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your name your caption here Topic : An empirical test of spatial competition in the audit market -Wieteke Numan, Marleen Willekens- 會會會會會 會會會 會會會 會會會

An empirical test of spatial competition in the audit market

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Page 1: An empirical test of spatial  competition in the audit market

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Topic

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An empirical test of spatial competition in the audit market

-Wieteke Numan, Marleen Willekens-

會碩一連晨帆 張嘉伶毛聖崴 陳彥亨

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Overview

Introduction

Hotelling modelIssuesHypothesisData Source

Motivation

Contribution

Theory &Hypothesis

Theory BaseAssumptionsHypothesisResearch DesignMeasures

Conclusion &Limitation

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Introduction

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Hotelling,1929

Spatial Economics( 空間經濟學 )

Assumptions:

1.生產成本相同2.產品同質3.顧客平均分散4.交通成本與距離成正比

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Introduction

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Hotelling,1929

Spatial Economics( 空間經濟學 ) (Cont’d)

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Introduction

:

Hotelling,1929

Spatial Economics( 空間經濟學 ) (Cont’d)

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Introduction

:事務所的「相對位置」對審計公費的影響

Issues

※此處的「位置」指的是市場定位、市佔率等

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Introduction

:

本論文注重 :

Issues(Cont’d)

1.auditor-client location

2.auditor-competitor location

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hypothesis

Two Hypothesis

1 事務所差異化策略 ( 如產業專精 ) 與審計客戶的需求越一致 ( 客戶產業 ) ,審計公費越高 ( 競爭力越強 ) 。

hypothesis

2

假定其他情況不變,當事務所的差異化策略和距離最近競爭者的策略相差越多時,審計公費越高。

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Introduction

:

Regression Analysis Data Source

1. Time : 2005~2006 年2. Auditor :美國四大會計師事務所3. Client :規模較大的公開發行公司4. Audit Market :依 MSA 劃分區域

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Introduction

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MSA (大都市統計區)

因為美國地大物博,不是每個客戶都由全國總所來查,大多由所在地那一區的分所來查。為求嚴謹,所以應將美國劃分區域,以便找出各區中的市佔率。

MSA ( metropolitan statistical area ),是美國政府在做城鄉調查的時候依據人口密度等等的因素所訂出來的一種單位

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Motivation

1. High level of concentration

2. Regulated demand for audits by listed firms

3. High barriers to entry due to reputation effects and the need for specialized knowledge

Characteristics of Audit Market

WHY?

Concentrationn

市場集中度越高,廠商數越少,競爭越小。

1.

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MotivationMotivation(Cont’d)

A. 市場假設 : 不完全競爭市場

• Degree of Competition

• Simunic ( 1980 )

• 後續研究發現

• 相關文獻

a. 2005: AICPA National Conference, former SEC

Chairman Christopher Cox

b. The Financial Reporting Council (FRC) in the U.K.

c. Peter Wyman, head of professional affairs at PWC

d. October 2010: European Commission

相關討論

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MotivationMotivation(Cont’d)

A. 市場假設 : 不完全競爭市場

• Degree of Competition

• Simunic ( 1980 )

• 後續研究發現

• 相關文獻

① Oligopolistic segment of large audit clients

② Competitive segment of small audit clients

假設小型客戶部分的定價是完全競 爭,那麼大型客戶部分的定價則會 包含「溢價」( Premium )

Market Power 、 Product Differentiation

Relative Product (In)efficiencies

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MotivationMotivation(Cont’d)

A. 市場假設 : 不完全競爭市場

• Degree of Competition

• Simunic ( 1980 )

• 後續研究發現

• 相關文獻

① Oligopolistic segment of large audit clients

② Competitive segment of small audit clients

假設小型客戶部分的定價是完全競 爭,那麼大型客戶部分的定價則會 包含「溢價」( Premium )

不拒絕『審計市場存在競爭力』的假設

Simunic 發現 Big 8 audit firm 並沒

有重大的溢價

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MotivationMotivation(Cont’d)

A. 市場假設 : 不完全競爭市場

• Degree of Competition

• Simunic ( 1980 )

• 後續研究發現

• 相關文獻

Big 8/6/5/4 audit firm 有公費溢價

WHY?

Due to Big N audit firm’s

『 Superior Quality 』 rather than

『 Uncompetitive Behavior 』。

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MotivationMotivation(Cont’d)

A. 市場假設 : 不完全競爭市場

• Degree of Competition

• Simunic ( 1980 )

• 後續研究發現

• 相關文獻

1. Craswell et al.,1995

2. Francis et al.,2005

3. Ferguson et al.,2003

均假設審計市場為「完全競爭」

相關文獻

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小結 Motivation(Cont’d)

A. 市場假設 : 不完全競爭市場

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Motivation(Cont’d)

B. 著重競爭相對距離與審計公費的關係WHY?

之前文獻 :討論市場集中度與審計公費關係

1. Pearson and Trompeter,1994

2. Bandyopadhyay and Kao,2004

3. Willekens and Achmadi,2003

4. Feldman,2006

The evidence is mixed不著重市場集中度對審計定價的影響

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小結 Motivation(Cont’d)

B. 著重競爭相對距離與審計公費的關係

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Contribution

1. This approach provides a different way of conceptualizing the nature of competition in the audit services: competition is imperfect and local, and audit firms are strategic players.

2. The first formal framework to empirically explore the implication of differences in competiveness across audit market segments and regions on audit pricing.

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Hotelling's

Theory and hypothesis

model

結論 : 審計公費受到兩個「相對位置」影響

1. 與客戶 相對位置

2. 與競爭者 相對位置

Relative Location

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理 論 基 礎Theory and hypothesis(cont’d)

• Price (spatial) competition model with discriminatory pricing

審計市場並非完全競爭

1. 事務所透過提供客戶專精服務來 取得市場力量 .

2. 事務所間的競爭是區域化的 (localized)

3. 低價攬客是事務所競爭造成的自然現象

:

不同客戶,不同訂價

事務所專精無法在分所間 傳承

Chan(1999) 、Chan et al.(2004)

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前提Theory and hypothesis(cont’d)

假設

1) 審計客戶的異質性高

針對每個客戶,事務所可以有不同的訂價

2) 客戶能區別事務所提供的差異化服務,因此願意支付溢價 (premium)

3) 不同的審計客戶對於事務所的偏好 (preference) 不同

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hypothesis

Theory and hypothesis(cont’d)

1

事務所差異化策略 ( 如產業專精 ) 與審計客戶的需求越一致 ( 客戶產業 ) ,審計公費越高。

hypothesis

2

假定其他情況不變,當事務所的差異化策略和距離最近競爭者的策略相差越多時,審計公費越高。

與客戶 相對位置

與 競爭者 相對位置

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ModelResearch Design

Test variables 解釋變數 to capture relative location

Test Variables

與客戶 相對位置

與 競爭者 相對位置

1 . Alignment_client

2. Distance_competitor

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定義

Measures

審計市場 定義審計市場 : local audit office( 分所 ) 不使用跨區事務所,因為會計師專精不會在分所之間傳承。

MSA (大都市統計區)

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Hypothesis

Measures(cont’d)

1

事務所差異化策略與審計客戶的需求越一致(Alignment_client), 審計公費越高 ( 競爭力越強 ) 。

a. 差異化策略衡量 : 客 戶 產 業

b. 方法 : 客戶組合指標(Portfolio Shares Measures)

c. Industry portfolio share 為 Alignment_client 的代理變數

Industry Portfolio Share

特定產業客戶公費收入

總公費收入

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hypothesis

Measures(Cont’d)

2

假定其他情況不變,當事務所的差異化策略和距離最近競爭者的策略相差越多時 (Distance_competitor 越大 ) ,審計公費越高

特定產業市占率差 為 Distance_competitor 的代理變數

a. 差異化距離 : 特定產業市占率差

Chicago 電子業

A 所市占率 : 30%B 所市占率 : 10%C 所市占率 : 25% ………

市占率差 = 30%-25%=Distance_competitor

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Model Expected Signs

α1> 0 且 α2 > 0

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Conclusions and limitations

Price competition

-Alignment between auditor and client

- Market share distance between auditor and competitor

Complementing prior research

- Distinguishing between two sources of market power

- Location variable: market share distance

與客戶 相對位置

與 競爭者 相對位置

Conclusions

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Conclusions and limitations(Cont’d)

– Measurement error

– Relative small size market

– Superior audit quality

– Endogeneity issues

Limitations

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END

:-End-

Thank you for your attention

-Q&A-

會碩一連晨帆 張嘉伶毛聖崴 陳彥亨

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補充美國「產業標準分類 (Standard Industrial

Classification, SIC) 」

•前兩碼為主要行業別 (2023 的前兩碼 20 代表製造業 )

•第 3 碼為分類更細的產業 (2023 的第三碼 2 為乳品業 ) 。•第 4 碼則代表主要產品 (2023 的第四碼 3 為煉乳 ) 。

例、 [ 美國著名企業之 SIC 碼 ]

公司    SIC 碼   前兩碼     後兩碼 IBM 3571 工商機器與電腦設備 電腦Walmart 5331 一般商品販售 多樣商品商店

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Sample

:

會碩一連晨帆 張嘉伶毛聖崴 陳彥亨

Data

Page 35: An empirical test of spatial  competition in the audit market

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Introduction

:

Regression Analysis Data Source

1. Time : 2005~2006 年。 2. Auditor :美國四大會計師事務所3. Client :規模較大的公開發行公司4. Audit Market :依 MSA 劃分區域

-- 空間經濟學 : 寡占市場-- 資料容易取得

-- 資料相對穩定

Start with Big 4 client observations