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Anatomy of the
Endocrine System
Oleh : Chodidjah
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• At the end of the lecture, students should be
able to d escribe :
The position and structur of the glands of
endocrine system:hypothalamus, pituitary,pineal, thyroid, para thyroid, adrenal,
pancreas, ovarium, testis
The structures of Hypothalamus related to
the pituitary gland.
Hormones which producing of endocrine
system
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
the structures of hypothalamus related
to the pituitary gland.
• Describe the blood supply of endocrine
system gland .
•Describe the blood supply of pituitarygland & the hypophyseal portal system.
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• The nervous system of endocrine
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the Endocrine System• The endocrine system ismade up of seen di!erent
"#ands that ma$e chemica#sca##ed %OR&ONES'
•%OR&ONES are su(stancesthat act as mesen"er tocontro# many (ody function'
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The endocrine system ma$es
more the )* mayor hormonesthat he#p contro#+
• Gro,th
• Reproduction• Se-sua# dee#opment
• .se and Stora"e of ener"y
• Responses to physica# stress ortrauma
• Lee# of /uid sa#t and su"ar in
(#ood
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GLANDS OF ENDOCRINESYSTEM
• Hypothalamus
• Pineal
• Pituitary
• Thymus
• Thyroid
• Para thyroid
• Adrenal• Pancreas
• Gonade ( Ovarium and Testis)
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%01OT%ALA&.S
The hypotha#amusis #ocated in thecenter of the (rain'
It ma$es hormonesthat increase or
decrease the re#easeof the hormonesmade in thepituitary "#and ita#so ma$eshormones that he#p
to contro# ,ater(a#ance2 s#eep2temperature2appetide and (#oodpressure'
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Hormones Which produced by hypothalamus
Releasing Hormones RH!
"rowth Hormone RH
"onadotrophin RH
Thyrotropin RH
#rolactin RH
$orticotropin RH
Release% inhibiting Hormones:
omatostatin
Dopamin
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1IT.ITAR0 GLAN34%01O1%0SIS CEREBRI5
't is referred to as the master of endocrine glands.
't is a small oval structure ( cm in diameter.
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't lies in the middle cranial fossa
1OSITION
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it lies between optic chiasma anteriorly! &
mamillary bodies posteriorly!.
&ami##ary (od
ptic chiasma
Body of sphenoi
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)#*R'+R: Diaphragma
sellae'-*R'+R: phenoidal air
sinuses
/T*R/: $avernous
sinuses
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S.B3IVISIONS O6 1IT.ITAR0 GLAN3
The gland is divided into:(! /nterior lobe /denohypophysis!: it is the True gland, ecretes
hormones
0! #osterior lobe eurohypophysis!: connected to hypothalamus
through hypothalamo%hypophyseal tract, tores hormones secreted by
hypothalamic nuclei
ypothalamo-hypophyseal
tract
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BLOO3 S.11L0 O6 1IT.ITAR0 GLAN3
/RT*R'*: uperior & inferior hypophyseal arteries branches
of internal carotid artery!
1*': Hypophyseal veins drain into $avernous inuses.
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ARTERIES
uperior hypophyseal: supplies infundibulum & forms a capillary
networ2 from which vessels pass downward & form sinusoids into the
anterior lobe of pituitary gland hypophyseal portal system!.'nferior hypophyseal: supplies posterior lobe of pituitary gland.
a hypothalamo-hypophsealportal essel
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Hormone%releasing &
inhibiting factors
produced byhypothalamus use
Hypophyseal #ortal
ystem of vessels toreach the /nterior
lobe of pituitary gland
ANTERIOR
LOBE
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The neurohypophysis
receives a nerve supply fromsome of the hypothalamic
nuclei (supraoptic &
paraventricular )
The axons of these nuclei
convey their neurosecretion
to the Posterior lobe of
pituitary gland throughHypothalamo-Hypophyseal
tract from where it passes into
the blood stream.
1OSTERIORLOBE
, c
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, cproducin" ofanteriorpituitary "#ands
- Growth hormone
( GH)
- uteini!in" hormone
(H)
- #ollicle $timulatin"hormone (#$H)
- Thyrotropin hormone
(T$H)
- Prolactin (P%)
- Adrenocorticotropichormone ( ACTH)
- &elanocye- stimulatin"
hormone ( &$H)
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!OSTERIOR !IT"ITARY#ORMONES
O'TOC
*A$OP%+$$ ( Anti ,iuretic
HormonesA,H. Ar"inin
*asopressinA*P.or Ar"ipressin)
!osterior pituitary hormones are sinthesed /ythe hypothalamus0 They are than store in
neurosecretory vesicles /e1ore secreted /y
pituitary into /lood stream0
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1INEAL "#and7pinea# (ody
The pinea# "#and#ocated in thecentre of the (rain2to the (et,een thecere(ra#
hemisphereattached to thethird entric#e
It produced theme#atonin hormone2,ith is used the(ody to $eepnorma# (ody s#eepcyc#e '
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The ThyroidG#and
2rownish-red and so1t
durin" li1e 0
ocated in the nec3 /elow
the laryn4 . and anterior to
the trachea
5sually wei"hs a/out 67-89"(lar"er inwomen)
$urrounded /y a thin.
1i/rous capsule o1 connective
tissue
+4ternal to this is 1ormed /y
pretracheal 1ascia
%i"ht and le1t lo/es are
connected /y /and o1 tissue
called isthmus0
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sthmus: e4tends across the
trachea anterior to second and
third tracheal cartila"es
Pyramidal lo/ee4ists.
ascendin" 1rom the isthmus
towards hyoid /one
ies deep to sternothyroidand
sternohyoid muscles
Parathyroid "lands usually lie
/etween posterior /order o1
thyroid "land and its sheath
nternal ju"ular vein and
common carotid arterylie
postero-lateral to thyroid
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ARTERIAL S.11L0
Arterial supply 1rom
superior and in1erior
thyroid arteries
;lie /etween capsule and
pretracheal 1ascia (1alse
capsule)
- all thyroid arteries
anastomose with one
another on and in the
su/stance o1 the thyroid./ut little anastomosis
across the median plane 0
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1ARAT%0ROI3GLAN3
#our parathyroid "land are1ound near the posterior
aspect o1 the thyroid "land0
They are small 69 -
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A3RENAL GLAN37S.1RARENALGLAN3
The adrenal "land is a smalltri an"ular "land located on
top o1 the 3idney0
Adrenal "lands are oran"e
colored endocrine "lands
that are a/out
=.7 4 8 inch0
The "land consist s o1 a
medulla and is surrounded
/y corte40
t is responsi/le 1or
producin" epinephrin andnor epinephrin . as well as
the hormones related with
stress thou"ht the process o1
corticosteroids0
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A3RENAL GLAN3
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• O$e the ma%$ &'$(t%o$ o& the a)re$al*la$) %s to +or, +%th thehypothalam's a$) the p%t'%tary
• The hypothalam's pro)'(e)(ort%(otroph%$- Realeas%$* #ormo$ethat st%m'late) the a)re$al *la$)s to
pro)'(e hormo$e (alle)(ort%(ostero%)
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BLOO3 S.11L0
The artrial /lood supply
to each adrenal "land is
via three adrenal
arteries:
-The superior suprarenal
artery. a /ranch o1 thein1erior phrenic artuery
-- The middle suprarenal
artery. a /ranch o1 the
aorta
-- The in1erior suprarenalartery. a /ranch o1 the
renal artery
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The Venousdraina"e
-The enousdraina"e of theadrena# is ia thesuprarena# eins,hich drain into
di!erent maineins on each side'
8 The ri"ht into theinferior ena caa
- The #eft into the
#eft rena# or #eftinferior phrenicein
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NERVE S.11L0
The adrenal "land
have a rich nervesupply . /ranch 1rom
Coeliac ple4us and
the thoracicus
splancnic
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6.NCTIONALANATO&0
The adrena# "#and can (edeide into t,o 9ones2 eachof ,hich producin" speci:chormones'
The inner part of the adrena#ca##ed medu##a secretedadrena#in 4 epinephrine5 and
noradrena#in 4 norepinephrine5
The outer part of theadrena# "#and ca##ed corte-secreted +
8 &inera#ocorticoid A#dosteron 4 9ona
"#omeru#osa5
8 G#ucocorticoid corti9o#4 ;ona fascicu#ata5
8 Andro"en 4;onareticu#aris5
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1ANCREATICGLAN3
Gland with /oth e4ocrine
and endocrine 1unctions
=7-67 cm lon"
>9-=99 "
ocation: in epi"astric and
le1t hypochondric re"ion0
%etro-peritoneum. 6nd
lum/ar verte/ral level
+4tends in an o/li?ue.
transverse position
Parts o1 pancreas: head.nec3. /ody and tail
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1ANCREATIC 3.CT
- @irsun"i duct runsthe entire len"th o1pancreas
-$antorini duct drainssuperior portion o1
head and emptiesseparately into 6nd portion o1 duodenum
- Common 2ile duct/ehind 1irst portion o1
duodenum then throu"hhead o1 pancreas
Terminates at ampulla o1vater
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The pancreas is an endocrine "land which hase4ocrine and endocrine tissue0
The e4ocrine secretes pancreatic juice. a
solution containin" en!yme 1or car/ohydrat.protein and triacyl "lycerol di"est0
Pancreatic juice drains into the small intestine0
The endocrine part secretes hormones 1or there"ulation o1 /lood "lucose concentration.include insulin. "luca"on and somatostatin 0
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2OO, $5PP2lood supply 1rom $plenicartery. Hepatic artery and$uperior &esenteric ArteryCeliac Common HepaticArtery GastroduodenalArtery $uperiorpancreaticoduodenal artery which divides into anteriorand posterior /ranches
$&A
n1eriorpancreaticoduodenal artery which divides into anteriorand posterior /ranches
V D % &
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Ve$o's Dra%$a*e o&!a$(reas
• #ollows arterial supply• Anterior and posterior arcades drain head and
the /ody•
$plenic vein• $uperior and in1erior mesenteric vein pass deepto pancreas. mer"e with spleen vein. terminatesin portal vein
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Ve$o's Dra%$a*e o& the !a$(reas
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I$$erat%o$ o& !a$(reas
• $ympathetic 1i/ers 1rom the splanchnic nerves
• Parasympathetic 1i/ers 1rom the va"us
• 2oth "ive rise to intrapancreatic periacinar
ple4uses• Parasympathetic 1i/ers stimulate /oth e4ocrine
and endocrine secretion
•$ympathetic 1i/ers have a predominantlyinhi/itory e11ect
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!ro)'(t%o$ o& !a$(reat%( #ormo$es .y Three Cell Types
lpha cells produce glucagon!
"eta cells produce insulin!
#elta cells produce somatostatin!
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ovary
The ovaries are the
1emale pelvic
reproduction or"an and
are responsi/le 1or the
production o1 se4hormones0
The ovaries are small
They are paired or"an
located on either side o1
the uterus within the2road i"ament /ellow
the uterin 1allopian tu/e0
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BLOO3 S.11L0
2lood supply to the ovary
is via the ovarian artery.
/oth the ri"ht and le1t
arteries ori"inate directly
1rom the aorta0
The le1t ovariy vein drain
into the le1t renal vein
and the ri"ht ovarian
vein empties into the
in1erior venae cava0
Hormones produce /y the
ovary are estro"en and
pro"esteron0
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The T+$T+$ (sin"ular:
T+$T$ Testicle
T+$T+$ are the
male "onads. located
in the scrotum0Testes are component
o1 /oth the
reproduction system
and the endocrine
system0
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+ach testes isenclosed /y the
tunica va"inalis. a
continuation o1 the
peritoneum that linesthe a/domino pelvic
cavity0
A 1i/rous capsule
covers each testis
called the tunica
al/u"enia
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The primary 1unction o1 the
testes are produce sperm
( spermato"enesis) and to
produce andro"en (e4.
testosteron)
Gonadotropin Hormon
produced /y the anterior
pituitary:
H Testosteron release
#$H $permato"enesis
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2OO, $5PP
The paired testicularisartery arise directly 1rom
the a/dominal artery and
descend thou"h the in"uinal
canal0
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The le1t testicularis
vein drain into the
le1t renal vein and
the ri"ht testicularisvein empties into the
in1erior venae cava0
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THANK YOU
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The tunica al/u"inea
"ives rise to septa
(partitions) that divide
the testis into lo/ules
(a/out 679)
+ach lo/ule contains 8
or < hi"hly coiled
semini1erous tu/ules
These conver"e to
/ecome rete testis
which transport sperm
to the epididymis
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The testicu#ar arteries .ra$(h o/ the a.)om%$al aorta$ear the ,%)$eys The ri"httesticu#ar ein )ra%$s )%re(tly%$to the %$&er%or e$a (aa0
+h%le the #eft testicu#ar ein )ra%$s %$to the le&t re$al e%$
a$) the$ %$to the %$&er%or e$a(aa Note ho+ the essels
(ross oer the ureters a$)e$ter a$) e1%t the in"uina#cana# +%th the spermatic
cord %a the deep a$)super:cia# in"uina# rin"s0respe(t%ely