Anatomy Chp 1

7/30/2019 Anatomy Chp 1

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ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

Chapter 1

An Introduction tothe Human Body

A presentation by:

FRANCO L. RAZON, RN, MAN

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PROVIDE YOURSELF A TEXTBOOK.

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DO YOUR HOMEWORK

STUDY YOUR LESSONS.

USE THE NEW TERMINOLOGIES IN

YOUR DAILY LIFE


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INTRODUCTION

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Most of us are naturally curious about our

body. Infantsfind happiness just staring at their

hands or pulling their mothers nose

Older childrenwonder where food goeswhen they swallow it

Adolescentswonder why they grow

pimples, pubic hair, or for girls why theyhave their monthly period.

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Have you ever wondered why you perspire

when it is a hot day or shiver when its coldin a room?

Anatomy & Physiology are subdivisions ofBiology and explores many of these topics

as they describe how our bodies are put

together and how they work.

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COURSE OUTLINE SYLLABUS FOR ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

2ND Semester, Academic Year 2011-2012

COURSE TITLE : Anatomy and Physiology

COURSE DESCRIPTION: This course deals with the

physiologic concepts, principles

and basic anatomical structure.

COURSE CREDIT: 3 units lecture, 2 units lab

CONTACT HOURS: 54 lecture hours, 108 lab hours

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COURSE OBJECTIVES

At the end of the course and given specificsituations/conditions, the student should

have:

1. An Overview of the Anatomy andPhysiology of the Human Body

2. An adequate vocabulary of the Language

of Anatomy needed for academic studies of

the Human Body

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COURSE OBJECTIVES

3. An adequate knowledge of the following organsystem and its functions in the Human body

Respiratory System

Cardio Vascular System

Lymphatic System and Body Defenses

Digestive System

Urinary System and Fluid Balance

Nervous System

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COURSE OBJECTIVES

3. An adequate knowledge of the following organsystem and its functions in the Human body

Integumentary System

Skeletal System

Endocrine System

Reproductive System

Muscular System

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COURSE OBJECTIVES

4. Utilize basic anatomical facts and

physiological concepts and principles in

the nursing care of individuals.

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COURSE REQUIREMENT:

Textbooks

Regular Attendance

Passing the Term Examinations

(Prelims, Midterm, Pre-finals & Finals)

Laboratory Works/Quizzes Submission of the assigned Homework

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Evaluation and Assessment:

Class Standing 67 %

Attendance

Laboratory Recitation

Homework

Exams 33 %

Total: 100 %

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Classroom policy: The classroom willfunction best when its members treat

each other with fairness, honesty, respect

and trust.

Remember the three Rs:

Respect yourself

Respect othersResponsibility for your actions

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Terminologies

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DEFINITION:

Anatomy & Physiology

Anatomythe study of structure and

shape of the body parts and how theyrelate to one another.

Physiology The study of how bodyand parts function or work.


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TECHNIQUES OF STUDY

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Topics of Anatomy:

Gross or Macroscopic Anatomystudy of largebody structures visible to the naked eye.

Systemic Anatomybody structures studied

system by system. Surface Anatomystudy of internal structures as

they relate to the overlying skin surface.

Microscopic Anatomystudy of very smallstructures examined under the microscope.

Comparative Anatomy Human structures

compared to structures of other animals.


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LIVING & NON-LIVING

ORGANISMS

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Characteristics of Living Organisms

Unlike Non-Living Matter

Every organism must be able to do certain functions to beconsidered living. Before we begin the study of anatomy and

physiology we will review some of the traits that humans

share with many other organisms.

Maintaining

Boundaries

Movement

Responsiveness

Growth

Digestion

Reproduction

Metabolism

Excretion

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Maintaining Boundaries

Every organism must be able to keep its insides distinct from

its outside Every organism has a cell membrane around each of its cells

to accomplish this task

The human body as a whole has the Integumentary system to

do this

Movement

every organism is capable of some time of movement

Movement is not only things like walking, grabbing, pushing,

and pulling, it is also occurs when substances like blood,

urine, food, etc... arepropelled through the different sections

of the body

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Responsiveness

Responsiveness orirritability is the ability to sensechanges (stimuli) and then react to them

if you were to burn your hand on the stove you would

quickly and involuntarily pull your hand back

when carbon dioxide in your body reaches toxiclevels, breathing is increased to remove it

Nerves are responsible for most of our body's

responsiveness, however each cell has some degreeof responsiveness

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Digestion

This is the process of breaking down food into simple

molecules that can then be absorbed.

This makes two other processes possible

Absorption is the passage of substances through certainmembranes , such as when digestive products pass the

membrane lining the intestines

Assimilation is when those substances that have been

absorbed are chemically changed in to new substance

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Metabolism- Refers to all chemical reactions within the body and its

individual cells.

Some examples include

the breakdown of complex sugars to simple ones

making larger structures from smaller ones, like the conversion of amino

acids to proteins

Using nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP ( the energy rich moleculeused to power the cells activities)

In the human body metabolism depends on :

The digestive system to provide nutrients

The respiratory system to provide oxygen

The cardiovascualr system to distribute these substances throughout the

body.

The endocrine system uses hormones to regulate metabolism

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Excretion

The process of removing waste.

These waste are non useful substances produced

during digestion and metabolism

Two examples of system that help in excretion

digestive system rides the body of indigestible

food residue in the form of feces

The urinary system disposes of nitrogen-

containing metabolic waste in the form of urine

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Reproduction

the production of offspring, this occurs at two levels

Organismal- making a new organism

Cellular- maing new cells to replace old ones or growth

Growth

an increase in size, this is usually accomplished by anincrease in cells.

For growth to occur cells must be made faster than

cells die

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Levels Of Structural Organization

Chemical Level

Subatomic Particleselectrons, protons, and neutrons

Atomhydrogen atom, lithium atom, etc.

Moleculewater molecule, glucose molecule, etc.

Macromoleculeprotein molecule, DNA molecule, etc.

Cellular Level

Organellemitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, etc.

Cellmuscle cell, nerve cell, etc.

Tissue Levelepithelia, connective, muscle and nerve

Organ Levelskin, femur, heart, kidney, etc.

System Levelskeletal system, digestive system, etc.

Organismal Levelthe human


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Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 27

Levels of Organization

Chemical Cellular

Tissue

Organs

System

Level

Organismal

Level


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Subatomic particles

Atom

Molecule

Macromolecule

Organelle

Cell

Tissue

Organ

Organ system

Organism

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.


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Atomsare the simplest level.

Two or more atoms comprise a molecule.

Cells are the basic living unit.

Tissues are groups of cells functioning

together.

Groups of tissues form organs.

Groups of organs function together as

organ systems.

Organ systems functioning together make

up an organism.29


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Can you name the organ systems?Test your knowledge and name the organ systems before

proceeding.

There are eleven (11).



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Atoms

Are the ultramicroscopic building blocks ofmatter

Composed of protons, neutrons, and

electrons Examples would be oxygen, carbon,

nitrogen, and sodium

They can be found on the periodic table ofelements

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Molecules Atoms combine with one another to form molecules

Examples are:

pure water ( H2O)

sodium chloride ( NaClalso called table salt)

glucose ( C6H12O6)

proteins

carbohydrates

lipids

Macromolecules are large, biologically important

molecules inside cells

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Cells

An association of molecules produces the nextlevel of organizationThe Cell

The cell is the fundamental unit of living things

It has subcellular structures calledorganelles. Organelles are aggregates of

macromolecules used to carry out a specific

function in the cell. There are different types of cells in the body

like blood cells, muscle cells, nerve cells, and

bone cells 33


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Tissues

A tissue (not kleenex) is a group of cells

with similar structure performing the same

function

There are four basic types of tissue found in

the human body:

Epithelial

Connective

Muscular

Neural

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Organ

composed of two or more types of tissue.

Example:

The small intestine which absorbs food is made

of all four types of tissue The stomach is an organ it is composed of

epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, nerve tissue,

and connective tissue

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Organ System

Organ systems are composed of multiple

organs that cooperate to accomplish a

common goal

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11 ORGAN SYSTEMS IN THE HUMAN BODY

Integumentary System

Skeletal System

Muscular System

Nervous System

Endocrine System Cardiovascular System

Lymphatic System

Respiratory System

Digestive System

Urinary System

Reproductive System


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Organism

this is the highest level of organization in aliving thing.

In the human body and many other

organisms it is the result of several organsystems working together

Note: There are some organisms that are made

of a single cell, so they would stop at the

cellular level of organization. This class will

focus mainly on the human body which is a

multicellular eukaryotic organism

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Fi 1 3


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Figure 1.3a-c

Bones

Joint

NailsSkin

Hair Skeletal

muscles

(b) Skeletal System(a) Integumentary System (c) Muscular System

Fi 1 3d f S f th b d t 6


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Figure 1.3d-f: Summary of the bodys organ systems, p. 6.

Brain

Sensory

receptor

NervesSpinal

cord

Pineal gland

Pituitary

glandThyroid

gland

Thymus

Adrenal

gland

Pancreas

Testis

Ovary

Heart

Blood

vessels

(d) Nervous System (e) Endocrine System (f) Cardiovascular System

Figure 1 3g i: Summary of the bodys organ systems p 7


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Figure 1.3g-i: Summary of the bodys organ systems, p. 7.

(g) Lymphatic System (h) Respiratory System

Lymphatic

vessels

Red bone

marrow

Thoracic

duct

Thymus

Spleen

Lymph

nodes

Nasal

cavity

Bronchus

Pharynx

Larynx

Trachea

Lung Liver

Oral cavity

Esophagus

Large

intestine

Stomach

Small

intestine

Rectum

Anus

(i) Digestive System

Figure 1 3j l: Summary of the bodys organ systems p 7


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Figure 1.3j-l: Summary of the bodys organ systems, p. 7.

Kidney

Ureter

Urinary

bladder

Urethra

Prostate

gland

Ductus

deferens

Penis

Testis

Scrotum

Ovary

Uterine

tube

Mammary

glands (in

breasts)

Uterus

Vagina

(j) Urinary System (k) Male Reproductive System (I) Female Reproductive System


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Maintenance of Life

Life depends on five (5) environmental factors:

1. Nutrients -a. Taken in via diet

b. Used for energy and cell building

carbohydrates primarily for energy

Proteins used for structure

Fats used for cushion, reserve fuel, and to

a lesser degree in structure

Minerals and vitamins are required for

chemical reactions that take place in the

cells and for oxygen transport in the

blood


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Maintenance of Life.. Continuation .


2. Oxygenin aerobic organisms such asourselves to release energy from foods, this

energy is then used to drive other metabolic

processes

3. Water - Accounts for 60-80 % of body

weight. provides fluid base for body secretions

and excretions helps regulate body

temperature provides a medium for metabolic

processes to take place


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Maintenance of Life.. Continuation .


3. Regulation of Body TemperatureMust be maintained at around 37 C (98F)

Below this temperature metabolism will slow down and

finally stop.

Above this temperature reactions proceed too rapidly andproteins begin to break down at either extreme death will

result

4. Regulation of pressure

Pressure is the application of force on something

atmospheric pressureimportant for breathinghydrostatic pressurekeeps blood flowing


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HOMEOSTASIS

All eleven organ systems work in unison to

maintain HOMEOSTASISmaintenance

of a relatively stable internal conditionseven though the external environment is

changing.

Homeostatic imbalances = DISEASES


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Introduction to A&P

Magette-2008

Homeostasis

The maintenance of a

stable internal

environment

All organ systems worktogether to achieve this


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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

Communication throughout the body is essentialfor homeostasis to be possible. Two organ systems

play the biggest role in this:

Nervous System

Endocrine System

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The Variable is the event or factor being regulated.

All homeostatic control mechanisms have at least 3

components:

Receptor- this is like a sensor that monitors and responds to

changes in the environment Control Center- This determines the level at which a

variable is to be maintained. It also analyzes the information

sent from the receptor and then determines the appropriate

response.

Effectors- This provides the means for the control center to

respond and restore balance

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Introduction to A&P

Magette-2008Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

StimulusBody temperaturerises above normal.

too high

Normal bodyTemperature37oC (98.6oF)


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Introduction to A&P


ReceptorsThermoreceptors sendsignals to the control center.


too high



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Introduction to A&P


Control centerThe brain detects thedeviation from the set

point and signals effectororgans.



too high



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Introduction to A&P





EffectorsSkin blood vessels dilateand sweat glands secrete.


too high



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Introduction to A&P





EffectorsSkin blood vessels dilateand sweat glands secrete.


ResponseBody heat is lost to surroundings,temperature drops toward normal.

too high



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Introduction to A&P

Magette-2008

too low

Normal bodyTemperature

37oC (98.6oF)


StimulusBody temperaturedrops below normal.


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Introduction to A&P

Magette-2008


too low


37oC (98.6oF)




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Introduction to A&P

Magette-2008


too low


37oC (98.6oF)



Control centerThe brain detects thedeviation from the set pointand signals effector organs.


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Introduction to A&P

Magette-2008

If body temperaturecontinues to drop, controlcenter signals muscles tocontract involuntarily.


too low


37oC (98.6oF)





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Introduction to A&P

Magette-2008


EffectorsSkin blood vessels constrict andsweat glands remain inactive.


too low


37oC (98.6oF)



EffectorsMuscle activitygenerates body heat.



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Introduction to A&P

Magette-2008



too low


37oC (98.6oF)



ResponseBody heat is conserved,temperature rises toward normal.

EffectorsMuscle activitygenerates body heat.



Control center


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Introduction to A&P


Control centerThe brain detects thedeviation from the setpoint and signals effectororgans.

ReceptorsThermoreceptors send

signals to the control center.

EffectorsSkin blood vessels dilate

and sweat glands secrete.

StimulusBody temperature

rises above normal.

ResponseBody heat is lost to surroundings,

temperature drops toward normal.

too high

too low

Normal body

Temperature37oC (98.6oF)

StimulusBody temperature

drops below normal.

ResponseBody heat is conserved,

temperature rises toward normal.



Effectorsgenerates body heat.





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There are two (2) types:

Negative feedback mechanisms

Positive feedback mechanisms



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Negative feedback summary:

Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body

Reduces the actions of the effectors

Corrects the set point

Causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, i.e. the negative

Limits chaos in the body by creating stability Most common type of feedback loop

Examples: body temperature, blood pressure & glucose regulation



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Positive feedback summary:

Increases (accelerates) the actions of the body

Produces more instability in the body

Produces more chaos in the body

There are only a few types necessary for our survival

Positive feedback mechanisms are short-lived

Controls only infrequent events that do not require continuousadjustments

Considered to be the uncommon loop

Examples: blood clotting and child birth


Positive Feedback Mechanisms


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Positive Feedback Mechanisms


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The Language of Anatomy &

Anatomical Position

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The Language of Anatomy &


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g g y

Anatomical Position

Universally accepted terminology to

identify body parts, regions, and

direction

Anatomical position:

Forward-facing

Upright Feet slightly apart

Upturned palms (facing you)


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Organization

of the Human Body

Body cavities

Thoracic cavity

Abdominopelvic

cavity

Abdominal

cavity

Diaphragm

Pelvic cavity

Cranial cavity

Vertebral canal

(a)

Thoracic cavity

Abdominopelvic

cavity

Abdominalcavity

Pelvic cavity

Right pleural

cavity

Mediastinum

Left pleural cavityPericardial

cavity

Diaphragm

Vertebral canal

Cranial cavity

Thoracic

cavity

(b)


i l f ifi b d


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Regional termsnames of specific body areas

Axial regionthe main axis of the body

Appendicular regionthe limbs

Common Regional


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Principles of Human

Anatomy and

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Common Regional

Names

cranial (skull),thoracic (chest),

brachial (arm),

patellar (knee),

cephalic (head), and

gluteal (buttock) asseen in Figure 1.5.

Clinical terminology is

based on a Greek or

Latin root word.


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Anatomical Terminology:

Orientation and Directional Terms

Terms of Relative Position (based on anatomical position):

Superior versus Inferior

Anterior versus Posterior Medial versus Lateral

Ipsi-lateral versus Contra-lateral

Proximal versus Distal (only in the extremities)

Superficial versus Deep

Internal versus External


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Orientation and Directional

Terms


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Terms


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Terms


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Body Sections or Planes (3)

Sagittal or Mediandivides body into left and right portions

Mid-sagittaldivides body into equal left and right

portions

Transverse or Horizontaldivides body into superior and

inferior portions

Coronal or Frontaldivides body into anterior and posteriorportions

B d Pl d S ti


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Body Planes and Sections


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Coronal (frontal) plane - Lies vertically anddivides body into anterior (front) andposterior (back) parts

Sagittal planelies vertically and divides thebody into left and right sides.

Median (midsagittal) plane - Specific sagittalplane that lies vertically in the midline

Transverse plane - runs horizontally anddivides body into superior (up) and inferior(down) parts

Body Sections


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Body Sections

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(a) (b) (c)


a: Patrick J. Lynch/Photo Researchers, Inc.; b: Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.; c: A. Glauberman/Photo Researchers, Inc.

Sagittal Plane Transverse Plane Frontal Plane


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Other Body Sections

(a)

(b)

(c)


Cross SectionOblique Section

Longitudinal Section



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Figure 1.6

Body Planes and Sections Oblique section through the trunk

B d C iti d M b


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Body Cavities and Membranes

Dorsal body cavity Cavity subdivided

into the cranialcavity and the

vertebral cavity. Cranial cavity

houses the brain.

Vertebral cavity runsthrough the vertebralcolumn and enclosesthe spinal cord

B d C iti d M b


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Ventral body cavitysubdivided into:

Thoracic cavitydivided into three

parts Two lateral parts

each containing alung surrounded by a

pleural cavity

Mediastinumcontains the heartsurrounded by the

pericardial sac

Bod Ca ities and Membranes


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Ventral body cavity

Abdominopelvic

cavitydivided

into two parts

Abdominal cavity

contains the liver,

stomach, kidneys, and

other organs

Pelvic cavitycontains the bladder,

some reproductive

organs, and rectum



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Body Cavities and Membranes Serous cavitiesa slit-like space lined by a

serous membrane Pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum

Parietal serosaouter wall of the cavity

Visceral serosa covers the visceral organs


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Oth B d C iti


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Other Body Cavities Oral cavity

Nasal cavity

Orbital cavities

Middle ear cavities

Synovial cavities


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Abdominal Subdivisions (2)

Regions (9)

Quadrants (4)

Right

hypochondriac

region

Rightlumbar

region

Right

iliac

region

Epigastric

region

Umbilicalregion

Hypogastric

region

Left

hypochondriac

region

Leftlumbar

region

Left

iliac

region

(a)

Right upper

quadrant (RUQ)Left upper

quadrant (LUQ)

Right lower

quadrant (RLQ)Left lower

quadrant (LLQ)

(b)


Abdominal Regions and Quadrants


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Abdominal Regions and Quadrants

Abdominal regions divide the abdomen into nine

regions

Abdominal Quadrants


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Abdominal Quadrants Abdominal quadrants divide the abdomen into four

quadrants Right upper and left upper quadrants

Right lower and left lower quadrants


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Quiz 1


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Pls. READ CHAPTER 2 OFYOUR BOOK.

THANK YOU!!!

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Anatomy Chp 1