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28/11/12
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Presenta-on by :
ASSOC. PROF. IR. DR. ZAKI ZAINUDIN Department of Biotechnology Engineering
Faculty of Engineering Interna-onal Islamic University Malaysia
Introduc-on � Air pollution is the modification of the natural characteristics of the atmosphere by a chemical, particulate matter, or biological agent.
� The atmosphere is a complex, dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the Earth's ecosystems.
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Composi-on of Ambient Air
Gas Volume Nitrogen (N2) 780,840 ppmv (78.084%) Oxygen (O2) 209,460 ppmv (20.946%) Argon (Ar) 9,340 ppmv (0.9340%)
Carbon dioxide (CO2) 383 ppmv (0.0383%)
Neon (Ne) 18.18 ppmv (0.001818%)
Helium (He) 5.24 ppmv (0.000524%)
Methane (CH4) 1.745 ppmv (0.0001745%)
Krypton (Kr) 1.14 ppmv (0.000114%) Hydrogen (H2) 0.55 ppmv (0.000055%)
Introduc-on � Worldwide air pollution is responsible for large numbers of deaths and cases of respiratory disease. While major stationary sources are often identified with air pollution, the greatest source of emissions is actually mobile sources, mainly automobiles.
� Gases such as carbon dioxide, which contribute to global warming, have recently gained recognition as pollutants by climate scientists, while they also recognize that carbon dioxide is essential for plant life through photosynthesis.
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Sources of Air Pollu-on – Anthropogenic Sources of air pollution refer to the various locations, activities or factors which are responsible for the releasing of pollutants in the atmosphere. These sources can be classified into two major categories which are ;
� Anthropogenic sources (human activity) mostly related to burning different kinds of fuel
� "Stationary Sources" as smoke stacks of power plants, manufacturing facilities, municipal waste incinerators
� "Mobile Sources" as motor vehicles, aircraft etc. � Combustion-‐fired power plants � Controlled burn practices used in agriculture and forestry management � Motor vehicles generating air pollution emissions. � Marine vessels, such as container ships or cruise ships, and related port air pollution.
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Sources of Air Pollu-on – Anthropogenic � Burning wood, fireplaces, stoves, furnaces and incinerators � Oil refining, power plant operation and industrial activity in general.
� Chemicals, dust and crop waste burning in farming, (see Dust Bowl).
� Fumes from paint, hair spray, varnish, aerosol sprays and other solvents.
� Waste deposition in landfills, which generate methane. � Military uses, such as nuclear weapons, toxic gases, germ warfare and rocketry.
Sources of Air Pollu-on – Natural Sources � Dust from natural sources, usually large areas of land with little or no vegetation.
� Methane, emitted by the digestion of food by animals, for example cattle.
� Radon gas from radioactive decay within the Earth's crust. � Smoke and carbon monoxide from wildfires. � Volcanic activity, which produce sulfur, chlorine, and ash particulates.
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Principal Air Pollutants -‐ PM � Generally air pollutants are dividing into two categories ; particulate matter (PM) and gases (vapor).
� Particulate matter :
� Aerosols – liquids, oil from machine workshop, carry over from demister, formed by condensation
� Fumes – condensed metal compounds � Soot – product of incomplete combustion � Dust – solid particles (> 1 µm) in size from mechanical processes
Principal Air Pollutants -‐ PM � Particulate matter can be classified in several ways namely ;
Fraction Size Range
(Aerodynamic Diameter)
Total Suspended Particulates (TSP) -‐
PM10 <=10 μm
PM2.5 <=2.5 μm
PM1 <=1 μm
Ultrafine (UFP or UP) <=0.1 μm
PM10-‐PM2.5 2.5 μm -‐ 10 μm
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Most Polluted World Cities by PM Particulate matter,
μg/m3 (2004) City
169 Cairo, Egypt
161 Beijing, China
150 Delhi, India
128 Kolkata, India (Calcutta)
125 Taiyuan, China
123 Chongqing, China
109 Kanpur, India
109 Lucknow, India
104 Jakarta, Indonesia
101 Shenyang, China
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� The effects of inhaling particulate matter has been widely studied in humans and animals and include asthma, lung cancer, cardiovascular issues, and premature death. The size of the particle is a main determinant of where in the respiratory tract the particle will come to rest when inhaled.
� Larger particles are generally filtered in the nose and throat and do not cause problems, but particulate matter smaller than about 10 micrometres, referred to as PM10, can settle in the bronchi and lungs and cause health problems.
� The 10 micrometer size does not represent a strict boundary between respirable and non-‐respirable particles, but has been agreed upon for monitoring of airborne particulate matter by most regulatory agencies.
Health Effects of PM
Health Effects of PM � Similarly, particles smaller than 2.5 micrometres, PM2.5, tend to penetrate
into the gas-‐exchange regions of the lung, and very small particles (< 100 nanometers) may pass through the lungs to affect other organs.
� In particular, a study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association indicates that PM2.5 leads to high plaque deposits in arteries, causing vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis — a hardening of the arteries that reduces elasticity, which can lead to heart attacks and other cardiovascular problems .
� Researchers suggest that even short-‐term exposure at elevated concentrations could significantly contribute to heart disease.
� PM pollution is estimated to cause 22,000 -‐ 52,000 deaths per year in the
United States (from 2000) and 200,000 deaths per year in Europe).
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Health Effects of PM Concentration of Particles in µg/m3 Effect
2000 µg/m3 with 0.4 ppm SO2 (24-‐hr avg.) episodes of several days duration
Increase in death due to bronchitis
1000 µg/m3 with 0.25 ppm SO2 (24-‐hr avg.) during episodes
Increases mortality from all causes including respiratory and cardiac disease
300 µg/m3 with 0.21 ppm SO2 (24-‐hr avg.) Significant increase in bronchitis symptoms
130 µg/m3 with SO2 (annual avg.) Increase in frequency and severity of lower respiratory illness
100 -‐ 200 µg/m3 with 0.05 – 0.08 ppm SO2 (average seasonal levels
Increases in incidences of bronchitis reported above this level
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Principal Pollutants -‐ SOx � SOx is a colourless gas formed by burning of sulfur.
� It is a corrosive acid gas
� SOx combines with water vapor in the atmosphere to produce acid rain.
� Both wet and dry deposition have been implicated in the damage and destruction of soils, building materials and water courses.
� SOx in the ambient air is also associated with asthma and bronchitis.
� The principal source of this gas is the burning of fossil fuels particularly coal
Principal Pollutants -‐ SOx � Sulfur dioxide can be prepared by burning sulfur ;
S8 + 8 O2 → 8 SO2
� The combustion of hydrogen sulfide and organosulfur compounds proceeds similarly.
2 H2S(g) + 3 O2(g) → 2 H2O(g) + 2 SO2(g) � The roasting of sulfide ores such as iron pyrites, sphalerite (zinc blende) and cinnabar (mercury
sulfide) also releases SO2:
4 FeS2(s) + 11 O2(g) → 2 Fe2O3(s) + 8 SO2(g) 2 ZnS(s) + 3 O2(g) → 2 ZnO(s) + 2 SO2(g) HgS(s) + O2(g) → Hg(g) + SO2(g)
� Sulfur dioxide is a by-‐product in the manufacture of cement: CaSiO3 and CaSO4 is heated with coke and sand in this process:
2 CaSO4(s) + 2SiO2(s) + C(s) → 2 CaSiO3(s) + 2 SO2(g) + CO2(g)
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Principal Pollutants -‐ NOx � NOx are a group of gasses made up of nitrogen and oxygen.
� Formed during high temperature combustion of oxidation of nitrogen in the air or fuel.
� The primary sources NOx (NO and NO2) are -‐ Road Traffic -‐ Power Stations -‐ Heating Plants -‐ Industrial Processes
Industrial Sources -‐ NOx � The three primary sources of NOx in combustion processes:
� Thermal NOx � Fuel NOx � Prompt NOx
� Thermal NOx formation, which is highly temperature dependent, is recognized as the most relevant source when combusting natural gas. Fuel NOx tends to dominate during the combustion of fuels, such as coal, which have a significant nitrogen content, particularly when burned in combustors designed to minimise thermal NOx.
� The contribution of prompt NOx is normally considered negligible. A fourth source, called feed NOx is associated with the combustion of nitrogen present in the feed material of cement rotary kilns, at between 300° and 800°C, where it is also a minor contributor.
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Principal Pollutants -‐ NOx � NOx has variety of environmental and health impacts ;
� It is a respiratory irritant � It reacts with hydrocarbon to produce photochemical pollutants (in the presence of sunglight)
� It contributes to acid deposition
Principle Air Pollutants -‐ VOC � VOCs are ;
� Released in vehicle exhaust gases either as unburned fuels or as combustion products;
� Emitted by the evaporation of solvents and motor fuels � Benzene and 1,3 butadiene are of particular concern as they are known carcinogens
� Benzene is an aromatic VOC which is a minor constituent of petrol (about 2% by volume).
� The main sources of benzene are the distribution and combustion of petrol
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Principle Air Pollutants -‐ VOC � 1,3-‐butadiene is a VOC emitted into the atmosphere principally from fuel combustion of petrol and diesel vehicles.
� 1,3 butadiene is also an important chemical in certain industrial processes, particularly the manufacture of synthetic rubber.
Measurement of Ambient Air Quality Parameters � The components of an air pollution monitoring system include ;
� The collection or sampling of pollutants from the ambient air.
� The analysis or measurement of pollutant concentrations. � The reporting and use of the information collected.
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Measurement of Ambient Air Quality Parameters
Recommended Malaysian Air Quality Guidelines (RMAQG)
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Measurement of Ambient Air Quality Parameters -‐ Example
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Measurement of Ambient Air Quality Parameters -‐ Example
Concentration (µμg/m3) ppm Locations *TSP *PM10 **NO2 **SO2 ***CO
A1 – Nexa Training Centre 79 51 < 5 < 5 0.142 A2 – Bulk Storage Tank 107 49 5 < 5 0.517 A3 – ARP Point 79 35 < 10 10 0.400 A4 – IF Cell 72 21 < 10 < 5 0.558 RMAQG 260 150 320 350 30 Notes: * TSP and PM10 levels are reported in 24-‐‑hours averaging time. ** NO2 and SO2 levels are reported in 1-‐‑hour averaging time *** CO concentration is reported in parts per million (ppm)
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Measurement of Ambient Air Quality Parameters – Example (TSP)
User : Alam Sekitar (M) Sdn. Bhd. Instrument : GT-640A (MetOne Instrument) Location : A-01 Date : 7 Nov 2006 SN : GT-640A
Date Time Conc(mg/m3) Flow(l/m) 7-Nov-06 11:00:00 0.051 4.0 7-Nov-06 12:00:00 0.062 4.0 7-Nov-06 13:00:00 0.074 4.0 7-Nov-06 14:00:00 0.096 4.0 7-Nov-06 15:00:00 0.092 4.0 7-Nov-06 16:00:00 0.084 4.0 7-Nov-06 17:00:00 0.067 4.0 7-Nov-06 18:00:00 0.065 4.0 7-Nov-06 19:00:00 0.068 4.0 7-Nov-06 20:00:00 0.060 4.0 7-Nov-06 21:00:00 0.071 4.0 7-Nov-06 22:00:00 0.098 4.0 7-Nov-06 23:00:00 0.104 4.0 8-Nov-06 0:00:00 0.091 4.0 8-Nov-06 1:00:00 0.086 4.0 8-Nov-06 2:00:00 0.088 4.0 8-Nov-06 3:00:00 0.075 4.0 8-Nov-06 4:00:00 0.082 4.0 8-Nov-06 5:00:00 0.077 4.0 8-Nov-06 6:00:00 0.075 4.0 8-Nov-06 7:00:00 0.085 4.0 8-Nov-06 8:00:00 0.089 4.0 8-Nov-06 9:00:00 0.084 4.0 8-Nov-06 10:00:00 0.080 4.0
Average Concentration - 0.079 mg/m3
0.000
0.020
0.040
0.060
0.080
0.100
0.120
11:0
0 12
:00
13:0
0 14
:00
15:0
0 16
:00
17:0
0 18
:00
19:0
0 20
:00
21:0
0 22
:00
23:0
0 0:
00
1:00
2:
00
3:00
4:
00
5:00
6:
00
7:00
8:
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9:00
10
:00
Con
c ( m
g/m
3 )
Time
( A-01 )
Monitoring is carried out over a 24-‐hr period for TSP and the average concentration is calculated and compared against the RMAQG.
Measurement of Ambient Air Quality Parameters – Example NOx and SOx
SOx and NOx is performed in accordance with JP Lodge Method 704C, using Hydrogen Peroxide as scrubber solution. Sampling flow rate was fixed at 4L/min for a total running time of one (1) hour, which gave a total air volume trapped of 0.24 m3.
Parameter Concentration in scrubber
solution (mg/l)
Sample volume (ml)
Sampling flowrate (l/min)
Averaging time (hr)
NOx 0.5 10 ml 4 1
SOx 0.3 10 ml 4 1
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Measurement of Ambient Air Quality Parameters – Example NOx and SOx
For NOx Total NOx in sample : Total NOx concentration in ambient air : CALCULATE FOR SOx.
mgllmg 005.001.05.0
=•
333 /21/021.0
24.0005.0 mgmmgmmg
µ==
Environmental Monitoring Network
Our country-‐wide Environmental Monitoring Scope covers: � Air Quality:
� 51 Continuous Air Quality Monitoring Stations (CAQM) � Manual Air Quality Monitoring Stations (MAQM)
� Water Quality: � 15 Continuous Water Quality Monitoring Stations (CWQM) � > 1000 Manual Water Quality Sampling Sites (MWQM) � > 71 Islands and Marine Quality Monitoring
� Operates & maintains the National Environmental Data Centre at ASMA HQ, Shah Alam, Malaysia
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Con-nuous Air Quality Network Real-time display / On-line access 24-hrs
Satellite Monitoring of Forest/ Large-Scale Fires in the South East Asia region, covering Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia and Brunei Hot Spot Count = Number of large fires detected by the Satellite
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Visit by the Malaysian Prime Minister to ASMA HQ/ EDC (13 Aug 2005)
YAB Dato’ Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi taking notes while listening to a briefing on ASMA Air Quality Monitoring Network System. Accompanying him was the Minister of Natural Resources & the Environment, Dato’ Seri Adnan Satem (partially hidden).
Stack Sampling
Stack monitoring emission in Malaysia is done for compliance with the Environmental Quality (Clean Air) Regulations 1978, of the EQA. Stack monitoring is carried out in accordance with the Department of Standards MS1596:2003 ; “Determination of Concentration and Mass Flow of Particulate Matter in Flue Gas for Stationary Source Emissions”.
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Isokine-c Test Methods -‐ United States Environmental Protec-on Agency’s (U.S. EPA) Test Methods from Code of Federal Regula.ons Title 40 Part 60 (40 CFR 60):
Method 1 – Sample and velocity of traverses for stationary sources; Method 2 – Determination of stack gas velocity and volumetric flow rate; Method 3a – Determination of oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations in emissions from stationary sources (instrumental
analyser procedure); Method 4 – Determination of moisture content in stack gases; Method 5 – Determination of particulate emissions from stationary sources; Method 6c – Determination of sulphur dioxide emissions from stationary sources (instrumental analyser procedure); Method 10 – Determination of carbon monoxide from stationary sources;
Isokine-c Sampling
What is Isokinetic sampling ? A technique for collecting airborne particulate in which the sampling device has a collection efficiency of unity for all sizes of particles in sampled air, regardless of wind velocity and direction of the instrument. The air stream entering the collector has a velocity (speed and direction) equal to that of the air in the gas stream just ahead of the sampling port of the collector.
