ANTIČKI / ANCIENT RISAN8 P. Mijović, M. Kovačević, Gradovi i utvrđenja u Crnoj Gori, Beograd‒Ulcinj, 1975. g. Systematic archaeological excavations having international character

ANTIČKI / ANCIENT

RISAN

SADRŽAJ / CONTENTS

Istorijski izvori 5

Arheološka istraživanja 7

Arhitektura antičkog 10naselja i grada

Pokretni arheološki 16nalazi keramika

Umjetnički predmeti 18

Novac 20

Teatar 20

Kult 23

Specifikacija artefakata 24

Ipresium 50

Fotografije 51

Legenda 52

Historical sources 5

Archaeological research 7

Architecture of the ancient 10 settlement and the town

Moveable archeological 16artefacts ceramics

Artistic objects 18

Coins 20

Theatre 20

Cult 23

Specification of artifacts 24

Impressium 50

Photography 51

Legend 52

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ISTORIJSKI IZVORI

Gradić Risan je smješten u unutrašnjem dijelu Bokokotorskog zaliva. Okružen visokim planinama, oduvijek je predstavljao strateški dobro mjesto za razvitak naselja. Ovome su pogodovali i obilje slatke vode, kao i pogodnost mjesta za pristajanje brodova. Risan se pominje već kod antičkih pisaca u vezi sa mitom o legendarnom osnivaču beotske Tebe Kadmosu, i njegovoj ženi Harmoniji, koji su došli u oblast ilirskog plemena Enheleja. Tako se u Pseudo-Skilaksovom „Periplusu“ iz IV v. p. n. e. pominje Risan i ilirsko pleme Enheleji, nastanjeno u Iliriji kod „Rizona i rizinske rijeke“, gdje su se nalazile stijene Kadmosa i Harmonije.1Boka kotorska se kod Strabona naziva „Sinus risonicus“, i to ime zalivu ostaje sve do srednjeg vijeka.2 I Polibije daje značajan podatak o ovome gradu u svom djelu „Istorija“. On govori kako se Teuta sklonila u Risan, gradić zgodan zbog neosvojivosti, povučen od mora, a leži na samoj Rizinskoj rijeci.3 U rimskom periodu Risan se spominje kod Plinija kao „oppida civium Romanorum“, što bi značilo da je taj grad imao najmanje municipalni status.

1 Pseudo-Skilaks, Periplus, cap. 24, pod imenom Rhizinium.2 Strabon, Geografija, VII, 5, 7.3 Polibije, Istorija, II, 16.

HISTORICAL SOURCES

The Town of Risan, situated in the inner section of Boka Kotorska Bay and surrounded by high mountains always constituted a strategically well positioned place for urban development. The abundance of fresh water and good spot for the docking of ships had also been particularly conducive to this. Already Classical authors mention Risan as related to the myth on the legendary founders of Boeotian Thebes, Cadmos and his wife Harmonia, who had come to the area inhabited by the Illyrian tribe of the Enchele. Thus, in Pseudo-Scylax’s “Periplus” from the 4th century BC, Risan is mentioned together with the Enchele tribe that inhabited the Illyria around “Rhizon and the Rhizon River“ where there were the rocks of Cadmus and Harmonia.1 Strabo calls Boka Kotorska Bay “Sinus Risonicus” which name had been retained until the Middle ages.2 Polybius gives important information about this town in his work “The Histories”. He talks about the Queen Teuta taking shelter in Risan, a small town suitable for its invincibility, located away from the sea and lying on the very Rhizon River.3 In Roman times Risan is mentioned by Pliny as “oppida civium Romanorum”, which would mean that the town had at least enjoyed the status of a municipium.

1 Pseudo- Scylax, Periplus, cap. 24, entitled “Rhizinium”.2 Strabo, Geography, VII, 5, 7.3 Polybius, The Histories II, 16.

ANTIČKI ANCIENT RISAN

VILMA KOVAČEVIĆ, arheolog-savjetnik, autror tekstaarchaeologist advisor, author of the text

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Fotografija 1 – RisanPhotography 1 – Risan

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ARHEOLOŠKA ISTRAŽIVANJA

Risan spada u najbogatija, ali istovremeno i najmanje istražena nalazišta u Crnoj Gori. Interesovanje za ovaj lokalitet počelo je veoma rano. Jedan od prvih istraživača bio je ser A. Evans, koji je, obilazeći ove krajeve kao dopisnik „Mančester Gardijana“ (Manchester Guardian) u vrijeme bosansko-hercegovačkog ustanka, istraživao u Risnu i napisao nekoliko rasprava o rezultatima tog istraživanja. U njima svoje nalaze datuje u helenistički period. Nalazi potiču s istraživanja lokaliteta Carine, gdje je u jednom grobu pronašao grnčariju helenističkog karaktera.4

Sljedeći istraživač bio je H. Ričli (Richly), a u članku „Arheološki materijal iz Boke kotorske“ 1898. g. govorio je o nalazima sa Carina, prema priloženom planu, koji dijeli lokalitet na devet sektora. Naveo je nalaze: dva zlatna novčića, fragmenti zemljanih posuda, mramorne polirane pločice, fragmenti stakla i kiklopski zidovi dugi 12 metara.5 U vremenu između dva svjetska rata, prva organizovana istraživanja u Risnu vodio je Dušan Vuksan, tadašnji direktor Državnog muzeja na Cetinju. On je u južnom dijelu grada otkrio temelje pet prostorija rimske „vile urbane“ (villa urbana), od kojih su podovi tri sobe bili pokriveni mozaicima sa geometrijskim i vegetabilnim ornamentima, dok se u četvrtoj u sredini mreže vegetabilnih motiva nalazio okrugli medaljon sa prikazom grčkog božanstva sna Hipnosa (Hypnos), u liku usnulog dječaka sklopljenih krila. Kompleks vile je građen po rimskom principu, prostorije su poređane oko kvadratnog unutrašnjeg dvorišta – atrijuma.

4 J. A. Evans, Antiquarian researches in Illiricum, Westminster, 1883. g.5 H. Richly, Archaeologische Funde aus dem Bocce di Cattaro, Mitt. der. Centr. Comm. fur Erforschung u. Erhaltung der Kunst und historischen Denkmale, N. F. XXIV, Wien, 1898.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH

Risan is one of the richest, but concurrently one of the least explored finding sites in Montenegro. The interest for this site appeared very early. One of the first explorers was Sir A. Evans who, while touring this region as a “Manchester Guardian“ correspondent during the uprising in Bosnia and Herzegovina, was doing exploration activites in Risan and wrote several treatises on the results of the research in which his findings were dated back to the Hellenist period. The findings originate from the site called “Carine”, where in one tomb he found pottery of Hellenist character.4

Another explorer, H. Richly in 1898 speaks in his article “Archaeological material from Boka Kotorska Bay” about the findings from “Carine” site according to the layout dividing this site into nine (9) sections. He lists two golden coins, fragments of pottery, polished marble tiles, glass fragments, as well as 12 m long Cyclopean walls.5 In between two world wars, Dušan Vuksan, former director of the National Museum in Cetinje was carrying out the first organized research activities in Risan. In the southern part of the town he uncovered the foundations of five rooms belonging to a Roman “villa urbana.” The floors in three rooms were covered in mosaics with geometric and vegetal ornaments, while in the centre of the vegetal motifs of the fourth room there is a circular medallion with the image of Hypnos, a Greek god, a personified daemon of sleep, depicted as a sleeping boy with the folded wings. The complex of the villa was built according to the Roman principle, with the rooms arranged around the inner square courtyard – atrium.

4 J.A.Evans, Antiquarian researches in Illiricum, Westminster, 1883.5 H.Richly, Archaeologische Funde aus dem Bocce di Cattaro, Mitt.der.Centr.Comm.fur Erforschung u. Erhaltung der Kunst und historischen Denkmale, N.F.XXIV, Wien,1898.

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Poslije Drugog svjetskog rata, 1950. g., iskopavanja na Carinama izvodili su učenici Umjetničke škole iz Herceg Novog. Tom prilikom su nađeni ostaci veće sakralne građevine ‒ hrama, veliki mermerni blokovi i djelovi arhitektonske plastike sa građevina, sada izloženi na prostoru vile sa mozaicima.Godine 1968. ekipa Republičkog zavoda za zaštitu spomenika kulture iz Cetinja vršila je iskopavanje na sjevernom sektoru Carina. Tada su otkriveni ostaci velikih neidentifikovanih građevina, ostaci jednog bunara-izvora, fragmenti mermernih statua, kao i mnoštvo ulomaka keramike.Poslije katastrofalnog zemljotresa 1979. g., nakon obnove nastradalog područja, našlo se mnogo indikativnog materijala pilikom zemljanih radova. Naročito su vrijedni nalazi sepulkralnog karaktera: kupasti cipusi, rimske urne sa natpisima i bogatim prilozima u vidu staklenih flašica ‒ balzamarija i lakrimarija. Gotovo sve je zadržano u privatnom vlasništvu.Regionalni zavod za zaštitu spomenika kulture iz Kotora vršio je zaštitna arheološka iskopavanja na lokalitetu Carine u dvije kampanje: 1988. i 1989. godine.6 Lokacija je prilagođena zahtjevima za izgradnju sportskih terena. Tom prilikom su otkriveni ostaci stambene arhitekture većeg objekta sa izuzetnom koncentracijom keramičkih ulomaka raznih posuda, uglavnom južnoitalskog tipa „Gnatija“ keramike. Pronađeni su ostaci velikih kratera, pitosa, amfora sa poklopcima koji nose oznake proizvođača, zatim i malih posuda s tankim oslikanim zidovima, tanjira tipa „terra sigilata“, kao i veliki broj numizmatičkog materijala, uglavnom novca ilirskog kralja Balajosa.

6 Radovima je rukovodila arheolog V. Kovačević; rezultati objavljeni: Rezultati istraživanja arheološkog lokaliteta Carine u Risnu, Glasnik SDA 14, Beograd 1998. g.

After World War II, in 1950, the excavations at “Carine” site were being carried out by the students of Herceg Novi Art School. On that occasion the remains were found of a larger sacral edifice – a temple, great marble blocks and pieces of architectural decorations that once belonged to various edifices. These have been put on display in the area of the villa with mosaics.In 1968, a team from the National Cultural Heritage Protection Institute from Cetinje did the excavations in the northern section of the “Carine” site. On that occasion the remains were discovered of large unidentified edifices, the remains of a fresh water well, fragments of marble statues, as well as a multitude of ceramic fragments.After the disastrous earthquake in 1979 and the reconstruction of the earthquake hit area, lots of indicative material was found during the earthworks. Particularly valuable are the findings of sepulchral character: conical cippi, Roman urns with inscriptions and numerous embalming fluid bottles and lacrymatories. All of these were mostly kept as private property.Regional Cultural Heritage Protection Institute from Kotor carried out protective archaeological excavations at the “Carine” site in two campaigns: in 1988 and in 1989.6 The site is adjusted to the requirements for the construction of sport grounds. On that occasion the remains were uncovered of the residential architecture belonging to a larger edifice with exceptional concentration of ceramic fragments of various vessels mostly of the South-Italic type of Gnathia ceramics. There are the remains of large craters, pithoi, amphorae with lids bearing the manufacturers’ markings, as well as small vessels with thin painted walls, plates of “terra sigillata“ type, as well as a large number of numismatic material, mostly of the Illyrian King Ballaios’s coins.

6 The works were managed by the archaeologist V. Kovačević and the results were published under the title “Rezultati istraživanja arheološkog lokaliteta Carine u Risnu” (Results of the exploration of the archaeological site of ‘Carine’ in Risan), Glasnik SDA 14, Beograd 1998g.

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Fotografija 2 – Arheološko nalazište Carine - RisanPhotography 2 – Archeological site Carine - Risan

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Od 2000. g. vrše se sistematska arheološka iskopavanja Risna koja imaju međunarodni karakter i obavljaju se u saradnji Regionalnog zavoda za zaštitu Evrope „Novae“ iz Varšave.7

ARHITEKTURA ANTIČKOG NASELJA I GRADA

U istraživanjima nađene arhitekture u Risnu možemo utvrditi tri faze gradnje, koje su pripadale raznim periodima gradskih naselja. Najstarija bi bila predurbana faza, i njoj bi pripadalo ilirsko stanište na risanskoj Gradini, koje je bilo podređeno dobro promišljenim uslovima odbrane. Zbog toga je uzvišenje iznad zaravni na morskoj obali sa strmim stranama bilo pravo mjesto za pravljenje utvrđenja. Utvrđenje je imalo dva odbrambena prstena.8 Nalazi keramike s arheoloških istraživanja potvrđuju da je tu tekao život u ilirskom, a zatim i u ilirsko-grčkom periodu. Gradina je imala kontinuitet u svim istorijskim razdobljima upravo zbog dobrog strateškog položaja.

7 Rukovodioci istraživanja su arheolog Regionalnog zavoda Vilma Kovačević, konzervator-savjetnik, i prof. Varšavskog univerziteta dr arheolog Piotr Dyczek. Prvi petogodišnji sporazum potpisan je na period 2000‒2005. g., dok je drugi potpisan za period 2005‒2010. g. Planirano je da istraživanja budu produžena na dvadesetogodišnji period. U istražne radove uključena su i podvodna arheološka istraživanja i ronjenja, radi utvrđivanja ostataka grada koji je danas djelimično pod vodom, kao i ostataka potonulih brodova i njihovih tereta. Finalni produkt bilo bi objavljivanje obimne monografije o Risnu i njegovoj genezi od najstarijeg perioda do ranog srednjeg vijeka.8 P. Mijović, M. Kovačević, Gradovi i utvrđenja u Crnoj Gori, Beograd‒Ulcinj, 1975. g.

Systematic archaeological excavations having international character have been carried out in Risan since 2000 in cooperation with the Regional Cultural Heritage Protection Institute from Kotor and the Southeast European Centre for Archaeological Research “Novae” from Warsaw.7

ARCHITECTURE OF THE ANCIENT SETTLEMENT AND THE TOWN

While researching the elements of architecture found in Risan we were able to determine the existence of three construction stages belonging to various periods of urban settlements. The oldest stage would be the so called pre-urban stage, with the Illyrian habitation on the Risan Gradina belonging to the same. The habitation was subjected to the well thought-of defence conditions. Because of that, the mount rising from the plateau on the seashore with its steep slopes was a right place for the construction of the fortress. There were two defensive rings around the fortress.8 Ceramic objects found there during the archaeological excavations confirm that humans lived there in the Illyrian and then also in the Illyrian-Hellenistic period. It is exactly because of the good strategic position of the “Gradina” that it had uninterrupted continuity in all historical periods.

7 The explorations are managed by Vilma Kovačević, an archaeologist from the Regional Cultural Heritage Protection Institute, and Piotr Dyczek, archaeologist, conservation advisor and professor from the Warsaw University. The first five-year agreement was signed for the period 2000-2005 and the second for the period 2005-2010. It is planned for the explorations to be extended to the period of twenty years. Underwater archaeological explorations and diving are included in the exploratory works for the purpose of finding the remains of the town which is partly under the water nowadays, as well as the remains of the sunken ships and their cargoes. The end product would be the publishing of a voluminous monograph on Risan and its genesis from the ancient times until the early Middle age.8 P.Mijović, M. Kovačević, Gradovi i utvrđenja u Crnoj Gori (Towns and fortifications in Montenegro), Beograd-Ulcinj, 1975.

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Fotografija 3– Arhitektura podgrađaPhotography 3 – Architecture of the settlement below the fortress

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U podnožju Gradine, gdje je bilo antičko pristanište, uz samu rječicu Spilu krenulo je formiranje podgrađe koje je počelo da poprima izgled utvrđenog grada.Sljedeća etapa je prelazna i naziva se protourbana faza. U tom razdoblju naselje je steklo neke osobine naselja-centra i druge osnovne preduslove za izrastanje u pravu urbanu formaciju. Ovoj fazi bi u Risnu odgovarao helenistički izgled grada, koji je uslovljen direktno helenističkim uticajem. Dispozicija Gradine postaje „akropolj“, na kome je, prema nekim pretpostavkama, mogao biti i hram posvećen ilirskom božanstvu Medauru.9 Na ravnom terenu uz morsku obalu i rječicu Spilu nastaje trgovački dio polisa, sa svim karakterističnim sadržajima. Tokom arheološke kampanje 2006. g. otkrivena je i južna gradska kapija, u koju se ulazilo s rječice, kao i unutrašnje lice bedema. Na ta gradska vrata ulazilo se kroz široku, kamenom popločanu ulicu. Sa zapadne strane odvajao se jedan krak pobočne ulice, koja je s obje strane imala objekte ‒ vjerovatno dio trgovačkog kvarta grada, jer se nalazio u blizini mogućeg pristaništa brodova u koritu Spile. Brojni nalazi keramičkih poklopaca za amfore, dekorisanih raznim simbolima i imenima proizvođača i trgovaca vina i ulja, govore u prilog ovoj konstataciji.Treća faza razvoja jeste period kad pred sobom već imamo grad razvijen u svim funkcijama: upravno-političkim, organizacijskim, ekonomskim i socijalnim, što se sve odražava u novom kvalitetu materijalne realizacije i organizacije naselja. Ova etapa se naziva urbana faza.10 Njoj bi pripadao izgled Risna u vrijeme rimske vladavine i dominacije.Grad zadržava svoju naslijeđenu lokaciju, koju proširuje naročito prema moru. U tom dijelu lokaliteta Carine u iskopavanjima 1968. g. 9 A. Jovanović, Risan u antičkom periodu, Blago antičke Boke, Katalog sa izložbe, Tivat ‒Kotor 2007. g.10 M. Suić, Antički grad na istočnom Jadranu, Golden Marketing, Zagreb 2003. g.

At the foot of the “Gradina”, where there had been an ancient pier, along the Spila River itself, a settlement started being formed resembling a fortified town.The next stage is transitory and it is called the proto-urban stage. During that stage the settlement acquired certain elements – centre and other basic preconditions for its development into a proper urban formation. This stage gave Risan a Hellenistic appearance which was a direct consequence of the Hellenistic influence. The layout of the “Gradina” becomes “Acropolis”, where according to some assumptions there could have been the temple dedicated to Medaurus, an Illyrian god.9 Commercial part of the polis is developed on the flat ground along the seashore and the Spila River, with all its facilities. During the archaeological campaign in 2006 the Southern Town Gate was uncovered, which would be entered from the side of the river, as well as the inner face of the rampart. The Town would be accessed via a wide, stone-paved street passing through this gate. On the western side, a side street branched off with the buildings positioned along both sides probably belonging to the commercial part of the Town, as it was in the vicinity of the possible Spila River vessel mooring area. Numerous ceramic amphora lids decorated in different symbols and names of wine and oil producers and merchants support this assertion.The third development stage is the period of a developed town with all its functions: administrative-political, organizational, economic and social, which is all reflected in the new quality of the material realization and organization of the settlement. This stage is called the urban stage10 and by its appearance it would correspond to the period of the Roman rule and domination.The Town retains its inherited location, which is expanded towards the sea in particular. In that part of the “Carine” site, during the excavations undertaken in 1968, the foundations were discovered of large buildings 9 A. Jovanović, Risan u antičkom periodu, Blago antičke Boke, Katalog sa izložbe (Risan in ancient times. Treasures of the Ancient Boka. Exhibition Catalogue), Tivat-Kotor 2007.10 M. Suić, Antički grad na istočnom Jadranu (Ancient town in the East Adriatic area), Golden Marketing, Zagreb, 2003.

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otkriveni su temelji velikih građevina, koje su pripadale centru rimskog grada ‒ forumu. Jedna od tih građevina imala je nišu popločanu podnim mozaikom. U njoj je pronađeno i mjesto nekog postamenta na kom je bila statua jednog od rimskih božanstava. U iskopu ispred objekta otkriveni su veliki stubovi, koji su nosili stilobat na ulazu u tu građevinu. Na tom sektoru lokaliteta pronađeni su i temelji nekih velikih građevina, što govori da se tu nalazio rimski centar grada, sa trgom i javnim građevinama na njemu.Od javne infrastrukture pronađeni su tragovi vodovoda uz glavnu gradsku ulicu. Moguće je da se cijeli grad snabdijevao vodom sistemom akvadukta, sprovedenim prirodnim padom sa izvora Spile.Grad je imao i trgovački i zanatski centar, moguće i na više lokacija. Velika koncentracija keramičkog materijala na raznim lokacijama govori o intenzivnoj trgovini i distribuciji proizvoda u zaleđe. Ovdje su se punile amfore, najčešće vinom i maslinovim uljem. Velika količina numizmatičkog materijala, naročito novca kralja Balajosa i rimskih imperatora, govori u prilog gorepomenutoj tezi.U gradu su pronađeni i veći stambeni objekti, građeni po uobičajenoj šemi rimske gradske kuće: prostorije koncentrisane oko unutrašnjeg dvorišta. Ti objekti su imali i kupatila ugrađena u odaje. Pri iskopavanjima su pronađene fragmentovane keramičke kadice za kupanje djece, kao i jedan manji bazen za kupanje odraslih.S učvršćivanjem vlasti i prosperitetom, naselje se širi van utvrđenog grada. Tako poznata „vila urbana“ sa podnim mozaicima pripada rezidencijalnom kvartu, u kojem je živio najbogatiji sloj stanovništva.Izvan zidina grada formirala se i nekropola, koja je svakako naslijedila kultno mjesto iz starijeg perioda.

that had belonged to the centre of the Roman town-Forum. One of these buildings had a niche with the floor paved in mosaic. In its interior, a place was discovered for a pedestal on which there had been a statue of one of the Roman deities. In the excavation in front of this building, big columns were discovered which had been supporting the stylobate at the entrance to this edifice. In this section of the site the foundations of some large edifices were discovered, which tells us that the Roman centre of the Town had been located there with a square and public buildings.As regards public infrastructure, alongside the main Town street the traces of the water supply system were discovered. It is likely that the entire Town had been supplied with water by the aqueduct system moving water through gravity from the Spila River source.The Town had its commercial and artisan centre, possibly even in several locations. Big concentration of ceramic material in different locations testifies to intensive trading activities and distribution of products to the hinterland. Amphorae were being filled there most often with wine and olive oil. A large quantity of numismatic material, King Balaios and Roman emperors’ coins in particular supports such assertion.Larger residential edifices were discovered in the Town, too. They had had the usual scheme of a Roman urban house, i.e. rooms concentrated around the inner courtyard. These edifices had bathrooms installed in the chambers, too. During the excavations, fragmented ceramic children’s bathtubs were found, as well as a smaller pool for adults to bathe in.With the consolidation of power and the growing prosperity, the settlement spreads outside the fortified town. Thus, the famous villa urbana with floor mosaics belongs to the residential neighbourhood, inhabited by the wealthiest class.Outside the town walls a necropolis was being formed which undoubtedly inherited the ritual ground from the previous period.

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Fotografija 5 – Arheolosko nalaziste Gradine - RisanPhotography 5 – Archeological site Gradine - Risan

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U Risnu je već uočeno i hipotetično mjesto antičkog teatra, koji je lociran neposredno uz same gradske zidove. Riječ je o terasastom terenu sa polukružnim gornjim dijelom, na kojem se nalaze sjedišta za gledaoce, i scenom u donjem dijelu.

POKRETNI ARHEOLOŠKI NALAZI KERAMIKA

U pokretnom arheološkom materijalu iz Risna dominira keramika raznih tipova i provenijencije; slijede nalazi novca, dok su nalazi stakla rijetki.Razlikuju se dva osnovna tipa nalaza keramike:

a. Luksuzna uvezena keramika,b. Upotrebna keramika, nešto grublja, lokalne proizvodnje.

Obilje keramičkog materijala omogućilo je da se iz cjeline izdvoje najprije brojne amfore za vino i ulje, grčke ili južnoitalske provenijencije. Poklopci ovih amfora nose žigove odnosno imena proizvođača ili vlasnika. Ovaj keramički materijal najbolje svjedoči o dugoj i kontinuiranoj trgovini. Vremenski raspon i datacija kreću se od helenističkog doba (od IV do I v. p. n. e.) do ranog carskog doba, te od I i II v. n. e. do perioda kasnog carstva.Luksuzna keramika potiče uglavnom iz radionica u Južnoj Italiji (Magna Graecia), i to uglavnom iz grada Gnatija (Gnathia), po kojem je i dobila ime. To su posude vrlo tankih zidova, pravljene od dobro pročišćene pečene gline. Zidovi su firnisani crnom ili crvenom bojom, ponekad s apliciranim plastičnim ukrasima. Glavni njihovi ukrasi su kanelure, koje su uglavnom raspoređene ispod oboda i na trbuhu, u frizovima i metopama. Evidentna je raznovrsnost ovih posuda: krateri sa dvije horizontalne drške, zatim kupe ili skifosi,

The hypothetical site of the ancient theatre has already been noticed in Risan, adjacent to the Town walls. This is a terraced terrain with the semi-circular upper part with the seats for the spectators and the stage at the bottom section.

MOVEABLE ARCHEOLOGICAL ARTEFACTS CERAMICS

Ceramics of various types and provenance dominates in the moveable archaeological material from Risan, followed by coins, while glass artefacts are rare.

There are two basic types of ceramic:a. luxury imported ceramicsb. utilitarian ceramics, somewhat coarser, produced locally.

The abundance of ceramic material made it possible for numerous amphorae for wine and oil of Greek or South-Italic provenance to be sorted out. The amphora lids bear the seals or names of their manufacturers or owners. This ceramic material testifies best to the long-lasting and continuous trading activity. The timespan and dates range from the Hellenist times, from the 4th to the 1st century BC, to the Early Imperial Era, from the 1st and 2nd century AD, up to the period of the Late Empire.Luxury ceramics has its origin mostly from the workshops in Southern Italy (Magna Graecia), namely from the City of Gnathia after which it got its name. These vessels have very thin walls and they were made of well refined fired clay. The walls are painted in black or red varnish, sometimes with plastic decorations applied. Their principal decorations are “cannelure”, mostly distributed below the rim and on the body friezes and metopes. There is a great quantity of these vessels: craters with two horizontal handles, then oinochoai, skyphos and pelikes, kantharoi and arrybalos. Hese vessels are often painted in floral and vegetal motifs.

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aribalosi, kantarosi, ojnohoi. Nerijetko su oslikani floralnim i vegetabilnim motivima. Na većim posudama u kasnom helenizmu prikazivane su i mitološke scene, često korišćene za pozorišne predstave, veoma popularne u ovom periodu.Luksuznim nalazima pripadaju i uljane lampe, ili žišci, koje su, pored toga što su se svakodnevno upotrebljavale, imale i sepulkralni karakter, pa su često pronalažene u grobovima.

On larger vessels during the period of the Late Hellenism mythological scenes were being presented, too. These were being quite popular in this period and frequently used for theatrical performances.Oil lamps fall among luxury artefacts. Besides their everyday use they also had sepulchral character and were very often found in tombs.

Fotografija 6 – Keramička uljana lampaPhotography 6 – Ceramic oil lamp

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UMJETNIČKI PREDMETI

U Risnu su pronađeni djelovi najmanje dvije figurine od terakote, nazvane statuete iz Tanagre. Ime su dobile po beotskom gradiću Tanagri, gdje je izvjestan broj pronađen u nekropolama. Riječ je o ljupkim malim figurama koje su, osim mladih djevojaka, prikazivale i starice i obične ljude u realističkom stilu.11 Risanski primjerak prikazuje glavu mlade djevojke i djelove draperije sa krčagom-hidrijom na boku.Nalaz keramičkog kalupa s otiskom menade u zanosnom plesu rječito govori o tome koliko je antički mit bio prisutan u Risnu.12 Nalaz kalupa iz Risna svjedoči da su tu izrađivani otisci, što je dokaz veće potražnje i distribucije ovog proizvoda, a naročito stepena kulture stanovništva.O antičkom mitu i poimanju mita u Risnu govori i nalaz jedne geme (gemma) od staklene paste sa predstavom gigantomahije. Na gemi je prikazana scena borbe jednog od giganata sa bogom. Gigant ima noge bez stopala, u obliku zmija (angulopedia). Borba giganata sa bogovima omiljena je tema u likovnoj umjetnosti počevši od V vijeka p. n. e.13

11 T. B. L. Vebster, Helenizam, Novi Sad, 1970. g.12 Menade su u antičkoj mitoligiji bile pratilje boga Dionisa: kad ih on nadahne, padaju u ekstazu i lutaju poljima, šumama i planinama, uzvikujući njegovo ime. Ovjenčane su bršljanom, opasane zmijama. Neranjive su i raspolažu velikom snagom.Dragoslav Srejović, Aleksandrina Cermanović, Rečnik grčke i rimske mitoligije, Beograd, 1978. g.13 Ibidem.

ARTISTIC OBJECTS

Parts of at least two terracotta figurines called Tanagra statuettes were found in Risan. They got their names after the Boeotian town of Tanagra, where quite a number of these were found in the necropoli. These are charming little figures which besides young girls, depicted also elderly women and common people in a realistic style.11 The Risan example shows the head of a young girl and parts of drapes with a pitcher-hydria at her flank.The find of a ceramic mould with the image of a maenad in ecstatic dance, speaks sufficiently how much mythology had been present in Risan.12 The Risan mould is a proof of greater distribution and demand for this product, especially of the degree of culture of the population.The find of a gemma in Risan made of pâte de verre with the presentation of Gigantomachy speaks in itself about the Classical myth and the understanding of the same. The gemma shows a scene of the battle between a Giant and a God. The Giant has feetless legs, in the form of snakes (angulopedia). The battle between the Giants and the Gods was a favourite fine arts theme starting from the 5th century BC.13

11 T.B.L.Vebster, Helenizam (Hellenism), Novi Sad, 1970.12 In Greek mythology, maenads were the female followers of Dionysus: when inspired by Dionysus they come into a state of ecstatic frenzy and wander in the fields and through the forests and mountains hailing his name. They would wear ivy-wreaths around their heads and also snakes. They are invulnerable and have great strength.Dragoslav Srejović, Aleksandrina Cermanović, Rečnik grčke i rimske mitoligije (Vocabulary of Greek and Roman Mythology), Beograd 1978.13 Ib idem

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Fotografija 7 – CipusPhotography 7 – Cipus

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NOVAC

Metalni nalazi se sastoje najvećim dijelom od novca, i to:

a. Novac ilirskog dinasta Balajosa iz kovnica u Rizonu ili Farosu,

b. Novac grčkih polisa, iz trgovačkih veza sa Risnom,

c. Novac rimskih imperatora.Velika emisija i enormno veliki broj primjeraka novca ovog ilirskog vladara u odnosu na ostali numizmatički materijal svakako govori o postojanju njegove kovnice u Risnu. Sam natpis na aversu s njegovim likom na grčkom alfabetu glasi: ΒАΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΒΑΛΛΑΙΟΫ ‒ Kralj Balajos. Predstava Artemide sa kopljem u ruci na reversu takođe govori o grčkom uzoru. Iz grčkih polisa pronađen je novac Korinta i korintskih kolonija Dirahiona (Dyrrachium), Leuke (Leucas) i Anaktorije (Anactoria), kao i gradova sa jadranskih ostrva (Issa, Pharos).

TEATAR

Risan je, po ugledu na grčke helenističke gradove, mogao imati i pozorište. Takva hipotetička lokacija već je uočena u neposrednoj blizini antičkog naselja, van zidina. Prirodni polukružni terasasti teren, istočno od ulaza u grad sa strane rječice Spile, bio je idealno mjesto za postavljanje antičkog teatra. Prostor je bio dovoljan da se na padini napravi gledalište za stanovnike grada, kao i scena na najnižoj platformi. Nalaz komične maskice od fino pročišćene zemlje bjeličaste boje svjedoči o ulozi pozorišta i predstava

COINS

Metal finds consist mostly of coins, as follows:

a. coins of the Illyrian dynast Balaios from the mint in Rhizon or Pharos

b. coins of Greek poleis, originated from the commercial links with Risan

c. coins of Roman emperors

Big emission and enormous number of coins of the Illyrian ruler, as compared to other numismatic material, most certainly speaks about the existence of Risan mint. The inscription on the obverse bearing the image of the ruler in Greek alphabet reads as follows: ΒАΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΒΑΛΛΑΙΟΫ – King Balaios. The image of Artemis, with a spear in her hand, on the reverse, also speaks about the Greek model. As for the coins of the Greek poleis, Corinthian coins and the coins of the Corinthian colonies of Dyrrachium, Leucas and Anactoria were found, as well as those of the towns from the Adriatic islands (Issa, Pharos).

THEATRE

Following the example of Greek-Hellenistic cities, it is possible that Risan too had its own theatre. Such a hypothetical location has already been noticed in the immediate vicinity of the ancient settlement, outside the town walls. Natural semi-circular terraced terrain to the east of one entrance to the town towards the Spila River was an ideal location for a theatre. The area was sufficient for the auditorium to be constructed on the sloping ground for the inhabitants of the Town and for the stage to be mounted on the lowest platform. The find of a comedy mask, made of finely refined whitish earth, testifies to the role of theatre and performances with different contents, comedy being dominant in

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Fotografija 8 – Novčići– druga polovina II v.p.n.e – period ilirskog kralja Ballaiosa; Photography 8 – Coins – the second half of II c. B.C. – period of Illyrian King Ballaios

ANTIČKI RISAN

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raznovrsnih sadržaja, sa komedijom kao vodećom vrstom, u svakodnevnom životu stanovnika. Prikaz maskice sa likom mladog nasmijanog muškarca veselog pogleda, dočarava komiku i razigranost. Ovakve maskice su u Grčkoj upotrebljavane i kao ulaznice za pozorišne predstave.

the everyday life of the population. The mask depicting a young man with smiling face and joyful expression conjures up comedy and joyfulness. Such masks were also being used in Greece as tickets for theatrical performances.

Fotografija 9 – Komična maskicaPhotography 9 – Comedy mask

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KULT

O antičkom kultu u Risnu najbolje nam govore epigrafski nalazi, preko kojih se može rekonstruisati njegova suština i ikonografski izraz. Dva votivna spomenika, sročena u stihove, a posvećena Medauru, pronađena u Lambezi ‒ velikom vojnom logoru u sjevernoj Africi ‒ daju nam pisani podatak o ovom ilirskom božanstvu. Spomenike datovane u period između 166. i 180. g. n. e. zavičajnom božanstvu posvetio je vojni legat i visoki dostojanstvenik (consul iam designatus) iz Risinijuma, čije je ime Medaurus teomorfno, izvedeno od imena boga Medaurusa. Početak prvog natpisa naglašava domicilni karakter božanstva i njegovo pokroviteljstvo nad gradom: „Ti koji nastanjuješ eačke zidove Risinijuma, tvrđave u Dalmaciji, sveopšti Laru našega naroda, Ti koji si poštovan Kako u domovini i ovdje Medaure.....“Medaur je rodonačelnik, zajednički predak, ujedno i genije tla oivičenog posvećenim bedemima, nad kojim zaštitnički bdi.U drugom natpisu iz Lambeze dat je figurativno opis božanstva, s pojedinostima koje živo predočavaju njegovu sliku: to je konjanik koji jednom rukom primiruje propetog konja, a drugom, uzdignutom iznad glave, baca u daljinu smrt.Ilirski Medaur je zaštitnik grada Rizinijuma i čitave Dalmacije, kojem je u ilirskoj mitologiji pripisivana ista funkcija koju je u grčkoj mitologiji imao Asklepije, a u rimskoj Eskulap.

CULT

The Classical cult in Risan is best explained by the epigraphic finds through which it is possible to reconstruct the essence of the Cult and iconographic expression. Two votive monuments, in the form of verses, dedicated to Medaurus, found in Lambaesa, a big military camp in the Northern Africa, give us written information about this Illyrian deity. The monuments dated in the period between 166 and 180 AD were dedicated to the local deity by a military emissary and high dignitary (consul iam designatus) from Rhisinium, whose name was Medaurus, as a theomorphic, derived from the name of the God Medaurus. The beginning of the first inscription emphasizes the domicile character of the deity and his patronage over the Town: „Thee that dwell inside the Aeacian walls of Rhisinium, a fortress in Dalmatia, Lar of all our people, Thee, Medaurus that are revered Both in your homeland and here...“14

Medaurus is the founder, joint ancestor and at the same time the genie of the soil surrounded by the consecrated ramparts which were constantly under his watchful eye.The second Lambaesa inscription gives a very figurative description of the deity with the particularities which depict his image in a very vivid way: a horseman calming down his reared horse with his hand, the other raised above his head casting death into the distance.

The Illyrian Medaurus, the protector of the Town of Rhizinium, and of the entire Dalmatia, was attributed the same function in the Illyrian mythology as the one Asclepius had in the Greek or Roman mythology.

14 Translator’s remark: Original Latin dedication found in the book By Zsuzsanna Várhelyi: The Religion of Senators in the Roman Empire: Power and the Beyond reads as follows:Moenia qui Risinni Aeacia, qui colis arcem Delmatiae, nostri publice lar populi, sancte Medaure domi e(t) sancte hic, nam templa quoq(ue).

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Lokaciju Risna, kao sastavnog dijela Boke kotorske i jadranske obale, karakteriše bogato arheološko i kulturološko nasljeđe u svim epohama. Na primjeru ovog mjesta najbolje se mogu sagledati prožimanja različitih miljea i kultura, kao i njihova komunikacija.U antičkom periodu ovaj grad je bio jedan od važnih centara ilirske države, pa je samim tim bio podložan uticajima koji su dolazili iz razvijenog helenističkog svijeta. Bogati arheološki nalazi grčke i helenističke provenijencije potvrđuju da je prihvaćeno sve što je bilo naprednije, ali isto tako da je ostalo dugo u upotrebi i pamćenju nešto što govori o kultu i lokalnoj tradiciji. To se najviše očitovalo u sepulkralnom kultu i odnosu prema precima. Primjer štovanja ilirskog božanstva Medaura to jasno govori. Sva istorijska i civilizacijska događanja, reflektovana kroz arheologiju i istoriju Risna, ovom gradu otvaraju neslućene mogućnosti u turizmu. Zbog toga bi turistički razvoj grada trebalo koncipirati vodeći se smjernicama valorizovanja arheoloških lokaliteta i prezentovanja arheološkog nasljeđa: kroz otvaranje arheoloških parkova, muzeja, kao i ljetnjih škola arheologije.

The location of Risan, as an integral part of Boka Kotorska Bay and the Adriatic coast, resulted in rich archaeological and cultural heritage of all epochs. By the example of Risan one can best perceive the permeation and communication among different milieus and cultures.In the Classical period Risan was one of the important centres of the Illyrian state and consequently subject to the influences coming from the developed Hellenistic world. Rich archaeological finds of Greek and Hellenistic provenance are the proof of the acceptance of more advanced things, but they also lead to conclusion that all those things related to the cult and tradition remained in use and were kept in memory for a long time, which tells us something about the Cult and local tradition. This was mostly reflected in the sepulchral cult and in the relation towards the ancestors, with the obvious example of the reverence of the Illyrian deity - Medaurus.All historical and civilization events, reflected through archaeology and history of Risan, open unthinkable opportunities for the tourism development of this town. Tourism development of the Town should therefore be designed by introducing guidelines related to the exploitation of archaeological sites and presentation of the archaeological heritage through the opening of archaeological parks, museums and summer schools of archaeology.

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Fotografija 10 – RisanPhotography 10 – Risan

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SPECIFIKACIJA ARTEFAKATA

SPECIFICATION OF ARTIFACTS

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Amfora sa postoljem - početak IV v.p.n.e.Amfora je bila ispunjena grčkim i italskim vinom, o mjestu proizvodnje amfora i vina svjedoče pečati sa imenima proizvođača utisnuti na drškama, vratu i obodima.Lokacija: Risanski zaliv

Amphora on stand - early IV c. B.C.Amphora was filled with Greek and Italic wine; stamps with names of amphora and wine producers applied on its handles, neck and rim bear testimony to its productionLocation: Bay of Risan

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Poklopci amfora – period od II do I v.p.n.e;

Njihova vanjska površina je bila često ukrašavana i na njima se nalazio monogram ili ime

proizvođača.Lokacija: Carine, Risan

Amphora lids – period from II to I c. B.C.

Their external surface was frequently decorated and they had a monogram and a producer’s name

Location: Carine, Risan


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Ceramic amphora lid with a sun-disc and wheel decoration, symbolizing the passing of time.

Keramički poklopacamfore s ukrasima ‒ sunčevim diskom i točkom, simbolom protoka vremena

Keramički poklopac za amforu sa trgovačkim simbolom

Ceramic amphora lid with the symbol of trade

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Cipus (Cippi liburnini) antička grobna inskripcija korišćena kao

građevinski materialLokacija: Carine, Risan

Cipus (Cippi liburnini)ancient tombstone inscription used

as a building materialLocation: Carine, Risan

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Arhitektonski element – fragment korinstskog kapitela – I v.n.eLokacija: Carine, Risan

Architectural element – Corinthian Capital Fragment – I c. A.D.Location: Carine, Risan

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Ekseri – sa namještaja sa kraja III v.p.n.e.

Otkriveni su u jednoj od prostorija u domu Aglaosa.

Lokacija: Carine, Risan

Nails – from furniture, end of III c. B.C.

Discovered in one of the rooms in Aglaos’s home. Location: Carine, Risan


Novčići– druga polovina II v.p.n.e – period ilirskog kralja Ballaiosa; Ilirski kralj Ballaios je novčiće sa svojim likom kovao u dvije kovanice – jedna se nalazila na ostrvu Faros (Hrvatska) a druga u Rhizonu.Lokacija: Carine, Risan

Coins – the second half of II c. B.C. – period of Illyrian King Ballaios The Illyrian King Ballaios had coins with his image made in two mints – one was on the Faros island and the other one in RhizonLocation: Carine, Risan

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Tegovi za ribarske mreže - IV – II v. p.n.e. - različitog oblika, napravljenih

od gline ili olofa;Lokacija: Carine, Risan

Fishing Net Weights – IV-II c. B.C. – different shapes, made of clay and lead

Location: Carine, Risan

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Okrugli teg – period IV – II v.p.n.e. Lokacija: Carine, Risan

Round Weight – period of IV-II c. B.C. Location: Carine, Risan

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Bronzana fibula, kopča za odjeću sa

zvjezdastim ukrasom na luku; III v. p.n.e.

Bronze fibula, garment clasp, with star-like

ornament on the bow, 3rd century BC.

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Dio kopče – period IV – II v. p.n.e. Lokacija: Carine, Risan

Buckle fragment – period of IV-II c. B.C. Location: Carine, Risan

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Keramički tanjir “Gnatija” tipa, južnoitalske provenijencije;

IV‒II v. p.n.e.

Gnathia style ceramic plate, South-Italic provenance ,

4th – 2nd century B.C.

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Gnathia style cup, 3rd century B.C.

Čašica “Gnatija” (Gnathia) tipa; III v. p.n.e.


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Dio obredne posude – kadionice;

prva polovina III v.p.n.e.

Part of a ritual vessel – censer. First half of the

3rd century B.C.


Komična pozorišna maskica od fino pročišćene gline;III v. p.n.e.

Comic theatre mask made of finely refined clay, 3rd century B.C.

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Batch of Gnathia style vessels, plates, glasses

Skupina “Gnatija” posudica: tanjiri, čašice

Bronzani vrh strijele; III v.p.n.e.

Bronze arrow tip, 3rd century B.C.

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Bronzana igla, ukras za kosu sa

predstavom delfina;III v.p.n.e.

Bronze dolphin pin hair decoration,

3rd century B.C.


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Mozaički pod sa dekorativnim ukrasom u obliku meandra. Nalaz u blizini „vile urbane“ (villa urbana)

Mosaic floor with decorative meander found in the vicinity of the “villa urbana“


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Amfora grčko-italske provenijencije Izvađena iz mora, služila za

transport vina i ulja.III v.s.e.

Amphora of Greek-Italic provenanceTaken out of the sea, was used for

the transport of wine and oil.3rd century B.C.

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Keramički pitosSlužio je za skladištenje celeralija (žito, pšenica) u sklopu rimskih kuća.Rimski period I-III v.n.e.

Ceramic ‘‘pythos’’Serve for storing cereals (corn, wheat)within Roman houses.Roman period 1st to 3rd century A.D.

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Keramička kadica za kupanje djece Nađena u sklopu stambenog objekta na

lokalitetu Carine u Risnu (Identična kadica nađena je na nalazištu Tell Atrib u Egiptu).

Helenistički period III v.s.e.

Ceramic bath for childrenFound within a residentail building at the

site of Carine in Risan (Identical bathwas found at the site Tell Atrib in Egypt)

Hellenistic period, 3rd century B.C.

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Izdavač / Publisher:TURISTIČKA ORGANIZACIJA OPŠTINE KOTOR / TOURISM ORGANISATION OF KOTOR MUNICIPALITYU sklopu projekta: „Rimski mozaici-nasleđe koje obavezuje“ / Within the project: “Risan-heritage that binds“www.tokotor.me

Za izdavača / On behalf of the publisher:Emilija Radulović Mr/MscBosiljka Bakočević Spec. hotelijerstva/Hotel management specialist

Autor teksta / Author of the text:Vilma Kovačević, arheolog savjetnik / archaeologist advisor

Autori fotografija / Author of photography:Stevan Kordić Dr/PhdRanko MarašFoto dokumentacija sa istrazivanja u Risnu, Centar za konzervaciju i arheologiju Crne Gore, autor profesor Lazar Pejović / Photodocumentation of archeological researches in Risan;Center for Conservation and Archeology of Montenegro, authored by professor Lazar PejovicDizajn i priprema za štampu/ Graphic design and print layout:Intro Design Studio, Danilovgrad

Lektura teksta / Proofreading:Lektura doo, Podgorica

Štampa / Printing:Gondor produkcija, Podgorica

Tiraž / Circulation:1000 komada / copies

CIP - Kaталогизација у публикацијиНационална библиотека Црне Горе, Цетиње

ISBN 978-9940-9732-3-0

COBISS.CG-ID 34845968 Kotor, februar/ february 2018

IMPRESUM/ IMPRESSIUM

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FOTOGRAFIJE / PHOTOGRAPHY

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Fotografija 1 – Risan 6Photography 1 – Risan

Fotografija 2 – Arheološko nalazište Carine - Risan 9Photography 2 – Archeological site Carine - Risan

Fotografija 3– Arhitektura podgrađa 11Photography 3 – Architecture of the settlement below the fortress


Fotografija 5 – Arheolosko nalaziste Gradine - Risan 15Photography 5 – Archeological site Gradine - Risan

Fotografija 6 – Keramička uljana lampa 17Photography 6 – Ceramic oil lamp

Fotografija 7 – Cipus 19Photography 7 – Cipus

Fotografija 8 – Novčići– druga polovina II v.p.n.e – period ilirskog kralja Ballaiosa; 21Photography 8 – Coins – the second half of II c. B.C. – period of Illyrian King Ballaios

Fotografija 9 – Komična maskica 22Photography 9 – Comedy mask

Fotografija 10 – Risan 25Photography 10 – Risan


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LEGENDA / LEGEND

Artefakt se može pogledati u Rimskim mozaicima - RisanThe artifact can be seen in the Roman mosaics - Risan


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ANTIČKI ANCIENT RISAN

Documents

ANTIČKI / ANCIENT RISAN8 P. Mijović, M. Kovačević, Gradovi i utvrđenja u Crnoj Gori, Beograd‒Ulcinj, 1975. g. Systematic archaeological excavations having international character