ¶ à¶moJoZ ^yVH$m{bH$: AW©: ^d{V &

CXm. g: ’$b§ ImX{V ñ‘ = g: ’$b‘² AImXV² &

~mbJmonmbm: dmgwXodoZ gh {hÊS>ÝVo ñ‘ = ~mbJmonmbm: dmgwXodoZ gh A{hÊS>ÝV &

JmonZm¶H$: ~mbH¥$îU: dX{V ñ‘ = JmonZm¶H$: ~mbH¥$îU: AdXV² &

dXV g§ñH¥$V‘² &1. gwà^mV‘² &

2. ew^am{Ì: &

3. Z‘mo Z‘: &

4. YݶdmX: &

5. ñdmJV‘² &

6. H¥$n¶m &

7. AñVw &

8.emo^Z‘²/CÎm‘‘²&

1. Zddf©ñ¶ ew^me¶m: &

2. g’$bVm¶¡ A{^ZÝXZ‘²&

3. H$m¶©H«$‘: g’$b: ^dVw &

4. ew^mñVo nÝWmZ: gÝVw &

5. narjm¶¡ ew^me¶m: &

6. OrdoV² eaX: eV‘² &

7.Xrnmdbr ‘“b‘mVZmoVw&

8. ew^§ ^dVw &

ew^me¶m: &

41

१

४

७

२

५

८

३

६

९

àW‘nwéf: ^mfVo ^mfoVo ^mfÝVo

‘ܶ‘nwéf: ^mfgo ^mfoWo ^mfÜdo

CÎm‘nwéf: ^mfo ^mfmdho ^mfm‘ho

{H«$¶mnXm{Z-2

Am. n. à˶¶m:

à.nw. Vo BVo AÝVo

‘. nw. go BWo Üdo

C.nw. B dho ‘ho

१

४

७

२

५

८

३

६

९

E.d. [Ûd. ~.d.

{H«$¶mnXgyÌ‘² - (‘ybYmVw: + JU{dH$aU‘²) = YmËd“‘² + à˶¶: = {H«$¶mnX‘² (AmXoe:) ({M•‘²)

JU: {dH$aU‘² CXmhaU‘²àW‘: A ^mfVoMVwW©: ¶ ¶wܶVofð>: A {XeVoXe‘: A¶ nyO¶Vo

dÝX² (1 Am.n.) = dÝX² + A = dÝX + Vo = dÝXVo

¶wY² (4 Am.n.) = ¶wY² + ¶ = ¶wܶ + Vo = ¶wܶVo

{Xe² (6 Am.n.) = {Xe² +A = {Xe + Vo = {XeVo

nyO² (10 Am.n.) = nyO² +A¶ = nyO¶ + Vo = nyO¶Vo

^mfVo = ^mf² + A + Vo

‘ybYmVw: JU{dH$aU‘² à˶¶:

भाष (१ आ.प.)E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.

bQ²bH$ma: (dV©‘mZH$mb:) AmË‘ZonX‘²

^mfmgyÌ‘² - 3

4242

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.à.nw. dÝXVo dÝXoVo dÝXÝVo

‘. nw. dÝXgo dÝXoWo dÝXÜdo

C.nw. dÝXo dÝXmdho dÝXm‘ho

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.à.nw. ¶wܶVo ¶wܶoVo ¶wܶÝVo

‘. nw. ¶wܶgo ¶wܶoWo ¶wܶÜdo

C.nw. ¶wwܶo ¶wܶmdho ¶wܶm‘ho

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.à.nw. {XeVo {XeoVo {XeÝVo‘. nw. {Xego {XeoWo {XeÜdoC.nw. {Xeo {Xemdho {Xem‘ho

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.à.nw. nyO¶Vo nyO¶oVo nyO¶ÝVo‘. nw. nyO¶go nyO¶oWo nyO¶ÜdoC.nw. nyO¶o nyO¶mdho nyO¶m‘ho

dÝX² 1 Am.n. ¶wY² 4 Am.n.

{Xe² 6 Am.n. nyO² 10 Am.n.

CngJm©: &

Mm¡a: AOm§ ha{V &

"ö' YmVmo: Ed EVm{Z ê$nm{U &

~mbH$: CÚmZo {dha{V & dra: eÌw§ àha{V &

w AÌ g‘², Am, {d, à, B˶mX¶: eãXm§em: YmVmo: nydª Ñí¶ÝVo & EVo Ed CngJm©: &w CngJm©: 22 gpÝV & (à, An, Cn, Ad) (nam, Am) (n[a, A{Y, A{n, A{V, {d, A{^, à{V, {Z)

(gw, AZw) (g‘², CX², {Zg², {Za², Xþg², Xþa²)w CngJ©H$maUmV² H$Xm{MV² YmVmo: AW©: n[adV©Vo & ¶Wm JÀN>{V-AmJÀN>{V & dX{V-à{VdX{V &w CngJm©: H$Xm{MV² YmVmo: AWª nmof¶pÝV & ¶Wm emo^Vo-gwemo^Vo & bg{V-{dbg{V & amOVo-{damOVo &

H¥$ Am.n. bQ²>bH$ma:

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.

à.nw. Hw$éVo Hw$dm©Vo Hw$d©Vo

‘. nw. Hw$éfo Hw$dm©Wo Hw$éÜdo

C.nw. Hw$d} Hw$d©ho Hw$‘©ho

ö

ha{V

{dha{V

àha{V

g§ha{V

Amha{V

Ho$MZ YmVd: nañ‘¡n{XZ: (CXm. JÀN>{V, nR>{V), Ho$MZ YmVd: AmË‘Zon{XZ: (CXm. dÝXVo, ^mfVo),

Ho$fm#mZ YmVyZm§ nañ‘¡nXê$nm{U VWm AmË‘ZonXê$nm{U A{n ^dpÝV AV: Vo YmVd: C^¶n{XZ:(CXm.~moY{V/~moYVo, {jn{V/{jnVo, {Xe{V/{XeVo, nyO¶{V/nyO¶Vo, H$amo{V/Hw$éVo)

43

J‘²

AmAmJÀN>{V

g‘g“ÀN>Vo

AZwAZwJÀN>{V

Cn

CnJÀN>{V

Ad AdJÀN>{V

{Za² {ZJ©ÀN>{V

w CngJ©H$maUV: H$Xm{MV² YmVmo: nXn[adV©Z§ d{V & ¶Wm {O-O¶{V {H$ÝVw {d+{O = {dO¶Vo (Am.n.), ñWm-{Vð>{V {H$ÝVw à+ ñWm = à{Vð>Vo (Am.n.), J‘²- JÀN>{V {H$ÝVw g‘²+ J‘² = g“ÀN>Vo(Am.n.), a‘²-a‘Vo {H$ÝVw {d + a‘² = {da‘{V (n.n.)

1. ¶mo½¶‘² CngJª ¶moO¶V & à/g‘²/{d/n[a/Ad/Am/An 1. Mm¡a: YZ§ ha{V & 2. ^yn: eÌw§ ha{V & 3. d¡Ú amoJ§ ha{V & 4. ~mbH$: CÚmZo ha{V & 5. Xodr amjg§ ha{V & 6. OZ: nd©V‘² amoh{V & 7. ~m{bH$m nd©VmV² amoh{V &

2. CngJ©g{hV§ {H«$¶mnX§ {bIV dmŠ¶§ M nya¶V & 1. ‘mVm AmnUmV² & (Am+J‘²-JÀN>²) 2. ~mbH$: Xod§ & (à+Z‘²) 3. go{dH$m Ob‘² & (Am+Zr-Z¶²) 4. aOH$: dóm{U & (à+jb²-jmb²) 5. AmMm¶©: {dÚmb¶mV² ({Za²+J‘²) 6. {ejH$: g‘ñ¶m§ & (n[a+ö-ha²) 7. dmZa: d¥jmV² & (CV²+nV²) 8. ~mb: OZZt & (AZw+g¥-ga²)

3. CngJ©g{hV-J‘² YmVmo: AWª OmZrV, ñd^mf¶m {bIV, dmŠ¶o à¶moJ§ Hw$éV M &

H${dgÑem: Aݶo BH$mamÝVm: nw§{b“eãXm:-‘w{Z, F${f, a{d, h[a, nm{U, ¶{V, ‘mé{V, yn{V, H${n, A{b, {J[a, A[a, d{•, ‘{U B˶mX¶: &

Zm‘m{Z - 2"B' H$mamÝV§ nw§{b“§ Zm‘ "H${d' (H${d = H²$ + A + d² + B)

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^p³V:H${d: H$dr H$d¶: àW‘mH${d‘² H$dr H$drZ² {ÛVr¶mH${dZm H${dä¶m‘² H${d{^: V¥Vr¶mH$d¶o H${dä¶m‘² H${dä¶: MVwWuH$do: H${dä¶m‘² H${dä¶: n#m‘r

H$do: H$ì¶mo: H$drZm‘² fð>rH$dm¡ H$ì¶mo: H${dfw gá‘rho H$do ho H$dr ho H$d¶: gå~moYZ‘²

^mfmä¶mg:

4444

"B'H$mamÝV§ ór{b“§ Zm‘ ‘{V (‘{V = ‘² + A + V² + B)

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^p³V:‘{V: ‘Vr ‘V¶: àW‘m‘{V‘² ‘Vr ‘Vr: {ÛVr¶m‘˶m ‘{Vä¶m‘² ‘{V{^: V¥Vr¶m‘V¶o/‘˶¡ ‘{Vä¶m‘² ‘{Vä¶: MVwWu‘Vo:/‘˶m: ‘{Vä¶m‘² ‘{Vä¶: n#m‘r‘Vo:/‘˶m: ‘˶mo: ‘VrZm‘² fð>r‘Vm¡/‘˶m‘² ‘˶mo: ‘{Vfw gá‘rho ‘Vo ho ‘Vr ho ‘V¶: gå~moYZ‘²

‘{VgÑem: Aݶo eãXm:- y{‘, ~w{Õ, àr{V, H$s{V©, lw{V, ñ‘¥{V, é{M, ep³V, Y¥{V, Amof{Y, dZñn{V B.

"B'H$mamÝV§ Znw§gH${b“§ Zm‘ dm[a (dm[a = d² + Am + a² + B)

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^p³V:dm[a dm[aUr dmar{U àW‘mdm[a dm[aUr dmar{U {ÛVr¶mdm[aUm dm[aä¶m‘² dm[a{^: V¥Vr¶mdm[aUo dm[aä¶m‘² dm[aä¶: MVwWudm[aU: dm[aä¶m‘² dm[aä¶: n#m‘rdm[aU: dm[aUmo: dmarUm‘² fð>rdm[a{U dm[aUmo: dm[afw gá‘rho dmao, ho dm[a ho dm[aUr ho dmar{U gå~moYZ‘²

dm[agÑem: Aݶo eãXm:- ew{M, gwa{^, y[a B˶mX¶: & "B©'H$mamÝV§ ór{b“§ Zm‘ ZXr (ZXr = Z² + A + X² + B©)

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^p³V:ZXr ZÚm¡ ZÚ: àW‘mZXr‘² ZÚm¡ ZXr: {ÛVr¶mZÚm ZXrä¶m‘² ZXr{^: V¥Vr¶mZÚ¡ ZXrä¶m‘² ZXrä¶: MVwWuZÚm: ZXrä¶m‘² ZXrä¶: n#m‘rZÚm: ZÚmo: ZXrZm‘² fð>rZÚm‘² ZÚmo: ZXrfw gá‘rho Z{X ho ZÚm¡ ho ZÚ: gå~moYZ‘²

ZXrgÑem: Aݶo eãXm:- OZZr, Hy$nr, Zmar, ¶wdVr, ZJar, ‘hr, dmnr, boIZr, A‘Zr, gå‘mO©Zr, épŠ‘Ur, KQ>r, ZIH¥$ÝVZr, gañdVr, ñWmbr, Xmgr B˶mX¶: &

45

{deofU‘²

AYmo{Z{X©ï>m{Z {deofU-{deoî¶-eãX¶w½‘m{Z {MZwV &

Ef: ~mbH$: & EVñ¶ Zm‘ AO¶: &AO¶: CÎm‘: ~mbH$: &AO¶: ñdñW: H$m¶©VËna: M ~mbH$: &

AÌ CÎm‘:, MVwa:, ñdñW:, H$m¶©VËna: EVo eãXm: AO¶: H$sÑe: ApñV B{V H$W¶pÝV & AV: EVo eãXm: AO¶ñ¶ {deofUm{Z &

¶: eãX: Zm‘nXñ¶ {df¶o A{YH§$ H$W¶{V, VX² {deofU‘² & ¶ñ¶ {df¶o kmnZ§ ^d{V, g: {deoî¶: &

ZyVZ: J«ÝW:& ZyVZm H${dVm& ZyVZ§ H$m춑² &H$sÑe: J«ÝW:? H$sÑer H${dVm? H$sÑe§ H$m춑²? ZyVZ: J«ÝW: & ZyVZm H${dVm & ZyVZ§ H$m춑² &AÌ {deoî¶ñ¶ ¶X² {b“‘² ApñV, VXod {deofUñ¶ {b“§ dV©Vo &

ZyVZñ¶ J«ÝWñ¶ & ZyVZmV² J«ÝWmV² & ZyVZofw J«ÝWofw &ZyVZm¶m§ H${dVm¶m§ & ZyVZ¶m H${dV¶m & ZyVZm¶¡ H${dVm¶¡ &ZyVZoZ H$mì¶oZ & ZyVZmä¶m§ H$mì¶mä¶m§ & ZyVZ¶mo: H$m춶mo:&

ZyVZm¡ J«ÝWm¡ & ZyVZm: J«ÝWm: &ZyVZo H${dVo & ZyVZm: H${dVm: &ZyVZo H$mì¶o & ZyVZm{Z H$mì¶m{Z &AÌ {deoî¶ñ¶ ¶X² dMZ‘² ApñV, VXod {deofUñ¶ dMZ§ Ñí¶Vo &

EVofw CXmhaUofw {deoî¶ñ¶ ¶m {d^p³V:,gm Ed {d^p³V: {deofUñ¶ A{n dV©Vo &

¶{„“§ ¶ÛMZ§ ¶m M {d^p³V{d©eoî¶ñ¶ & V{„“§ VÛMZ§ g¡d {d^p³V{d©eofUñ¶m{n &&

gwÝXar

Amdí¶H$:

N>mÌm:ídoVm¡ AmMm¶m£

Hw$gw‘‘² ‘mbm

Amhma:H¥$Vkm:nyÁ¶m¡ZoÌo

XrK©‘² H¥$îUo H$mo‘b‘² ~H$m¡

gyÌ‘²

^mfmä¶mg:

4646

{dÛÎd§ M Z¥nËd§ M Z¡d Vw붧 H$XmMZ &ñdXoeo nyÁ¶Vo amOm {dÛmZ² gd©Ì nyÁ¶Vo &&1&&

A‘ÝÌ‘ja§ ZmpñV ZmpñV ‘yb‘Zm¡fY‘² &A¶mo½¶: nwéfmo ZmpñV ¶moOH$ñVÌ Xþb© : &&2&&

A{VXmZmV² ~{b~©Õmo ø{V‘mZmV² gw¶moYZ: &{dZï>mo amdUmo bm¡ë¶mV² A{V gd©Ì dO©¶oV² &&3&&

A{n ñdU©‘¶r b‘m Z ‘o bú‘U amoMVo &OZZr OÝ‘ y{‘íM ñdJm©X{n Jar¶gr &&4&&

13. gyp³VgwYm &

ûcmoH$: - 11. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & A) amOm Hw$Ì nyÁ¶Vo? Am) H$: gd©Ì nyÁ¶Vo?2. MVwWª nX§ {bIV & {dÛmZ² = {dÛËd‘² :: Z¥n: = .........&3. g‘yhoVanX§ {MZwV & A) yn:, ‘hrnmb:, nm{W©d:, npÊS>V: & Am) àmk:, {dMjU:, MmUmj:, {j{Vn{V: &ûcmoH$: - 21. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & A) H$sÑe‘² Aja§ ZmpñV? Am) H$sÑe§ ‘yb§ ZmpñV? B) H$sÑe: nwéf: ZmpñV? B©) H$: Xþb© :?

ûcmoH$: - 31. ‘obZ§ Hw$éV & ~{b: ~Õ: A{V‘mZmV² & gw¶moYZ: ~Õ: bm¡ë¶mV² & amdU: {dZï>: A{VXmZmV² &

2. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & A) ~{b: H$ñ‘mV² ~Õ:? Am) gw¶moYZ: H$ñ‘mV² ~Õ:? B) amdU: H$ñ‘mV² {dZï>:? B©) qH$ gd©Ì dO©¶oV²?ûcmoH$: - 4 [a³VñWmZ§ nya¶V &

{deofU‘² {deo²---- b‘mJar¶gr ---- , ---

(MVwW©: KQ>H$:)

^mfmä¶mg:

47

14. CnH$mañ¶ ñ‘aU‘² &

am‘m¶U‘² Am{XH$m춑² & am‘m¶Uñ¶ aM{¶Vm dmë‘r{H$: & dmë‘r{H$: Am{XH${d: & lram‘ñ¶ M[aV‘² Añ¶ J«ÝWñ¶ {df¶: & Ef: àg“: am‘m¶UmV² &

‘mé{V: grVm¶m: AÝdofUmWª b‘m§ à{V CÈ>¶Vo & ‘mJ} ‘hmgmJa: ApñV & Vñ¶ Vbo AdV©V ‘¡ZmH$: Zm‘ nd©V: & ¶Xm ‘¡ZmH$: JJZo ‘méqV ní¶{V VXm g: CÒÀN>{V & g‘wÐmV² ~{h: Am¶m{V & ‘mé{VZm H«$‘Ur¶: ‘mJ©: XrK©: & ‘ܶo {dlm‘mWª ñWmZ‘{n ZmpñV B{V ‘¡ZmH$: OmZm{V & g: Vñ¶ gmhm涧 H$Vw©‘² BÀN>{V & AV: ‘¡ZmH$: ‘méqV àmW©¶Vo, ""‘hmH$no! Ab§ n[al‘oU, H¥$n¶m ‘‘ Hy$Q>o {dlm‘§ H$amoVw &''

{H$‘Wª ‘¡ZmH$: ‘méVo: gmhmæ¶mW©‘² CÚw³V:? A{n g: ‘méVo: Amerd©MZ‘² BÀN>{V? Z Ibw & EVV² Vw CnH$mañ¶ ñ‘aU‘² & ‘méVo: VmV: ndZXod: ‘¡ZmH$ñ¶ gmhm涑² AH$amoV² nwam & VXm gd} nd©Vm: gnjm: & Vo AmH$meo ñdoÀN>¶m {dhapÝV ñ‘, ghgm y‘m¡ {ZnVpÝV ñ‘ & VoZ ÌñVm: F$f¶: BÝБ² CnmJÀN>Z² & BÝÐ: nd©Voä¶: AHw$߶V² & g: dO«oU nd©VmZm§ njmZ² N>oÎmw§ àma^V & ¶Xm BÝÐ: ‘¡ZmH§$ à{V AJÀN>V² VX¡d ndZXod: doJoZ V§ g‘wÐVb‘² AZ¶V² & Ed§ ndZXod: ‘¡ZmH§$ dO«àhmamV² AajV² & ‘¡ZmH$: ndZXodñ¶ EV‘² CnH$ma§ ñ‘a{V ñ‘ & g: A{MÝV¶V², ""H¥$Vo M à{VH$V©ì¶‘² Ef Y‘©: gZmVZ:'' & AV: ‘¡ZmH$: ndZnwÌñ¶ ‘méVo: gmhm涑² AH$amoV² & ‘¡ZmH$ñ¶ Am{V϶oZ ‘mé{V: àrV: & VWm{n {dlm‘‘² AH¥$Ëdm g: H$m¶©{gX²Ü¶W©‘² AJ«o ga{V &

1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎma§ {bIV & 1) ‘mé{V: H$ñ¶m: AÝdofUmWª CÈ>¶Vo? 2) nd©Vñ¶ Zm‘ {H$‘²? 3) nwam gd} nd©Vm: H$sÑem:? 4) nd©V¡: Ho$ ÌñVm:? 5) ‘¡ZmH§$ g‘wÐVb§ H$: Z¶{V?2. àý{Z‘m©U§ Hw$éV & 1) ndZXod: ‘¡ZmH§$ dO«àhmamV² aj{V & 2) F$f¶: BÝБ² CnmJÀN>Z² & 3) BÝÐ: nd©Voä¶: AHw$߶V² & 4) ‘¡ZmH$: g‘wÐmV² ~{h: Am¶m{V &

^mfmä¶mg:

4848

3. n¥WH²$ Hw$éV &

Zm‘ gd©Zm‘ {deofU‘² {H«$¶mnX‘²

(‘mé{V:, V‘², F$f¶:, XrK©:, àrV:, {MÝV¶{V, CÒÀN>{V, g:)4. g‘yhoVanX§ {MZwV & 1) ‘mé{V:, ndZnwÌ:, hZw‘mZ², nmdH$: & 3) ‘¡ZmH$:, ZJ:, {J[a:, AMb:& 2) gwan{V:, eH«$:, dO«‘², BÝÐ: & 5. {déÕmW©H$eãXmZ² {bIV & 1) ~{h: ´ 2) CÚw³V: ´ 3) ñ‘aU‘² ´6. nmR>o "‘mé{V' eãXñ¶ ñWmZo "ndZgwV' A{n M "nd©V' B˶ñ¶ ñWmZo "A{Ð' B{V eãX§ à¶wÁ¶ nmR>§

nwZ{b©IV &7. ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m {bIV & 1. "CnH$mañ¶ ñ‘aU§' ‘¡ZmHo$Z H$W§ H¥$V‘²? 2. ‘méVo: CÈ>mUH$Wm§ lwËdm H$ñ¶ AmYw{ZH$H$WmnmÌñ¶ ñ‘aU§ ^d{V? 3. am‘m¶Uo ¶ofm‘² C„oI: Vofm‘² Aݶ-new-n{jUm§ {df¶‘² AZwg¥Ë¶ gÝX^m©Z² {bIV & 4. ¶{X nd©Vm: AYwZm A{n nj¶w³Vm: ñ¶w: V{h© qH$ ^{dî¶{V?

àýmW©H$m: àý{Z‘m©UmWª "{H$‘²' gd©Zm‘ Cn¶wÁ¶Vo & VWm "H$'-AjaoU Aݶo àýmW©H$eãXm: Ama^ÝVo & Vo H$H$mam:&

¶Wm- {H$‘², Hw$Ì, H${V, H$Xm, Hw$V:, H$W‘², {H$‘W©‘² &• àý{Z‘m©U§ H$W‘²? 1. {e{jH$m gwYmIÊS>oZ {bI{V & {e{jH$m Ho$Z {bI{V? 2. am‘: grVm¶¡ ’$bm{Z ¶ÀN>{V & am‘: H$ñ¶¡ ’$bm{Z ¶ÀN>{V? 3. MQ>H$m {Zdmgm¶ ZrS§> aM¶{V & MQ>H$m {H$‘Wª ZrS§> aM¶{V? 4. gm gwñda§ Jm¶{V & gm H$W§ Jm¶{V?• à{VnX§ H$H$ma: H$W§ ¶wÁ¶Vo? A‘o¶: J¥ho gm¶‘mbo n#mH$mì¶m{Z kmZmW©‘² Cƒ¡: nR>{V & 1. H$: J¥ho gm¶‘mbo n#mH$mì¶m{Z kmZmW©‘² Cƒ¡: nR>{V ? 2. A‘o¶: Hw$Ì gm¶‘mbo n#mH$mì¶m{Z kmZmW©‘² Cƒ¡: nR>{V ? 3. A‘o¶: J¥ho H$Xm n#mH$mì¶m{Z kmZmW©‘² Cƒ¡: nR>{V ? 4. A‘o¶: J¥ho gm¶‘mbo qH$ kmZmW©‘² Cƒ¡: nR>{V ? 5. A‘o¶: J¥ho gm¶‘mbo n#mH$mì¶m{Z {H$‘W©‘² Cƒ¡: nR>{V ? 6. A‘o¶: J¥ho gm¶‘mbo n#mH$mì¶m{Z kmZmW©‘² H$W§ nR>{V ? àý{Z‘m©UmW©‘² C{MV§ n¶m©¶§ {MZwV & 1. AmH$meo ‘oKm: JO©pÝV & (H$:/Ho$) 2. N>mÌ¡: embm emo Vo & (H$ñ‘¡/H¡$:) 3. IJmZm§ g‘yh: JJZo dV©Vo & (Ho$fm§/H$mgm‘²) 4. {ejH$mZ² à{V AmXa: Amdí¶H$: &(Ho$fm‘²/H$mZ²) 5. Ah‘² AZÝVa§ ^moOZ§ H$amo{‘ & (H$Xm/Hw$Ì) 6. Vo nR>Zm¶ {dÚmb¶§ JÀN>pÝV & (H$Xm/{H$‘W©‘²)

49

{H«$¶mnXm{Z-3bL²>bH$ma: ( yVH$mb:)

AÚ ~mbH$: ø: JÀN>{V AJÀN>V² ImX{V AImXV² dX{V AdXV²

E. d. {Ûd. ~.d.à.nw. AnR>V² AnR>Vm‘² AnR>Z²‘.nw. AnR>: AnR>V‘² AnR>VC.nw. AnR>‘² AnR>md AnR>m‘

E. d. {Ûd. ~.d.à.nw. AZ¥Ë¶V² AZ¥Ë¶Vm‘² AZ¥Ë¶Z²‘.nw. AZ¥Ë¶: AZ¥Ë¶V‘² AZ¥Ë¶VC.nw. AZ¥Ë¶‘² AZ¥Ë¶md AZ¥Ë¶m‘

nR²> 1 n.n.

Z¥V² 4 n. n.

E. d. {Ûd. ~.d.à.nw. A^mfV A^mfoVm‘² A^mfÝV

‘.nw. A^mfWm: A^mfoWm‘² A^mfÜd‘²C.nw. A^mfo A^mfmd{h A^mfm‘{h

E. d. {Ûd. ~.d.à.nw. A¶wܶV A¶wܶoVm‘² A¶wܶÝV

‘.nw. A¶wܶWm: A¶wܶoWm‘² A¶wܶÜd‘²

C.nw. A¶wܶo A¶wܶmd{h A¶wܶm‘{h

^mf² 1 Am. n.

¶wY² 4 Am. n.

n.n. à˶¶m:

E.d. [Ûd. ~.d. E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.à.nw. V² Vm‘² AZ² V BVm‘² AÝV‘. nw. : V‘² V Wm: BWm‘² Üd‘²C.nw. A‘² d ‘ B d{h ‘{h

Am. n. à˶¶m:

bL>²à˶¶m:

bL²>ê$nm{U

("A'AmJ‘: + ‘ybYmVw: + JU{dH$aU‘²) = YmËd“‘² + à˶¶:= {H«$¶mnX‘² (AmXoe:) ({M•‘²)

A + nR² + A = AnR> + V² = AnR>V² A + Z¥V² + ¶ = AZ¥Ë¶ + V² = AZ¥Ë¶V² A + {bI² + A = A{bI + V² = A{bIV² A + nyO² + A¶ = AnyO¶ + V² = AnyO¶V²

सरियापदितरम

yVH$mb: nyd©H$mbo K{Q>Vm§ {H«$¶m§ Xe©¶{V & g§ñH¥$Vo yVH$mb̶§ dV©Vo & bL²>, {bQ²² VWm bwL²> B{V& AÌ d¶§ Ho$db§ bL²> ( yVH$mb§) ní¶m‘: & bL²> bH$mao ‘ybYmVmo: nyd©‘² "A' B{V AmJ‘: ^d{V &

^mfmgyÌ‘² - 4

5050

E. d. {Ûd. ~.d.à.nw. A{bIV² A{bIVm‘² A{bIZ²‘.nw. A{bI: A{bIV‘² A{bIVC.nw. A{bI‘² A{bImd A{bIm‘

{bI² 6 n.n.

E. d. {Ûd. ~.d.à.nw. AnyO¶V² AnyO¶Vm‘² AnyO¶Z²‘.nw. AnyO¶: AnyO¶V‘² AnyO¶VC.nw. AnyO¶‘² AnyO¶md AnyO¶m‘

nyO² 10 n. n.

E. d. {Ûd. ~.d.à.nw. A{XeV A{XeoVm‘² A{XeÝV‘.nw. A{XeWm: A{XeoWm‘² A{XeÜd‘²C.nw. A{Xeo A{Xemd{h A{Xem‘{h

E. d. {Ûd. ~.d.à.nw. AnyO¶V AnyO¶oVm‘² AnyO¶ÝV‘.nw. AnyO¶Wm: AnyO¶oWm‘² AnyO¶Üd‘²C.nw. AnyO¶o AnyO¶md{h AnyO¶m‘{h

{Xe² 6 Am. n.

nyO² 10 Am. n.

n#mXedmŠ¶m{Z (n.n./Am.n.)

1. g: ~mbH$: AJÀN>V²/A^mfV &

1. gm ~m{bH$m AJÀN>V²/A^mfV &

1. VX² An˶‘² AJÀN>V²/A^mfV &

2. Vm¡ ~mbH$m¡ AJÀN>Vm‘²/A^mfoVm‘² &

2. Vo ~m{bHo$ AJÀN>Vm‘²/A^mfoVm‘² &

2. Vo An˶o AJÀN>Vm‘²/A^mfoVm‘² &

3. Vo ~mbH$m: AJÀN>Z²/A^mfÝV &

3. Vm: ~m{bH$m: AJÀN>Z²/A^mfÝV &

3. Vm{Z An˶m{Z AJÀN>Z²/A^mfÝV &

4. Ëd‘² AJÀN>:/A^mfWm: &

5. ¶wdm‘² AJÀN>V‘²/A^mfoWm‘² &

6. ¶y¶‘² AJÀN>V/A^mfÜd‘² &

7. Ah‘² AJÀN>‘²/A^mfo &

8. Amdm‘² AJÀN>md/A^mfmd{h &

9. d¶‘² AJÀN>m‘/A^mfm‘{h &

AݶmZ² YmVyZ² Cn¶wÁ¶ 15 dmŠ¶m{Z dXV &

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.à.nw. AmgrV² AmñVm‘² AmgZ²‘.nw. Amgr: AmñV‘² AmñVC.nw. Amg‘² Amñd Amñ‘

Ag² n.n.

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.à.nw. AH$amoV² AHw$éVm‘² AHw$d©Z²‘.nw. AH$amo: AHw$éV‘² AHw$éV

C.nw. AH$ad‘² AHw$d© AHw$‘©

H¥$ n.n.

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.

à.nw. AHw$éV AHw$dm©Vm‘² AHw$d©V‘.nw. AHw$éWm: AHw$dm©Wm‘² AHw$éÜd‘²C.nw. AHw${d© AHw$d©{h AHw$‘©{h

H¥$ Am.n.

51

{H«$¶mnXm{Z-4CngJ©g{hVm{Z bL²>ê$nm{U &

1. H$ݶm OZH$‘² AÝdJÀN>V² & 2. N>mÌ: {ejH$‘² à˶dXV² &

3. AOw©Z: aWo Cnm{deV² & 4. ~mb: OZZt ÑîQ‰m ì¶hgV² &

AYmoaopIVm{Z bL²{H«$¶mnXm{Z & {H$ÝVw AÌ "A' B{V AmJ‘: ñnï>V¶m Z Ñí¶Vo &

1) AÝdJÀN>V² = AZw+ AJÀN>V² 2) à˶dXV² = à{V+ AdXV²

3) Cnm{deV² = Cn+ A{deV² 4) ì¶hgV² = {d+ AhgV²

AÌ AZw, à{V, Cn, {d EVo CngJm©: & CngJm©: YmVmo: nydª ^dpÝV &

bL²>ê$n{Z‘m©Ug‘¶o àW‘§ "A' B{V AmJ‘g{hVê$n§ ^d{V & AZÝVa§ CngJ©g§¶moOZ§ ^d{V &

à + J‘² - bL²>bH$ma: g‘² + ^mf² - bL²>bH$ma:

1. à + AJÀN>V² = àmJÀN>V² 2. g‘² + A^mfV = g‘^mfV

E.d. [Ûd. ~.d.

à. nw. g‘^mfV g‘^mfoVm‘² g‘^mfÝV

‘.nw. g‘^mfWm: g‘^mfoWm‘² g‘^mfÜd‘²

C.nw. g‘^mfo g‘^mfmd{h g‘^mfm‘{h

g‘² + ^mf² (1 Am.n.)

E.d. [Ûd. ~.d.

à. nw. à˶JÀN>V² à˶JÀN>Vm‘² à˶JÀN>Z²

‘.nw. à˶JÀN>: à˶JÀN>V‘² à˶JÀN>V

C.nw. à˶JÀN>‘² à˶JÀN>md à˶JÀN>m‘

à{V + J‘² -JÀN>² (1 n.n.)

• C{MV§ bL²>ê$n§ {bIV &

YmVw: JU: nX§ M nwéf: dMZ§ M ê$n‘²1. {bI² 6 n. n. àW‘nwéf: ~. d.2. Vwf² 4 n. n. CÎm‘nwéf: E. d.3. ew ² (emo ²) 1 Am. n. ‘ܶ‘nwéf: ~. d.4. god² 1 Am. n. CÎm‘nwéf: {Ûd.5. CV² +nV² 1 n. n. àW‘nwéf: ~. d.6. ¶wY² 4 Am. n. CÎm‘nwéf: ~. d.7. ^j² 10 Am. n. àW‘nwéf: {Ûd.8. Am+H$U©² 10 Am. n. ‘ܶ‘nwéf: E. d.9. OZ² (Om) 4 Am. n. CÎm‘nwéf: ~. d.10. H$ån² 1 n. n. ‘ܶ‘nwéf: {Ûd.

¶Xm YmVmo: àW‘mja§ ñda: ^d{V VXm {deofV¶m AdYmZ‘² Amdí¶H$‘² &"A' AmJ‘: + YmVw-AmXoe: + JU{dH$aU‘² = YmËd“§ + à˶¶: = {H«$¶mnXê$n‘²1. A + AQ² + A = AmQ> + V² = AmQ>V² (AÌ "A' ñWmZo "Am' ^d{V &)2. A + B©j² + A = Eoj + V = EojV (AÌ "B©' ñWmZo "Eo' ^d{V &)3. A + Bf²(BÀN²) + A = EoÀN> + V = EoÀN>V² (AÌ "B' ñWmZo "Eo' ^d{V &)

^mfmä¶mg:

5252

A춶m{Z-{d{eï>{d^³V¶ü &H¥$frdb: &¶Xm H¥$frdb: joÌo ~rOm{Z dn{V VXm Ymݶ§ {dÝXVo & H¥$frdb: Am{XZ‘² AVrd H$ï>§ H$amo{V,

VWm{n Z lmÝV: ^d{V & ~brdXm©Zm§ gmhmæ¶oZ yq‘ H¥$f{V & joÌo Ed {XZ§ ¶mn¶{V & ¶{X Ob§ Z df©{V V{h© Vñ¶ OrdZ‘² ApñWa§ ^d{V & y{‘nwÌm¶ Z‘: &

AÌ AYmoaopIVmZ² eãXmZ² ní¶V & EVofw eãXofw H$Xm{n 춶: (n[adV©Z§) Z ^d{V & AV: EVm{Z A춶m{Z B{V CÀ¶ÝVo & AV:, ¶V:, ¶Wm, VWm, ¶{X, V{h©, ¶Ú{n, VWm{n, AÌ, VÌ, Hw$Ì, H$Xm, H${V, nwaV:, n¥ð>V:, nwZ:, Z, AZÝVa‘², ZZw, Ibw, A{¶, Am‘², B{V, Bd, Ed, Ed‘², {H$b, VV:, M, Cƒ¡:, ZrM¡:, {h, d¡, Vw, A{n B˶mXr{Z A춶m{Z &

H$m{ZMZ A춶m{Z {d{eï>-{d^p³Vê$n‘² AnojÝVo & Vm{Z AY: {Z{X©ï>m{Z &

1. A{^V: = ({ÛVr¶m) gy¶©‘² A{^V: J«hm: «‘pÝV &2. n[aV: = ({ÛVr¶m) Xodmb¶§ n[aV: ^³Vm: gpÝV &3. C^¶V: = ({ÛVr¶m) ‘mJ©‘² C^¶V: d¥jm: dV©ÝVo & 4. à{V = ({ÛVr¶m) ~mbH$: OZZt à{V Ymd{V &5. {dZm = ({ÛVr¶m/V¥Vr¶m/n#m‘r) Ob§/OboZ/ObmV² {dZm OrdZ‘² AeŠ¶‘² & 6. gh = (V¥Vr¶m) am‘oU gh grVm dZ§ JÀN>{V &7. Ab‘² = (V¥Vr¶m) Ab§ ImXZoZ & Ab§ n[al‘oU &8. Z‘: = (MVwWu) lrJUoem¶ Z‘: & emaXm¶¡ Z‘: &9. ~{h: = (n#m‘r) Oå~yH$: Hy$nmV² ~{h: AmJÀN>V² &10. H¥$Vo = (fð>r) Xoeñ¶ H¥$Vo g¡{ZH$m: ñdàmUmZ² ˶OpÝV &11. g‘rno = (fð>r) embm¶m: g‘rno H«$sS>m“U§ dV©Vo &

Ho$MZ YmVd: A{n {d{eï>m§ {d^p³V‘² AnojÝVo & Vofw {deofV¶m AdYmZ§ XmV춑² & Vo YmVd: AY: {Z{X©ï>m: &

1. J‘² = ({ÛVr¶m) Ah§ embm§ JÀN>m{‘ &2. éM² = (MVwWu) H«$sS>ZH§$ ‘ø§ amoMVo & 3. Hw$n² = (MVwWu) OZH$: ‘ø§ H$Xm{n Z Hw$߶{V &4. H«w$Y² = (MVwWu) Ah§ {‘Ìoä¶: Z¡d H«w$ܶm{‘ & 5. Xm-¶ÀN² = (MVwWu) Am{X˶: A{ZHo$Vm¶ boIZt ¶ÀN>{V &6. H$W² = (MVwWu) N>mÌ: {ejH$m¶ d¥ÎmmÝV§ H$W¶{V &7. aj² = (n#m‘r) am‘: AgwamV² aj{V &8. {d + a‘² = (n#m‘r) CÚmoJr ‘Zwî¶: ñdH$m¶m©V² Z {da‘{V &9. pñZh² = (gá‘r) Aå~m ‘{¶ {ZVam§ pñZø{V &

53

(Am) ¶mo½¶‘² CÎma§ {MZwV & 1 (H$) H²$ I² J² K² -- & (L²>/Äm²) (I) "M²' B{V dU©: & (AmoîR>ç:/Vmbì¶:)

AWdm dU©{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & dO«àhmamV² - &

(B) Aja¡: AL²>H¡$: dm gL²>»¶m: {bIV & (Ho$db‘² 2) 1 1) 2 & 2) ZdXe & 3) 36 & (B©) g‘¶§ Xe©¶V & (Ho$db‘² 1) 11) gnmXgádmXZ‘² 3)

à.2. (A) ‘ÄOyfmV: g‘mZmW©H$eãXmZ² {bIV & (Ho$db‘² 2) 11) emo^Vo 2) dZ‘² 3) ‘Zwî¶: 4) nwîn‘²(Hw$gw‘‘², ‘mZd:, amOVo, H$mZZ‘²)

(Am) {déÕmW©H$-eãX¶w½‘§ {MZwV & (Ho$db‘² 2) 2j¶:, ‘yI©:, gwI‘², npÊS>V:, Aj¶:, H$mVa:, Yra:, Xþ:I‘²

(B) ‘obZ§ Hw$éV & 1 "A' "~'1) XrKm© A) {dMmam: &2) g‘mZm: ~) ‘m{nH$m &

S>) gwYmIÊS>: &

à.3. (A) ûcmoH$ny{Vª Hw$éV & (Ho$db‘² 1) 2

1) A‘ÝÌ‘ja§ ..................Xþb©^: && 2) eVofw .................. Z dm &&

H$jm-Aï>‘r H¥${Vn{ÌH$m {ÛVr¶-gÌ‘² (25 JwUm:) g‘¶:- 1 hmoam

१ २ ३

(Am$) EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎma§ {bIV & (Ho$db‘² 2) 2

1) Xod: Hw$Ì dV©Vo? 2) nwam gd} nd©Vm: H$sÑem:?

3) Aíd: {H$‘² C„”¶{V ? 4) amOm Hw$Ì nyÁ¶Vo?

à. 4 (A)(H$) ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m JÚm§eñ¶ gabmWª {bIV & (Ho$db‘² 1) 4

1) ‘mé{V: grVm¶m: AÝdofUmWª b‘m§ à{V CÈ>¶Vo & ‘mJ} ‘hmgmJa: ApñV & Vñ¶ Vbo AdV©V ‘¡ZmH$:Zm‘ nd©V: & ¶Xm ‘¡ZmH$: JJZo ‘méqV ní¶{V VXm g: CÒÀN>{V & g‘wÐmV² ~{h: Am¶m{V &

à.1. (A) {M̧ ÑîQ‰m Zm‘ {bIV &(3 V: 2) 1

5454

2) EH$pñ‘Z² {XZo moOZdobm¶m§ gd} Jmonm: H¥$îU§ n[aV: Cnm{deZ² & XodH$sZÝXZ: Jmon~mbmZ² An¥ÀN>V² & ""AÚ ^moOZmWª {H$‘² AmZrV‘² ?'' B{V & VXm àW‘: AdXV², ""‘‘ g‘rno XܶmoXZ§ dV©Vo &'' Ana: A^mfV, ""‘‘ g‘rno n¥WwH$m: &''

(I>) ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m nÚm§eñ¶ gabmWª {bIV & (Ho$db‘² 1) 2 1) A{n ñdU©‘¶r b‘m Z ‘o bú‘U amoMVo &

OZZr OÝ‘^y{‘ûM ñdJm©X{n Jar¶gr &&

2) Anmao H$mì¶g§gmao H${daoH$: àOmn{V: &

¶Wmñ‘¡ amoMVo {dûd§ VWm d¡ n[adV©Vo &&

(Am) ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m CÎma§ {bIV & (Ho$db‘² 1) 2

1) ""Z emo^Vo {H«$¶mhrZ§ ‘Ywa§ dMZ§ VWm'' & EVX² dmŠ¶§ ñd^mf¶m ñnï>rHw$éV &

2) CnH$mañ¶ ñ‘aU§ ‘¡ZmHo$Z H$W§ H¥$V‘²?

à.5. (A) n¥WH²$ Hw$éV & (Ho$db‘² 4/6) 2

Zm‘ gd©Zm‘ {H«$¶mnX‘² {deofU‘²

(‘ÄOyfm-ndZXod:, Mb{V, AJÀN>V², eya:, Efm, boIZr)

(Am) AYmoXÎmofw Ho$db§ àýÛ¶ñ¶ CÎmam{U {bIV & 4

(1) ¶mo½¶{d^p³Vê$n§ {bIV & (Ho$db‘² 2)

1) OZH$: (Añ‘X²) Z H$Xm{n H«w$ܶ{V & 2) Ah§ (Xodmb¶) JÀN>m{‘ &

3) AJ«Om (AZwOm) pñZø{V &

(2) A춶ñ¶ Cn¶moJ§ H¥$Ëdm dmŠ¶{Z‘m©U§ Hw$éV & (Ho$db‘² 2)

1) AÌ 2) C^¶V: 3) Z‘:

(3) ewÕ§ eãX§ {MZwV & (Ho$db‘² 2)

1) Xþ½Y‘², Xÿ½Y‘² 2) h[aV:, harV: 3) {M•‘², {MÝh‘² 4) Hw$pÝMH$m, Hw${#mH$m

(4) gyMZmZwgma§ dmŠ¶n[adV©Z§ Hw$éV & (Ho$db‘² 2 dmŠ¶o)

1) XeaWñ¶ nwÌ: am‘: & (AYmoaopIV§ eãX‘² AZwg¥Ë¶ àý{Z‘m©U§ Hw$éV & )

2) Ëd§ {‘Ìm¶ boIZt ¶ÀN>{g& (Ëd‘² B˶ñ¶ ñWmZo Ah‘² B˶ñ¶ Cn¶moJ§ Hw$éV &)

3) {ejH$: gwYmIÊS>oZ {bI{V & (~hþdMZ§ Hw$éV&)

***

Aï>‘r H$jm-‘y붑mnZ‘² &

àW‘§/{ÛVr¶§ gÌ‘² - (50 JwUm:) ‘m¡pIH$s narjm (5 JwUm:)g‘ {bV-‘y붑mnZ‘²- l dmMZ‘² - 2 JwUm¡&25 boIr + 5 ‘m¡pIH$s 30 JwUm: & (dUm}ƒmam:, g²/f², Z²/U² ^oXm: Ðï>ì¶m:)AmH$m[aH$-‘y붑mnZ‘²- 20 JwUm: & l H$ÊR>ñWrH$aU‘² - 3 JwUm:& 1) dJ©narjm- (àmê$nmZwgma‘²) 10 JwUm: & àmW©Zm, ûcmoH$nR>Z‘², Vm{bH$mnR>Z‘² (Zm‘, gd©Zm‘, 2) àH$ën:- (Ame¶mYm[aV‘²) 3 JwUm: & {H«$¶mnX‘²) n#mXedmŠ¶m{Z, gL²>»¶m: KQ>r M & 3) CnH«$‘:- (boIZH$m¡eë¶mYm[aV‘²) 2 JwUm: & 4) boIZnwpñVH$m- 3 JwUm: & 5) H$jmñdmܶm¶:- 2 JwUm: &

àW‘ / {ÛVr¶-gÌmÝV-narjm (25 JwUm:) gy{MV-àmê$n‘² &

à.1. A) {M̧ ÑîQ‰m Zm‘ {bIV & (3 V: 2) ({MÌnXH$mofV: &) 1 Am) dU©‘mbm-AmYmaoU& 1 B) gL²>»¶m-AmYmaoU& (3 V: 2) 1 B©) g‘¶~moY: (KQ>r-AmYmaoU) & (2 V: 1) 1

à. 2. eãXkmZ-AmYmaoU & (H¥${Vn{ÌH$m{Z‘m©Ug‘¶o {ejH$m: {d{dYH¥$VrZm‘² Cn¶moJ§ H$Vw©‘² Ah©pÝV & ¶Wm (1) MVwW©nX§ {bIV & (2) ‘ÄOyfmV: eãXmZ² {MZwV & (3) eãX¶w½‘§ {MZwV & (4) ‘obZ‘² & (5) OmbaoIm{M̧ nya¶V &(6) g‘yhoVanX§ {MZwV-Ho$db§ g‘mZmW©H$nXmZm§ H¥$Vo &) A) g‘mZmW©H$eãXm: & (4 V: 2) 1 Am) {déÕmW©H$eãXm: &(4 V: 2) 1 B) {deofU§ {deo M & 1

à. 3. A) íbmoH$ny{V©§ Hw$éV & (2 V: 1) 2 Am) EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎma§ {bIV & (JÚ‘²/nÚ‘²) (4 V: 2) 2

à. 4 A) (H$) ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m gabmWª {bIV & (JÚ‘²) 4 àW‘§ gÌ‘² - H$mݶ{n 6 gabm{Z dm³¶m{Z & (6 V: 4) {ÛVr¶§ gÌ‘² - n[aÀN>oXÛ¶§ àï>춑² & à{Vn[aÀN>oX§ 4/5 dm³¶m{Z & (nmR> H«$. 11, 12, 14) (I) ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m gabmWª {bIV & (nÚ‘²) (2 V: 1) 2 àW‘§ gÌ‘² - nÚ 9 & {ÛVr¶§ gÌ‘² - nÚ 10, 13 & Am) ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m CÎma§ {bIV & (JÚ‘²/nÚ‘²) (2 V: 1) 2

à. 5. A) n¥WH²$ Hw$éV & (Vm{bH$mê$noU) Zm‘, gd©Zm‘, {H«$¶mnX‘², {deofU‘²& (6 V: 4) 2 Am) AYmoXÎmofw Ho$db§ àýÛ¶ñ¶ CÎmam{U {bIV & 4 1) ¶mo½¶§ {d^p³Vê$n§ {bIV & 2) A춶ñ¶ Cn¶moJ§ H¥$Ëdm dmŠ¶§ {bIV & (AÌ, ø:, nwaV: ...) 3) ewÕ§ eãX§/dmŠ¶§ {MZwV & 4) gyMZmZwgma§ dmŠ¶n[adV©Z§ Hw$éV & (dMZ§/nwéf:/H$mbn[adV©Z‘²/àý{Z‘m©U‘²)

* * *

{hVmonXoe:gw^m{fVm{Z

aKwd§e‘²

Am¶wd}X:n#mVÝÌ‘²

A‘aH$mof:

g§ñH¥$V‘²

g§¶w³V-g§ñH¥$V‘² Aï>‘r H$jm

‘hmamï´>amÁ¶-nmR>çnwñVH$-{Z{‘©{V: VWmAä¶mgH«$‘-g§emoYZ-‘ÊS>b‘², nwUo-4

29.00`