amoOJma h r `moOZm nwZ{d©bmoH$Z? nwZ{d©bmoH$Z? …g§gmYZo d CnOr{dH$m JQ>, à`mg, nwUo 1 àñVmdZm amoOJma h_r `moOZoÀ`m Joë`m 25 dfm©Vrb `emn`emMm AmT>mdm KoD$Z Ë`mV H$mbmZwén

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amoOJma h_r `moOZmamoOJma h_r `moOZmamoOJma h_r `moOZmamoOJma h_r `moOZmamoOJma h_r `moOZmnwZ{d©bmoH$Z g{_VrMm AhdmbnwZ{d©bmoH$Z g{_VrMm AhdmbnwZ{d©bmoH$Z g{_VrMm AhdmbnwZ{d©bmoH$Z g{_VrMm AhdmbnwZ{d©bmoH$Z g{_VrMm Ahdmb

AhdmbmMm g§JVdma JmofdmamAhdmbmMm g§JVdma JmofdmamAhdmbmMm g§JVdma JmofdmamAhdmbmMm g§JVdma JmofdmamAhdmbmMm g§JVdma Jmofdmam

Am{UAm{UAm{UAm{UAm{U

d§{MVm§À`m ÑpîQ>H$moZmVyZ {Q>ßnUrd§{MVm§À`m ÑpîQ>H$moZmVyZ {Q>ßnUrd§{MVm§À`m ÑpîQ>H$moZmVyZ {Q>ßnUrd§{MVm§À`m ÑpîQ>H$moZmVyZ {Q>ßnUrd§{MVm§À`m ÑpîQ>H$moZmVyZ {Q>ßnUr

g§gmYZo d CnOr{dH$m JQ>, nwUo

Am°JñQ> 2005

H$m` gm§JVmo?H$m` gm§JVmo?H$m` gm§JVmo?H$m` gm§JVmo?H$m` gm§JVmo?H$m` gwMdVmo?H$m` gwMdVmo?H$m` gwMdVmo?H$m` gwMdVmo?H$m` gwMdVmo?

AZwH«$_{UH$m

àñVmdZm 1

^mJ 1 : AhdmbmMr AmoiI 2

A) Ahdmb H$gm V`ma Pmbm?

~) AhdmbmVrb {e\$magr àË`jmV Amë`m Va Ago ~Xb hmoVrb

^mJ 2 : AhdmbmVrb {e\$magtMr g{dñVa MMm© 6

A) {e\$magt~m~V AhdmbmV Ho$bobr _m§S>Ur Am{U d§{MVm§À`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ

Ë`mda CnpñWV hmoUmao àíZ-_wÔo

~) AhdmbmV Xwb©{jV am{hbobo _wÔo

H$) AhdmbmÀ`m EHy$U n[aUm_m~m~V H$mhr {ZarjUo

^mJ 3 : AhdmbmV {dMmaM Z Pmbobo àíZ 20

nwZ{d©bmoH$Z g{_VrÀ`m AhdmbmVrb {e\$magr 21

1g§gmYZo d CnOr{dH$m JQ>, à`mg, nwUo

àñVmdZm

amoOJma h_r `moOZoÀ`m Joë`m 25 dfm©Vrb èmnèmMm AmT>mdm KoD$Z Ë`mV H$mbmZwén ~Xb gwMdÊ`mgmR>r amÁèmgZmZo 2001 _Ü o "amoh`mo nwZ{d©bmoH$Z g{_VrMr Zo_UyH$ Ho$br. `m g{_VrMm Ahdmb 9 _mM© 2005 amoOr emgZmbmgmXa Ho$bm Jobm. {dYmZg oÀ`m nmdgmir A{YdoeZmV Vmo gmXa Pmbm na§Vw Ë`mda MMm© _mÌ Pmbr Zmhr. hr MMm© nwT>rb,åhUÁmoM {dYmZg oÀ`m {hdmir A{YdoeZmV hmoUo Ano{jV Amho.

nwZ{d©bmoH$Z g{_VrÀ`m `m AhdmbmVrb {e\$magtÛmao amoOJma h_r `moOZoV A{Ve` _ybJm_r ~Xb gwMdbobo AmhoV.`m ~Xbm§Mr ì`már `moOZoÀ`m C{Ôï>mnmgyZ Vo `moOZoMr A§_b~OmdUr, {Z`_Z Am{U {ZYr-dmna Aem {d{dY A§Jm§Zm {^S>UmarAmho. "amoOJma h_r `moOZm hr J«m_rU ^mJmVrb Ag§K{Q>V _Owam§Zm "gÝ_mZmZo OJÊ`mMm h¸$' XoUmar amÁ`mVrb VgoM XoemVrbEH$_od `moOZm Amho', hm g§X © bjmV KoVë`mg amoOJma h_r `moOZoVrb H$moUË`mhr ~Xbm§Mo Ag§K{Q>V H$ï>H$è`m§gmR>r AgUmao_hÎd doJio {deX H$aÊ`mMr JaO Zmhr.

amoOJma h_r d§{MVm{^_wI Pmë`mg {VMo Iè`m AWm©Zo nwZê$‚mrdZ hmoB©b m y{_Ho$VyZ AZw dr H$m ©H$V} Am{U Aä`mgH$m§À`mgh`moJmZo Joë`m EH$ dfm©nmgyZ Aä`mgmYm[aV YmoaUd{H$brMo à`ËZ à`mgÀ`m g§gmYZo Am{U CnOr{dH$m JQ>mZo gwé Ho$boboAmhoV. nwZ{d©bmoH$Z g{_VrMm Ahdmb V`ma H$aÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$ oVrb AnmaXe©H$Vm Am{U AhdmbmVrb {e\$magr àË`jmVAmë`mg ìm§{MVm§da hmoD$ eH$Umao XrK©H$mbrZ n[aUm_ `m XmoZ _wÚm§§Mm {dMma H$aVm, d§{MVm§À`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ AhdmbmMr ì`mnH$Am{U {dYm`H$ MMm© ìhmdr Aer `m Ahdmbm~m~V à`mgMr gwédmVrnmgyZMr y{_H$m Amho.

`m nmíd© y_rda 'à`mg' Am{U 'eoV_Oya, H$m_Jma d amoOJma h_r g_Ýd` g{_Vr' `m§À`m nwT>mH$mamZo 14 Owb¡ 2005amoOr nwUo oWo amoh`moÀ`m àíZmda H$m_ H$aUmè`m (amÁ`mVrb gw_mao 100 g§KQ>Zm, g§ñWm§Mo à{V{Z{YËd H$aUmè`m) 45 H$m ©H$Ë`mªMr~¡R>H$ Pmbr. Ë`m ~¡R>H$sV EH$_VmZo nwT>rb XmoZ _mJÊ`m H$aÊ`mV Amë`m: (A) AhdmbmVrb {e\$magtÀ`m A§_b~OmdUrdagaH$maZo VmVS>rZo ñW{JVr Úmdr Am{U (~) Ag§K{Q>V joÌmÀ`m àíZm§da H$m_ H$aUmao amÁ`âmVrb H$m ©H$V}, Aä`mgH$ VgoMgwOmU ZmJ[aH$m§Mm AhdmbmVrb w{º$dmX d {e\$magtdarb à{VgmX g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r gaH$maZo {dMma{d{Z_`mMr à{H«$`mgwê$ H$amdr. `mM XmoZ _wÚm§da amÁ`âmVrb ñd §godr g§ñWm, g§KQ>Zm Am{U Aä`mgH$m§Mo {ZdoXZ bmoH$à{V{ZYtZm nmR>dUo,ñWm{ZH$ nmVirda nÌH$man[afXm KoUo Aem àH$maMo à`ËZ gwê$ AmhoV.

gXa {Q>nU 14 Owb¡bm Pmboë`m ~¡R>H$rAmYr V`ma Ho$bo hmoVo.$ H$m ©H$V} d Aä`mgH$m§Zm WmoS>çm doimV AhdmbmMm Jm^mg_OyZ KoVm `mdm, Ë`mMà_mUo AhdmbmVrb w{º$dmX d {e\$magtMr gwg§JV _m§S>Ur ìhmdr d Ë`mVyZ àË oH$ {e\$magr_mJrbw{º$dmX Zo_Ho$nUmZo d ñnï>nUo _m§S>bm Omdm Agm hm AmT>mdm V`ma H$aÊ`m_mJrb CÔoe hmoVm.

gXa {Q>nUmV AhdmbmMr WmoS>Š`mV AmoiI H$éZ XoUmam AmT>mdm Am{U d§{MVm§À`m Ñ{ï>Zo _hÎdmMo _wX²Xo `m§MrEH${ÌV _m§S>Ur EHy$U VrZ ^mJm§_Yo Ho$bobr Amho: 1) AhdmbmMr AmoùI 2) AhdmbmVrb {e\$magr§Mr g{dñVa MMm© Am{U3)AhdmbmV {dMmaM Z Pmbobo àíZ. `m{edm`, AhdmbmVrb {e\$magrXoIrb {Q>nUmÀ`m eodQ>r g§X^m©gmR>r {Xboë`mAmhoV.

amoh`mo g_mOmVrb d§{MV KQ>H$m§Zm gÝ_mZmZo OJÊ`mgmR>rMo h¸$mMo gmYZ ìhmdr `mgmR>r {hdmir A{YdoeZmn ªV `mAhdmbmda g_mOmVrb {d{dY KQ>H$m§À`m, {deofV: d¥Îm_mÜ`_o d bmoH$à{V{ZYtÀ`m gh^mJmZo gImob {dMma{d{Z_` hmoUoA{Ve` JaOoMo Amho. Aem {dMma{d{Z_`mgmR>r gXa {Q>nU Cn`moJr nS>ob Aer Anojm Amho.

***************

g§gmYZo d CnOr{dH$m JQ>, à`mg, nwUo 2

^mJ 1 : AhdmbmMr AmoiI

"Ahdmb H$gm V`ma Pmbm' d "AhdmbmVrb {e\$magr àË`jmV Amë`mg `moOZoV hmoUmao ~Xb' `m XmoZ _wÚm§À`m AmYmaoAhdmbmMr AmoiI _m§S>bobr Amho.

A) Ahdmb H$gm V`ma Pmbm?

g{_VrMr {Z wº$s : gZ 2001 _Ü o amoOJma h_r `moOZoMr nwZa©MZm H$éZ gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mgmR>r emgZmZo EH$m g{_VrMrñWmnZm Ho$br. 16 OyZ 2003 bm hr g{_Vr S>m°. O §Vamd nmQ>rb, _mOr gXñ`, `moOZm Am`moJ `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImbrnwZJ©{R>V H$aÊ`mV Ambr. 27 _o 2004 À`m emgZ {ZU© mÛmao øm g{_Vrda Ë`m doiMo _w»` A{^ §Vm d ghg{Md (lr. {X. _m._moao) {Z`moOZ {d^mJ `m§Mr H$m`_ Am_§{ÌV åhUyZ {Z wº$s H$aÊ`mV Ambr.

g{_VrMr H$m ©nÕVr: `m nwZ{d©bmoH$Z g{_VrMr n{hbr ~¡R>H$ _§Ìmb`, _w§~B© oWo {XZm§H$ 8 Owb¡ 2003 amoOr Pmbr.Ë`mZ§Va g{_VrZo Am¡a§Jm~mX, nwUo, _w§~B© oWo ~¡R>H$m KoVë`m d _mÝ`dam§Mr _Vo OmUyZ KoVbr. {XZm§H$ 11 d 12 _mM© 2004amoOr èXm, nwUo oWo g{_VrMr Xwgar ~¡R>H$ Pmbr. `m ~¡R>H$sZ§Va Ah_XZJa {OëømVrb {hdao ~mOma `m Jmdmbm g{_VrZoImg ôQ> {Xbr. doJdoJù`m ~¡R>H$m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ, joÌr` ôQ>rÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ g{_VrZo `m {df`mV Á`m§Zr qMVZ Ho$boboAmho, Ë`m§Mo _ZmoJV OmUyZ KoVbo. J«m_rU ^mJmVrb bmoH$m§Mr à{V{H«$`m OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§À`mer g§dmX gmYÊ`mV Ambm.VgoM `moOZm am~{dUmè`m àemgZmVrb d[að> A{YH$mè`m§Mr _Vo g{_VrZo OmUyZ KoVbr. `m_Ü o g{Md (amoh`mo), {d^mJrÀm wº$, {d^mJr` H¥$fr Am wº$, {Oëhm{YH$mar, _w»` H$m ©H$mar A{YH$mar, _w»` A{^ §Vm, AYrjH$ A{^ §Vm, g§MmbH$ H¥$frBË`mXtMm g_mdoe hmoVm.

g{_Vr gXñ`: g{_VrÀ`m eodQ>À`m ~¡R>H$s_Ü o gXñ`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m _Zm_Ü o amoh`moÀ`m nwZa©MZog§~§Yr Oo {dMma AmhoV,Vo {b{IV ñdénmV XoÊ`m~Ôb AmdmhZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo. `mbm à{VgmX XoD$Z g{_VrÀ`m gXñ`m§Zr boIr ñdénmV Ë`m§Mo{dMma g{_VrH$S>o gwnyV© Ho$bo. g{_VrZo ho {bImU VgoM BVa gd© {díbofU g§H${bV H$éZ gXa Ahdmb V`ma Ho$bm. AhdmbV`ma H$aÊ`mAmYr AemgH$s` gXñ`m§À`m gyMZm {b{IV ñdénmV _mJ{dÊ`mV Amë`m, na§Vw AhdmbmMo àË`j {bImUH$aVmZm _mÌ Ë`m§Zm dJiÊ`mV Ambo, Aer _m{hVr g{_VrÀ`m AemgH$s` gXñ`m§n¡H$s EH$ gXñ` - Áòð> órdmXrAä`mgH$ àm. N>m`m XmVma d g{_Vrdarb Xwgao AemgH$s` gXñ` - Áòð> AW©VÁk àm. EM.E_.XogaS>m `m§Zr {Xbr.g{_Vr_Yo Imbrb gXñ`m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVm:

1) S>m°. O §Vamd nmQ>rb, AÜ`j, _mOr gXñ`, `moOZm Am`moJ

2) lr. {X. _m. _moao, H$m`_ Am_§{ÌV, _w»` A{^ §Vm d ghg{Md, {Z`moOZ {d^mJ

3) lr. g. A. O`d§V, gXñ` g{Md, Cn g{Md amoh`mo, {Z`moOZ {d^mJ

4) lr. AemoH$ nmQ>rb S>moUJm§dH$a, gXñ`, _mOr Am_Xma, Am¡a§Jm~mX

5) lr. H¥$îUamd B§Jdo, gXñ`, _mOr AÜ`j, amoh`mo g{_Vr

6) àm. EM. E_. XogaS>m, gXñ`, Am¡a§Jm~mX

7) S>m°. N>m`m XmVma, gXñ`, Q>mQ>m gm_m{OH$ {dkmZ g§ñWm, _w§~B©

8) lr. àem§V JUnVamd nmQ>rb, gXñ`, B§Xmnya, {O. nwUo

9) lr. nmonQ>amd ndma, gXñ`, {hdao ~mOma, {O. Ah_XZJa

10) lr. Xo{dXmg _Uram_ ~moS>Ho$, gXñ`, AH$moQ>, {O. AH$mobm

11) lr. ^JdmZ ^mD$gmho~ OdioH$a, gXñ`, gm§Jbr


AhdmbmMo ñdén: gXa Ahdmb EHy$U 89 nmZm§Mm AgyZ Ë`mV àñVmdZm, gmam§e, VmpÎdH$ {ddoMZ d {e\$magr AerMma àH$aUo AmhoV. àñVmdZo_Yo Ahdmb H$m d H$gm V`ma Pmbm, g{_Vr_Yrb gXñ` H$moU `mMr AmoiI H$éZ {XbobrAmho. gmam§e `m àH$aUmV gd© {e\$magtMm WmoS>Š`mV n[aM` H$éZ {Xbobm Amho, Va VmpÎdH$ {ddoMZ hm ^mJ gdm©V _moR>m(n¥ð> H«$. 12 Vo 75) AgyZ Ë`mV amoh`moÀ`m AmVmn`ªVÀ`m èmnèmMo {díbofU, Zì`mZo gwMdboë`m {e\$magt_mJrb`w{º$dmX d Ë`m {e\$maer Aer _m§S>Ur g{dñVanUo Ho$bobr Amho. {e\$magr `m àH$aUmV `mM {e\$magr ñdV§ÌnUo_m§S>boë`m AmhoV. Ë`m§Mr EHy$U g§»`m 40 Amho.

AhdmbmMr {M{H$Ëgm H$aÊ`mMr JaO: g{_Vr gXñ`m§Mr da {Xbobr `mXr nm{hë`mg ho CKS> hmoVo H$s Ahdmb-boIZmMo A§{V_ H$m_ ho _w»`V: emgH$s` A{^ §Vo d àemgH$s` A{YH$mar `m§Zr Ho$bo Amho. g{_VrÀ`m AemgH$s` gXñ`m§Zm_mÌ Ho$di boIr gyMZm XoD$Z AhdmbmMr àV {_iÊ`mMr dmQ> nhmdr bmJbr Amho, qH$~hwZm nmR>nwamdm Ho$ë`mdaM Ë`m§Zm Vr{_imbobr Amho. {dYmZgôÀ`m nmdgmir A{YdoeZmV hm Ahdmb MM}bm Amë`mMr ~mV_rXoIrb _`m©{XV dVw©imn`ªVMnmoMÊ`mMr/nmoMy {Xbm OmÊ`mMr eŠ`VmM `mVyZ R>iH$nUo nwT>o oVo. AhdmbmMr d§{MVm§À`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ d ì`mnH$ nmVirdaMMm©/{M{H$Ëgm hmoÊ`mMr JaO Ahdmb boIZm~m~VÀ`m `m dmñVdm_wio AYmoao{IV hmoVo.

~) AhdmbmVrb {e\$magr àË`jmV Amë`m Va `moOZoV Ago ~Xb hmoVrb..

AhdmbmV _m§S>boë`m {e\$magr àË`jmV Amë`m Va amoh`moÀ`m C{Ôï>mnmgyZ Vo {VÀ`m H$ma^ma d {ZYr-ì`dñWmnZmn ªVgd© ~m~t_Ü o bjUr` ~Xb hmoVrb. `mVrb H$mhr ~Xb ho `moOZoÀ`m _yb yV Jmä`mer gwg§JV Ago AgVrb - Ë`m_wio`moOZoMo ñdén AWdm amoOJma h_rMm H$m`Xm `m_Yo _yb^yV ~Xb hmoUma ZmhrV. H$mhr ~Xb _mÌ _yb^yV ñdénmMo -`moOZoÀ`m ñdénmV d _yi H$m`ÚmV _hÎdmMo \o$a\$ma H$aUmao AgVrb. AWm©VM d§{MV JQ>m§gmR>r Aem ~Xbm§Mo n[aUm_hrXyaJm_r AgVrb. {e\$magtMr ì`már ZOaog_moa `mdr `mgmR>r darb XmoÝhr àH$maMo ~Xb WmoS>Š`mV _m§S>bobo AmhoV :

1. moOZoÀ`m C{Ôï>mVrb ~Xb

* _yi C{Ôï> - J«m_rU joÌmVrb AHw$eb àm¡T> ì`º$s¨gmR>r amoOJmamMr h_r d Ë`m§À`m H$m`_ amoOJmamgmR>r CËnmXH$_ÎmoMr (A°goQ>){Z{_©Vr.

* Zdo C{Ôï> - J«m_rU H$moaS>dmhÿ eoVH$ar d Am{Xdmgr g_mOmÀ`m Am{W©H$ CÞVrgmR>r H$moaS>dmhÿ joÌmV nmUbmoQ> joÌ{dH$mgmbm àW_ àmYmÝ`.

2. moOZog§~§Yr àemgH$s` O~m~Xmar Am{U A{YH$ma

* gÜ`mÀ`m nÕVrà_mUo `moOZoÀ`m A§_b~OmdUrMr O~m~Xmar emgZmÀ`m {d{dY {d^mJ-ImË`m§EodOr nyU©V…Obg§YmaU {d^mJmH$S>o {Xbr OmB©b.

* "Obg§YmaU' hm ~hþemIr` {d^mJ hmoB©b - H¥$fr ImË`mVrb nmUbmoQ> {df`H$ AmñWmnZm Obg§YmaU {d^mJmH$S>o dJ©hmoB©b.

* "XwîH$mir H$m_o' d "{dH$mgmMr H$m_o' Aem XmoZ àH$mamV `moOZoA§VJ©V H$m_m§Mr {d^mJUr

* XwîH$mir H$m_m§VJ©V VmËH$m{bH$ amoOJma {Z{_©VrgmR>r H§$nmQ>©_|Q> ~§qS>J, añË`m§Mo é§XrH$aU, qgMZ àH$ënm§À`m H$mbì`m§MrXwéñVr `mgmaIr XwîH$mir H$m_o d Ë`m§Mr VmËH$m{bH$ O~m~Xmar d A{YH$ma {Oëhm{YH$mè`m§H$S>o

* XwîH$mi dJiVm BVa dfmªV {dH$mg-H$m_o d nmUbmoQ>joÌ{dH$mgmgmR>r H$m_o `mgmR>r `moOZoMm dmna, Ë`m_wio `moOZoMrXrK©H$mbrZ O~m~Xmar d A{YH$ma Obg§YmaU ImË`mH$S>o


3. moOZoMr A§_b~OmdUr

`moOZoÀ`m A§_b~OmdUrV "H$m_ H$moU H$aUma', "H$em àH$mao, Ë`mMo _moO_mn d _Owar H$er {Xbr OmUma' B. {d{dY_w>Úm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. `m gd© _wÚm§~m~VMo ~Xb Imbrbà_mUo AgVrb:

* _yi H$m`ÚmZwgma "amoOJmamMr h_r' hr "{OëhmñVar` h_r' Amho. na§Vw _Owam§À`m XwîH$mi-gmnoj CnbãYVo_wioR>am{dH$ H$mbmdYrV H$m_o nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r ñWm{ZH$ _Oya CnbãY ZgVrb Va Imbrb XmoZ Cnm` Ho$bo OmVrb."amoOJma {Z{_©Vrbm' àmYmÝ` XoÊ`mgmR>r Imbrbn¡H$s Cnm` H«$.1 da OmñV â {Xbm OmB©b:

- Cnm` H«$ 1: _Owam§Mr CnbãYVm OmñV Agboë`m ^mJmVyZ (amÁ`mÀ`m H$moUË`mhr {Oëøm§VyZ) CnbãYZgboë`m {R>H$mUr _Owam§Mo ñWbm§Va (b±S> Am_u )

- Cnm` H«$ 2: H$m_mÀ`m Amdí`H$VoZwgma, H$m_ nyU© H$aÊ`mbm àmYmÝ` XoD$Z H§$ÌmQ>Xma d §Ìgm_wJ«rMm dmna H$aUo.

* hOoarnÌH$mda H$m_ hmoUo eŠ` Zgob Aem {R>H$mUr "~ZmdQ>' hOoarnÌH$m§Zm Amim KmbÊ`mgmR>r "nrgdH©$' nÕVr;H§$ÌmQ>Xmam_m\©$V ñWm{ZH$ _Owambm H$m_ d {H$_mZ doVZmEdT>r _Owar

* H$m_mMr JwUdÎmm d H$m_ nyU© hmoUo `m XmoZ _wÚm§Zm _hÎd XoÊ`mgmR>r "Hw$eb : AHw$eb' `m à_mUmV emór` {ZH$fm-Zwgma ~Xb d Hw$eb H$m_m§À`m à_mUmV dmT>

* _Owam§Zr Ho$boë`m H$m_mMo _moO_mn emgZm~mhoarb A{^`m§{ÌH$s godoH$Sy>Z

* H$moH$UmVrb bhmZ H$m°ÝH«$sQ> ~§Ymè`m§Mr H$m_o nyU©nUo Hw$eb ñdénmMr Agë`mZo A{^`m§{ÌH$s §ÌUo_m\©$VM. Ë`mMà_mUobmB©Z Q´>rQ>_|Q>Mr H$m_oXoIrb nyU©nUo Hw$eb ñdénmMr Agë`mZo Obg§YmaU `m A{^`m§{ÌH$s {d^mJm_m\©$V, VajoÌr` CnMmam§Mr VwbZoZo H$_r Hw$eb H$m_o H¥$fr ImË`mVrb H¥$fr A{^ §Ë`m§H$Sy>ZM

* Á`m {R>H$mUr hOoarnÌH$mda H$m_ Ho$bo OmVo d H$aUo eŠ` Amho VoWo YZmXoemÛmao _Owar XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ

4. moOZoMo _yë`_mnZ d JwUdÎmm {Z §ÌU

* JwUdÎmm {Z §ÌUmgmR>r emgZm~mhoarb g§ñWm d {Zd¥Îm A{^ §Ë`m§Mr "JwUdÎmm {Z §ÌH$' åhUyZ Zo_UyH$ d Ë`m§À`m_m\©$VH$m_mÀ`m JwUdÎmoMr VnmgUr

* emgH$s` A{YH$mar-H$_©Mmar-nmUbmoQ>joÌmVrb eoVH$ar Am{U ñd`§godr g§ñWm `m§À`mgmR>r èXm, _oar, dmë_r`mgma»`m g§ñWm§_Ü o à{ejUmMr VaVyyX.

* amoh`moMo {Z`{_V _yë`_mnZ d Ë`mV {dÚmnrR>mgma»`m ~mhoarb ì`mdgm{`H$ g§ñWm§Mm gh^mJ.

5. amoh`mo {ZYr -

amoh`mo {ZYrMm dmna d Ë`mMo ì`dñWmnZ `m_Yo XoIrb {e\$magr àË`jmV Amë`mg ~Xb hmoVrb. Vo Imbrbà_mUo:

A) amoh`mo {ZYrMm dmna -

amoh`mo {ZYrMm dmna d¡ {º$H$ d gmd©O{ZH$ bm^mÀ`m H$m ©H«$_m§~amo~aM Imbrb ZdrZ ~m~tdaXoIrb hmoB©b:

* nmUbmoQ>joÌ{dH$mgmgmR>r amÁ`mMm nmUbmoQ> {Zhm` ~¥hV² AmamIS>m V`ma H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ (Vm§{ÌH$ ~m~r d Vm§{ÌH$_Zwî`~imMm IM©)

* gaH$mar A{YH$mar, H$_©Mmar B. À`m à{ejUmgmR>r à{ejUmMr O~m~Xmar KoUmè`m èXm, _oar, dmë_r `mg§ñWm§Zm {ZYr

* VéU-gw{e{jV ~oamoOJmam§Zm H$m¡eë` à{ejU XoUmè`m emgH$s` H$m¡eë`-à{ejU g§ñWm§gmR>r {ZYr


~) {ZYrMo ì`dñWmnZ

* amoh`mo {ZYrMm dmna BVa H$maUm§gmR>r hmoD$ Z o `mgmR>r ñdV§Ì boIm (account) {Z{_©Vr.

6. amoh`mo A§VJ©V H$aÊ`mOmo½`m H$m_m§Mr ì`már -

amoh`mo A§VJ©V AmVmn ªV H$mT>ë`m OmUmè`m H$m_m§Mr ì`már Imbrb à_mUo dmT>ob:

* H$moaS>dmhÿ joÌmgmR>r nmUbmoQ> joÌ {dH$mgmMr H$m_o

* ZJanm{bH$mjoÌmVrb ZdrZ ehar ^mJm§_Yo añVo-~m§YUr d J«m_rU VgoM ZJanm{bH$mjoÌmVrb y{_hrZm§gmR>r Ka~m§YUr

* \$i~mJ `moOZm VÎdmda d¡`{º$H$ bm^mÀ`m ZdrZ `moOZm-Mmam bmJdS>, ~m`mo {S>Pob (OQ´>mo\$m) d dZm¡fYr bmJdS>,gw{e{jV VéUm§gmR>r amondm{Q>H$m CÚmoJ ñdV§ÌnUo

* Am{Xdmgr d y{_hrZm§gmR>r emgH$s` n{S>H$ O_rZ ^mS>o nÕVrZo XoD$Z Ë`m§Mo ^mVeoVrV énm§Va H$aÊ`mgmR>r amoh`mo

* J³m_rU ^mJmVrb JaOy _{hbm§À`m g§ñWm§Zm gaH$mar/gmd©O{ZH$ O{_ZrMm H$mhr ^mJ Zm__mÌ ^mS>o-nÅ>rda CnbãY H$éZË`m O{_Zrda \$i~mJ B. ñdénmMr CËnmXH$ `moOZm am~dÊ`mMr VaVyX

* Am{Xdmgr joÌmV nS>H$B© nÕVrZo ^mVeoVrMr ImMao H$aÊ`mMr `moOZm

* {dX^m©V nS>H$B© VÎdmda d _moR>çm à_mUmda ~moS>r (Vbmd) {Z{_©Vr

darb _m§S>UrÀ`m AmYmao Imbrb àíZm§Mr Zo_H$s MMm© H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ nmíd© y_r V`ma ìhmdr Aer Anojm Amho:

* {e\$magr§_wio d§{MVm§À`m {hVmbm àmYmÝ` {H$Vr à_mUmV {_iVo Amho? AhdmbmVrb H$moUË`m {e\$magr d§{MVJQ>m§À`m{hVmgmR>r à^mdrnUo dmnaVm òVrb?

* A{^`m§{ÌH$s-ZmoH$aemhr Ñ{ï>H$moZ Am{U d§{MVm{^_wI Ñ{ï>H$moZ `mn¡H$s H$embm PwH$Vo nmaS>o {_imbo Amho? AhdmbmÀ`mgwédmVrbm Z_yX Ho$boë`m `moOZoÀ`m C{Ôï>mer {e\$magtMm AmdmH$m {H$Vr gwg§JV Amho?

* `moOZoMm H$ma^ma IamoIa d§{MVm{^_wI ìhmdm `mgmR>r H$moUË`m _wÚm§darb â H$_r hmoUo/dmT>Uo AWdm ~XbUoJaOoMo Amho?

`m àíZm§~m~V gImob {dMma{d{Z_` H$aÊ`mgmR>r AhdmbmVrb {e\$magtMr g{dñVa MMm© H$aUo JaOoMo Amho. ^mJ XmoZ_Ü o hrM MMm© Ho$bobr Amho.

***************


^mJ 2 : AhdmbmVrb {e\$magtMr g{dñVa MMm©

{Q>nUmÀ`m `m ^mJmV EHy$U VrZ _wÚm§À`m AmYmao AhdmbmVrb {e\$magtMr g{dñVa MMm© Ho$bobr Amho: A){e\$magt~m~VAhdmbmV Ho$bobr _m§S>Ur Am{U d§{MVm§À`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ Ë`mda CnpñWV hmoUmao àíZ-_wÔo ~)AhdmbmV Xwb©{jV am{hbobo_wÔo H$)AhdmbmÀ`m EHy$U n[aUm_m~m~V H$mhr {ZarjUo

A) {e\$magt~m~V AhdmbmV Ho$bobr _m§S>Ur Am{U d§{MVm§À`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ Ë`mdaCnpñWV hmoUmao àíZ-_wÔo

* AhdmbmVrb 'VmpÎdH$ MMm©' `m àH$aUmMr AmoiI: AhdmbmMo, {deofV: Ë`mVrb 'VmpÎdH$ MMm©' `m {d^mJmMo,gbJ dmMZ H$aVmZm {XgyZ òVo H$s AhdmbmV gwMdboë`m `m {e\$magt_mJo `moOZoÀ`m èmnèmMo {ZpíMV Ago{díbofU Amho. amoh`moda Joë`m 25-30 dfmªV ânya IM© hmoD$Zhr Ë`mVyZ Ano{jV n[aUm_ {ZînÞ PmbobmZmhr, `moOZm eyÝ`dV² hmoÊ`mMo C{Ôï> gmÜ` Pmbo Zmhr, Ago g{_VrZo Z_yX Ho$bo Amho. `m AnèmMo {díbofUH$aVmZm g{_VrZo `moOZoÀ`m A§_b~OmdUrV amhÿZ Joboë`m 15 ÌwQ>r _m§S>boë`m AmhoV. `moOZoÀ`m {Z`moOZmVVgoM A§_b~OmdUrV hmoUmè`m (amoOJma h_r da H$m_ H$aUmao _Oya, àemgH$s` A{YH$mar, A§_b~OmdUr H$aUmaremgH$s` d AemgH$s` `§ÌUm Aem {d{dY nmVù`m§darb) AS>MUr Ago `m ÌwQ>tMo ñdê$n Amho. `m ÌwQ>tMo Zo_Ho$ñdê$n H$m` Am{U Ë`mda H$m` Cnm``moOZm H$aUo JaOoMo Amho `mMr g{dñVa MMm© EHy$U 39 _wÚm§_Üò AZoH$Cn_wÚm§À`m ghmæ`mZo Ho$bobr Amho, d `m _wÚm§À`m AZwf§JmZo {e\$magrhr _m§S>boë`m AmhoV.

* {e\$magtMr g{dñVa MMm© H$aÊ`mMr JaO: d§{MVm§gmR>r `m {e\$magtMo n[aUm_ (_w»`V… g§^mì` YmooHo$) H$m` AgyeH$Vrb `mMr MMm© H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ho$di {e\$magtMm {dMma H$aUo nwaogo Zmhr, Va {e\$magt_mJrb {díbofU Am{U Ë`m-Ë`m {e\$magrgmR>rMo w{º$dmX g_OyZ KoUo JaOoMo Amho. ho {díboofU Am{U Ë`mda AmYm[aV w{º$dmX g_OyZ KoVë`mgd§{MVm§gmR>r AhdmbmVrb {e\$magtMo g§ mì` n[aUm_ (\$m`Xo VgoM YmoHo$) H$m` Agy eH$Vrb `mMr Zo_H$s d g§Vw{bV MMm©H$aUo gmono hmoB©b. Ë`mMà_mUo {e\$magr AWdm {e\$magtgmR>rMo `w{º$dmX `m~m~V d§{MVm§À`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ àíZ/_wÔoCnpñWV H$aUoXoIrb _hÎdmMo Amho. d§{MV{damoYr {e\$magtZm H$moUVo n`m©` Cô H$am`Mo `mMr ñnï>Vm oÊ`mgmR>r `màíZ-_wÚm§Mr _XV hmD$ eHo$b.

* {e\$magr Ë`m_mJrb `w{º$dmX, Am{U Ë`mdarb {Q>ßnUr `m§Mr _m§S>Ur: `mM ^y{_Ho$VyZ, Jmofdmè`mÀ`m {Q>nUmÀ`m `m^mJmV AhdmbmVrb 'VmpÎdH$ {ddoMZ' `m ^mJmVrb MM}Mm WmoS>Š`mV AmT>mdm KoVbobm Amho. {díbofU Am{Uw{º$dmXm§Mr AhdmbmV Ho$bobr _m§S>Ur {dñH$irV Agë`mZo AmT>mdm KoVmZm Ë`m§Mr g§JVdma nwZa©MZm Ho$br Amho.Ë`mMà_mUo

d§{MVm§À`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ {dMma Ho$ë`mg {e\$magr VgoM Ë`m_mJrb `w{º$dmXm§~m~V CnpñWV >hmoD$ eH$Umao àíZAWdm g§^mì` YmoHo$XoIrb `m AmT>mì`mÀ`m OmoS>rZo _m§S>bobo AmhoV. AhdmbmVrb {e\$magr Iè`m AWm©Zo d§{MVm{^_wIH$aÊ`mgmR>r, Ë`mgmR>rMo Zo_Ho$ d n`m© r w{º$dmX C o H$aÊ`mgmR>r {Q>nUmVrb `m _m§S>UrMm Cn`moJ ìhmdm Ago dmQ>Vo.w{º$dmX d {e\$magt~m~VMo EHy$U 12 _wÔo Imbr _m§S>bobo AmhoV. hr _m§S>Ur Imbrbà_mUo Ho$bobr Amho:

* `moOZoÀ`m Anè/ÌwQ>r~m~V AhdmbmV _m§S>bobm _wÔm,

* Ë`m _wÚm§Mo {díbofU/ w{º$dmX,

* Ë`mdarb {e\$mag,

* `m~m~V d§{MVm§À`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ CR>Umao àíZ/_wÔo

1 Vo 3 _wÚm§_Yo AhdmbmMm AmT>mdm d H«$. 4 À`m _wÚm_Yo `m AmT>mì`mda d§{MVm§À`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ {Q>ßnUr Aer_m§S>Ur Agë`mZo 1 Vo 3 `m _wÚm§gmR>r EH$gmaIm \$m°ÝQ> d H«$$. 4 À`m _wÚmgmR>r doJim \$m°ÝQ> Aer _m§S>Ur Ho$bobr Amho.


1) `moOZoÀ`m C{Ôï>m_Yrb ~Xb

`moOZoÀ`m Anè/ÌwQ>r~m~V AhdmbmV _m§S>bobm _wÔm

- amoh`mo hr {dH$mgmMr `moOZm Amho, hm ^md ê$Obm Zmhr.

{díbofU/ w{º$dmX

"_mJUrà_mUo amoOJma nwadUo' ho amoOJma h_rMo C{Ôï> Agë`mZo "{dH$mgmÀ`m" H$m_m§Zm àmYmÝ` {_imbo Zmhr.H$moaS>dmhÿ eoVrMr n[apñWVr {~H$Q> Amho Ë`m_wio Ë`mda Adb§~yZ Agboë`m J«m_rU d Am{Xdmgr g_mOmÀ`m Am{W©H$CÞVrgmR>r nmUbmoQ>joÌ{dH$mg hmM VaUmonm` Amho. `m{edm` AmVmn ª§V hOmamo H$moQ>r én o nmUbmoQ>joÌ{dH$mgmÀ`m H$m_mdaIM© Pmbo AmhoV, Ë`mVrb {H$Ë oH$ H$moQ>tMr H$m_o AnyU© am{hbobr AmhoV. åhUyZ, "_mJUrà_mUo amoOJma nwa{dV amhUo" `mC{Ôï>mnwaVr amoh`mo _`m©{XV hmoD$ Z o. {Z`moOZ~ÕnUo nmUbmoQ>joÌ{dH$mg H$m ©H«$_ am~dUmar {dH$mg `moOZm Ago amoh`moMoñdê$n Agmdo.

{e\$mag

"nmUbmoQ> joÌ {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ H$moaS>dmhÿ eoVrMm {dH$mg d Ë`mÛmao H$moaS>dmhÿ eoVH$ar Am{UAm{Xdmgr g_mOmMr Am{W©H$ CÞVr H$ê$Z amÁ`mMm {dH$mg H$aUo ho amoh`moMo `mnwT>rb C{Ôï> Agmdo.

d§{MV JQ>m§À`m Ñ{ï>H$mooZmVyZ g§ mì` YmoHo$, àíZ/_wÔo

* nmUbmoQ> joÌ{dH$mg hmM amoh`moMm _w»` H$m`©H«$_ Agë`mg, S>m|Ja H$nmarV amhUmao Am{Xdmgr, nmUbmoQ>joÌm~mhoa dñVr H$aUmao-"JmdHw$gm~mhoarb g_mOKQ>H$' Am{U ^y{_hrZ `m§À`m Am{W©H$ CÞVrbmAmdí`H$ Vo àmYmÝ` {_iUma Zmhr.

* Ë`mMà_mUo nmUbmoQ>joÌm_Yrb daÀ`m A§Jmbm O{_Zr AgUmè`m Xw~©b eoVH$è`m§Zmhr amoh`mo_wio \$m`XmhmoUma Zmhr. nmUbmoQ>joÌ {dH$mgmÀ`m H$m_m§Mm d `moOZoMm _moR>m \$m`Xm Imoè`mV gwnrH$ O{_Zr AgUmè`m~{bfð>m§Zm hmoB©b.

* d§{MVm§gmR>r '_mJUrà_mUo amoOJmamMm h¸$ XoUmar moOZm' hr m moOZoMr _moR>rM VmH$X Amho, moOZoÀ`mC{Ôï>mVrb darb ~Xbm_wio `m VmH$Xrbm _moR>mM Y¸$m ~gÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm R>iH$nUo nwT>o oVo.

* d§{MVm§À`m Xm[aÐ`{Z_y©bZmgmR>r amoh`mo_Üò nmUbmoQ>joÌ{dH$mgmBVHo$M qH$dm Ë`mnojm OmñV àmYmÝ`H$moUË`m _wÚm§Zm Úm`bm hdo, Ago AmnU R>m_nUo åhUy eH$Vmo?

2) `moOZoMr g§nyU© "_mbH$s' Obg§YmaU ImË`mH$S>o XoÊ`m~m~V


- `moOZoÀ`m àemgZmVrb {dñH$irVnUm

{díbofU/ w{º$dmX

`moOZoMr A§_b~OmdUr emgZmÀ`m {d{dY {d^mJm§H$Sy>Z hmoV Agë`m_wio H$m_o gwQ>çm-gwQ>çm {dIwaboë`m ñdénmVhmoVmV. ~hþ{d^mJr` àemgZm_wio nmUbmoQ> {df`H$ H$m_m§Mo EH${ÌH$aU d Ë`m§Mr Zm|XXoIrb hmoV Zmhr. n[aUm_r nwT>rb


ì`dñWmnZmgmR>r hr H$m_o gmondVm oV ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio nmUbmoQ> {df`H$ H$m_o Ho$br OmD$Zhr Ë`m§Mm n[aUm_ {XgV Zmhr.{edm` AZoH$ {d^mJm§Zr {_iyZ A§_b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mÀ`m nÕVr_wio AZmdí`H$ IM© hmoVmo. `m H$m_m§Mo EH$ÌrH$aU ho H$moUË`mMEH$m {d^mJmH$S>o hmoV Zgë`m_wio H$m_o nyU© hmoÊ`mMr d Ë`m§À`m JwUdÎmoMr O~m~Xmarhr H$moUmH$S>oM amhV Zmhr.

_w»` O~m~Xmar {Oëhm{YH$mè`m§H$S>o Agë`mZo H$moUË`mM {d^mJmÀ`m d[að> A{YH$mè`m§Zm ho H$m_ Amnbo dmQ>V Zmhr,H${Zð> A{YH$mè`m§Zm ho H$m_ "_hgyb ImË`mMo dmQ>Vo'. {edm` `moOZoVrb H$m_m§Mr VnmgUr gÜ`m amOH$s` bmoH$/bmoH$à{V{ZYtH$Sy>Z hmoVo. `m àH$mambm Vm|S> XoUo \$ma Jw§VmJw§VrMo R>aVo. Ë`m_wio XoIrb emgZmÀ`m BVa ImË`m§Mr amoh`moMr H$m_oH$aÊ`mg ZmamOr AgVo. n[aUm_r amoh`moMr A§_b~OmdUr _w»`V… ZmB©bmOmnmoQ>r Ho$di H${Zð> A{YH$mè`m§H$Sy>Z hmoVo, d[að>A{YH$mar Ë`mnmgyZ A{bá amhVmV. XwgarH$S>o, {Oëhm{YH$mar BVa Ag§»` ì`dYmZm§_Ü o ì`ñV Agë`mZo amoh`moMr O~m~XmarKoUo Ë`m§À`mgmR>r {O{H$arMo hmoVo. qH$~hþZm '{Oëhm{YH$mar' `m gma»`m nXmdaMr ì`º$s {H$Vrhr AmXe© Agbr Var amoh`mogma»`m`moOZoMr O~m~Xmar KoUo EH$m ì`º$sgmR>r A{Ve` H$R>rU hmoVo.

{e\$mag

ho gd© _wÔo bjmV KoVm amoh`moÀ`m A§_b~OmdUrMr g§nyU© O~m~Xmar EH$m ñdV§Ì {d^mJmH$S>o gmondUo JaOoMo Amho.amoh`moMo H$m_ ho _w»`V… "nmUbmoQ>-joÌ' {dH$mgmMo Agë`mZo gÜ`m ApñVËdmV Agboë`m "Obg§YmaU' `m {d^mJmH$S>o`moOZoMr g§nyU© O~m~Xmar gmondmdr. Ë`mgmR>r ZdrZ nXo {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMr XoIrb JaO Zmhr. añVo/Kao ~m§YÊ`mgmR>rAmdí`H$ Vr AmñWmnZm Obg§YmaU {d^mJmH$S>o Zmhr. Ë`m_wio añVo d Ka ~m§YUrÀ`m H$m_m§Mr O~m~Xmar nyduà_mUoMgmd©O{ZH$ ~m§YH$m_ ImË`mH$S>o gmondmdr.

d§{MV JQ>m§À`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ g§ mì` YmoHo$, àíZ/_wÔo

* `moOZoMm H$ma^ma EH$mM ImË`mÀ`m Ë`mVhr Obg§YmaUmgma»`m A{^`m§{ÌH$sbm àmYmÝ` XoUmè`m ImË`m§À`mhmVr Joë`mg moOZoMr bmoH$m{^_wIVm H$_r hmoD$ eH$Vo. gÜ`mÀ`m ì`dñWoV Jmd, VmbwH$m m nmVù`m§daXoIrbamoh`mo g{_Ë`m d Ë`m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ ñWm{ZH$m§À`m gh^mJmMr VaVyX Amho. hr gd© ì`dñWm H|$ÐrH$aUm_wioZmhrer/Xw~ir hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm Amho.

* _yi H$m`ÚmZwgma H$m_mMr O~m~Xmar hr A§_b~OmdUr H$aUmè`m ImË`mH$S>o Amho d {d{dY ImË`mVrbO~m~Xmè`m§Mo gwgyÌrH$aU {Oëhm{YH$mè`m§Zr H$am`Mo Amho. {Oëhm{YH$mè`m§Zr H$ënH$nUo d H$m ©j_VoZo amoh`moMmCn`moJ Ho$ë`mMr CXmhaUo XoIrb VmOr AmhoV. `m nmíd©^y_rda EH$mM ImË`mH$S>o `moOZoMm H$ma^ma H|${ÐVPmë`mg Ë`m_Üò ñWm{ZH$ n[apñWVrbm `mo½` Vmo Ý`m` {_iUma Zmhr VgoM ñWm{ZH$ g§ñWmg§KQ>Zm§Mm`moOZoÀ`m H$ma^mamdarb à^md Odi Odi Zmhrgm hmoB©b Aem eŠ`Vm AmhoV.

3) AnyU© H$m_m§Mm àíZ


- amoh`moImbr gwê$ Pmbobr gw_mao 1,500 H$moQ>r {H$_VrMr H$m_o dfm©Zwdf} AnyU© am{hbobr AmhoV.

{díbofU/ w{º$dmX

AnyU© H$m_m§_Üò gaH$mar Jw§VdUyH$ _moR>çm à_mUmV AS>H$bobr Amho. nmUbmoQ>{df`H$ H$m_m§da IM© hmoD$Zhr hrH$m_o Ho$di AnyU© am{hë`m_wio Ë`m§Mm Ano{jV \$m`Xm Pmbobm Zmhr. H$m_o Aem arVrZo AnyU© amhÊ`mMr XmoZ _w»` H$maUoAmhoV: 1) nwaogo _Oya CnbãY Z hmoUo 2) gÜ`mÀ`m `moOZoVrb Aemór` {ZH$fm§da AmYm[aV {Z`_


1) nwaogo _Oya CnbãY Z hmoUo: amoOJma h_rMr H$m_o hr _w»`V… XwîH$mimV H$mT>br OmVmV. _Owam§Mr H$m_mMr _mJUrhràm_w»`mZo XwîH$mimV AgVo. XwîH$mi Amogabm H$s _Owam§H$Sy>Z hmoUmar H$m_mMr _mJUrhr AmogaVo, H$maU Ë`m§Mr_mZ{gH$Vm ñdV…À`m eoVrÀ`m H$m_m§Zm àmYmÝ` XoÊ`mMr AgVo. n[aUm_r, XwîH$mimV gwé Ho$bobr H$m_o XwîH$mimZ§VaAnyU© amhVmV Am{U Vr nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r nwT>À`m XwîH$mimMr dmQ> nhmdr bmJVo. XwîH$mi Xa dfu nS>V Zmhr. VaXa 5-6 dfmªZr oVmo Agm amÁ`mMm _mJrb AZw d Amho. Ë`m_wio amoh`moMr H$m_o dfm©Zwdf} AnyU© amhVmV.

2) gÜ`mÀ`m `moOZoVrb Aemór` {ZH$fm§da AmYm[aV {Z`_: AHw$eb H$m_ nyU© Pmë`m{edm` Hw$eb H$m_ gwê$ H$ê$Zò Agm amoh`moMm gÜ`mMm {Z`_ Amho. _Owam§À`m CnbãYVoA^mdr H$m_mMm AHw$eb ^mJ nyU© hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr.n[aUm_r, H$m_mMm Hw$eb ^mJ XoIrb gwê$ hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. Ë`mMà_mUo gÜ`mMo 51…49 ho à_mU emór` {ZH$fmdaAmYm[aV Zmhr. H$maU Hw$eb d AHw$eb H$m_mMo à_mU ^m¡Jmo{bH$ n[apñWVrZwgma ~XbVo. Ë`mMà_mUo añVo dm BVaA{^`m§{ÌH$s H$m_mV Hw$eb d AHw$eb ^mJ EH$_oH$m§er OmoS>bobo AgVmV. Aemór` {ZH$fm§da AmYm[aV {Z`_m§Zm{MH$Qy>Z am{hë`m_wio AHw$eb H$m_m§da Oéarnojm OmñV IM© hmoVmo. '{Z`_mZwgma' H$m_ XmIdÊ`mgmR>r AHw$ebH$m_mÀ`m IMm©Mo ~ZmdQ> AmH$S>o XmIdÊ`mV oVmV. Ë`m_wio H$m_o AnyU© amhUo, AdmOdr IM© hmoUo Am{U J¡aì`dhmaAgo {Vhoar ZwH$gmZ hmoVo.

{e\$mag

H$m_o OmñVrV OmñV XmoZ dfmªÀ`m H$mbmdYrV {Z`moOZ~Õ nÕVrZo nyU© ìhmdrV. Ë`mgmR>r {Z`_mV Amdí`H$ Vr{e{WbVm `mdr. _Owam§À`m CnbãYVogmR>r ñWm{ZH$ _Oya CnbãY Zgë`mg amÁ`mÀ`m Á`m ^mJmV _Oya CnbãY AgVrbË`m ^mJmVyZ _Oya AmUyZ H$m_ nyU© H$amdo. (`m nÕVrbm b°ÝS>-Am_u Ago Zmd XoÊ`mV Ambo Amho.)

ho eŠ` Zgë`mg H§$ÌmQ>Xma, §Ìgm_wJ«r B. Mm dmna H$ê$Z H$m_ nyU© H$amdo. Ë`mgmR>r "Hw$eb-AHw$eb" à_mUmMo ~§YZAgy Z o. "_Owam§Zm amoOJma nwadUo" `m C{Ôï>mbm àmYmÝ` XoÊ`mgmR>r b°ÝS> Am_u `m n`m© mMm AJ«H«$_mZo {dMma H$amdm.


* H§$ÌmQ>Xmam§À`m dM©ñdmbm CKS> _mÝ`Vm {_iyZ H§$ÌmQ>Xmam§H$adr hmoUmè`m «ï>mMmamda H$m`ÚmMohr {Z §ÌU amhUma Zmhr.

* H§$ÌmQ>Xma dm BVa {hVg§~§Ym§_wio ñWm{ZH$ _Owam§Mm H$m_mMm h¸$ S>mdbÊ`mV oB©b.

* b°ÝS> Am_ugma»`m n`m©`m_wio "{OëhmñVar`" h_r g§nwï>mV òB©b d _Owam§Mo nmoQ>mgmR>r XoemoYS>rbm bmJUo H$m`ÚmZog§_V hmoB©b. ñWbm§V[aV Pmë`m_wio AmYrM d§{MV AgUmè`m JQ>m§À`m d§{MVVo_Ü o â nS>ob.

* H$m_o R>amdrH$ _wXVrV nyU© ìhmdrV `mMo {Z`moOZ ñWm{ZH$ _Owam§Mr CnbãYVm bjmV KoD$Z Ë`mà_mUo H$go H$aVm oB©b?

* OoWo _Oya ânya à_mUmV CnbãY AmhoV VoWyZ Vo hb{dÊ`mEodOr Ë`mM ^mJmV d§{MVm§Zm h_Img H$m`_ñdê$nramoOJma XoVrb Aem àH$maMr amoOJma h_rMr H$m_o H$mT>Uo A{YH$ amñV Zmhr H$m?

* ñWm{ZH$m§À`m gh^mJm{edm`M Ho$bobo Obg§YmaUmMo qH$dm "nm`m^yV gw{dYm {dH$mgmMo' H$moUVohr H$m_ Iè`m AWm©Zoèñdr hmoD$ eHo$b H$m?

* ñWm{ZH$ _Owam§À`m gh^mJmVyZ Ë`m§Zm Cn`moJr nS>Umè`m H$m_m§Mo {Z`moOZ H$aUo d Ë`mVyZ H$m_mgmR>r _Owam§Mr CnbãYVmd gh^mJ ImÌreranUo {_idUo hm Iam bmoH$m{^_wI Cnm` Zmhr H$m?

* H$moH$U d {dX^© àXoemÀ`m H$mhr ^mJmV _Oya CnbãY hmoV ZmhrV, Agm dfm©Zwdfm©Mm AZw^d Agob Va Ë`m_mJrbH$maUo emoYyZ _JM Cnm` gwMdUo _hÎdmMo Zmhr H$m? `m ^mJmV amoh`moda _Oya oV ZmhrV `mMm AW© VoWrb ñWm{ZH$d§{MVm§Zm-Am{Xdmgr, ^Q>Ho$, X{bV, EH$Q>çm pñÌ`m-Aem JQ>m§Zm XoIrb H$m_ {_iÊ`mMr JaO Zmhr Agm hmoVmo H$m?


* XwîH$mim_wio AÞmÞ Xem Pmbobr Zmhr Aem H$mimV _Oya H$m_mda oV ZgVrb Va H§$ÌmQ>Xmam§Zm §ÌmZo H$m_ H$aÊ`m-gmR>r amoh`moMo n¡go XoÊ`mEodOr VoWrb _Owam§Zm ({H$_mZ doVZmnojm) OmñV/AmH$f©H$ _OwarMo Xa XoUo ho d§{MVm§À`m Ñï>rZoA{YH$ amñV Zmhr H$m? _Owar dmT>ë`mg eoVrÀ`m H$m_mgmR>r _Oya {_iUma ZmhrV hr ^rVr {H$VnV Iar Amho? VrH$mhr A§emZo Iar Agbr Var XoIrb d§{MVm§Zm OmñV Xa XoD$Z Ë`m§Mr pñWVr gwYmaUo d Ë`m§Mr dmQ>mKmQ>rMr VmH$XdmT>dUo ho amñV R>aUma Zmhr H$m?

* Hw$eb-AHw$eb à_mU emór` {ZH$fm§da AmYm[aV hdo ho IaoM, nU gÜ`mMo Hw$eb-AHw$eb à_mU R>adVmZm H$m`{ZH$f bmdbo Jobo hmoVo, `mMr MMm© H$aUohr _hÎdmMo Zmhr H$m`?

* "AHw$eb" ^mJmbm PwH$Vo _mn XoÊ`mMo g_W©Z "Á`m§À`mH$S>o H$moUVoM H$m¡eë` Zmhr, Ho$di l_ AmhoV, Aem§Zm H$m_H$aÊ`mMm h¸$ àmYmÝ`mZo {_imdm' Aem àH$mao H$aVm oD$ eH$Vo. b°ÝS> Am_u AWdm H$m°ÝQ´>°ŠQ>a §Ìgm_wJ«r dmnaÊ`mÀ`mn`m©`mV Aem AHw$eb d§{MV JQ>m§Zm H$m` ñWmZ Agob? Ë`m§Zm nmoQ>m-nmÊ`mMm àíZ gÝ_mZmZo gmoS>dVm `mdm `mMrh_r H$moU KoB©b?

4) H§$ÌmQ>XmamMr Amdí`H$Vm


- EH$m JmdmVyZ/{OëømVyZ XwgarH$S>o ñWbm§Va H$aÊ`mg _Oya V`ma ZgVmV, Ë`m_wio amoh`mo H$m_m§gmR>r nwaogo _Oya CnbãYhmoV ZmhrV.

{díbofU/ w{º$dmX

AnyU© H$m_o R>amdrH$ H$mbmdYrVM ìhmdrV `mgmR>r b°ÝS> Am_uMm n`m© àË`jmV oÊ`mV _Owam§À`m _mZ{gH$Vo_wioAS>MUr oD$ eH$VmV. _Owam§Mm H$b {Xdgâ H$m_ H$ê$Z g§Ü`mH$mir Kar naV oÊ`mH$S>o AgVmo. Ë`m_wioM amoOJma h_r`moOZ|VJ©V JmdmnmgyZ bm§~ H$m_ {Xë`mg {ZdmgmÀ`m gd© gw{dYm nwa{dÊ`mV oV Agë`m Varhr JmdmnmgyZ bm§~, {Oëøm~mhoaOmÊ`mMr _Owam§Mr V`mar ZgVo. _mÌ, _amR>dmS>çmVyZ VgoM BVaÌ ~è`mM _moR>çm à_mUmda _Oya {Z`{_VnUo ñWbm§V[aVhmoVmV. ho H$go hmoVo `mMm emoY KoVë`mg {XgVo H$s "_wH$mX_" hm _Ybm _mUyg Agë`m_wio _Oya `m ñWbm§Vambm V`mahmoVmV. gÜ`mÀ`m amoOJma h_r `moOZoV _OwamZo Ho$boë`m H$m_mMm n¡gm WoQ>nUo _OwambmM {_imdm, _Yë`m _mUgmbm {_iyZ o, `m CÔoemZo gaH$mar ImË`m§Zr _Owam§H$Sy>Z WoQ>nUo H$m_ H$ê$Z KoÊ`mMr, _Owar XoÊ`mMr nÕV éi{dÊ`mV Ambr. EadrAmnËH$mbrZ H$m_o gmoS>ë`mg BVa H$moUË`mhr H$m_m§gmR>r _Owam§er WoQ>nUo ì`dhma H$aÊ`mMr nÕV gaH$mar ImË`m§_Üòê$ibobr Zmhr. Ë`m_wio amoOJma h_r_Ü o _Owam§er WoQ>nUo ì`dhma H$aUo àemgH$s` §ÌUobm J¡agmo rMo dmQ>Vo. {edm` _Owam§ZrEH$m {R>H$mUmhyZ Xwgè`m {R>H$mUr ñWbm§Va H$aÊ`mgmR>r _Yë`m _mUgmMo ApñVËd An[ahm`© Amho Ago {XgVo. gÜ`mÀ`m`moOZoZwgma _mÌ H§$ÌmQ>XmamH$adr _Owam§Zr H$m_ Ho$bo H$s Vo "Hw$eb' H$m_ g_OÊ`mV oVo.

{e\$mag

nwaoem à_mUmV _Oya CnbãY hmoÊ`mgmR>r H§$ÌmQ>XmamH$adr Ho$bobo H$m_ "Hw$eb' H$m_ g_OÊ`mV oD$ Z o. H§$ÌmQ>XmamH$S>o_Owam§Zm {H$_mZ doVZmBVH$s _Owar {_iob `mMr H$miOr ¿`mdr.

nwT>Mm _wÔmXoIrb darb _wÚmer {ZJS>rV Agë`mZo `m _wÚmgmR>rMr d nwT>À`m _wÚmgmR>rMr {Q>ßnUr àË oH$ _wÚmZ§VaZ XoVm EH${ÌVnUo {Xbobr Amho.


5) ~ZmdQ> hOoarMm àíZ d H§$ÌmQ>Xmarbm _mÝ`Vm XoÊ`mMr JaO Am{UAn[ahm ©Vm


- amoh`mo H$m_m§gmR>r hOoarnÌH$ R>odUo gº$sMo Agbo Var ImoQ>r/~ZmdQ> hOoar bmdÊ`mMm àH$ma gam©gnUo KS>Vmo.

{díbofU/ w{º$dmX

amoOJma h_r `moOZoMr A§_b~OmdUr H$aVmZm ~ZmdQ> hOoarnÌHo$ R>odÊ`mMm d CnpñWV Zgboë`m _Owam§Mr VgoMd¥Õ d bhmZ _wbm§Mr ImoQ>r hOoar bmdÊ`mMm àH$ma gam©g {XgVmo. àË`jmV _mÌ H§$ÌmQ>XmamH$adr hmoUmè`m H$m_mMo XwgaohOoarnÌH$ _OwarMm {heo~ H$aÊ`mgmR>r XmIdbo OmVo. gaH$mar A{YH$mè`m§gmR>r "{Z`_mZwgma' ~ZmdQ> _ñQ>a (hOoar nÌH$)R>odbo OmVo. H§$ÌmQ>XmamH$adrM amoOJma h_rMr H$m_o hmoVmV ho dmñVd Amho. Ë`m_wio Ë`mda ~§YZ AmUÊ`mEodOr H§$ÌmQ>Xmam§ZmCKS> _mÝ`Vm {Xbr Va ImoQ>çm hOoarnÌH$m§À`m nÕVrbm AmnmoAmn Amim ~gob. ~ZmdQ> hOoar nÌH$ R>odÊ`mgmaImJ¡aì`dhma emgH$s` `moOZoÀ`m H$ma^mamV ê$iUo `mo½` Zmhr. H§$ÌmQ>Xmam§Zm nrgdH©$ nÕVrZo H$m_ Zo_yZ {Xë`mg H$m_mbm{eñV oVo, H$m_ doioV nyU© hmoVo, H$m_mÀ`m XOm©gmR>r H§$ÌmQ>Xmambm O~m~Xma YaVm oVo, {edm` _Owam§Zm `mo½` _Owar {_iobho nU nmhVm oVo.

{e\$mag

~ZmdQ> hOoarnÌH$mÀ`m nÕVrVyZ amoh`moMr gwQ>H$m H$aÊ`mgmR>r VgoM H$m_o R>amdrH$ doioV nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r nrgdH©$nÕVrZo H§$ÌmQ>Xmam§Zm amoh`moMo H$m_ {Xbo Omdo. H§$ÌmQ>Xmam§H$Sy>Z hmoUmè`m «ï>mMmambm Amim KmbÊ`mgmR>r nwT>rb XmoZ ~§YZonmiUo gº$sMo H$amdo: 1) ñWm{ZH$ _Owam§ZmM H$m_ XoÊ`mg àmYmÝ` Úmdo. 2) _Owam§Zm {Xbr OmUmar _Owar {H$_mZ doVZmEdT>rAgmdr.

{OWo hOoarnÌH$ R>odbo OmVo d R>odUo eŠ` Amho {VWo _Owar YZmXoemÛmao XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$amdm. Ë`m_wio hOoar_Owam§À`m ImË`mV O_m hmoD$Z _Owar~m~V hmoUmè`m «ï>mMmamda ~§YZ oB©b.

4 d 5 gmR>r d§{MV JQ>m§À`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ àíZ/_wÔo

* YZmXoemÛmao _Owar XoÊ`mMr {e\$mag ñdmJVmh© dmQ>br Varhr Vr ì`dhm`© H$er H$aVm òB©b `mMr H$moUVrhrMMm© AhdmbmV Ho$bobr Zmhr. ~±H$m§Mr CnbãYVm d _Owam§gmR>r gmo rñH$anUm, ~±H$ A{YH$mar d amoh`mo `m§À`mà{ejUmMr ì`dñWm mgma»`m Amdí`H$ ~m~tMm C„oIXoIrb AhdmbmV Ho$bobm Zmhr. Ë`mMà_mUo YZmXoenVr d nËZr XmoKm§À`mhr Zmdo H$mT>Uo `mgma»`m àmJ{VH$ ~m~tMm {dMmahr Ho$bobm Zmhr. Ë`m_wio hr VaVyXHo$di H$mJXmda amhÊ`mMm YmoH$m Agy eH$Vmo.

* ~ZmdQ> hOoar nÌH$m§Zm Amim KmbÊ`mgmR>r H§$ÌmQ>Xmam§Zm _mÝ`Vm {Xë`mg Ë`m§À`mH$adr hmoUmè`m^«ï>mMmambmhr {hadm H§$Xrb {_iob. amoh`moMr H$m_o H§$ÌmQ>Xmam§H$adr H$m hmoVmV `mMo CKS> CÎma "H§$ÌmQ>Xma dBVa ñWm{ZH$ {hVg§~§{Y`m§À`m Am{W©H$ bm^mgmR>r' Ago Amho, ho bjmV Z KoVm _Owam§À`m _mZ{gH$VoMo AVm{H©$H$H$maU {Xbo Jobo Amho Ago {XgVo. _Oya H§$ÌmQ>XmamH$adrM ñWbm§Va H$m H$aVmV `mMo CÎma _Owam§À`mH§$ÌmQ>Xmam§da {dg§~Ê`mÀ`m _mZ{gH$VoV ZgyZ H§$ÌmQ>Xma _Owam§Mr ZS> d {ZH$S> AmoiIyZ Ë`m§Zm AmJmD$amoI a¸$_ XoVmV Am{U ~m§Yrb H$ê$Z KoVmV `m dñVwpñWVrV Amho. Ë`m_wio Á`m§Zm {d{eï> H$mimV VmVS>rZoAm{W©H$ AmYma {_iÊ`mMr JaO AgVo Aem d§{MVm§À`m JQ>m§Mm {dMma amoh`moV H$gm H$aVm oB©b, hm Iam_hÎdmMm àíZ Amho. `m àíZmH$S>o AhdmbmMo Xwb©j Pmbobo {XgVo.


* H§$ÌmQ>XmamH$adr Ho$di Hw$eb H$m_, AHw$eb H$m_mbm n`m©`mZo AHw$eb, Jar~ _Owam§Zm àmYmÝ`, ñWm{ZH$_Owam§H$adrM H$m_ `m gd© amoh`moVrb d¡{eîQ>çnyU© VaVwXr Iao Va d§{MVm§gmR>r g§ajH$ VaVwXr AmhoV. `mVaVwXr H$mTy>Z Q>mH$ë`mg, VgoM Ë`m§À`m OmJr H$moUË`mhr ZdrZ (d ì`dhm`©) VaVwXr Z AmUë`mg"g_mOmÀ`m eodQ>À`m KQ>H$mgmR>rMr `moOZm' ho `moOZoMo ñdê$n Zmhrgo hmoD$Z àm_w»`mZo "H§$ÌmQ>Xmam§gmR>r,H§$ÌmQ>Xmam§Mr `moOZm' Ago {dnarV ñdê$n `moOZobm òD$ eH$Vo. ho bjmV KoVm, _Owam§Mr Anwar CnbãYVm,A§_b~OmdUrVrb «ï>mMma Am{U H$m_o R>amdrH$ H$mbmdYrV nyU© Z hmoUo ho àíZ hmVmiÊ`mMo d§{MVm{^_wI_mJ© H$moUVo Agy eH$Vrb?

* ho _mJ© ì`dhm © H$go H$aVm oVrb? Vo àË`jmV oÊ`mgmR>r àemgH$s` §ÌUobm H$m` H$amdo bmJob?

6) H$m_m§À`m JwUdÎmoMm àíZ6) H$m_m§À`m JwUdÎmoMm àíZ6) H$m_m§À`m JwUdÎmoMm àíZ6) H$m_m§À`m JwUdÎmoMm àíZ6) H$m_m§À`m JwUdÎmoMm àíZ


- {~Ja A{^ §Vm §ÌUoH$Sy>Z nmUbmoQ>{df`H$ Hw$eb H$m_o am~{dbr Joë`m_wio H$m_m§Mr JwUdÎmm ImbmdVo.

{díbofU/ w{º$dmX

amoh`mo§VJ©V H$amd`mMr H$m_o hr àmYmÝ`mZo nmUbmoQ> joÌ {dH$mgmMr H$m_o AmhoV. hr H$m_o, {deofV… bmB©Z Q>rQ>_|Q>Mr(~§Ymao, Ma ImoXUo) H$m_o A{^`m§{ÌH$s H$m¡eë`mda AmYm[aV AmhoV Va joÌr` CnMmam§Mr H$m_o (E[a`m Q´>rQ>_§oQ>) hr VwbZoZoH$_r Hw$eb H$m_o AmhoV. bmB©Z Q´>rQ>_|Q>Mr H$m_o g§nyU©nUo Hw$eb Agë`mZo Vr A{^`m§{ÌH$s VÎdmda d Obg§YmaU `mA{^`m§{ÌH$s {d^mJmH$Sy>ZM hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. joÌr` CnMmam§Mr H$m_o (Zmbm ~§qS>J, grgrQ>r, S>rgrQ>r B.) gÜ`mÀ`mì`dñWoV H¥$fr {d^mJmH$Sy>Z am~{dbr OmVmV. H¥$fr {d^mJmH$S>o H¥$fr A{^ §Ë`m§Mr H$_VaVm Agë`m_wio H¥$fr nXdrYmaH$m§H$Sy>Zhr H$m_o am~dbr OmVmV. Ë`m_wio H$m_m§_Ü o JwUdÎmoMm A^md {XgyZ oVmo.

gÜ`mÀ`m ì`dñWoV H$m_mMr VnmgUrXoIrb {~Ja-A{^ §Vm Agboë`m emgH$s` A{YH$mè`m§H$Sy>Z Ho$br OmVo. BVaàemgH$s` H$m_m§Mm ~moOm, amoh`mo H$m_o XwJ©_ {R>H$mUr AgUo, EH$mM doir AZoH$ {R>H$mUr H$m_o Mmby AgUo Aem {d{dYAS>MUt_wio VnmgUr H$aUo emgH$s` A{YH$mè`m§Zm eŠ` hmoV Zmhr. n[aUm_r, H$m_m§À`m JwUdÎmoda {Z`§ÌU amhV Zmhr.H|$ÐgaH$maÀ`m àYmZ _§Ìr J«m_ gS>H$ `moOZoV JwUdÎmm {Z`§ÌUmgmR>r emgZm~mhoarb Vk ì`º$s ¹${bQ>r _m°{ZQ>g© åhUyZZo_ë`m OmVmV. nmUbmoQ> joÌ {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_ hm añVo B. H$m`©H«$_m§nojm A{YH$ _hÎdmMm H$m`©H«$_ Agë`mZo amoh`mogmR>r

XoIrb `mM YVuda Šdm{bQ>r _m°{ZQ>g© Zo_bo OmdoV.

{e\$magr

* bmB©Z Q´>rQ>_|Q>Mr H$m_o hr g§nyU©nUo Obg§YmaU {d^mJmH$S>o gmondmdrV. Va E[a`m Q´>rQ>_|Q>À`m H$m_m§gmR>r H¥$frImË`mVrbA{^ §Vm-AmñWmnZm Obg§YmaU ImË`mV dJ© H$amdr.

* Obg§YmaUmÀ`m H$m_m§Mm ~¥hV² AmamIS>m V`ma H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ Obg§YmaU ImË`mH$S>o gmondmdo, Ë`mgmR>r AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌodmnamdrV d amoh`mo {ZYrVyZ Ë`mgmR>rMr VaVyX H$amdr.

* XJS>r ~§Ymè`m§Mr H$m_o {Q>H$mD$ Zgë`mZo âbm` A°e d H$m°§H«$sQ> dmnê$Z (Ë`m_wio n`m©daU g§dY©H$) ~§Ymè`m§Mr H$m_o Ho$brOmdrV. H$moH$UmV Aem ~§Ymè`mMr _m{bH$m V`ma Ho$br Omdr. hr H$m_o g§nyU© Hw$eb ñdê$nmMr Agë`m_wio Obg§YmaU{d^mJmH$Sy>ZM ìhmdrV.

* emgZm~mhoarb VÁk d {Zd¥Îm A{^ §Ë`m§Mr H$m_m§À`m JwUdÎmm VnmgUrgmR>r Zo_UyH$ H$amdr. Aem VQ>ñW VnmgUr_wioH$m_m§Mm XOm© gwYmaÊ`mg _XV hmoD$ eHo$b.



* H$m_m§Mm XOm© amIÊ`mgmR>r Hw$eb H$m_o A{^`m§{ÌH$s VÎdmda hmoUo {ZpíMVM _hÎdmMo Amho. na§Vw {Z`moOZ,A§_b~OmdUr d {Z`_Z åhUOoM `moOZoMm g§nyU© H$ma^ma A{^`m§{ÌH$s §ÌUoÀ`m hmVmV Joë`mg `moOZoMm{dMma Ho$di Vm§{ÌH$ A§JmZo hmoD$Z Ë`mVrb gm_m{OH$, àemgH$s` d amOH$s` A§Jm§Mm {dMma Z hmoÊ`mMmYmoH$m Amho.

* Ho$di AmYw{ZH$ Vm§{ÌH$ H$m¡eë`mbm àmYmÝ` {Xë`mg ñWm{ZH$ nma§nm[aH$ ehmUnU d H$m¡eë` S>mdbbo OmÊ`mMreŠ`Vm Amho. H$m_mÀ`m JwUdÎmobm àmYmÝ` d ñWm{ZH$ H$m¡eë o `m§Mr gm§JS> KmbÊ`mMm {dMma AhdmbmVHo$bobm {XgV Zmhr. IMuH$ V§ÌkmZmEodOr g_w{MV-{Q>H$mD$ V§ÌkmZmÀ`m bmoH$m{^_wI n`m© mMm {dMma XoIrbHo$bobm Zmhr.

* A{^`m§{ÌH$s §ÌUoH$S>o g§nyU© H$ma^ma gmondë`mg d§{MV JQ>m§Mm gh^mJ Ho$di àmg§{JH$ l_ H$aÊ`mnwaVmCaob Am{U gÜ`mÀ`m `moOZoV Agboë`m à^mdr bmoH$gh^mJmgmR>rÀ`m VaVwXr {Zîà^ hmoVrb.

* d§{MVm§Mr ~mOy _m§S>Umè`m, Ë`m§À`m~amo~a H$m_ d g§Kf© H$aUmè`m ì`º$s d JQ>m§Zm m gd© à{H«$ oV H$mhrhr ñWmZCaUma Zgë`mZo §ÌUoÀ`m H$ma^mamda amÁ`nmVirdarb amOH$s` nwT>mè`m§IoarO H$moUmMmM A§Hw$e/{Z §ÌUamhUma Zmhr.

* H$m_m§Mm XOm© {Q>H$dUo, Ë`mM doir Ë`mMr JVr amIUo Am{U ho H$aVmZm bmoH$gh^mJ d ñWm{ZH$ H$m¡eë`m§MrOmoS> XoUo `m gdmªMr gm§JS> JwUdÎmm dmT>rgmR>r H$er KmbVm oB©b?

* A_mZwf _mZdr l_ Q>miÊ`mgmR>r VgoM H$m_mVrb Vm§{ÌH$ H$m¡eë` Am{U l_mYm[aV amoOJma {Z{_©VrgmR>r_Zwî`~imMm `mo½` dmna `m XmoÝht_Yo g_Ýd` H$gm gmYVm oB©b?

* Vm§{ÌH$ ~m~tÀ`m JwUdÎmm {Z §ÌUm~amo~aM `moOZoÀ`m gm_m{OH$, àemgH$s` d amOH$s` A§Jm§Mo {Z`_Z/{Z §ÌU H$go H$aVm oB©b?

7) ehamV amoh`moMm {dñVma H$aÊ`mMr {e\$mag7) ehamV amoh`moMm {dñVma H$aÊ`mMr {e\$mag7) ehamV amoh`moMm {dñVma H$aÊ`mMr {e\$mag7) ehamV amoh`moMm {dñVma H$aÊ`mMr {e\$mag7) ehamV amoh`moMm {dñVma H$aÊ`mMr {e\$mag


- {Z_ehar ^mJmV ahmUmar nU _yiMr J«m_rU AgUmar Hw$Qw>§~o añVo, {Zdmg Aem _yb yV gw{dYm§nmgyZ d§{MV amhVmV.

{díbofU/ w{º$dmX

{Z_ehar VgoM ZJanm{bHo$À`m joÌmVrb añVo d ^y{_hrZm§gmR>r Kao ~m§YÊ`mMr {e\$mag g{_VrZo _m§S>bobr Amho.åhUOoM amoh`moMm {dñVma Ho$di J«m_rU ^mJmnwaVm _`m©{XV Z R>odVm ehar ^mJmV dmT>dÊ`mMm àñVmd Amho. ehamV Zì`mZoPmboë`m dñË`m§_Yrb OZVmhr _w»`V… J«m_rU OZVmM AgVo. ZJanm{bH$m§Zm nadS>V Zgë`m_wio `m dñË`m§_Yrb añVoH$YrM ~m§Ybo OmV ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio `m dñË`m§_YyZ añVo ~m§YÊ`mMr VaVyX amoh`mo {ZYrVyZ Ho$br Omdr. Ë`mgmR>r Hw$eb-AHw$eb à_mUmMo ~§YZ Kmby Z o.

{e\$mag

J«m_rU d ZJanm{bH$m joÌmVrb y{_hrZm§gmR>r `mM àH$maÀ`m w{º$dmXmÛmao Kao ~m§YÊ`mMr {e\$mag g{_VrZo Ho$bobrAmho.


d§{MV JQ>m§À`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ àíZ/_wÔo

§* ehamVrb Jar~m§gmR>r añË`mgmaIr nm`m yV gw{dYm, {Zdmè`mgmaIr _yb yV gw{dYm {Z_m©U hmoUo {ZpíMVM_hÎdmMo Amho. na§Vw amoh`moMm {ZYr hm _w»`V… J«m_rU ^mJmgmR>r AgUo Ano{jV Amho. ZJanm{bH$m AWdmehamVrb àemgH$s` §ÌUoZo ehar-{Z_ehar Jar~m§gmR>r A{YH$ H$m ©j_ hmoUo hm XrK©H$mbrZ Cnm` AgyeH$Vmo `mMm {dMma dm MMm© AhdmbmV {XgV Zmhr.

* J«m_rU ^mJmVrb añVo d ^y{_hrZm§gmR>r Ka~m§YUrMo H$m_ {ZpíMVM _hÎdmMo Amho. na§Vw amoh`moMm AemH$m_m§~m~VMm (añVo B.) AmVmn ªVMm AZw d bjmV KoVm mnwT>ohr CËnmXH$ H$m_m§EodOr mM àH$maÀ`m H$m_m§daAdmOdr â {Xbm OmÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm Amho. `m _wÚmH$S>o AhdmbmV bj {Xbobo {XgV Zmhr. Ë`mMà_mUo AmYrMmAZw d bjmV KoVm, Aem H$m_m§Mr JwUdÎmm H$er amIVm oB©b `mMr MMm© AhdmbmV Ho$bobr Zmhr.

8) gw{e{jV ~oamoOJmam§gmR>r amoOJma {Z{_©VrMr JaO


- A{e{jV ~oamoOJmam§à_mUoM gw{e{jV ~oamoOJmam§Mr g§»`m Joë`m H$mhr dfm©V dmT>V Mmbbobr Amho.

{díbofU/ w{º$dmX

darb nm`m yV gw{dYm§à_mUoM gw{e{jV ~oamoOJmam§gmR>r H$m¡eë` à{ejUmVyZ amoOJma {Z{_©VrÀ`m g§Yr CnbãY hmoVmV.Aem VéUm§À`m à{ejUmMm ^ma amoh`moZo CMbÊ`mg H$mhrM haH$V Zgmdr. à{ejUmÀ`m g§X^m©V ehar-J«m_rU Agm oXAgy Z o Ago g{_VrZo gwMdbobo Amho.

{d{dY Vm§{ÌH$ H$m¡eë`m§Mo à{ejU {Xë`mg `m gw{e{jV ~oamoOJmam§Zm nmUbmoQ>{df`H$ H$m_m§À`m A§_b~OmdUrMo H$m_XoIrb XoVm oB©b.

{e\$mag

gw{e{jV ~oamoOJma VéUm§À`m à{ejUmMr VaVyX {d{dY emgH$s` à{ejUg§ñWm§_Üò amoh`mo {ZYrVyZ ìhmdr AgogwM{dbo Amho.


* gw{e{jV ~oamoOJmam§gmR>r H$m¡eë`-à{ejUmVyZ amoOJma g§Yr {Z_m©U H$aUo _hÎdmMo Agbo Var amoOJmah_r hr _w»`V… J«m_rU Am{U AHw$eb dJm©gmR>rMr moOZm Amho ho bjmV KoD$Z m AHw$eb dJm©Vrb A{e{jV~oamoOJmam§Mo H$m¡eë` à{ejU H$éZ Ë`m§À`mgmR>rÀ`m amoOJmag§Yr H$em dmT>dVm oVrb?

* Ë`mMà_mUo ehar ^mJmVrb ~oamoOJma dJm©gmR>r ehar {dH$mg {ZYrVyZ amoOJma {Z{_©VrMo à`ËZ H$go dmT>dVmoVrb?

9) J«m_rU ^mJmVyZ ehamV hmoUmè`m ñWbm§VamMm àíZ9) J«m_rU ^mJmVyZ ehamV hmoUmè`m ñWbm§VamMm àíZ9) J«m_rU ^mJmVyZ ehamV hmoUmè`m ñWbm§VamMm àíZ9) J«m_rU ^mJmVyZ ehamV hmoUmè`m ñWbm§VamMm àíZ9) J«m_rU ^mJmVyZ ehamV hmoUmè`m ñWbm§VamMm àíZ


- J«m_rU ^mJmVyZ ñWbm§V[aVm§Mo bm|T>o eham§_Ü o amoOJmamgmR>r oV amhVmV.


{díbofU/ w{º$dmX

J«m_rU ^mJmVyZ ehamV h§moUmè`m ñWbm§VamMm àíZ gmoS>dÊ`mgmR>r CËnmXH$ amoOJma {Z{_©VrMr JaO Amho. Ë`mgmR>r 1)Obg§YmaU 2) _¥X²g§YmaU d 3) \$bmoËnmXZ `moOZoÀ`m YVudarb H$m`©H«$_, Ago VrZ Cnm` gwMdbobo AmhoV. `mVrb_¥X²g§YmaU d \$bmoËnmXZ `moOZoÀ`m YVudarb H$m ©H«$_ ho _w»`V… Am{Xdmgr, Aën yYmaH$ d y{_hrZ g_mOmgmR>r gwMdboboAmhoV. d¡ {º$H$ d gm_wXm{`H$ bm^mÀ`m `moOZm Ago Ë`m§Mo ñdén Amho. XwJ©_ ^mJmV amhUmè`m Am{Xdmgr, Aën yYmaH$g_mOmbm Obg§YmaUmMm nwaogm \$m`Xm hmoV Zmhr, Ë`mda _`m©Xm oVmV ho bjmV KoD$Z `m {e\$magr gwMdÊ`mV Amboë`mAmhoV.

Am{Xdmgr g_mO, J«m_rU {ó`m øm _wimVM H$ï>miy AgyZ Ë`m§À`m hmVr CËnmXH$ gmYZ Amë`mg Ë`m§Mr Am{W©H$CÞVr hmoD$ eHo$b Agm {dídmg g{_VrZo darb H$m ©H«$_m§Mr {e\$mag H$aVmZm ì`º$ Ho$bobm Amho.

`mM {dMmamZo, na§Vw ñWm{ZH$ ^m¡Jmo{bH$ d¡{eîQ>çm§Mm g§X © bjmV KoD$Z g{_VrZo H$mhr H$m ©H«$_m§Mr {e\$mag Ho$bobr Amho.

{e\$mag

* Mmam bmJdS>, Xw½Yì`dgm`mbm MmbZm XoÊ`mgmR>r amoh`mo, `mMr O~m~Xmar emgZ EH$m dfm©gmR>rM KoB©b.

* Am¡fYr dZñnVr§Mr bmJdS> H$aÊ`mgmR>r amoh`mo

* \$i~mJ `moOZoV Ðmj {nH$mMm g_mdoe. {edm`, \$i~mJ amondm{Q>H$m V`ma H$aÊ`mMo d {dV[aV H$aÊ`mMo H$m_emgZmÀ`m H¥$fr {d^mJmEodOr ImOJr VÎdmda-gw{e{jV VéU H¥$fr CÚmoOH$m§H$S>o

* y{_hrZm§Zm eoVrgmR>r ^mS>oVÎdmda emgH$s` O_rZ

* Xm[aÐçaofoImbrb _{hbm§À`m JQ>m§Zm gaH$mar/nS>rH$ O{_Zr gm_wXm{`H$ eoVrgmR>r (\$i~mJ VÎdmdarb `moOZm am~dUoAno{jV.)

* Vrd« S>m|JaCVmamda gm_wXm{`H$ nÕVrZo Ho$br OmUmar ^mVeoVr "nS>H$B©' `m ZmdmZo AmoiIbr OmVo. hm H$m ©H«$_ (Vrd«S>m|JaCVmamda ^mVImMa V`ma H$aÊ`mMm) H$moH$UmV _moR>çm à_mUmda am~dmdm.

* {dX^m©V ~moS>r (åhUOo Vbmd) H$aÊ`mMm nma§n[aH$ H$m ©H«$_ amoh`moVyZ _moR>çm à_mUmV am~dÊ`mV `mdm.


* `m gd© {e\$magt_Yrb Ho$di XmoZ {e\$magr (^y{_hrZ d Xm[aÐçaofoImbrb _{hbm§À`m hmVr CËnmXH$gmYZ) WoQ>nUo d àmYmÝ`mZo d§{MVm§ZmM Cn`moJr nS>Umè`m AmhoV. Va BVa {e\$magtMm Cn`moJàm_w»`mZo d§{MVoVa JQ>m§ZmM hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm Amho.

* Mmam bmJdS>, Am¡fYr dZñnVr `mgma»`m Zì`m H$m ©H«$_mMm Cn`moJ d§{MVJQ>mVrb _moR>çm à_mUmVrbA{e{jV d AHw$eb _Owam§Zm hmoUma Zmhr. _mÌ Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m H$m_mda Ë`mMm {dnarV n[aUm_ hmoB©b H$m?

* \$i~mJ Zg©ar d amon{dVaU ImOJr VÎdmda H$aÊ`mMo YmoHo$ d§{MV JQ>m§gmR>r H$m` Agy eH$Vrb?`m VaVwXrMm \$m`Xm d§{MVm§Zm ìhmdm `mgmR>r H$m` Cnm` H$aVm d gwMdVm oVrb?

* d¡ {º$H$ bm^mWvgmR>r AgUmè`m `moOZm§Mm AmVmn ªVMm AZw d bjmV KoVm `m {e\$magr Ho$di H$mJXmdaZ amhVm àË`jmV `mì`mV `mgmR>r H$m` VaVwXr Zì`mZo gwMdVm oVrb?

* `m {e\$magtMm \$m`Xm àñWm{nVm§Zm àm_w»`mZo Z hmoVm d§{MV JQ>m§Zm àm_ww»`mZo ìhmdm `mgmR>r H$moUVo~Xb gwMdVm oVrb?


10) bmoH$gh^mJmA^mdr Obg§YmaU H$m_o Aèñdr hmoÊ`mMm àíZ


- Obg§YmaUmÀ`m H$m_mV bmoH$gh^mJ KoVbm Jobm Zmhr.

{díbofU/ w{º$dmX

Obg§YmaUmMr AmVmn`ªV Pmbobr H$m_o bmoH$gh^mJmA^mdr Aèñdr Pmë`mMo g{_VrZo AmVmn`ªVÀ`mA§_b~OmdUrVrb ÌwQ>t_Yo Z_yX Ho$bobo Amho. Obg§YmaUmÀ`m {Z`moOZmV d ì`dñWmnZmV bmoH$gh^mJ gagH$Q>nUo KoVmoB©b H$m `mMm {dMma H$aUo JaOoMo Amho. bmoH$m§Mm gh^mJ {Z`moOZmV Agmdm. H$moUVr H$m_o H$moUË`m àmYmÝ`mZo {ZdS>m`Mr

`mMo A{YH$ma bmoH$à{V{ZYtZm {_imdoV. H$m_mÀ`m ì`dñWmnZmMr O~m~Xmar ñWm{ZH$ àemgZmH$S>o gmondmdr, Ë`mM~amo~aeoVH$è`m§À`m 7/12 CVmè`mdahr Ë`m§Mr Zm|X H$amdr. Ë`m_wio Pmboë`m H$m_m§Mr ZmgYyg H$amd`mg H$moUr YOmdUma Zmhr.amoh`mo åhUOo H$go Var H$éZ H$am`Mo H$m_ hm {dMma ~XbUo JaOoMo Amho. Ë`mVyZM H$m_ Z H$aVm \$º$ _Owar {_imdr AerAnojm H$aÊ`mÀ`m _Owam§À`m àd¥Îmrbm Amim ~gob.

{e\$mag

Obg§YmaUmÀ`m H$m_m§Mo ì`dñWmnZ J«m_n§Mm`VtH$S>o gmondmdo d J«m_n§Mm`VtZm nmUrnÅ>r AmH$maÊ`mMo A{YH$maÚmdoV, 7/12 da `m H$m_m§Mr Zm|X ìhmdr.


* bmoH$ghZ{Z^mJmgmR>rÀ`m {e\$magr Ho$di H$mJXmda ahmÊ`mMm qH$~hþZm Ë`mMr gyÌo bmoH$m{^_wI Zgboë`mbmoH$à{V{ZYtÀ`m hmVr OmÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm R>iH$nUo nwT>o oVo. `m eŠ`VoÀ`m g§X^m©V Imbrb àíZm§Mm {dMmaìhmdm Ago dmQ>Vo.

* bmoH$à{V{ZYtZm H$m_o {ZdS>Ê`mMm A{YH$ma {Xë`mZo ñWm{ZH$ d§{MVm§À`m (Á`m§Mm bmoH$à{V{ZYtda à^mdZmhr Aem) JaOm§Zm àmYmÝ` {_iy eHo$b H$m?

* bmoH$à{V{ZYtÀ`m nmVirdarb "àñWm{nVm{^_wI' amOH$maUmda d§{MVm§Mm A§Hw$e AmUUo H$go eŠ`hmoB©b?

* ì`dñWmnZmVrb gh^mJm{edm`, H$m_m§À`m {Z`moOZmV bmoH$gh^mJ {_imdm d Ë`mVyZ "Obg§YmaUmMrH$m_o' hr emgZmEodOr "bmoH$m§Mr H$m_o' ìhmdrV, `mgmR>r H$moUVo R>mog n`m© AmnU gwMdy eH$Vmo?

11) `moOZm {dH$mgm{^_wI ~ZdÊ`mMr JaO


- amoh`mo hr `moOZm {dH$mgmMr `moOZm hm ^md OZVoV VgoM emgH$s` A{YH$mè`m§_Üò éObm Zmhr.

XwJ©_ Am{Xdmgr ^mJmV amoh`moMr _m{hVr nmoMV Zmhr.

{díbofU/ w{º$dmX

* OZVoMm amoh`mo~m~VMm Ñ{ï>H$moZ {dH$mgm{^_wI hmoÊ`mMr JaO Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo _hmamï´>m{edm` BVa amÁ`m§MmXoIrbamoh`mo am~dÊ`mMm {dMma Amho. `mÑï>rZo amoh`moda hmoUmam IM©, Ë`mMm n[aUm_ BË`mXr _m{hVr OZVon`ªV nmoMUo


_hÎdmMo Amho. Am{Xdmgr ^mJmVrb (CXm. Z§Xwa~ma, JS>{Mamobr) OZVobm amoh`moMr _m{hVr gmoß`m eãXmV CnbãYhmoUo JaOoMo Amho.

* `moOZm am~{dUmè`m A{YH$mè`m§Mm `moOZoH$S>o ~KÊ`mMm Ñ{ï>H$moZ {dH$mgm{^_wI hmoUo JaOoMo Amho. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m§ZmnmUbmoQ> joÌ {dH$mgmMr _m{hVr hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. nmUbmoQ> joÌ {dH$mg hm H$moaS>dmhÿ O{_Zrbm Ý`m` XoUmamH$m ©H«$_ Amho. `moOZm èñdr Pmë`mg J«m_rU Jar~m§Mo OrdZ_mZ C§MmdUma Amho, `m {dMmamZo amoh`moMr A§_b~OmdUrH$aUmao A{YH$mar d H$_©Mmar ^marV ìhm`bm hdoV. AemM A{YH$mar d H$_©Mmè`m§Mr `moOZogmR>r {ZdS> H$aUo eŠÀmho.

* `moOZm {dH$mgm{^_wI hmoÊ`mgmR>r `moOZoMo _yë`_mnZ {Z`{_VnUo ~mhoarb ì`mdgm{`H$m§H$Sy>Z hmoUo JaOoMo Amho.

{e\$magr

§ * amoh`mo~m~V gmoß`m ^mfoV _m{hVr XoUmao gm{hË` {Z`{_VnUo V`ma d {dV[aV Ho$bo Omdo.

* `moOZoMm dm{f©H$ Ahdmb Xadfu Omhra Ho$bm Omdm.

* `moOZoMo _yë`_mnZ {Z`{_VnUo d {dÚmnrR>mgma»`m emgZm~mhoarb ì`mdgm{`H$ g§ñWm§H$Sy>Z ìhmdo.


* `moOZoV nmaXe©H$Vm AmUÊ`mMo à`ËZ {ZpíMVM JaOoMo AmhoV, na§Vw darb {e\$magr `m {d{eï>JQ>mnwaË`mM _`m©{XV amhÊ`mMr eŠ`VmXoIrb ZmH$maVm oV Zmhr.

* `moOZoÀ`m H$ma^mamMr _m{hVr `moOZoV l_ H$aUmè`m H$ï>H$è`m§n`ªV, VgoM Ë`m§À`mgmR>r H$m_ H$aUmè`mg§ñWm-g§KQ>Zm d H$m ©H$Ë`mªn ©§V H$er nmoMob?

* `moOZoÀ`m _yë`_mnZmV {deofkm§~amo~aM amoh`mo-_Owam§À`m AZw^dm§Mm d _Vm§Mm àmYmÝ`mZo g_mdoeìhmdm `mgmR>r H$moUVo Cnm` gwMdVm oVrb?

* amoh`mo A§{V_V… H$ï>H$ar OZVobm CÎmaXm`r ìhmdr `mgmR>r H$moUVo R>mog Cnm` gwMdVm oVrb?

12) amoh`mo {ZYrÀ`m ì`dñWmnZmMm àíZ


- amoh`moMm {ZYr amoh`moVa H$m_m§gmR>r dmnabm OmVmo.

{díbofU/ w{º$dmX

amoh`mo H$m_m§gmR>r {ZYrMr H$_VaVm Zmhr d Vr CX²^dUmahr Zmhr. hm {ZYr emgZmH$S>o {e„H$ Amho. gÜ`mÀ`mì`dñWoV hm {ZYr emgZmÀ`m EH${ÌV {ZYr_Yo O_m hmoVmo. gÜ`mÀ`m Am{W©H$ ÑîQ>çm ZmOyH$ H$mimV hm {ZYr amÁ`mH$Sy>ZBVa H$m_mgmR>r dmnaÊ`mV òVmo. Ë`m_wio amoh`moMr Hw$eb H$m_o nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ZYrMr VyQ> nS>Vo. ho Q>miÊ`mgmR>r `m{ZYrMm dmna amoh`mo ì`{V[aº$ BVa H$m_m§da Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$m`Xoera ì`dñWm hmoUo JaOoMo Amho.

{e\$mag

* amoh`mo {ZYrgmR>r ñdV§Ì boIm (account) H$amdm.



* hr {e\$mag {ZpíMVM _hÎdmMr Amho. na§Vw Vr àË`jmV oÊ`mV H$moUË`m AS>MUr oD$ eH$Vrb?

* `m AmYr C„oI Ho$ë`mà_mUo emgH$s` A{YH$mar-H$_©Mmar `m§À`m à{ejUmgmR>r VgoM ~oamoOJmaVéUm§À`m H$m¡eë` à{ejUmgmR>r XoIrb amoh`mo {ZYrVyZ VaVyX hmoUma Amho. hm {ZYr èXm, _oar, dmë_rVgoM BVa emgH$s` à{ejU g§ñWm§Zm {Xbm OmUma Amho. `m g§X^m©V Imbrb àíZ CnpñWV H$aUo JaOoModmQ>Vo:

A) amoh`mo {ZYrMo amoh`mo §ÌUo~mhoarb g§ñWm§_Yo hmoUmao {dVaU amoh`mogmR>rM dmnabo OmB©b `mgmR>r H$moUË`mg§ajH$ VaVwXr (go\$JmS>©g²) Agmì`m bmJVrb? `m g§ñWm H$moUmbm CÎmaXm`r AgVrb?

~) à{ejUmÀ`m H$m_mV ñd §godr joÌmVrb àXrK© AZw dmMm Cn`moJ ìhmdm mgmR>r H$m` n`m© gwMdVm oVrb?

~) AhdmbmV Xwb©{jV am{hbobo _wÔo~) AhdmbmV Xwb©{jV am{hbobo _wÔo~) AhdmbmV Xwb©{jV am{hbobo _wÔo~) AhdmbmV Xwb©{jV am{hbobo _wÔo~) AhdmbmV Xwb©{jV am{hbobo _wÔo

AhdmbmV amoh`moÀ`m AmVmn`ªVÀ`m A§_b~OmdUrÀ`m èmnèmMm AmT>mdm KoVbobm Amho. Ë`mVyZ nwT>o Amboë`m~hþVoH$ ÌwQ>tda {e\$magrhr gwMdboë`m AmhoV. na§Vw Imbrb ÌwQ>tMm C„oI H$éZhr Ahdmbm_Yo Ë`mdarb {e\$magr _mÌgwMdboë`m {XgV ZmhrV.

1) `moOZo_Yo hmoUmam amOH$s` {hVg§~§Ym§Mm hñVjon

2) `moOZoÀ`m A§_b~OmdUrV hmoUmam «ï>mMma

3) bmoH$gh^mJmMm A^md

dmñV{dH$ nmhVm amoh`mo d§{MVm{^_wI hmoÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo ho gd© _wÔo A{Ve` _hÎdmMo AmhoV. AhdmbmV `m ÌwQ>r§daR>mog gyMZm AgUo Ano{jV hmoVo, na§Vw Ë`m§Mm Ho$di C„oI Ho$bobm Amho. åhUyZM, `m VrZ _wÚm§da AmnU H$moUË`m R>mog{e\$magr gwMdy eH$Vmo? Aem {e\$magr gwMdUo Am{U Ë`m AhdmbmV g_m{dï> ìhmì`mV `mgmR>r AmJ«h YaUo _hÎdmMo AmhoAgo `m _wÚm§Mm {dMma H$aVmZm OmUdVo.

H$) AhdmbmMm EHy$U n[aUm_ : H$mhr {ZarjUoH$) AhdmbmMm EHy$U n[aUm_ : H$mhr {ZarjUoH$) AhdmbmMm EHy$U n[aUm_ : H$mhr {ZarjUoH$) AhdmbmMm EHy$U n[aUm_ : H$mhr {ZarjUoH$) AhdmbmMm EHy$U n[aUm_ : H$mhr {ZarjUo

AhdmbmVrb {e\$magtMm VgoM {díbofU/ w{º$dmXm§Mm d§{MVm§À`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ {dMma Ho$ë`mZ§Va `m {e\$magtMmEHy$U n[aUm_ H$m` hmoB©b `m~m~V H$mhr R>iH$ {ZarjUo Zm|XdUo JaOoMo dmQ>Vo. AhdmbmVrb {e\$magtMo {df`dma dJuH$aUHo$ë`mg Imbrb {MÌ {XgVo:

1. nmUbmoQ> - A{^`m§{ÌH$s H§$ÌmQ>Xmar d JwUdÎmm {Z §ÌU {df`H$ {e\$magr = EHy$U 21

* nmUbmoQ>{df`H$ - 16, Ë`mn¡H$s 8 A{^`m§{ÌH$s Vnerbm§g§~§Yr; 3 àemgH$s` g§aMZo{df`r; 3 H§$ÌmQ>Xmarbm_mÝ`Vm XoUmè`m; 2 nmUbmoQ>joÌ{dH$mgmMo C{Ôï> d ì`már {df`H$. (8+3+3+2)

* A{^`m§{ÌH$s Vnerb {df`H$ 9 - nmUbmoQ>{df`H$ {e\$magt_Yrb 8 d BVa {e\$magt_Yrb 1 (8+1)

* H§$ÌmQ>Xmarbm _mÝ`Vm XoUmè`m 4 - nmUbmoQ>{df`H$ {e\$magt_Yrb 3 d BVa {e\$magt_Yrb 1

* Vm§{ÌH$ JwUdÎmm {Z §ÌU {df`H$ - 3

2. `moOZoVyZ àm_w»`mZo d§{MVoVa JQ>m§Zm hmoUmè`m bm^{df`H$ VaVwXter (bm^mWu, bm^mMo ñdén, Ë`mMr _`m©Xm) g§§~§{YV {e\$magr = EHy$U 9

* gd©gmYmaU O_rZYmaH$m§gmR>r - 8 * ehar ^mJmV añVo {df`H$ - 1


3. `moOZm bmoH$m{^_wI ~ZdÊ`mgmR>rÀ`m {e\$magr (EHy$U 5)

* H§$ÌmQ>XmarVyZ hmoUmè`m «ï>mMmamda {Z §ÌU{df`H$ - 1

* _Owar XoVmZm hmoUmè`m «ï>mMmamda {Z §ÌU{df`H$ - 1

* amoh`mo {ZYrMm amoh`moVa H$maUm§gmR>r dmna Q>miÊ`m{df`r - 1

* `moOZm nmaXe©H$ ìhmdr `mgmR>r - 1

* `moOZoMm àgma ìhmdm `mgmR>r - 1

4. ehar d J«m_rU y{_hrZm§gmR>r AZwËnmXH$ na§Vw H$m`_ñdénr _mb_Îmm (Ka) {Z_m©U ìhmdr`mgmR>rÀ`m {e\$magr - 1

5. d§{MVm§Zm H$m`_ñdénr CËnmXH$ gmYZ {_imdo `mgmR>rÀ`m {e\$magr - 3

(Am{Xdmgr d Xm[aÐçaofoImbrb ~oamoOJma _{hbm d BVa y{_hrZm§gmR>r CËnmXH$ gmYZ{Z{_©Vr {df`H$)

`m dJuH$aUmÀ`m AmYmao AhdmbmÀ`m EHy$U Ame`m~m~V Imbrb {ZarjUo _m§S>Vm oVrb:

1. "nmUbmoQ> joÌ {dH$mg' ho amoh`moMo C{Ôï> ìhmdo `mda AhdmbmMm _w»` â Amho.

2. amoh`moMr _mbH$s Obg§YmaU {d^mJmH$S>o Agmdr hm AhdmbmVrb Xwgam à_wI _wÔm Amho.

("amoh`moMr _mbH$s Obg§YmaU {d^mJmH$S>o Agmdr' Ago {dYmZ AhdmbmVrb n¥ð> H«$. 31 da Amho, ho `mg§X^m©V AmdOy©Z Z_yX H$amdogo dmQ>Vo.)

3. AHw$eb _Owam§Mm "AS>ga' Xya ìhmdm `mgmR>r `§Ìgm_wJ«rbm (Am{U Ë`mÛmao `§Ìgm_wJ«r nwadUmao H§$ÌmQ>Xma, Ë`m§ZmnadmZm XoD$Z \$m`Xm {_idUmao emgH$s` A{YH$mar `m gdmªZm) Iwbm nadmZm {_imdm, hm AhdmbmVrb {Vgamà_wI _wÔm Amho.

4. H$m_m§Mm XOm© d JVr dmT>dÊ`mÀ`m {_fmZo H§$ÌmQ>Xmarbm nadmZm {_imdm hm AhdmbmVrb Mm¡Wm _hÎdmMm _wÔm Amho.

AhdmbmVrb BVa {e\$magr àË`jmV Amë`m Z Amë`m Var darb 4 _wÚm§~m~VÀ`m {e\$magr {ZpíMVnUoMàË`jmV oVrb ho CKS> Amho, H$maU AhdmbmMm à_wI â `mM Mma _wÚm§da Amho. `m d§{MV{damoYr _wÚm§Zm H$moUVo n`m© H$goCô H$aVm òVrb `mMr MMm© H$aUo d ì`yhZrVr AmIUo {ZpíMVM _hÎdmMo Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a AhdmbmVrb Vm§{ÌH$ dZmoH$aemhrÀ`m A§JmZo Ho$boë`m {díbofUmÀ`m n{bH$S>o OmD$Z amoh`mo Iè`m AWm©Zo d§{MVm{^_wI ~ZdÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$Agboë`m _wX²>Úm§Mm g_mdoe AhdmbmV H$gm hmoB©b d ho _wÔo àË`jmV H$go oVrb `mda gImob {dMma{d{Z_` H$aUo {ZVm§VJaOoMo Amho.

^mJ VrZ _Yo AgoM H$mhr _wÔo {dMmamgmR>r _m§S>bobo AmhoV.

***************


^mJ 3 : AhdmbmV {dMmaM Z Pmbboo àíZ

amoh`moMm Cn`moJ àmYmÝ`mZo d§{MV JQ>m§Zm ìhmdm `m y{_Ho$VyZ `moOZoÀ`m èmnèmgmR>r _hÎdmMo R>ê$ eH$Vrb AgoH$mhr _wÔo g_moa oVmV. AhdmbmV `m _wÚm§Mm {dMmaM Pmbobm Zmhr qH$dm Pmbm Agë`mg Vmo AË`ën Amho Ago {XgVo.Aem _wÚm§Mm g_mdoe AhdmbmV H$gm H$aVm oB©b `mda {dMma{d{Z_` hmoUo JaOoMo Amho. `m y{_Ho$VyZ amoh`moMm Ame` dH$ma^ma d§{MVm{^_wI H$aÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo _hÎdmMo Ago H$mhr àíZ MM}gmR>r Imbr gwM{dbo AmhoV:

* emgZmZo Zo_boë`m g{_VrÀ`m {e\$magr àË`jmV Amë`m Va amoh`moÀ`m H$m`Úm_Ü oM _ybJm_r ~Xb hmoVrb. H$m`Úm_Ü oAgo YmoaUmË_H$ ~Xb KS>dÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$ oV d§{MV JQ>m§Zm/Ë`m§À`mgmo~V H$m_ H$aUmè`m g§KQ>Zm-g§ñWm§Zm ñWmZ {_imdo`mgmR>r H$m` Cnm`/n`m©` gwMdVm òVrb?

* ñWm{ZH$ nmVirda amoh`moÀ`m H$ma^mamV ñd §godr g§ñWm g§KQ>Zm§Zm {ZUm© H$ ñWmZ {_imdo `mgmR>r H$m` ~Xb gwMdVmòVrb?H$moUVr aUZrVr AmIVm òB©b?

* ñWm{ZH$m§Zm Amnë`m JmdmV "H$moUVr H$m_o H$amdrV' ho R>adÊ`mMm d Vo àË`jmV AmUÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Agmdm `mgmR>rH$moUVm AmJ«h YaUo ì`dhm © R>aob? amoh`moA§VJ©V _Owam§Zm "H$m_ _mJÊ`mMm' h¸$ Agbm, Var Vmo "{ZdS>Ê`mMm' h¸$Zmhr, hr _`m©Xm H$er Xya H$aVm oB©b?

* d§{MV JQ>m§Zm "amoOJma h_r' Ë`m§Mr `moOZm dmQ>mdr `mgmR>r `moOZoA§VJ©V {_iUmar _Owar, Vr {_iÊ`mMr nÕV, H$m_ gwê$hmoÊ`mMm H$mbmdYr `mgma»`m H$irÀ`m àíZm§~m~V H$moUË`m VaVwXr Zì`mZo gwMdmì`m bmJVrb? gÜ`mÀ`m H$m`ÚmVrbVaVwXr à^mdrnUo dmnaë`m Omì`mV `mgmR>r H$moUË`m Cnm`m§Mm AmJ«h Yamdm bmJob?

* ^y{_hrZm§Zm VmVS>rZo VgoM XrK© H$mimgmR>r CnOr{dHo$Mr (Ho$di _OwarMr Zìho) h_r {_imdr `mgmR>r AhdmbmVgwMdboë`m ^mS>oVÎdmdarb eoVrgma»`m n`m© mÀ`m OmoS>rZo BVa H$moUVo n`m© gwMdVm oVrb?

* amoOJma h_r `moOZoMm Cn`moJ d§{MV JQ>m§Zm VmËnwaVr Zìho Va XrK©H$mbrZ, VgoM \$º$ _OwarMr Zìho Va "CnOr{dHo$Mr'h_r {_iÊ`mgmR>r hmoD$ eH$Vmo, Agm ñd`§godr joÌmVrb AZw^d Amho. `m AZw^dmÀ`m AmYmao amoh`moV H$moUË`mVaVwXr/~Xb Zì`mZo gwMdVm oVrb? Ë`mgmR>r ñd §godr joÌmVrb AZw dmÀ`m AmYmao H$moUË`m Jmoï>tMm AmJ«h YaVmòB©b?

AhdmbmVrb {e\$magr `m àm_w»`mZo A{^`m§{ÌH$s d ZmoH$aemhrÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ _m§S>boë`m AmhoV, ho bjmV KoD$ZAhdmbmV Z _m§S>bobo na§Vw `moOZm Iè`m AWm©Zo d§{MVm{^_wI ~ZdÊ`mgmR>r _hÎdmMo R>é eH$Vrb Ago H$mhr _wÔo _m§S>Ê`mMmà`ËZ darb àíZm§À`m _XVrZo Ho$bm Amho. Vw_À`m AZw dmVyZ AemM H$mhr _wÚm§Mr â Oéa Kmbmdr.

**********


nwZ{d©bmoH$Z g{_VrÀ`m AhdmbmVrb {e\$magr

1. nmUbmoQ> joÌ {dH$mgmÀ`m H$m ©H«$_mVyZ yObmMr nmVir dmT>dyZ {d{hatÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ h§Jm_r qgMZmMr gmoH$ê$Z H$moaS>dmhÿ O{_ZrÀ`m eoVH$è`m§Zm XmoZ {nHo$ KoÊ`mMr gmo` {Z_m©U H$aUo Am{U Ë`mÛmao m joÌmVdmñVì` H$aUmè`m eoVH$ar d Am{Xdmgr g_mOmMr Am{W©H$ CÞVr H$ê$Z amÁ`mMm {dH$mg H$aUo ho `mnwT>amoh`moMo C{Ôï> R>odmdo.

2. nmUbmoQ> joÌ {dH$mgmMr O~m~Xmar EH$mM {d^mJmH$S>o VmËH$mi gmondmdr. hm {d^mJ hm amÁ`mMm Obg§YmaU{d^mJ Agmdm. amoh`mo H$m`©H«$_ hm Obg§YmaU {d^mJmMm H$m`©H«$_ H$amdm. gÜ`mMr amoh`moMr H$m_oamÁ`mÀ`m doJdoJù`m {d^mJm_m\©$V H$ê$Z KoÊ`mMr nÕV ~§X H$amdr. amoh`mo åhUOo nmUbmoQ> joÌ {dH$mg hoVÎd A§{JH$mamdo.

3. amÁ`mVrb gd© nmUbmoQ> joÌmMm EH$ ~¥hV² AmamIS>m VmVS>rZo V`ma H$amdm. Aem AmamIS>çmV doJdoJù`m{d^mJmH$Sy>Z doJdoJù`m {ZYr òmoVmVyZ nmUbmoQ> joÌ {dH$mgmMr Or H$m_o Pmbobr AmhoV Am{U Ë`m§MrAmVmnmdoVmo gÜ`mMr pñWVr H$er Amho mMo àË`j gd}jU H$ê$Z Zm|X H$amdr. Cd©[aV CnMmamMr H$m_o{Z`moOZ~Õ nÕVrZo amoOJma h_r moOZoMm {ZYr dmnê$Z nyU© H$amdrV.

4. Obg§YmaU {d^mJmZo Agm ~¥hV² AmamIS>m V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r amoOJma h_r moOZoMm {ZYr CnbãY H$ê$ZÚmdm. mgmR>r A{YH$Mo Vm§{ÌH$ _Zwî`~i CnbãY H$ê$Z Úmdo. m H$m_mgmR>r JaO nS>ë`mg m joÌmV H$m_H$aUmè`m ImOJr d emgH$s` g§ñWm§Zm nU nmMmaU H$ê$Z ho H$m_ AMyH$nUo nyU© H$ê$Z ¿`mdo. Aem gd©nmUbmoQ> joÌ {Zhm` AmamIS>çm{edm` nmUbmoQ> joÌ {dH$mgmMo H$m_ H$ê$ Z o.

5. Á`m mJmV amoOJma h_r moOZogmR>r ñWm{ZH$ _Oya CnbãY hmoV ZmhrV, Ë`m {R>H$mUr nmUbmoQ> joÌ {dH$mgmMoH$m_ {Z`moOZ~Õ nÕVrZo R>amdrH$ H$mbmdYrV nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r Imbrb XmoZ n`m© m§Mm {dMma H$amdm.

(A) _Owam§Mr CnbãYVm OmñV Agboë`m amÁ`mÀ`m ^mJmVyZ, Á`m ^mJmV _Owam§Mr H$_VaVm AmhoË`m {R>H$mUr _Oya dJ© (land army) ñWbm§V[aV H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$amdm.

(~) nmUbmoQ> joÌ hm àH$ën g_OyZ n`m© r (H§$ÌmQ>Xma Zo_yZ, §Ì gm_J«r dmnê$Z) nÕVrZo {dH$mgmgmR>rÀ`mCnMmamMr H$m_o nyU© H$ê$Z ¿`mdrV.

_Owambm H$m_ XoÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo n`m© 1 Mm {dMma àW_ H$amdm. Vo eŠ` Zgë`mg n`m© H«$.2 à_mUo H$m ©dmhrH$amdr. nU H$moUË`mhr n[apñWVrV _Owam§À`m CnbãYVogmR>r XwîH$mimMr dmQ> nmhV H$m_o AY©dQ> R>ody Z o.

6. amoOJma h_r moOZm XmoZ mJm_Ü o am~dmdr.

(1) amoOJma h_r moOZm - {dH$mgmgmR>r; (2) amoOJma h_r moOZm - XwîH$mimgmR>r

XwîH$mir H$mbmdYrV _Owambm H$m_ XoUo hr àmYmÝ`H«$_Vm Agë`m_wio JaO mgë`mg g_Ýd` A{YH$mar åhUyZg§~§{YV {Oëhm{YH$mè`mH$S>o (gÜ`mÀ`m nÕVrà_mUo) hr O~m~Xmar gmondmdr. Aem n[apñWVrV _Owambm H$m_XoÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo (eoVmda ~m§Y KmbUo, (compartment bunding) eoVVù`mMr H$m_o H$aUo, añË`mMo ê§$XrH$aUH$aUo, H$mbdo-VbmdmMo ZyVZrH$aU B.) VwbZoZo H$_r A{^`m§{ÌH$s H$m¡eë`mMr JaO AgUmar H$m_o (relief

measures) åhUyZ H$ê$Z ¿`mdrV. gd©gm_mÝ` dfm©V _mÌ amoh`mo hr EH$ {dH$mgmMr moOZm åhUyZ nmUbmoQ> joÌ{dH$mg H$m ©H«$_ hm EH$ àH$ën g_OyZ Obg§YmaU {d^mJm_m\©$V {Z`moOZ~Õ nÕVrZo am~dmdr.


7. H§$ÌmQ>XmamH$adr _OwamMo exploitation hmoD$ Z o åhUyZ Imbrb AQ>tMo nmbZ H$ê$Z ¿`mdo.

(A) _Oya à{UV H$m_ _Owam§_m\©$V H$ê$Z ¿`mdo. (~) ñWm{ZH$ _Owam§Zm àW_V… H$m_ Úmdo.

(H$) _Owambm {Xbr OmUmar _Owar hr {H$_mZ doVZmnojm H$_r amhUma Zmhr mda bj R>odmdo.

8. nmUbmoQ> joÌ {dH$mgmMo H$m_ emór` nÕVrZo d A{^`m§{ÌH$r VÎdmbm Yê$Z H$amdo, `m H$m_m_ÜòA{^`m§{ÌH$Voer d JwUdÎmoer VS>OmoS> H$ê$ Z o.

9. EH$m Jmdmbm {H$_mZ EH$ añVm `mà_mUo añVm H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ nmUbmoQ> joÌ {dH$mgmMm H$m ©H«$_ åhUyZ am~dmdm.añË`mMo Am wî` dmT>Ê`mgmR>r d XoI^mb XwéñVrMm IM© H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r añË`mda amoh`moVyZ S>m§~arH$aUmMmZm__mÌ (Single Coat Sur-face Dressing) Wa XoÊ`mV `mdm.

10. \$i~mJ moOZogmR>r EH$m Hw$Qw>§~mbm _§Oya H$amd`mÀ`m joÌmMr _`m©Xm H$_r H$amdr d g§» oZo OmñV eoVH$è`mbm`m `moOZoV gm_rb H$ê$Z ¿`mdo. hr _`m©Xm amÁ`mÀ`m gd© mJmgmR>r EH$m Hw$Qw>§~mbm XmoZ hoŠQ>an ªV Agmdr.øm moOZoV Ðmj {nH$mMm nU g_mdoe H$amdm. øm moOZogmR>r bmJUmar amono d H$b_o hmoVH$ê$, {dídgZr`Vê$U eoVH$è`mÀ`m amon dm{Q>Ho$VyZ KoÊ`mg dmd Úmdm.

11. \$i~mJ moOZm, Odmha {dhra/_OJr/^mV eoVr, eoVVir B. d¡ {º$H$ bm^mÀ`m moOZon¡H$s EH$mM moOZoMmbm^ EH$m eoVH$è`mbm Úmdm. _mÌ `mgmR>r Am{Xdmgr Hw$Qw>§~mMm AndmX H$amdm.

12. Aem d¡ {º$H$ bm^mMr Am{W©H$ _`m©Xm gÚ…n[apñWVrV gd©gmYmaUV… é. 50 hOmamn ªV _`m©{XV H$amdr.Xa nmM dfmªZr mMm AmT>mdm ¿`mdm.

13. amoh`moVyZ h§Jm_r qgMZmMr gmo` hmoV Agë`m_wio m nwT>o H$_r H$mbmdYrMr d H$_r nmUr bmJUmar {nHo$MKoÊ`mgmR>r eoVH$è`m§Zm àmoËgm{hV H$amdo.

14. amoh`moMo {Z`{_VnUo _yë`_mnZ H$amdo. `mgmR>r {dÚmnrR> d BVa Zm_d§V (Professional) g§KQ>Zm§MmàmWå`mZo {dMma H$amdm.

15. amoh`moÀ`m H$m_mV JwUdÎmm d e{ñdVm AmUÊ`mgmR>r à{ejUmMo H$m`©H«$_ _moR>çm à_mUmV {Z`{_VnUoam~dmdoV. à{ejUmMr O~m~Xmar èXm, dmë_r d _oar gma»`m g§ñWm§Zm Úmdr. `mgmR>r `m g§ñWm§Zm amoh`mo{ZYr CnbãY H$ê$Z Úmdm. Ago à{ejU emgZmVrb A{YH$mar, H$_©Mmar d nmUbmoQ> joÌmVrb eoVH$ar,godm^mdr g§ñWm m§À`mgmR>r Agmdo.

16. amoh`moÀ`m {ZYrVyZ emgZmÀ`m doJdoJù`m à{ejU g§ñWm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ JaOy, gw{e{jV d ~oamoOJmaVê$Um§Zm/VéUtZm à{e{jV H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`m H$m¡eë`m_Ü o gwYmaUm H$amdr mgmR>r amoh`moMm {ZYr dmnamdm.

17. amoh`moVyZ Xw½Y {dH$mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r doJdoJù`m àH$maMr (bgyU, Kmg, A§OZ, hmXJm B.) Mmè`m§Mr {nHo$¿`mdrV. AemàH$maÀ`m {~`m§Mr CËnmXZ H|$Ðo d amon dm{Q>H$m gwê$ H$amì`mV d Ë`mVyZ eoVH$è`m§Zm Mmè`mMo~rO d amono CnbãY H$ê$Z Úmdo d Ë`m§À`m ImOJr joÌmda gH$g Mmam dmT>{dÊ`mg àmoËgm{hV H$amdo. JdV ho~hþdm{f©H$ nrH$ Zgë`m_wio m {nH$mMr eoVH$è`mbm JmoS>r bmJÊ`mgmR>r d mVyZ Vmo AWm©O©Z H$ê$Z nwT>ooÊ`mgmR>r \$º$ EH$ dfm©À`mM bmJdS>rÀ`m IMm©Mr O~m~Xmar amoh`moVyZ ¿`mdr.

18. Bio-Diesel {Z{_©Vrg MmbZm XoÊ`mgmR>r \$i~mJ moOZoÀ`m YVuda OQ>mo\$m dZñnVrMr bmJdS> hmVr ¿`mdr.

19. \$i~mJ moOZoÀ`m YVuda dZm¡fYrMm bmJdS>rMm H$m ©H«$_ am~dmdm.


20. gd© àH$maÀ`m d¡ {º$H$ bm^YmaH$ moOZm m \$i~mJ moOZoÀ`m YVudaM am~dmì`m.

21. Jw§V{dboë`m {ZYrMm naVmdm ObXJVrZo {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r AnyU© H$m_o eŠ` Agob Ë`m nÕVrZo hmVr KoD$ZoË`m 2 dfmªV nyU© H$amdrV. hm gmd©O{ZH$ {ZYrMm Anì`` Q>mimdm.

22. amoh`moMm dm{f©H$ Ahdmb hm OZVogmR>r {Z`{_VnUo à{gÕ H$ê$Z {dV[aV H$amdm.

23. amoh`moA§VJ©V {d{dY H$m_m§Mr gwb^nUo _m{hVr XoUmar nwpñVH$m H$mTy>Z Ë`m _moR>çm à_mUmV gVV dmQ>Vamhmì`mV. Aem nwpñVH$m§Mo Xadfu ZyVZrH$aU H$amdo.

24. Ë`m-Ë`m ^mJm§er AZwHy$b Am{U A{^`m§{ÌH$s emómbm Yê$Z doJdoJù`m n`m©`m§Mm Aä`mg H$ê$ZnmUbmoQ> joÌ {dH$mgmÀ`m Á`m CnMmam§Mo ~m§YH$m_ H$aUo JaOoMo Amho Ë`mM CnMmamMo H$m_ hmVr ¿`mdo. AgoH$aV AgVmZm Hw$eb-AHw$eb `m à_mUmMo ~§YZ Kmby Z o.

25. H$moH$Umgma»`m ^mJmV amoh`moVyZ bhmZ-bhmZ H$m±H«$sQ> ~§Ymè`m§Mr _m{bH$m {Z_m©U H$amdr. ho H$m_nyU©nUo Hw$eb ñdê$nmMo Agë`mZo A{^`m§{ÌH$s §ÌUo_m\©$VM H$ê$Z ¿`mdo.

26. `mnwT>o {g_|Q> ~§Ymao XJS>r ~m§YH$m_mV H$ê$ Z oV. mgmR>r H$m±{H«$Q>MmM dmna H$amdm. Fly ash concrete Mm nUAem ~§Ymè`mgmR>r {dMma H$amdm.

27. eham^modVrÀ`m ZdrZ dgmhVrV amoh`moVyZ añVo V`ma H$amdoV. mgmR>r J«m_rU d ehar Agm oX^md H$ê$ Z o.

28. H$_rV H$_r IMm©V nU {Q>H$mD$ ñdê$nmMr {H$_mZ 25 Mm¡._r. MQ>B© joÌ Agbobr Kao amoh`moÀ`m {ZYrVyZamÁ`mVrb Jar~ y{_hrZ d {ZdmghrZ dJm©gmR>r ~m§YmdrV d Ë`mbm Hw$eb-AHw$eb à_mUmMo ~§YZ Kmby Z o.hr gmo ZJanm{bHo$n ªVM _`m©{XV H$amdr. _hmZJanm{bHo$À`m joÌmMm {dMma mgmR>r H$ê$ Z o.

29. amoh`mo {ZYrMm dmna BVa H$m_mgmR>r H$aÊ`mda ~§YZo AmUÊ`mgmR>r m {ZYrMm emgZmZo ñdV§Ì boIm H$mT>mdm.

30. Á`m {R>H$mUr hOoar nÌH$mda H$m_ H$aUo eŠ` Amh>o d Ho$bo OmD$ eH$Vo, Ë`m {R>H$mUr _Owambm _Owar YZmXoemZoXoÊ`mMm nU {dMma H$amdm.

31. _Owambm doioda _Owar {_iÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mZo Ho$boë`m H$m_mMo _moO_mn KoÊ`mgmR>r emgZm~mhoarb A{^`m§{ÌH$sgodoMm Adb§~ H$aÊ`mMm {dMma H$amdm.

32. Am{Xdmgr bmoH$m§Zm Am{Xdmgr joÌmV H$m`_Mo CnOr{dHo$Mo gmYZ CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r mV eoVrMr ImMao{Z_m©U H$ê$Z Úmdr. Va {dX^m©À`m JS>{Mamobr ^mJmV ~moS>r/Vbmd {Z_m©U H$amdoV. `mgmR>r nS>H$B© nÕVrMmAdb§~ H$amdm.

33. y{_hrZ eoV _Owam§Zm emgH$s` nS>rH$, CVmamMr O_rZ mS>o nÕVrZo XoD$Z Ë`mMo ê$nm§VaU mV eoVrV H$amdo.

34. H|$ÐmÀ`m d amÁ` emgZmÀ`m `moOZoMo Over Lapping Q>miÊ`mgmR>r doJdoJù`m `moOZogmR>r doJdoJionmUbmoQ> joÌ {ZdS>mdoV.

35. J«m_rU ^mJmV JaOy _{hbm§À`m g§ñWm {Z_m©U H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm gmd©O{ZH$/gaH$mar O{_ZrMm H$mhr ^mJ Zm__mÌ^mS>onÅ>rda CnbãY H$ê$Z XoD$Z Ë`mgmR>r \$i~mJ `moOZogmaIr `moOZm am~dyZ _{hbm§Zm H$m`_ CËnÞmMogmYZ {Z_m©U H$ê$Z Úmdo.


36. Á`m {R>H$mUr hOoarnÌH$mda H$m_ H$aUo eŠ` ZgVo Ë`m {R>H$mUr gai (Piece Work) nÕVrZoH§$ÌmQ>XmamH$adr ñWm{ZH$ _Owambm H$m_ XoD$Z Ë`mbm {H$_mZ doVZmEdT>r _Owar {_iob mMr H$miOr KoD$ZnmUbmoQ> joÌmÀ`m {dH$mgmMo H$m_ H$amdo Am{U ~ZmdQ> hOoar nÌH$ ~Z{dÊ`mÀ`m nÕVrVyZ amoh`moMr gwQ>H$mH$amdr.

37. nmUbmoQ> joÌ {dH$mgmÀ`m H$m_mV A{^`m§{ÌH$s H$m¡eë` d JwUdÎmm AmUÊ`mgmR>r `mnwT>o (Drainage Line

Treatment) Mr H$m_o amÁ`mÀ`m Obg§YmaU (bKwnmQ>~§Ymao) `m A{^`m§{ÌH$s {d^mJm_m\©$VM H$amdrV. Area

Treatment Mr VwbZoZo A{^`m§{ÌH$s H$m¡eë` H$_r AgUmar H$m_o H¥$fr ImË`mVrb H¥$fr A{^ §Ë`m§H$Sy>ZMH$ê$Z ¿`mdrV.

38. nmUbmoQ> joÌ {dH$mgmÀ`m H$m_mV JwUdÎmm AmUÊ`mgmR>r emgZm~mhoarb g§ñWm§Zm d {Zd¥Îm A{^ §Ë`m§Zm PMGSY

À`m VÎdmda Quality Monitors åhUyZ Zo_UyH$ H$ê$Z H$m_mVrb JwUdÎmoMr gmVË`mZo VnmgUr H$amdr.

39. nmUbmoQ> joÌ {dH$mgmMr H$m_o ì`dñWmnZ, XoI^mb XwéñVrgmR>r ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm§Zm (J«m_n§Mm`V,n§Mm`V g{_Ë`m B.) hñVm§V[aV H$amdo. Jmd {Zhm` ZH$memda Aem CnMmamMr Zm|X ¿`mdr. Ago ZH$meoJ«m_n§Mm`VtZm CnbãY H$ê$Z ÚmdoV. `m H$m ©H«$_mVyZ {Z_m©U Pmboë`m qgMZ joÌmda nmUr nÅ>r bmdÊ`mMoA{YH$ma g§~§{YV J«m_n§Mm`VtZm H$m`ÚmZo ÚmdoV.

40. nmUbmoQ> joÌ {dH$mg H$m ©H«$_ hm amÁ`mV gd©Ì Obg§YmaU {d^mJm_m\©$V am~dmdm. hm {d^mJ ~hþemIr`H$amdm. H¥$fr {d^mJmH$S>rb VmbwH$m ñVamdaMr nmUbmoQ> joÌ {dH$mg H$m_mer {ZJ{S>V, Amdí`H$ VodT>rMAmñWmnZm Obg§YmaU {d^mJmH$S>o dJ© H$amdr.

**********

à`mgÀ`m g§gmYZo d CnOr{dH$m JQ>mV\}$ MmcUmao H$m_

2000 gmbmnmgyZ à`mg D$Om© JQ>m§VJ©V "g§gmYZo d CnOr{dH$m' JQ H$m ©aV Amho. `m JQ>m_Ü o àm_w»`mZo

Z¡g{J©H$ g§gmYZo d Ë`mda Adb§~yZ AgUmè`m bmoH$m§Mr CnOr{dH$m m {df`mda H$m_ gwê$ Amho. d§[MV KQ>H$m§À`m

CnOr{dHo$Mm àíZ {dH$mgmdarb MM}À`m d H$m ©H«$_m§À`m H|$ÐñWmZr mdm mgmR>r "g§gmYZo d CnOr[dH$m' JQ H$m_

H$arV Amho. m JQ>mV\}$ Imbrb {df`m§da H$m_ Mmby Amho.

1) emídV CnOr{dHo$À`m {dH$mg{df`H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmÀ`m _m§S>UrMo H$m_ : "emídV CnOr{dH$m" mdarb Am§Vaamï>r`

MM}Mm Aä`mg Am{U m MM}V gh^mJr Am§Vaamï—>r` g§ñWm§À`m y{_Ho$Mr {M{H$Ëgm H$aUo hm m H$m_mMm n{hbm Q>ßnm

hmoVm. Aä`mgH$ d H$m ©H$Ë`mªg_moa `m MM}Mo {dûcofU _m§Sy>Z Ë`m§Mr Ñï>r, Ë`m§Mm AZw d `m§À`m _XVrZo n`m© r

à{V_mZmÀ`m g§H$ënZmË_H$ ~mOyda {dMma H$aUo Am{U "emídV CnOr{dHo$À`m {dH$mg{df`H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmMr

(Sustainable Livelihood Perspective) g§H$ënZmË_H$ Am{U H$m ©H«$_mË_H$ Aem XmoZ nmVù`m§da _m§SUr

H$aUo d Ë`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmMm {d{dY àH$mao àgma H$aUo `mda gÜ`m H$m_ Mmby Amho.

2) BVa Aä`mgmË_H$ CnH«$_ :

A) {dH$mgmMo CnOr{dH$mH|$Ðr n`m© r H$m ©H«$_ {dH${gV H$aVmZm Ë`m à{H«$`m§da d§{MVm§Mo {Z §ÌU Agbo nm{hOo.

Ago {Z §ÌU {_idÊ`mgmR>r _m{hVrg§H$bZmnmgyZ H$m ©H«$_mÀ`m A§_b~OmdUrn ªVÀ`m gmè`m Q>ßß`mV d§{MVm§Zm

IamIwam gh^mJ KoVm `mdm `mgmR>r Img gmYZo (tools) d nÕVr {dH${gV H$aÊ`mda `m JQ>mMo H$m_ Mmby

Amho. dmS>rMm/nmS>çmMm/JmdmMm CnOr{dH$m OmhraZm_m V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>rMr gmYZo gÜ`m {dH${gV Ho$br

OmV AmhoV.

~) "amoOJma h_r moOZm' m _hmamï—> amÁ`mÀ`m d¡{eîQ>çnyU© moOZoMo {díbofU H$éZ hr moOZm d§{MV KQ>H$m§À`m

CnOr{dH$m gwa{jV H$aÊ`mgmR>r gmhmæ` yV R>amdr `mgmR>r YmoaUd{H$brMo (A°S>ìhmoH$gr) à`ËZ H$aUo, hm

`m JQ>mÀ`m H$m_mMm EH$ CÔoe Amho. mH$aVm m moOZoÀ`m Ame`mV Am{U H$ma^mamÀ`m à{H«$ oV (JìhZ©Ýg)

H$m` gwYmaUm H$aVm oVrb `mda H$m ©H$V} Am{U Aä`mgH$ `m§À`m _XVrZo H$m_ gwê$ Amho.

3) H$_r ~mø gmYZm§Mr emídV eoVr : n`m© r {dH$mgmÀ`m H$m ©H«$_m_Ü o n`m© r eoVrÀ`m V§ÌmË_H$ A§JmMr KS>U

H$aÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo hm JQ> H$m_ H$arV Amho. g_mOmVrb d§{MV g_yhm§À`m emídV CnOr{dHo$gmR>r amoI n¡go d ~mø

gmYZmMr JaO H$_r AgUmè`m H$gUwH$sÀ`m nÕVr d V§Ìo ({deofV: Z¡g{J©H$ g§gmYZm§À`m ì`dñWmnZmg§~§Yr)

à`moJmÛmao {gÕ H$ê$Z Ë`mMm àgma H$aUo Ago m H$m_mMo ñdén Amho. m H$m_m_Ü o à`moJ, àË`jXe©Z (S>o_m°ÝñQ—>oeZ),

à{ejU d _m{hVr g§H$bZ Agm Mma-gyÌr H$m ©H«$_ Mmby Amho.

ImOJr {dVaUmgmR>r

à`mg{df`r

à`mg hm d¡ÚH$s` d V§ÌkmZmÀ`m joÌmVrb H$mhr ì`mdgm{`H$m§Zr EH$Ì oD$Z ñWmnbobm d H$m`ÚmZwgma Zm|Xbobm gmd©O{ZH$

{dœñV {ZYr Amho. à`mgÀ`m dVrZo 'Amamo½`', 'D$Om©', '{ejU d nmbH$Ëd' VgoM 'g§gmYZo d CnOr{dH$m' øm joÌm§V

AZoH$ CnH«$_ Mmbdbo OmVmV. Amnbo ì`mdgm{`H$ kmZ d H$m¡eë o dmnéZ g_mOmVrb d§{MV dJmªÀ`m ñdCÞVrgmR>rÀ`m

à`ËZm§Zm d g§KfmªZm gmhmæ`^yV R>amdo øm CÔoemZo à`mgMo gXñ` H$m_ H$arV AgVmV. g§emoYZ, {dûcofU, à{ejU,

_m{hVrMm àgma, dmL²>`_`{Z{_©Vr, B. {d{dY _mJmªZr darb CÔoem§À`m nyVugmR>r à`ËZ Ho$bo OmVmV.

g§gmYZo d CnOr{dH$m JQ> : "_§Joenwîn', gìh} Z§. 133, ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X gmogm`Q>r, ~m`\$À`mOdi, dmaOo, nwUo -

411052.� 25232836, _mo~mB©c : 9422317530, \°$Šg - 25420337 E-mail: [email protected] Web-site:www.prayaspune.org

Zm|XUrH¥$V H$m`m©c` : A_¥Vm pŠb{ZH$, AmR>dbo H$m°Z©a, H$d} amoS>, nwUo-411004. � 25441230, 25420337.

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amoOJma h r `moOZm nwZ{d©bmoH$Z? nwZ{d©bmoH$Z? …g§gmYZo d CnOr{dH$m JQ>, à`mg, nwUo 1 àñVmdZm amoOJma h_r `moOZoÀ`m Joë`m 25 dfm©Vrb `emn`emMm AmT>mdm KoD$Z Ë`mV H$mbmZwén