Chapter 3Alexia Molina, Sofia Batres,

Javier Atala, Nelson Frech

Solids:Definite shape and definite volumeParticles are close together2 types: Amorphous and CrystallineAmorphous solids: particles are not arranged

in a regular pattern.Crystalline solids: particles are arranged in a

pattern.

Section 1: States of Matter

Definite volume but no definite shapeParticles move freelyProperties of Liquids:Surface Tension: an inward pull among the

molecules of a liquid that brings the molecules on the surface closer together.

Viscosity: a liquids resistance to flowing

Liquids…

No definite shape No definite volumeParticles move rapidly and they fill all the

space available.Gases are also considered fluids which

means substance that flows.

Gases…

Melting: changes from solid to liquid Most pure substances melt at a specific

temperature.The particles of a solid are vibrating so fast

they break free from their fixed position. Freezing: changes from a liquid to solid.The particles of a liquid are moving so slow

they form regular patterns.

Section 2: Changes of State

Vaporization: changes from liquid to gas Particles in a liquid gain enough energy to form

a gas. Evaporation: takes place only in the surface of

a liquid. Boiling: occurs when a liquid changes to a gas

below it surface as well as at surface. Boiling point: the temperature at which a liquid

boils. Condensation: occurs when particles in a gas

lose enough thermal energy to form a liquid.

Changes in State

Sublimation: occurs when the surface particles of a solid gain enough energy that they form a gas.

During sublimation particles of a solid do not pass through the liquid state as they form a gas.

Solid to gas

Changes of State

Solid GasLiquid

Vaporization

Condensation

Melting Point Boiling Point

Melting

Freezing

Deposition

Sublimation

Solids Liquids Gases

-Crystalline-Amorphous

-Surface Tension-Viscosity

-Evaporating-Boiling

-Particles FixedPacked: Closely Together

-Move Freely-Close

-Move Freely-Far Apart

-Definite Shape-Definite Volume

-Undefined shape -Definite Volume

-Undefined Shape -Undefined Volume

Fluids

Measuring gases When working with gas, it is helpful to know

its volume, temperature, and pressureVolume: the amount of space that matter

files. Temperature: the measure of the average

energy of random motion of the particles in a substance

Pressure: force of its outward push divided by the area of the walls of the container

Section 3: Gas behavior

Pressure and Volume

Pressure & Volume Boyle’s Law Inverse T

↑P ↓V

↓P ↑V

Pressure & Temperature -----------------

---Direct V

↑P ↑T

↓P ↓T

Volume & Temperature Charles’s

LawDirect P

↑V ↑T

↓V ↓T

Boyle’s Law

Volume (mL)

Pres

sure

(kPa

)

Charles’s Law

Laws…

Boyle`s Law: when pressure decreases, volume increases

Charles`s Law: when pressure increases so does volume.

Section 4: Graphing Gas Behavior

First you collect data and then you graph it.After gathering info you record temperature and data

Origin: a line that passes through all cero pointsVary Inversely: when a graph of two variables forms a kind of curve.

Y axis= VolumeX axis =Temperature

0 100 200 300 400

0

10

2

0

30

40

5

0

60

7

0

80

Temperature (K)

Volu

me (

mL)