Antologia Seminario de Liderazgo y Gestion Educativa

7/26/2019 Antologia Seminario de Liderazgo y Gestion Educativa

1/94

SECRETARA DE EDUCACIN

SUBSECRETARA DE EDUCACIN MEDIA SUPERIOR Y SUPERIOR

DIRECCIN DE NORMATIVIDAD, CONTROL, SEGUIMIENTO Y EVALUACIN

UNIVERSIDAD ICN

FACULTAD DE EDUCACION8 LCE

Mtro. M!"r#$#o S"!r%& O$'o!

GESTIN ESCOLAREN EL (MBITO DE LA DOCENCIA

)


2/94

ANTOLOGA

INDICEPROPSITO GENERAL *

CONTENIDO DEL CURSO +ANTECEDENTES

LA REFORMA INTEGRAL DE LA EDUCACIN B(SICA

I. ANTECEDENTES

II. ACUERDO NACIONAL DE LA MODERNIACIN

III. E- Co/ro#0o So$#!- /or -! C!-#1!1 1% -! E1"$!$#23

4

UNIDAD I Conceptos generales y calidad educatiaL! $!-#1!1 1% -! %1"$!$#23 5 %- /ro1"$to '"!3o

BOLA6OS M!rt73%& V7$tor "9o. E- !%0tro. A:o V. No. *4. S;/t#! E- !%0tro 5 -! $!-#1!1 %1"$!t#?!

ERN(NDE C#1 @o0; A3to3#o. E- !%0tro. A:o V. No. *4. S;/t#!


3/94

A-9"3!0 $o3$%/$#o3%0 !$%r$! 1% -! 9%0t#23

@URAN @.M. @"r!3 5 -! /-!3#$!$#23 /!r! -! $!-#1!1. E1#$#o3%0 D7!& 1% S!3to0. M!1r#1. )44.

YURICO S!3 M!rt73. Ro3. UPN. R%?#0t! Mo%3to P%1!929#$o. No. ). L! G%0t#23 5 %- /!/%- 1%-1#r%$tor $oo 9%0tor M;#$o )44.

C2o ?!-or!r -! $!-#1!1 %3 -! %30%:!3&!

ILSON @o'3. Coo ?!-or!r -! $!-#1!1 %3 -! %30%:!3&!. B!r$%-o3!, E1. P!#120, )44.

UNIDAD II Pol!tica educatia y "o"entos de ca"#ioPo-7t#$! %1"$!t#?! 5 $!=#o.D PONER, P#-!r.L! 9%0t#23 %0$o-!rH E- 1#r%$t#?o $oo 9%0tor 1% !/r%31#&!%0 %0$o-!r%0. E1.A#J"%, B"%3o0 A#r%0. )44*. P/. +4K4)

8LOS DIRECTORES COMO GESTORES ESCOLARESE- ro- 1% -o0 9%0tor%0 %1"$!t#?o0 %3 %- $o3t%to 1% -! 1%0$%3tr!-#&!$#23A3! L"#&! M!$'!1o, ) E- ro- 1% -o0 9%0tor%0 %1"$!t#?o0 %3 %- $o3t%to 1% -!

1%0$%3tr!-#&!$#23 %3 -! %0$"%-!. S;/t#! R%"3#23 1%- Co#t; R%9#o3!- I3t%r9"=%r3!%3t!- 1%-Pro5%$to Pr#3$#/!- 1% E1"$!$#23 %3 A;r#$! L!t#3! 5 %- C!r#=% 1% -! %0$"%-!.

>

G%0t#23 %0$o-!r 5 $!=#o

UPN D#r%$$#23 1% Do$%3$#! A$!1%#! 1% P0#$o-o97! E1"$!t#?!, Pro9r!! 1%- D#/-o!1o G%0t#23E0$o-!r. M;#$o )44+.

>

UNIDAD III Actores$ acciones$ decisiones y tra#a%o en e&uipoLA DIRECCI

N ESCOLARN!?!rro L"#0 "; /o-7t#$!0 1% /%1!9o97! 5 9%0t#23 %0$o-!r 0o3 3%$%0!r#!0Q, %3 N;0tor L2/%&,

Coor1. 4 D% -!0 r%-!$#o3%0, !$tor%0 5 t%rr#tor#o0. !$#! 3"%?!0 /o-7t#$!0 /!r! -! %1"$!$#23 %3A;r#$! L!t#3!. UNESCO, B"%3o0 A#r%0, Ar9%3t#3!, //. *4K+. >+

E- %J"#/o 1% tr!=!o 5 -! 0o-"$#23 1% /ro=-%!0

F"31!$#23 SNTE /!r! -! C"-t"r! 1%- M!%0tro M%#$!3o, A.C. S%#3!r#o 1% For!$#23 %3 G%0t#23P%1!929#$!. A3to-o97!. M;#$o )448.

>8

UNIDAD I' Gesti(n escolar y la innoaci(n


4/94

L! 9%0t#23 %1"$!t#?! %0 -! ?7! !- %or!#%3to 1% -! %1"$!$#23. 'tt/.#3%1"$!$#o3.9o?.$o)+)!rt#$-%K)>>.'t-

*I33o?!$#23 5 $!=#o %3 -o0 $%3tro0 %0$o-!r%0ANTUNE, S. C"!1%r3o0 1% E1"$!$#23. ICEOSORI. E0/!:!, )44>.

*E- Pro5%$to E1"$!t#?o 1% "3 C%3tro E0$o-!r

L"#0 Ot!3o, H E- Pro5%$to E1"$!t#?o 1% "3 C%3tro E0$o-!rH, %3 Ro=%rto P!0$"!- $oor1. L! G%0t#23%1"$!t#?! !3t% -! #33o?!$#23 5 %- $!=#o II Co39r%0o I3t%r3!$#o3!- V!0$o, )488, //. +K. *

UNIDAD ' Las enta%as y los l!"ites del planea"ientoL!0 ?%3t!!0 5 -o0 -7#t%0 1%- /-!3%!#%3to

CASCANTES L2/%&, @%00 D. L!0 ?%3t!!0 5 -o0 -7#t%0 1%- /-!3%!#%3to, %3 T%or7! 5 t;$3#$! 1%-! !1#3#0tr!$#23, B"%3o0 A#r%0, Ar9%3t#3!, E1#$#o3%0 M!$$'#. )48+.

)I)LIOGRA*IA 8

>


5/94

PROPSITO GENERAL

Pro/#$#!r %- !3-#0#0 1% -! 9%0t#23

%0$o-!r ! /!rt#r 1% 0"0 1#%r%3t%0$o3$%/to0, o%3to0 5 !$tor%0

/!r! J"% %- /!rt#$#/!3t% !0"! -!

#/ort!3$#! 1% 0" /!rt#$#/!$#23 W

!$$#23, %3 -! #33o?!$#23 5 %3 -!/-!3%!$#23 1% "3 /ro5%$to.

*


6/94

CONTENIDO

UNIDAD I Conceptos generales y calidad educatia

O=%t#?o A3!-#&!r 1#?%r0o0 $o3$%/to0 5 !$%/$#o3%0 1% $!-#1!1 !07 $oo 1% 9%0t#23 %1"$!t#?!, /!r!$o/r%31%r $"- %0 /!/%- 1%- !%0tro %3 %0t% =#to

). C!-#1!1 1% -! %1"$!$#23. E- !%0tro 5 -! $!-#1!1 %1"$!t#?!. A-9"3!0 $o3$%/$#o3%0 !$%r$! 1% -! 9%0t#23>. Coo ?!-or!r -! $!-#1!1 %3 -! %30%:!3&!

UNIDAD II Pol!tica educatia y "o"entos de ca"#ioO=%t#?o Pro/#$#!r -! r%X%#23 1% -! /o-7t#$! %1"$!t#?! /!r! !3!-#&!r -! #/ort!3$#! 1% -! 9%0t#23 %3 %0to0o%3to0 1% $!=#oL!0 R%or!0 1% -! E1"$!$#23 P=-#$!

Po-7t#$! %1"$!t#?! 5 $!=#o G%0t#23 %0$o-!r 5 $!=#o

UNIDAD III Actores$ Acciones$ Decisiones y Tra#a%o en e&uipoO=%t#?o Co/r%31%r %- /!/%- 1% -o0 !$tor%0 1% -! 9%0t#23, /!r! !3!-#&!r 0" /!rt#$#/!$#23 5 r%0/o30!=#-#1!1

). D#r%$$#23 E0$o-!r. E- %J"#/o 1% tr!=!o 5 -! 0o-"$#23 1% /ro=-%!0.

UNIDAD I' Gesti(n Escolar y la innoaci(nO=%t#?o A3!-#&!r -!0 1#%30#o3%0 1% -! 9%0t#23 % #33o?!$#23 /!r! -o9r!r !$$#o3%0 1% /!rt#$#/!$#23 1% -!$o"3#1!1 %1"$!t#?!

1. L! 9%0t#23 %1"$!t#?! %0 -! ?7! !- %or!#%3to 1% -! %1"$!$#232. I33o?!$#23 5 $!=#o %3 -o0 $%3tro0 %0$o-!r%03. E- Pro5%$to E1"$!t#?o 1% "3 C%3tro E0$o-!r

+


7/94

UNIDAD ' +odelos de Gesti(n ,distri#uci(n del tie"po-O=%t#?o A3!-#&!r -! or9!3#&!$#23 1%- t#%/o, ! /!rt#r 1% 0"0 $!r!$t%r70t#$!0, /!r! !0%9"r!r -o0!/r%31#&!%0.

1. V%3t!!0 1%- /-!32. E-!=or!$#23 1% %0tr!t%9#!0

Este documento fue elaborado en el rea de Superacin y Actualizacin dePersonal Docente de la Direccin General de Educacin Secundaria Tcnica

Fray Servando Teresa de ier !"#$"%& Piso'ol& 'entro( )ico( D&F& Tel* ##$++$,"$-.


8/94

Abril de ,...

Antecedente

s8


9/94

4


10/94

P-!3 1% E0t"1#o0 ))E1"$!$#23 =0#$!, !$"%r1o *4, PRIMERA %1#$#23, ))

D. R. S%$r%t!r7! 1% E1"$!$#23 P=-#$!, ))Ar9%3t#3! 8, C%3tro, +

C"!"'t;o$, M;#$o, D.F.

LA REFORMA INTEGRAL DE LA EDUCACIN BSICA

I. ANTECEDENTES

L! R%or! I3t%9r!- 1% -! E1"$!$#23 B0#$! t#%3% "3 ?73$"-o 1% $o3t#3"#1!1 J"% #3t%9r! "3! 0"! 1%%0"%r&o0 /r%$%1%3t%0, /orJ"% r%$"/%r! -! ?#0#23 J"% t"?o @o0; V!0$o3$%-o0 /!r! r%$o3o$%r, %3 -!"3#?%r0!-#1!1 1% -! %1"$!$#23, %- %0/!$#o /ro/#$#o /!r! $o30tr"#r 5 r%$r%!r 3"%0tro 0%r $oo %#$!3o0 %-%0"%r&o %t21#$o 5 $o30t!3t% 1%0/-%9!1o /!r! or9!3#&!r %- P-!3 1% o3$% !:o0, #/"-0!1o /or @!#% Torr%0Bo1%t, J"% -o9r2 o?#-#&!r r%$"r0o0 %$o32#$o0, 0$!-%0, /o-7t#$o0 5 0o$#!-%0, /!r! /ro5%$t!r %3 0"

o%3to "3! %t!, 0#3 1"1! 3%$%0!r#!, /%ro J"% /!r%$7! #3!-$!3&!=-% -! %/!30#23 5 %- %or!#%3to 1%-! %1"$!$#23 /r#!r#!, -! "31!$#23 1%- I30t#t"to 1% C!/!$#t!$#23 1%- M!9#0t%r#o 5 -! Co#0#23 N!$#o3!- 1%L#=ro0 1% T%to Gr!t"#to0 -! ?#0#23 1% "t"ro 5 %- #/"-0o /!r! 9%3%r!r #30t#t"$#o3%0 J"% tr!0$%31#%ro3 %3 %-t#%/o, J"% t"?#%ro3 V7$tor Br!?o A'"! 5 F%r3!31o So-!3! Mor!-%0, %- /r#%ro !- "31!r %- Co30%oN!$#o3!- 1% C#%3$#! 5 T%$3o-o97! -! U3#1!1 I3t%r1#0$#/-#3!r#! 1% I39%3#%r7! 5 C#%3$#!0 So$#!-%0 5A1#3#0tr!t#?!0 %3 %- I30t#t"to Po-#t;$3#$o N!$#o3!- %- Co-%9#o 1% B!$'#--%r%0 -! U3#?%r0#1!1 A"t23o!M%tro/o-#t!3!, 5 -! B#=-#ot%$! N!$#o3!- 1% C#%3$#! 5 T%$3o-o97!, 5 %- 0%9"31o /!r! -! $r%!$#23 1% -!01%-%9!$#o3%0 1% -! S%$r%t!r7! 1% E1"$!$#23 P=-#$! 1%- Go=#%r3o F%1%r!- %3 to1o %- /!70 %- Co-%9#oN!$#o3!- 1% E1"$!$#23 Pro%0#o3!- T;$3#$!, 5 1%- I30t#t"to N!$#o3!- /!r! -! E1"$!$#23 1% -o0 A1"-to0!1%0 1%- #/"-0o -#=%r!- 5 '"!3#0t! 1% @%00 R%5%0 %ro-%0.

Lo0 !%0tro0 t!=#;3 0% $o/ro%t#%ro3 $o3 ;0t!0 5 "$'!0 otr!0 #3#$#!t#?!0 ?!-#o0!0, ! -!0 J"% -o0/!1r%0 1% !#-#! =r#31!ro3 %- 3%$%0!r#o r%0/!-1o 0o$#!-, -o J"% /%r#t#2 $o3t!r $o3 "3 0#0t%! %1"$!t#?o3!$#o3!- J"% t"?o -! $!/!$#1!1 1% $r%$%r %3 -! !t%3$#23 1% -! $o=%rt"r! 5 -! $!-#1!1, 0#"-t3%!%3t%,!"3J"% 3o $o3 %- 1#3!#0o 3%$%0!r#o, r%3t% ! -!0 %#9%3$#!0 1%- M;#$o /r%0%3t% 5, 0o=r% to1o, 1%- 1%-o0 /r2#o0 !:o0.

)


11/94

ACUERDO NACIONAL DE LA +ODERNI.ACIN

Co3 -! %/%1#$#23 1%- A$"%r1o N!$#o3!- /!r! -! Mo1%r3#&!$#23 1% -! E1"$!$#23 B0#$! %3 )44, M;#$o#3#$#2 "3! /ro"31! tr!30or!$#23 1% -! %1"$!$#23 5 r%or9!3#&!$#23 1% 0" 0#0t%! %1"$!t#?o 3!$#o3!-, J"%1#o /!0o ! r%or!0 %3$!#3!1!0 ! %or!r % #33o?!r /r$t#$!0 5 /ro/"%0t!0 /%1!929#$!0, !07 $oo ! "3!%or 9%0t#23 1% -! E1"$!$#23 B0#$!.

R%or!0 3%$%0!r#!0 /!r! "3 /!70 J"% #3#$#!=! "3! %t!/! r%3o?!1! %3 -! 1%o$r!$#! 5 -! !/%rt"r! 1% 0"%$o3o7!, $"5o0 /r#3$#/!-%0 r%to0 %r!3 #3$r%%3t!r -! /%r!3%3$#! %3 %- 3#?%- 1% /r#!r#! 5 -! $o=%rt"r!%3 -o0 3#?%-%0 1% /r%%0$o-!r 5 0%$"31!r#! !$t"!-#&!r -o0 /-!3%0 5 -o0 /ro9r!!0 1% %0t"1#o ort!-%$%r -!$!/!$#t!$#23 5 !$t"!-#&!$#23 /%r!3%3t% 1% -!0 !%0tr!0 5 -o0 !%0tro0 r%$o3o$%r 5 %0t#"-!r -! $!-#1!11%- 1o$%3t%, %3t%31#1! $oo 0" /r%/!r!$#23 /!r! %30%:!r ort!-%$%r -! #3r!%0tr"$t"r! %1"$!t#?!

$o30o-#1!r "3 !"t;3t#$o %1%r!-#0o %1"$!t#?o !- tr!30%r#r -! /r%0t!$#23 1% -o0 0%r?#$#o0 1% E1"$!$#23B0#$! 5 Nor!- 1% -! S%$r%t!r7! 1% E1"$!$#23 P=-#$! 1%- Go=#%r3o F%1%r!- ! -o0 9o=#%r3o0 %0t!t!-%0, 5/roo?%r "3! 3"%?! /!rt#$#/!$#23 0o$#!- %3 =%3%$#o 1% -! %1"$!$#23. S% tr!t2, 0#3 1"1!, 1% "3! r%or!/ro"31! 5 /%rt#3%3t% J"% /%r#t#2 !- 0#0t%! %1"$!t#?o 3!$#o3!- !-$!3&!r "3 $r%$##%3to or#1!=-%, !"3%3 o%3to0 %$o32#$o0 /!rt#$"-!r%3t% 1#7$#-%0, $oo %- J"% 0% %3r%3t! %3 -! !$t"!-#1!1.

!0t! !'or!, %- A$"%r1o N!$#o3!- /!r! -! Mo1%r3#&!$#23 1% -! E1"$!$#23 B0#$! '! o/%r!1o 1"r!3t% $!0#1o0 1;$!1!0, 5 0# =#%3 "$'o0 1% 0"0 /ro/20#to0 5 0"/"%0to0 0% '!3 ort!-%$#1o $o3 %- /!0o 1%- t#%/o,otro0 1%=%3 r%?#0!r0% /ro"31!%3t%, 1%01% -! /%r0/%$t#?! 1% -! 3%$%0#1!1 1% %-%?!r -! $!-#1!1 %3 -o0/ro$%0o0 5 r%0"-t!1o0 1% -! E1"$!$#23 B0#$!. E0 $-!ro J"% 3o /o1r7! 0%r 1% otr! or!, %3 -! %1#1! J"%

-!0 /o-7t#$!0 /=-#$!0 /!r! 1#$'o t#/o %1"$!t#?o, 5 -! 0o$#%1!1 %3 J"% 0% 1%0!rro--!3 0o3, %3 %0%3$#!,1#3#$!0 5 '!3 r%9#0tr!1o /ro"31!0 tr!30or!$#o3%0.

).K A3t%$%1%3t%0

Co3 -! /ro"-9!$#23 1%- !rt7$"-o 1% -! Co30t#t"$#23 Po-7t#$! 1% -o0 E0t!1o0 U3#1o0 M%#$!3o0 %3 )4) 5-! $r%!$#23 1% -! S%$r%t!r7! 1% E1"$!$#23 P=-#$! %3 )4), -! %1"$!$#23 5 %- 0#0t%! %1"$!t#?o 3!$#o3!- 0%$o30o-#1!ro3 $oo "3 otor /o1%ro0o 5 $o30t!3t% /!r! %- 1%0!rro--o 1% -! 0o$#%1!1 %#$!3!. D%01% %0%

))


12/94

/%r#o1o 5 '!0t! -! /r#%r! 1;$!1! 1%- 0#9-o ZZI, -! %1"$!$#23 /=-#$! '! %3r%3t!1o %- r%to 1% !t%31%r "3!1%!31! $r%$#%3t% 5 %- #/%r!t#?o 1% !?!3&!r %3 -! $!-#1!1 1%- 0%r?#$#o %1"$!t#?o 5 0"0 r%0"-t!1o0.

o5 17!, M;#$o $o30tr"5% 5 $o30o-#1! "3! 0o$#%1!1 1% $#"1!1!3o0 $o3 1%r%$'o0 /-%3o0, 1o31% -!0

/%r0o3!0 5 -o0 9r"/o0 0o$#!-%0 $o=r!3 /rot!9o3#0o 5 3"%?!0 r%0/o30!=#-#1!1%0 r%3t% !- E0t!1o, 0%! $oo/rootor%0, !$o/!:!3t%0, 9%0tor%0 o ?#9#-!3t%0 1% /o-7t#$!0 /=-#$!0 J"% !rt#$"-!3 ?#0#o3%0 5 %0"%r&o0/!r! 1#0%:!r /ro/"%0t!0 $"5! !/-#t"1 % #/ort!3$#!, $o3 r%$"%3$#!, tr!0$#%31% -! or!-#1!1 1% -!0%0tr"$t"r!0 5 or9!3#&!$#o3%0 9"=%r3!%3t!-%0, /!r! $o3?%rt#r0% %3 !$$#o3%0 #3$-"5%3t%0 J"% %/r%0!3 %#3t%9r!3 ! -! 0o$#%1!1 %3 0" $o3"3to.

Por t!3to, %- 0#0t%! %1"$!t#?o 3!$#o3!- 1%=% or9!3#&!r0% /!r! J"% $!1! %0t"1#!3t% 1%0!rro--%$o/%t%3$#!0 J"% -% /%r#t!3 1%0%3?o-?%r0% %3 "3! %$o3o7! 1o31% %- $o3o$##%3to %0 "%3t% /r#3$#/!-/!r! -! $r%!$#23 1% ?!-or, %3 "3! 0o$#%1!1 J"% 1%!31! 3"%?o0 1%0%/%:o0 /!r! r%-!$#o3!r0% %3 "3!r$o 1% /-"r!-#1!1 5 1%o$r!$#! #3t%r3!0, 5 %3 "3 "31o 9-o=!- % #3t%r1%/%31#%3t%.

El Compromiso Social por la Calidad de la Educacin

E- Co/ro#0o So$#!- /or -! C!-#1!1 1% -! E1"$!$#23, 0"0$r#to %3tr% -!0 !"tor#1!1%0 %1%r!-%0 5 -o$!-%0 %- 81% !9o0to 1% , t"?o $oo /ro/20#to -! tr!30or!$#23 1%- 0#0t%! %1"$!t#?o 3!$#o3!- %3 %- $o3t%to%$o32#$o, /o-7t#$o 5 0o$#!- %3 J"% 0% #3#$#! %- 0#9-o ZZI, %- $"!- /-!3t%! r%to0 0#3 /r%$%1%3t%0. U3! ?7!/r#?#-%9#!1! /!r! #/"-0!r %- 1%0!rro--o !r23#$o % #3t%9r!- 1%- #31#?#1"o 5 1% -! $o"3#1!1 %0 $o3t!r $o3"3 0#0t%! %1"$!t#?o 3!$#o3!- 1% $!-#1!1, J"% /%r#t! ! -o0 3#:o0, -!0 3#:!0 5 -o0 2?%3%0 %#$!3o0!-$!3&!r -o0 0 !-to0 %0t31!r%0 1% !/r%31#&!% r%$o3o$%r J"% -o0 %3oJ"%0 $%3tr!1o0 %3 %- !/r%31#&!%5 %3 -! %30%:!3&! #3$#1%3 %3 J"% %- !-"3o !/r%31! ! !/r%31%r, !/r%31! /!r! -! ?#1! 5 ! -o -!r9o 1% to1!

-! ?#1!, !07 $oo or!r $#"1!1!3o0 J"% !/r%$#%3 5 /r!$t#J"%3 -o0 1%r%$'o0 '"!3o0, -! /!&, -!r%0/o30!=#-#1!1, %- r%0/%to, -! "0t#$#!, -! 'o3%0t#1!1 5 -! -%9!-#1!1.

La Alianza por la Calidad de la Educacin

)


13/94

L! A-#!3&! /or -! C!-#1!1 1% -! E1"$!$#23, 0"0$r#t! %- )* 1% !5o 1%- 8 %3tr% %- Go=#%r3o F%1%r!- 5-o0 !%0tro0 1% M;#$o r%/r%0%3t!1o0 /or %- S#31#$!to N!$#o3!- 1% Tr!=!!1or%0 1% -! E1"$!$#23 SNTE,%0t!=-%$#2 %- $o/ro#0o 1% --%?!r ! $!=o "3! r%or! $"rr#$"-!r or#%3t!1! !- 1%0!rro--o 1% $o/%t%3$#!0 5'!=#-#1!1%0, %1#!3t% -! r%or! ! -o0 %3oJ"%0, !0#93!t"r!0 5 $o3t%3#1o0 1% -! E1"$!$#23 B0#$! 5 -!

%30%:!3&! 1%- #1#o! #39-;0 1%01% %- 3#?%- /r%%0$o-!r. A0##0o, %0t!=-%$#2 -o0 $o/ro#0o0 1%/ro%0#o3!-#&!r ! -o0 !%0tro0 5 ! -!0 !"tor#1!1%0 %1"$!t#?!0, 5 %?!-"!r /!r! %or!r, 5! J"% -! %?!-"!$#231%=% 0%r?#r 1% %0t7"-o /!r! %-%?!r -! $!-#1!1 1% -! %1"$!$#23, !?or%$%r -! tr!30/!r%3$#! 5 -! r%31#$#23 1%$"%3t!0, 5 0%r?#r 1% =!0% /!r! %- 1#0%:o !1%$"!1o 1% /o-7t#$!0 %1"$!t#?!0. M0 !-- 1% -o J"% o$"rr% %3 %-!"-!, -! A-#!3&! /or -! C!-#1!1 1% -! E1"$!$#23 t!=#;3 9%3%r2 $o/ro#0o0 %3$!#3!1o0 ! o1%r3#&!r -o0$%3tro0 %0$o-!r%0 $o3 %- 3 1% ort!-%$%r 0" #3r!%0tr"$t"r! 5 o1%r3#&!r %- %J"#/!#%3to 1% -o0 /-!3t%-%0%0$o-!r%0 /!r! $o3%$t!r-o0 ! r%1%0 1% !-to 1%0%/%:o, !07 $oo !/-#!r 0" 9%0t#23 5 /!rt#$#/!$#23 0o$#!-%3 -! 1%t%r#3!$#23 5 %- 0%9"##%3to 1% -o0 /ro5%$to0 %0tr!t;9#$o0 1% tr!30or!$#23 %0$o-!r. Lo !3t%r#or,0#3 1%!r ! "3 -!1o -! /r%#0! 1% J"% -! tr!30or!$#23 1%- 0#0t%! %1"$!t#?o 3!$#o3!- 1%0$!30! %3 %-%or!#%3to 1%- =#%3%0t!r 5 1%0!rro--o #3t%9r!- 1% -!0 3#:!0, -o0 3#:o0 5 -o0 2?%3%0, %3 !t%r#! 1% 0!-"1,

!-#%3t!$#23 5 3"tr#$#23, $o30#1%r!31o -!0 $o31#$#o3%0 0o$#!-%0 /!r! %or!r %- !$$%0o, -! /%r!3%3$#! 5 %-%9r%0o o/ort"3o 1% -o0 !-"3o0 J"% %0t"1#!3 %3 -!0 %0$"%-!0 /=-#$!0 1% E1"$!$#23 B0#$! %3 to1o %- /!70.To1o $o3 %- /ro/20#to 1% or!r, 1%01% %0to0 %0/!$#o0, $#"1!1!3o0 $o3 !5or%0 o/ort"3#1!1%0 1% !/r%31%r5 1%0!rro--!r tr!5%$tor#!0 %1"$!t#?!0 %#to0!0 %3 t;r#3o0 1% 0"0 $o31#$#o3%0 % #3t%r%0%0 /!rt#$"-!r%0. E0t!%0 -! ?#0#23 J"% ort!-%$% ! -! R%or! I3t%9r!- 1% -! E1"$!$#23 B0#$!. L! R%or! I3t%9r!- 1% -! E1"$!$#23B0#$! %0 "3! /o-7t#$! /=-#$! J"% #/"-0! -! or!$#23 #3t%9r!- 1% to1o0 -o0 !-"3o0 1% /r%%0$o-!r,/r#!r#! 5 0%$"31!r#! $o3 %- o=%t#?o 1% !?or%$%r %- 1%0!rro--o 1% $o/%t%3$#!0 /!r! -! ?#1! 5 %- -o9ro 1%-/%r- 1% %9r%0o, ! /!rt#r 1% !/r%31#&!%0 %0/%r!1o0 5 1%- %0t!=-%$##%3to 1% E0t31!r%0 C"rr#$"-!r%0, 1%D%0%/%:o Do$%3t% 5 1% G%0t#23.

)


14/94

)>


15/94

U N I D A D

/)*


16/94

)+


17/94

Bo-!:o0 MrJ"%& V7$tor "9o L! $!-#1!1 1% -! %1"$!$#23Y %- /ro1"$to '"!3o E- !%0tro A:o V N *4 S;/t#!

!0/%$to0 1% -! #9"!-1!1 o %J"#1!1 1% -! %1"$!$#23 J"% 1%t%r#3! 0" $!-#1!1 5

)


18/94

;0to0 0o3 -! o/ort"3#1!1 1% !$$%0o, -! 0o=r%?#?%3$#! 1% !:o0 %3 -! %0$"%-!, %- !0/%$to r%-!$#o3!1o $o3 -o0/ro1"$to0 5 %- !0/%$to 1% r%0"-t!1o0.

Por 0" /!rt% M!rt73 C!r3o#t, r%=!t% %0t! /o0#$#23 5 0%:!-! J"% 0 !-to0 /ro%1#o0 1% %0$o-!r#1!1 %3-! /o=-!$#23 3o 0#93#$!3 !5or $!-#1!1 3# #9"!-1!1 /"%0 3o $o31"$%3 ! -! r%1#0tr#="$#23 1% -! r#J"%&!, 1%#39r%0o 5 1% /o1%r /o-7t#$o 5 %3 $!=#o -!0 ;-#t%0 1% /o1%r 5 -o0 #3?%r0#o3#0t!0 %tr!3%ro0 #3t%3t!3/roo?%r -! %/!30#23 1% -! %1"$!$#23 3#$! 5 %$-"0#?!%3t% /orJ"% %0to 1%! #3!-t%r!1! -! %0tr"$t"r!0o$#oK%$o32#$! /%ro $o3tr#="5% !- $r%$##%3to 1% 0"0 "t#-#1!1%0.

A /!rt#r 1% %0t! 0%9"31! /o0#$#23, 0% '! 1%0!t!1o %3 M;#$o -! $orr#%3t% 1% !3!-#0t!0 $"!3t#t!t#?o0 5-! %0t!1#0t#$o!37!. E0t 1% o1! '!=-!r 1% "3 /ro%1#o 1% %0$o-!r#1!1 1% -! /o=-!$#23, $o0! t!3!=0"r1! $oo to!r "3 9r"/o 1% #- 1o$tor%0 J"% $"%3t!3 $o3 !:o0 1% %0$o-!r#1!1 5 /ro%1#!r-o $o3"3 9r"/o 1% 0%#!3!-!=%t!0, $o3 -o0 J"% $o3?#?%3 5 J"% t#%3%3 "3 /ro%1#o 1% %0$o-!r#1!1 1% !:o0, 1%1o31% r%0"-t! J"%, %0! r!r! $o=#3!$#23, 3o0 1! "3 /ro%1#o 1% %0$o-!r#1!1 1% ) !:o0 /%ro -! ?%r1!1 %0

J"% t%3%o0 %3r%3t% "3 9r"/o 1% 0%#!3!-!=%t!0 5 #- /r#?#-%9#!1o0 /o0%%1or%0 1% t7t"-o 1% 1o$tor, %3%- J"% J"#& $o3t#3%3t% %0t "5 -%o0 1% r%0/o31%r !- $o3t%3#1o.

Otro %0t"1#o 0% r%!-#&! /!r! ?%r -! $!/!$#1!1 1% r%t%3$#23 1%- 0#0t%! 5 $o30#0t% %3 %- "%9o 1% @"!3P#r"#%ro, 1% $o/!r!r $"!3t#t!t#?!%3t% J"; $!3t#1!1 1% 3#:o0 #39r%0!3 ! -! %0$"%-!, J"% $!3t#1!1 -!t%r#3!3, $"!3to0 r%/#t%3 !:o r%/#t%3$#!-, $"!3to0 1%0%rt!3 5 ! /!rt#r 1% %0to0 1!to0 or"-!r 0o-%3%01#0$"r0o0 0o=r% -! !-t! o =!! $!-#1!1 %3 -! %1"$!$#23 -! ?%r1!1 %0 J"% %3 -o0 /%r#o1o0 %3 J"% -! 0#t"!$#230o$#oK%$o32#$! 0% ?"%-?% 0 !!=-% o %3o0 !39"0t#!3t% /!r! -!0 $-!0%0 /o/"-!r%0, -! r%t%3$#23, -!%$#%3$#! t%r#3!-5 to1!0 %0!0 -#31%&!0 %or!3, %3 t!3to J"% -! 1%0%r$#23 5 -! r%/ro=!$#23 1#0#3"5%31%01% -"%9o %3 -!0 %t!/!0 1% !9"1!0 $r#0#0 5 !39"0t#! %$o32#$! %- %32%3o 0% r%?#%rt% -o J"% 3o0 #31#$!

J"% 3o %0t!o0 !3t% "3 '%$'o !tr#="#=-% ! -! !-t! o =!! %3 -! $!-#1!1 1% -! %1"$!$#23 0#t#o ! -! !-t! o =!!$o31#$#23 %$o32#$! 5 0o$#!-. D%01% -"%9o, %0t! $orr%-!$#23 t!3 o=-#9!1! 0% r%'5% /or -o0 !3!-#0t!0J"#%3%0 0o-!%3t% $"-/!3 ! -! %0$"%-! 5 !- !%0tro 1% -! 1#0#3"$#23 1% -! $!-#1!1 %3 -! %1"$!$#23.

L! t%r$%r! /o0#$#23, -! 3"%0tr!, /ro/o3% J"% -! $!-#1!1 1% -! %1"$!$#23 0% r%-!$#o3! 1#r%$t!%3t% $o3-o0 3%0 1% -! %1"$!$#23 %#$!3! /r%?#0to0 %3 %- Art7$"-o T%r$%ro Co30t#t"$#o3!- 5 $o3 -!0 3!-#1!1%0 J"%0%:!-! -! L%5 G%3%r!- 1% E1"$!$#23 to1o0 %--o0 0% r%%r%3 ! -! !1o/$#23 1% $r#t%r#o0, !/ro/#!$#23 1%?!-or%0, $o/ort!#%3to0 #31#?#1"!-%0 5 $o-%$t#?o0, $o3$%/to0 0o=r% -! ?#1! 5 %- "3#?%r0o 5 0o=r% to1o!$t#t"1%0 r%3t% ! -! ?#1! r%!- 5 0" 1#3#$! $o3 -! $!/!$#1!1 1% !1!/t!$#23 !- $!=#o 5 /!rt#$#/!$#23 %3 ;-

)8


19/94

/%ro ;0to0 3o 0o3 /ro1"$to0 ?#0#=-%0 3o %0 /o0#=-% %1#r-o0 $o3 -!0 /r"%=!0 1% o/$#23 -t#/-% o 1%r%-!$#23 J"% "3 o$"rr%3t% #3?%0t#9!1or %3$"=r!1o %3 -! ="ro$r!$#! 1% -! %1"$!$#23 !/-#$2 ! 1o0 #-!-"3o0 5 ! #- !%0tro0 /!r! "31!r $o3$-"0#o3%0 1% ?!-or 9%3%r!- -! ?%r1!1 %0 J"% -! $!-#1!1 1%%1"$!$#23 ?#0t! 1%01% -! /%r0/%$t#?! 3"%0tr! 3o %0 /o0#=-% %1#r-! ! tr!?;0 1% /r"%=!0 o %0t!170t#$!0,/orJ"% "3!0, -!0 /r"%=!0, !/%3!0 %0t3 %3 =!-="$%!3t% /-!3t%!#%3to 5 %3o0 %3 1%0!rro--o 5 !/-#$!$#23,-"%9o 3o J"%1! otro r%%1#o J"% r%%r#r -! /o0#=#-#1!1 1% %?!-"!r -! $!-#1!1 ! -!0 o=0%r?!$#o3%0o=%t#?#&!3t%0 1% !$t#t"1%0, $o31"$t!0, or!0 1% ?#1!, $r#t%r#o0 0o$#!-%0, $!/!$#1!1%0 5 $!-#1!1 1% -!/ro/#! ?#1! !3t% %0t% '%$'o %0 /o0#=-% '!$%r "3! /r#%r! 9r!3 !r!$#23 -! $!-#1!1 1% ?#1! 1% -o0%#$!3o0 1% )44* %0 #3%30!%3t% 0"/%r#or ! -! $!-#1!1 1% ?#1! 1% -o0 %#$!3o0 1% )4, %- 3#?%-$"-t"r!- 9%3%r!- %3 %0! #0! %t!/! 0% '! %/!31#1o 3";r#$!%3t% 5 0% '! %3r#J"%$#1o $o3 -!0!/ort!$#o3%0 1%- 1%0!rro--o, -! $#%3$#! 5 -! t;$3#$!, %0 "3 r%0"-t!1o J"% 3o %0 !tr#="#=-% %$-"0#?!%3t% ! -!%0$"%-!, /%ro %0 #33%9!=-% J"% -! %0$"%-! 5 %- !%0tro %#$!3o '!3 0#1o !$tor%0 "31!%3t!-%0 1% -!0tr!30or!$#o3%0, 1% %0to0 /ro"31o0 5 tr!0$%31%3t!-%0 $!=#o0 '!$#! "3 0 !-to 5 !5or 1#0r"t% 1% -o0=#%3%0 !t%r#!-%0, $"-t"r!-%0 5 %0/#r#t"!-%0 '!$#! "3 #/"-0o $!1! ?%& 0 #/ort!3t% '!$#! -!1%o$r!$#!, -! "0t#$#! 5 %- %%r$#$#o 1% -! 0o=%r!37! %0 #33%9!=-% J"% %- 'o=r% 1% 3"%0tro0 17!0 %0 0$"-to, 0 #3J"#%to, 0 #3J"#0#t#?o, 0 $r7t#$o 5 0 /!rt#$#/!t#?o %3 -! ?#1! 0o$#!- 5 %3 0" "31o$"-t"r!- %3 /!rt% %0to t!=#;3 %0 o=r! 1% -! %0$"%-! /%ro /orJ"% 3o r%$o3o$%r 5 !$%/t!1o, 5! %0 t!=#;3o=r! 1% -! otr! %0$"%-!, -! J"% 0% '! $o39"r!1o %3 %0t% 0#9-o ! tr!?;0 1% -o0 %1#o0 !0#?o0 1%$o"3#$!$#23 %0t! o=r! %0$"%-! J"% %r%$% "3 $"#1!1o0o %0t"1#o J"% [-%?% ! ="0$!r -! 0#=#o0#0"3$#o3!- %3tr% -! %0$"%-! #30t#t"$#o3!- 5 -! otr! %0$"%-! %3 =#%3 1% -! or!$#23 1% -!0 3"%?!09%3%r!$#o3%0 1% %#$!3o0.

Co3$-"5%31o, -! $!-#1!1 1% -! %1"$!$#23 ?#0t! 1%01% -! /%r0/%$t#?! 1% 0" /ro1"$to '"!3o, %0t -#9!1! !-/ro9r%0o 0o$#!- 5 !- 1%0!rro--o #31#?#1"!-, 3o '! 1%0$%31#1o, /or %- $o3tr!r#o 0" $!/!$#1!1 1% r%0/"%0t! '!

0#1o /"%0t! ! /r"%=! %3 tr%0 1"r!0 $r#0#0 %3 -o0 -t#o0 !:o0 5 '! /o1#1o --%?!r ! ="%3 /"%rto -! t!r%!1% 0%9"#r or!31o %#$!3o0 !-%rt!0, #3J"#%to0, #3$o3or%0, $r%!t#?o0 $o3 $!/!$#1!1 /!r! r%0#0t#r 50"/%r!r -!0 $r#0#0 0o$#o%$o32#$!0 0 -!$%r!3t%0 5 $o3 -o0 r%$"r0o0 J"% -% $!/!$#t!3 /!r! or!r "3 M;#$o%or, /!r! -!0 9%3%r!$#o3%0 /or?%3#r, "3 M;#$o '!$#! -! r%!-#&!$#23 /-%3! 1%- 'o=r%, '!$#! -!1%o$r!$#!, '!$#! -! #9"!-1!1, '!$#! -! "0t#$#!, '!$#! -! 1#93#1!1 5 '!$#! -! 0o=%r!37!.

)4


20/94

E$'!o0 1% %3o0 !J"7 'o5, $oo $o3r%$"%3$#! -o '!r%o0 %3 0"$%0#?!0 o$!0#o3%0, -!/r%0%3$#! 70#$! 1% 3"%0tro !#9o 1% "$'o0!:o0 B%3#to So-70 L"3! , $o3 J"#%3 $o/!rt#o0%3 otro0 t#%/o0 0!t#0!$$#o3%0 5 0#3 0!=or%0$oo ?#$#0#t"1%0 o=-#9!1!0 1%- 0%r?#$#o /=-#$o !J"% %3 !-9"3! ;/o$! 1%1#$!o0 3"%0tr!?o-"3t!1 1% !t%3$#23.

To1o0 !J"%--o0 J"% $oo 3o0otro0, t"?#%ro3

o/ort"3#1!1 5 ot#?o 1% tr!to r%$"%3t% $o3B%3#to, 3o /o1r3 %3o0 !'or!, J"% !:or!r 0"0%3$#--%&, 0" ?o$!$#23 1% %3tr%9! ! -! $!"0!%1"$!t#?!, %3t%31#1! 3o 0o-o $o3 !$$#23 %0$"%t!1% !%0tro %3 %- -##t!1o $!/o 1%- !"-!%0$o-!r, 0#3o !3 0, $oo %t%30#23 !/-#$!1!5 $o31"$tor! 1% !$t#?#1!1%0 r"r!-%0 %3 !?or 1%0%$tor%0 $!/%0#3o0 /!r! %- !/ro?%$'!#%3to0 /ro1"$t#?o 1% %0/!$#o0 #3'20/#to0 1% 0"%0t!1o 3!t!-.

S#3 !-!r1%0 1% #3o1%0t#! 5 0#3 1%0/-!3t%0 1%

/o1%r, /roo?#2 -! !0o$#!$#23 1% ?o-"3t!1%0 1%!%0tro0 $oo ;- /!r! -! 1#0/%30! 1% "3 0%r?#$#o$o3$%3tr!1o %$o32#$o, %r?oro0o 5 %$!& %3!?or 1% o=r%ro0 !1"-to0 1%0%o0o0 1% /r%/!r!r0%1% %or !3%r! %3 %- 1%0%/%:o 1% 0"!$t#?#1!1 ?#t!- ! tr!?;0 1% 0" tr30#to /or -!%1"$!$#23 0%$"31!r#! %r$%1 ! -! #3!/r%$#!=-%o/ort"3#1!1 J"% -% =r#31!3 -!0 E0$"%-!0 1%S%9"31! E30%:!3&! 1%- M!9#0t%r#o #/"-0!1!0%3 0" $r%!$#23 5 "31!%3to /or B%3#to So-70L"3!, /!tr#!r$! 1% 0" %#0t%3$#!.

D% "3 'o=r% $oo B%3#to 1% "3 M!%0tro$oo ;-, /o1%o0 1%$#r J"% -!%3t!o0#33#t!%3t% 0" 1%$%0o, /%ro 0" ?#1!%%/-!r%3t% /ro1"$t#?! %3 0" #3%30! %#3$!30!=-% ?o$!$#23 1% 0%r?#$#o ! -o0 1%0


21/94

E%ercicios de Lectura

ACTI'IDADES2

). E3 J"; $o30#0t% -! /r#%r! /%r0/%$t#?! 1% -! $!-#1!1 1% -! %1"$!$#23 1o31% 0% /-!3t%! $oo "3!r%-!$#23 /ro/or$#o3!- 1#r%$t! %3tr% %1"$!$#23 5 /ro1"$t#?#1!1Q

. C"- %0 %- /-!3t%!#%3to 1% -! 0%9"31! /o0#$#23, r%0/%$to 1% -! $!-#1!1 5 -! $"!3t#t#?#1!1 5 $"- %0-! /o0#$#23 1% M!rt73 C!r3o#tQ

. C"- %0 -! /%r0/%$t#?! J"% 0% /ro/o3% $"!31o -! $!-#1!1 1% -! %1"$!$#23 0% r%-!$#o3! 1#r%$t!%3t%$o3 -o0 3%0 1% -! %1"$!$#23 %#$!3! /r%?#0to0 %3 %- Art7$"-o T%r$%ro Co30t#t"$#o3!- 5 $o3 -!03!-#1!1%0 J"% 0%:!-! -! L%5 G%3%r!- 1% E1"$!$#23Q

>. Por J"; 0% %3$#o3! J"% -! !1o/$#23 1% $r#t%r#o0, !/ro/#!$#23 1% ?!-or%0, %t$., 0o3 /ro1"$to0?#0#=-%0 3o %1#=-%0, /%ro 0# 0% /"%1% %?!-"!rQ

*. Por J"; -! $!-#1!1 1% -! %1"$!$#23 ?#0t! 1%01% -! /%r0/%$t#?! 1% 0" /ro1"$to '"!3o, %0t -#9!1! !-/ro9r%0o 0o$#!- 5 !- 1%0!rro--o #31#?#1"!-Q

)


22/94

ERNANDE C#1 @o0; A3to3#o. E- !%0tro 5 -! C!-#1!1E1"$!t#?!. E- !%0tro A:o V N *4 S;t#!


23/94

-! %1"$!$#23 !?or%$%3 o /%rt"r=!3 -! ?#1! 1%o$rt#$! %3 %- /r#%r $!0o 5 %3 %- 0%9"31o, 0o3 $!"0! 1%-r%&!9o 5 -! #3%J"#1!1 o 1%rr!!3 $"r0o0 5 !/-7!3 -! $o=%rt"r!.

A 1#%r%3$#! 1% -o J"% o$"rr7! %3 %- 0#9-o ZIZ, /%rt%3%$%o0 ! "3! 0o$#%1!1 #3t%30!%3t% %1"$!1or!,%3 %- J"% /!rt#$#/!3 9r"/o0 3"%ro0o0 J"% !-$!3&!3 3#?%-%0 !-to0 1% or9!3#&!$#23. U3! 0o$#%1!1 1#3#$!,/ro"31!%3t% 1%0#9"!-, $o3X#$t#?!. Coo %0 %?#1%3t%, 0 J"% %3 %- /!0!1o, r%0"-t! "5 1#7$#- -! t!r%!1%- !%0tro 5 !3 0 !0"#r %- /!/%- /rot!923#$o 5 $o3?%rt#r0% %3 %- %% 1% -! $!-#1!1 %1"$!t#?!.

U3! 0%9"31! o=0%r?!$#23 0% r%%r% !- 0#93#$!1o 1% -o0 t;r#3o0 %1"$!t#?o0 %3 =o9!, /or %%/-o,$!-#1!1.

E- 1#$$#o3!r#o 1#$% 0#/-%%3t% -. J"!-#Kt!0K!t#0. .0. M!3%r! 1% 0%r "3! /%r0o3! o $o0!. C-!0%731o-%. E3$#$-o/%1#! 1%- #1#o!, D#$$#o3!r#o 1% F#-o0o7!. S" r!7& -!t#3! 3o0 r%#t% ! -! $!t%9or7! !r#0tot;-#$!1% $!-#1!1 J"%, %3 0" /r#%r 0%3t#1o, 0% 1#$% -! 1#%r%3$#! 1% -! %0%3$#!.

P%ro -!0 1%3#$#o3%0 0o3 02-o "3 -%?% !t#0=o 1%- 0#93#$!1o, 0%r7! %3%0t%r %3t%31%r %- t;r#3o 1%"3! 1o=-% r%-!$#23

) -! r%-!$#23 J"% -! /!-!=r! %0t!=-%$% $o3 -! r%!-#1!1 /!-!=r!0, $o0!0 K '%$'o0.

-! "=#$!$#23 1%- t;r#3o %3 "3! r%1 1% 0#93#$!1o0 /%rt%3%$#%3t%0 ! "3 #0o $!/o 0%3t#$o, %3%0t% $!0o $o3 -o0 t;r#3o0 $%3tr!-%0 1%- 1#0$"r0o t!3to 1% -o0 1o$"%3to0 1% /o-7t#$! %1"$!t#?!, $oo 1%-!0 t%or7!0 /%1!929#$!0 r%-!$#o3!1!0.

T!/o$o 3o0 '%o0 '%$'o "3! /r%9"3t! %0%3$#!- "; 0#93#$! -! /!-!=r! $!-#1!1 %3 -! %3t% 1%-!%0tro 1% 9r"/oQ "#%r% 1%$#r -o #0o /!r! "3 /%1!9o9o o /!r! "3 "3$#o3!r#oQ S2-o %3 %- !%0tro 50" J"%'!$%r !-$!3&! -! /!-!=r! 0" /-%3o 0#93#$!1o 5 3o %3 %- 1#0$"r0o o$#!-. R%$or1%o0 J"% %- -%39"!%t#%3% t!=#;3 "3! 1#%30#23 /r!9t#$!.

D% !$"%r1o $o3 %0t!0 o=0%r?!$#o3%0, 3o0 !9"!r1!3 1o0 t!r%!0 3!1! %3or%0

)\ Conte3tuali4ar el proceso educatio en el tie"po, -! 0o$#%1!1, -! $o"3#1!1, ! -o0 J"%/%rt%3%$%o0. E--o #3$-"5% -!0 %/%$t!t#?!0, !3'%-o0, %0$%3!r#o0 J"% ot%!o0] '!$#! %- "t"ro.


24/94

\ Precisar las relacionesJ"% -o0 t;r#3o0 %1"$!t#?o0 t#%3%3 $o3 -! r%!-#1!1 5 -!0 J"% %0t!=-%$%3 %3tr%07. A07 $oo -!0 r%1%0 1% 0#93#$!$#23 %3tr% 1#0$"r0o0.

Po1%o0 %/%&!r /or -! /r!#0, o 0%! /or -o0 1o#3#o0 /ro/#o0 1%- !%0tro r%!-#1!1%0 $o3$r%t!0^.,%- !J"7 5 %- !'or! 1%- tr!=!o 1#!r#o, -!0 -##t!$#o3%0 5 -o0 o=0t$"-o0 J"% 3o0 tr!=!3 %- #/"-0o J"% 3o0'!$% 0%9"#r !1%-!3t%. E3 0"! 1%- r#%09o /ro%0#o3!- 5 $o3t#3"o 1% !t%rr#&!r #1%!0, 3or!0, $o3t%3#1o0,$r#t%r#o0, #30tr"$t#?o0, J"% $orr% to1o !%0tro 1% %1"$!$#23 =0#$!.

] Ot%!r It. E0/-or!r%. S#3. R%9#0tr!r, !t!-!5!r. tr. R%9#0tr!r 1%01% -"9!r !-to -o J"% E0t! !=!o. V#0"!-#&!r

A /!rt#r 1% "3! r%!-#1!1 #3%1#!t! 5 0o=r% 0"0 $#r$"30t!3$#!0 /r%9"3t!r0%

"#;3%0 0o3 -o0 /!rt#$#/!3t%0 %3 %- /ro$%0o %1"$!t#?o %3 "3! $o"3#1!1 1!1!Q C"-%0 0o3 -!0 !$$#o3%0 J"% 9%3%r!3 o #/#1%3 %- !-$!3$% 1% -o0 /ro/20#to0 %1"$!t#?o0Q C2o %0 %- %0/!$#o 1o31% 0% $o3$r%t! -! !$$#23 %1"$!t#?! 5 $"-%0 0o3 -!0 $o31#$#o3%0 J"% or%$% %-

!%0tro, %- !-"3o, %- /!1r% 1% !#-#!Q

>


25/94

E- %0/!$#o 0o$#!- 1o31% 0% "%?% %- !%0tro 0% %t#%31% '!$#! -! $o"3#1!1 5 %- 0#0t%! %1"$!t#?oo 0% '! ?#0to r%1"$#1o !- %0/!$#o 1% -! %0$"%-! 5 ! %%r$%r "3$#o3%0 0"=or1#3!1!0 5 $"/-#r-#3%!#%3to0 /r%%0t!=-%$#1o0Q

E#0t%3 $o31#$#o3%0 /!r! J"% %- !%0tro 1%0/-#%9"% 0" $r%!t#?#1!1, #39%3#o, #3#$#!t#?!Q !0t! J"; /"3to "3$#o3!3 r%!-%3t% -o0 Co30%o0 T;$3#$o E0$o-!r%0Q

56u7 grado de e3istencia tiene la lla"ada co"unidad escolar8

A -! 1#?%r0#1!1 1% -o0 !0/%$to0 r%%r#1o0 !- J"%'!$%r 1o$%3t% 0% "3% "3 9r"/o $r"$#!- -! or!$#23,-! !$t"!-#&!$#23, -! $!/!$#t!$#23 1%- !%0tro. E3 %0% !0/%$to 0o=r% to1o %3 -o J"% to$! ! -! or!$#233o 02-o 3o /o1%o0 1!r3o0 /or 0!t#0%$'o0, 0#3o J"% %3 "3 ="%3 3%ro 1% /ro%0or%0 0% 0#%3t%31%r!"1!1o0 5 !3 1#0#3"#1o0 !3t% otro0 /ro%0#o3!-%0. C2o '!$%r !- !%0tro 1"%:o 1%- 0%$r%to/!r! #r 1% -! t%or7! ! -! /r!#0, 1% -o r%!- ! -o /o0#=-%Q M"$'o0 !3 r%$"%r1!3 -o0 t#%/o0 $"!31o %-!%0tro $r%$7! "3to ! 0"0 !-"3o0 5 "3to ! %--o0 !/r%317! ! 0%r. L! or!$#23 3o 02-o t#%3% J"%

?%r $o3 %- $o3o$##%3to 5 -! %to1o-o97!, 0% tr!t! 1% -! $r%!$#23 1% "3! #1%3t#1!1 1% -! $r%!$#23 1%"3! #1%3t#1!1 /ro/#!, %0$"1r#:!1or! 1% 0%r%0 5 $o0!0 $!/!& 1% 1#0%:!r 0"0 /ro/#!0 %0tr!t%9#!0 1%=0J"%1! 5 1% !"toor!$#23 $o3 "3 !-to 9r!1o 1% $o3$#%3$#! 1%- $!=#o /%r0o3!-, 0o$#!-, %'#0t2r#$o.

Gr%9or#o Torr%0 "#3t%ro, J"#;3 ?#?#2 %- tr30#to 1%- Porr#!to !- M;#$o /o0r%?o-"$#o3!r#o,1%3#2 !07 -! t!r%! 1%- !%0tro

E- !%0tro t#%3% /or t!r%! %0%3$#!- 1%0!rro--!r %- r%0/%to 5 %- !or ! -! ?%r1!1, -! r%X%#23/%r0o3!-, -o0 '=#to0 1% -#=r% %!%3 !- #0o t#%/o J"% %- %0/7r#t" 1% to-%r!3$#! %- 0%3t##%3to 1%1%r%$'o 1% -! /%r0o3! '"!3! 5 1% -! 1#93#1!1, -! $o3$#%3$#! 1% -! r%0/o30!=#-#1!1 #31#?#1"!- !-#0o t#%/o J"% %- 0%3t##%3to 1% -! "0t#$#! 5 1% -! 0o-#1!r#1!1 0o$#!-%0 5 -! !1'%0#23 !- r;9#%3

1%o$rt#$o 5 ! -! R%/=-#$!.S%93 -! $!r!$t%r#&!$#23 1%- !%0tro $o-#%30%, -! t!r%! 1%- !%0tro -o %0 1% ?!-or%0 5 0%1%0!rro--! %3 "3 "3#?%r0o ;t#$o. C2o #3$or/or!r7!o0 -! 1#%30#23 '#0t2r#$! 5 -o0 #/%r!t#?o0 1% -!r%!-#1!1 1% 3"%0tro0 17!0Q

Coo %0 %?#1%3t%, -! $!-#1!1 %1"$!t#?! !/"3t! %3 "$'!0 1#r%$$#o3%0, r%$-!! "3 %%r$#$#or#9"ro0o 1% r%X%#23 5 0"/o3% "3 3"%?o $o/ro#0o $o3 -! !$$#23 $ot#1#!3!, 5! J"%, $oo %3t#%/o0 1% Mor! 5 A-%3, -! %1"$!$#23 5 -! 3!$#23 0o3 t;r#3o0 $o/-%%3t!r#o0.

ALGUNAS CONCEPCIONES ACERCA DE LA GESTIN

*


26/94

/9 Gesti(n de la calidad ,e"presa-

G%0t#23 1% $!-#1!1. E- t;r#3o 9%0t#23 t!- $oo !J"7 0% "t#-#&! %0 0 9%3%r!- J"% %- t;r#3o/-!3#$!$#23. L! 9%0t#23 #3$-"5% -! %%$"$#23 1% -!0 o/%r!$#o3%0 J"% "t#-#&! %- /ro$%0o 1% $o3tro- 1%$!-#1!1 1% -! tr#-o97! 1% -! $!-#1!1. L! 9%0t#23 t!=#;3 #3$-"5% -! %or! 1% -! $!-#1!1 J"% "t#-#&! %-/ro$%0o 1% %or! 1% -! $!-#1!1 1% -! tr#-o97!. S#3 %=!r9o 0% 0#9"% /o3#%31o %- ;3!0#0 %3 -!/-!3#$!$#23 1% -! $!-#1!1.

E0 "3 %3oJ"% 0#0t%t#$o /!r! %0t!=-%$%r 5 $"/-#r -o0 o=%t#?o0 1% $!-#1!1 /or to1! -!%/r%0!. E- /-!3t%!#%3to %0 =!0t!3t% 0##-!r !- ;to1o J"% 0% "t#-#&! /!r! %0t!=-%$%r 5 $"/-#r -o0o=%t#?o0 3!3$#%ro0. L! 0##-#t"1 %0 t!3 !0o=ro0! J"% ?!-% -! /%3! r%/!0!r =r%?%%3t% -! 9%0t#231% -!0 3!3&!0.

L! /-!3#$!$#23 t!=#;3 /ro?%% -o0 $o3tro-%0 $o3tro- 1% $o0t%0, $o3tro- 1% 9!0to0, $o3tro- 1%%#0t%3$#!0. To1o0 -o0 $o3tro-%0 #/-#$!3 -! %?!-"!$#23 1%- $o/ort!#%3to r%!-, -! $o/!r!$#23 1%-$o/ort!#%3to r%!- $o3 -o0 o=%t#?o0 5 -! !$t"!$#23 0o=r% -!0 1#%r%3$#!0.

F#3!-%3t% -! /-!3#$!$#23 /ro?%% -! ot#?!$#23 S#0t%t#$! /!r! %0t#"-!r ! -!0/%r0o3!0 J"% $"/-!3 -o0 o=%t#?o0. L! ot#?!$#23 0% r%!-#&! %3 or! 1% 0"/%r?#0#23, 0#0t%! 1%$!-#$!$#23 /or ;r#to0, #3$%3t#?o0.

La aplicaci(n a la calidad

S# !'or! !/-#$!o0 %- %3oJ"% "t#-#&!1o %3 -!0 3!3&!0 ! -! 9%0t#23 1% -! $!-#1!1, $!=#! -!t%r#3o-o97!, /%ro -o0 $o3$%/to0 0o3 -o0 #0o0. A'or! -! 0%$"%3$#! %0 !-9o !07

). E0t!=-%$%r -!0 /o-7t#$!0 5 -o0 o=%t#?o0 1% -! $!-#1!1.. E0t!=-%$%r -o0 /-!3%0 /!r! $"/-#r %0o0 o=%t#?o0 1% $!-#1!1.. Pro?%%r -o0 r%$"r0o0 J"% '!$%3 !-t! /!r! --%?!r ! $!=o -o0 /-!3%0.>. E0t!=-%$%r $o3tro-%0 /!r! %?!-"!r -o0 /ro9r%0o0 $o3 r%0/%$to ! -o0 o=%t#?o0 5 /!r! !$t"!r

!1%$"!1!%3t%.*. Pro?%%r -! ot#?!$#23 /!r! %0t#"-!r !- /%r0o3!- ! $"/-#r -o0 o=%t#?o0 1% $!-#1!1.

+


27/94

:9 Gesti(n en el ;"#ito educatio

L! 9%0t#23 0% "=#$! %3 -! r%-!$#23 %3tr% -! or9!3#&!$#23 3or!t#?!%3t% $o30tr"#1! 5 %3tr% -o0 /ro$%0o0 $ot#1#!3o0 J"% 0% ?#?%3 %3 %--!.

L! 9%0t#23 %0 "3 %1#o 1% r%"=#$!$#23 1%- tr!=!o 1o$%3t%, 1#r%$t#?o 5 $o"3#t!r#o 5 %- 3 1% %--! 0%1%t%r#3! %3 "3$#23 1%- -o9ro 1% -! $!-#1!1 %3 -! %1"$!$#23, 1o31% -o0 $o3t%3#1o0 %0$o-!r%0, -!/!rt#$#/!$#23 0o$#!- 5 %- tr!=!o 1#r%$t#?o 0o3 -o0 /%r-%0 0 #/ort!3t%0 1% o?#-#&!$#23$o/%t#t#?!, #3t%-%$t"!-, $#%3t7$! 5 t%$3o-29#$!, /!r! !3t%3%r "3 %J"#-#=r#o %3tr% -! -%9#0-!$#23$"rr#$"-!r, #30t#t"$#o3!- 5 o/%r!$#o3!- 1%- 0#0t%! %1"$!t#?o. A07, -! 9%0t#23 %0$o-!r #/-#$!!1#3#0tr!r

! %- /ro$%0o 1% %30%:!3&!K!/r%31#&!%= %- /ro$%0o 1% -! /!rt#$#/!$#23 0o$#!- 5$ %- /ro$%0o 1% -! !$t#?#1!1 1#r%$t#?!.! G%0t#23 1%- /ro$%0o 1% %K!

D%3tro 1% -o0 /-!3%0 5 /ro9r!!0 %0t!=-%$#1o0 /!r! -! %1"$!$#23 0% %3$"%3tr!3 /ro/20#to0 $-!ro0 r%0/%$to1% $2o $o3$r%t!r %- /ro$%0o 1% %K! %3 -!0 %0$"%-!0 1% o1o J"% !- '!$%r-o 1% !3%r! %%$t#?! %3$o3tr!o0r%0"-t!1o0 /o0#t#?o0 %3 -!0 %?!-"!$#o3%0 $"!-#t!t#?!0 o /ro$%0"!-%0. D% t!- 0"%rt% "3! ="%3! 9%0t#23 1% %0t%/ro$%0o, /%r#t#r #1%3t#$!r /ro=-%!0 1% $o"3#$!$#23 1#r%$t! %3tr% 1o$%3t%0 5 !-"3o0 !07 $oo '!$%rtr!30or!r o r%$o30tr"#r -o0 o=%t#?o0 ! /!rt#r 1% $o3t!r $o3 "3#1!1%0 1% tr!=!o %3 %J"#/o 5 1% ;to1o0 1%%30%:!3&!.

D% %0t! !3%r! 1%=%r7! $o3!r0% %3 -! $!/!$#1!1 $r%!t#?! 1%- 1o$%3t% /!r! r%/-!3t%!r -o0$o3t%3#1o0 $"rr#$"-!r%0 !07 $oo -!0 or!0 1% %?!-"!r 0#3 /%r1%r 1% ?#0t! to1!0 !J"%--!0#3t%r?%3$#o3%0 o/ort"3!0 1% -o0 !-"3o0 %3 -! %0t#"-!$#23 1% -! %%$t#?#1!1 '"!3! /!r! %- -o9ro1% $!-#1!1 %1"$!t#?!. A -o !3t%r#or /o1%o0 !r!r J"% -! $!-#1!1 1%=% %3$o3tr!r0% /r#%r!%3t%%3 %- !%0tro 5 ;0t! 1%/%31%r #3X"#r %3 %- /ro$%0o 1% !/r%31#&!% /!r! -o0 !-"3o0.


28/94

Lo !3t%r#or 02-o /o1r -o9r!r0% 0# 0% /!rt% 1% -! or!$#23 5 !$t"!-#&!$#23 /%r!3%3t% 1%- 1o$%3t%. S#!1%0 1% %0to #3?%3t!3 or!0 1% $o"3#$!$#23 %3tr% -o0 0"%to0 #/-#$!1o0 1#r%$t! o #31#r%$t!%3t% %3-! %0$"%-!.

= L! 9%0t#23 $oo !$tor 1% ?#3$"-!$#23 %0$"%-! $o"3#1!1

L! ?#3$"-!$#23 %0$"%-! $o"3#1!1 1%=% %3t%31%r0% $oo -! r%-!$#23 1% -! %0$"%-! $o3 /!1r%0 1% !#-#!,-!0 !"tor#1!1%0 -o$!-%0, -!0 3%$%0#1!1%0 0o$#!-%0 %$o32#$!0, $"-t"r!-%0 5 /o-7t#$!0 1% -! $o"3#1!1 %3 -!J"% 0% %3$"%3tr! #3%r0! -! %0$"%-! 5 J"% !- #3t%9r!r-!0 !- tr!=!o %0$o-!r, -o9r!3 "3! %1"$!$#23 00#93#$!t#?! 5 r%-%?!3t% /!r! -o0 !-"3o0.

E3 %0t% 0%3t#1o -! 9%0t#23 %0$o-!r or%$% "3 3%ro $o30#1%r!=-% 1% !-t%r3!t#?!0 #30tr"%3t!-%0 /!r!!5"1!r ! 0"/%r!r -! /ro=-%t#$! J"% ?#?% 1%t%r#3!1! $o"3#1!1, %3tr% -!0 J"% 1%0t!$!3 D!r ! $o3o$%r! -! $o"3#1!1, J"% %- /ro$%0o J"% 0% ?#?% %3 -! %0$"%-! %0 r%0/o30!=#-#1!1 1% to1o0, 5 -o0 /ro=-%!0 J"%!'7 0"r9%3 t!=#;3 0o3 1% #3t%r;0 /!r! 0"0 /!rt#$#/!3t%0. U=#$!r ! -! #0! 0o=r% -! #/ort!3$#! 1% -!$"-t"r! 1% -! /!rt#$#/!$#23 $oo %1#o 1% !5"1!, 0o-#1!r#1!1 % #3t%r?%3$#23 %3 -! 0o-"$#23 1% $o3X#$to0,$o3?%3$%r-! !1%0 1% J"% -! 0#t"!$#23 J"% ?#?% 3"%0tr! 0o$#%1!1 %0t r%X%!1! $o3 -! /;r1#1! $!1! ?%&0 3otor#! 1% ?!-or%0 5 !$t#t"1%0 1% $o-!=or!$#23.

D% t!- 0"%rt% -! %0$"%-! !/!r%$% %3to3$%0 $oo %- !31!#!% $o3!=-% /!r! $o"3#$!r to1o t#/o 1%=%3%$#o0 r%%r#1o0 ! -! $o"3#1!1, '!$#%31o J"% -o0 #/-#$!1o0 /!rt#$#/%3 %3 -! r%$"/%r!$#23 1% tr!1#$#o3%0,$o0t"=r%0, $r%%3$#!0 5 0!=%r%0 1% -! $o"3#1!1, $oo /!rt% #3t%9r!1or! 1% or!$#23 $7?#$o 0o$#!- 5 3!$#o3!-1%- #31#?#1"o.

$ E- /!/%- 1%- 1#r%$tor %3 -! 9%0t#23 %0$o-!r

A'or! =#%3, -! 9%0t#23 3o 02-o %0 r%0/o30!=#-#1!1 1%- 1o$%3t%, 1% -o0 /!1r%0 1% !#-#! o 1% -!$o"3#1!1, t!=#;3 !=or1! %- /!/%- 1%- 1#r%$tor. E0t% t#%3% /or $o/ro#0o, o%3t!r %3tr% 0" /%r0o3!-,-! $!/!$#1!1 1%- 1%=!t%, ! 0!=%r, 1%- %0/!$#o !=#%rto %3tr% o/#3#o3%0 1% "3o0 5 otro0 $o3or!3t%0 1% -!

8


29/94

%0$"%-!. E- 1#r%$tor /o1r "t#-#&!r 1% !3%r! $o3$or1!3t% 5 $o3$#-#!1or!, to1!0 -!0 1#0$r%/!3$#!0 o !$#%rto0J"% 0" /%r0o3!- '!9! r%0/%$to ! "3 /ro=-%! o 3%$%0#1!1 o=0%r?!1! %3 %- #3t%r#or 1% -! %0$"%-!,$o30#1%r!31o -o J"% %0 %or /!r! -o0 /!rt#$#/!3t%0 %3 9%3%r!-, 0#%/r% 5 $"!31o 0% --%9"% ! "3! to! 1%1%$#0#o3%0 $o30%30!1!0 5 $o3?%3$#1!0. U3 1#r%$tor %0 !J";- J"% !1#t% 5 r%$o3o$% J"% 0" "3$#23 3o 1%=%1%0%/%:!r0% $oo "3 0%r /%r%$to 5 !- J"% to1o "31o -% 9"!r1! r%0/%to 5 o=%1#%3$#! /-%3!, /!r! "31#r%$tor, -o 0 #/ort!3t% 0o3 -!0 /%r0o3!0. E0to 0#93#$! J"% /#%30! %3 -!0 3%$%0#1!1%0 1% -o0=%3%$#!r#o0 5 J"% /!r! 0!t#0!$%r-!0 /ro$"r! -o9r!r J"% %- tr!=!!1or 0% 0#%3t! or9"--o0o 1% 0" tr!=!o.

Lo !3t%r#or 0#93#$! J"% %- 1#r%$t#?o 0% 1%t%r#3! =!o "3 X"o !/-#o 1% %0t#-o0 1% !$t#t"1,$o30#9"#%31o 9r!1"!-%3t%, J"% %3tr% %3o0 "0o '!9! 1% -!0 %r!rJ"7!0 #3%1#!t!0, -! %0$"%-! %/%&!r! $r%!r0% "3! !"to3o7! 5 /or -o t!3to, "3 r%$o3o$##%3to /or /!rt% 1% -o0 1o$%3t%0 5 1% -! $o"3#1!1.

A07 -o0 /-!3t%!#%3to0 1% -! 9%0t#23 1%!3 1% ?%r !- 1#r%$tor $oo -! 9"r! /rot!9o3#0t! 1%- /ro$%0o0o$#!-#&!3t% 1% -! %0$"%-!. S#3 %=!r9o, ;0t% 0#9"% 1%!r$!31o "3 /o1%r /!r! -! $o31"$$#23 1% !$$#o3%0J"% -o '!$%3 ?%r $oo %% !rt#$"-!1or 1%- "3$#o3!#%3to r%9"-!r 1%- /-!3t%- 1o31% 0% %3$"%3tr!. Noo=0t!3t%, 3o %#0t% KK !"3J"% /"1#%r! %3t%31%r0% !07 W 3#393 %0t#-o 1% 9%0t#23 %0$o-!r /!r! %- 1#r%$tor$!/!& 1% %39-o=!r 0#0t%t#$!%3t% %- 1%0%/%:o #123%o 1% -! $!r9! 1#r%$t#?! 5 %0to 3o0 /%r#t% 1%1"$#r! -! 3o 9%3%r!-#&!$#23 1%- 1#r%$t#?o, /or %- $o3tr!r#o, -! 9%0t#23 1%=% !t%rr#&!r0% 0#%/r% %3 /-!3o0 -o$!-%0.

F#3!-%3t% %- 1#r%$tor 3o 1%=% $o3$%=#r0% $oo %- r%0/o30!=-% 1#r%$to %3 -! to! 1% 1%$#0#o3%0. E3$o3tr!0t%, t%31r J"% !/r%$#!r J"% =!o -! o/#3#23 0 %7%r! 5 0o%r! 1% !-9"3o 1% 0"0 !%0tro0,/"%1% to!r %%0 1% !3-#0#0 /!r! -! $o3$r%$#23 %%$t#?! %3 -!0 1#r%$tr#$%0 1%- "3$#o3!#%3to %0$o-!r. S#3o-?#1!r !- #0o t#%/o, J"% -! r%!-#1!1 !$t"!- %3 -! J"% 0% 1%0%3?"%-?% -! %0$"%-!, /r%0%3t! "3 0#33%ro 1% $o3X#$to0 J"% to1o0 '%o0 $r%!1o, /or -o t!3to #/-#$! "3 $o/ro#0o 1% $"!3to0 !$t%3 1%or! 1#r%$t! o #31#r%$t! %3 -o0 /ro$%0o0 %1"$!t#?o0 /!r! ="0$!r 0o-"$#o3%0 o=%t#?!0 5 J"% 0%9"r!%3t%5! 3o /o1r3 0%r r%0"%-to0 $o3 /!r!1#9!0 $-0#$o0 1% -! %30%:!3&!, 3# $o3 $o3$%/$#o3%0 ?%rt#$!-%0 5!"tor#t!r#!0 1%- /o1%r. V%!o0 %3 -! 9%0t#23, %- %-%%3to %0%3$#!- /!r! tr!30or!r -! %1"$!$#23 5 /o1%r'!$%r r%3t% ! -!0 3"%?!0 /o-7t#$!0 3%o-#=%r!-%0.

E%ercicio de lectura

4


30/94

).K Por J"; %- !"tor #31#$! J"% %- t;r#3o 1% 9%0t#23 %0 0 !/-#o J"% %- 1% /-!3#$!$#23Q

.K E3 J"; %1#1! %- %3oJ"% 0#0t%t#$o !"#-#! -! 9%0t#23 5 $o3 J"; t%r#3o-o97! 5 $o3$%/to0 0% !/-#$! !-! $!-#1!1Q

.K S%93 Y"r#$o S!3 M!rt73 %3tr% J"% 0% "=#$! ! -! 9%0t#23 %3 %- =#to %1"$!t#?o.

>.K C2o $o3$#=% %0t% !"tor ! -! 9%0t#23 5 $"- %0 0" 3.

*.K "; 0"9#%r% J"% 1%=% #/-#$!r -! 9%0t#23Q

+.K C2o 0% %3t#%31% -! 9%0t#23 1%- /ro$%0o %K!Q

.K C2o 0% %3t#%31% -! 9%0t#23 $oo !$tor 1% ?#3$"-!$#23 %0$"%-! $o"3#1!1Q

8.K C2o 0% $o3$#=% %- /!/%- 1%- 1#r%$t#?o %3 -! 9%0t#23 %0$o-!rQ


31/94

ILSON @o33 C!-#1!1 1% -! %30%:!3&! Coo ?!-or!r -!

C!-#1!1 1% -! %30%:!3&! B!r$%-o3!. E1. P!#120 )44 //. K+

CO+O 'ALORAR LA CALIDAD EN LA ENSE


32/94

E0 3%$%0!r#o r%0!-t!r 5 r%$o30#1%r!r -! 1#0$"0#23 %3 tor3o !- o$#o 1%- /ro%0or %3 t;r#3o0 1% 1%3#r% #1%3t#$!r 0# -! -!=or 1%- /ro%0or $o3 --%?! %3 07 #0! 1%0tr%&!0, '!=#-#1!1%0 5 $"!-#1!1%0 1% 731o-%/%r0o3!- $oo 0o3 -o0 1% 0%r -71%r 5 -! $!/!$#1!1 1% !1!/t!$#23 5 X%#=#-#1!1 1%/%31#%31o 1% -o01%0t#3!t!r#o0 !-"3o0.

Co3 =!0% %3 %0t! -%$t"r! 0% /o3% 1% !3#%0to "3! /%r0/%$t#?! 0 1% !3-#0#0 5 r%X%#23 0o=r% %-/ro=-%! 1% -! $!-#1!1 %3 -!0 or9!3#&!$#o3%0 %0$o-!r%0 5 -!0 /o0#=-%0 !/-#$!$#o3%0 t!3to %3 -!0 /r$t#$!0%1"$!t#?!0 $oo /!r! -! $o"3#1!1 %3 0" $o3"3to.

A- #0o t#%/o %0t!=-%$% $#%rt!0 !$$#o3%0 J"% %- /ro%0or W !-"3o -% !/o5%3 /!r! %-!=or!r %to1o-o97!/ro/#! %3 "3$#23 1% /ro5%$to0 1% #3?%3$#23 %0$o-!r%0.

Calidad en la ense=an4a

S% /"%1% %!#3!r -! $!-#1!1 %3 -! %1"$!$#23 1%01% 1#%r%3t%0 /"3to0 1% ?#0t!. Co30#1%r!r0% -! $!-#1!11%- $o3"3to 1%- 0#0t%! %3 "3 1%t%r#3!1o o%3to, $o/!r31o-o $o3 otro0 0#0t%!0 3!$#o3!-%0 %3r%-!$#23 $o3 !-93 !0/%$to, $oo 3#?%-%0 1% -o9ro. A-t%r3!t#?!%3t%, %0 /o0#=-% $o/!r!r %- r%31##%3to1% -!0 1#%r%3t%0 "3#1!1%0 1%3tro 1%- 0#0t%!, /or %%/-o r%0/o30!=-%0 1% -!0 !1#3#0tr!$#o3%0, o =#%3$%3tro0 %0$o-!r%0, %3 t;r#3o0 1% 0" 9r!1o 1% ;#to %3 -! !/-#$!$#23 1% 1%t%r#3!1o0 /-!3%0 1% !$$#23,t!-%0 $oo -!0 1#0/o0#$#o3%0 1% -! -%5 1% E1"$!$#23 1% )48 o /"%1% %!#3!r% -! $!-#1!1 1%-r%31##%3to 1;$!1! /ro%0or. A"3J"% to1o0 %0to0 !0/%$to0 0% '!--!3 #3t%rr%-!$#o3!1o0 '!0t! $#%rto /"3to.AJ"7 3o0 $o3$%3tr!r%o0 %3 %- -t#o.

E- $!/7t"-o /!rt% 1% "3! 1%3#$#23 1% -! $!-#1!1 5 1% $#%rt!0 o=0%r?!$#o3%0 %3 -o J"% 0% r%%r% !-!0 "%3t%0 1% 3"%0tro $o3$%/to 1% $!-#1!1. U3o 1% -o0 r%0"-t!1o0 1%- 1%=!t% !$%r$! 1% -! r%0/o30!=#-#1!1'! 0#1o !$-!r!r t!3to -! 3!t"r!-%&! 1% -!0 r%0/o30!=#-#1!1%0 1%- /ro%0or %3 -! /roo$#23 1%- !/r%31#&!%,$oo -!0 r%0/o30!=#-#1!1%0 1% otro0 #%=ro0 1%- 0#0t%! 1% %1"$!$#23 r%0/%$to 1%- /ro%0or. E0 /ro=!=-%J"% -! $!-#1!1 1%- r%31##%3to 1%- /ro%0or 1%3ot% -! $orr%0/o31%3$#! 1% 0"0 '!=#-#1!1%0 $o3 -! 0#t"!$#231o$%3t% %3 -! J"% 0% %3$"%3tr! "3 r%X%o 1% -!0 %0tr!t%9#!0 1% 9%0t#23 5 1% 0"0 $!/!$#1!1%0 /%r0o3!-%0/!r! r%31#r ! "3 %-%?!1o 3#?%-. C!=% %/-%!r 1#0t#3t!0 t;$3#$!0 /!r! o=t%3%r 1!to0 0o=r% %- r%31##%3to 1%"3 /ro%0or %3 -o0 ?!r#!1o0 !0/%$to0 1% 0" /!/%-, 5 %0 /r%$#0o !t%3%r0% ! "3o0 /r#3$#/#o0 0o=r% -! r%$o9#1!


33/94

5 r%?#0#23 1% t!-%0 1!to0 /!r! J"% 0" #3t%r/r%t!$#23 5 "#$#o /o0%!3 "3! =!0% 02-#1!. I3t%r/r%t!$#23 5 "#$#o0% !3#%0t!3 #31%%$t#=-%%3t% %3 t;r#3o0 1% !-93 3#?%- 3!$#o3!- 1% r%31##%3to J"% /o1r7! !-$!3&!r"3 /ro%0or #1%!- o J"% -o9r!3 /or -o $o3 -o0 %or%0 /ro%0or%0. AJ"7 %/%ro %- /ro/20#to 1%- %0t"1#o 1%-! $!-#1!1 $o30#0t% %3 %3t%31%r-! %or, %3 !$-!r!r $2o /"%1% !-$!3&!r0% 5 %3 $!3!-#&!r -o0 r%$"r0o0 /!r!!5"1! ! to1o0 -o0 /ro%0or%0 ! /%r%$$#o3!r 0" 3#?%- 1% r%31##%3to 5 ! 0!t#0!$%r !07 -!0 %/%$t!t#?!0/=-#$!0 1% -! #3?%r0#23 %3 %- 0#0t%! %1"$!t#?o.

D%3#$#23 1% -! $!-#1!1 %3 -! %30%:!3&!

P#r0#9 )4+ r%-!$#o3! -! $!-#1!1 $o3 %- !r%t% 9r#%9! J"% 0#93#$!, %$%-%3$#! 1% "3$#23 5! J"% -o0'%-%3o0 $o30#1%r!=!3 J"% $!1! o=%t#?o #30t#t"$#23 o #31#?#1"o t#%3% "3! "3$#23 %0/%$#!- J"% 1%0%/%:!.A /!rt#r 1% %0t! 1%3#$#23. L! "3$#23 1%- /ro%0or !/!r%$% !J"7 $oo /-!3#$!r 5 /ro/or$#o3!r "3 $"rr7$"-o! 0"0 !-"3o0 5 %?!-"!r 0" ;#to. P%ro 1%=% 0%r "3 $"rr7$"-o 2/t#o /!r! $!1! !-"3o $oo #%=ro3or!-%3t% 1% "3! $-!0% J"% $o30t! 1% !-"3o0 1% "3! ?!r#%1!1 1% $!/!$#1!1%0 5 3%$%0#1!1%0. M#1%3#$#23 !/-#!1! 1% -! $!-#1!1 %3 -! %30%:!3&! %0 /or t!3to P-!3#$!r, /ro/or$#o3!r 5 %?!-"!r %- $"rr7$"-o 2/t#o /!r! $!1! !-"3o %3 %- $o3t%to 1% "3! 1#?%r0#1!11% #31#?#1"o0 J"% !/r%31%3.

C-!ro %0t J"% t!- 1%3#$#23 3!1! 1#$% !$%r$! 1% -! 3!t"r!-%&! 1%- $"rr7$"-o 2/t#o 1#%r%3t%00o$#%1!1%0 0"0$r#=%3 #3%?#t!=-%%3t% 1#0t#3t!0 $o3$%/$#o3%0 1%- D%0!rro--o /%r0o3!- 1% -o0 !-"3o0. D%o1o 0%%!3t%, 3"%0tro $o3$%/to 1% "3! ="%3! %30%:!3&! %0t %3 "3$#23 1% 0" 0o/ort% $"-t"r!.

F"%3t%0 1% 3"%0tro $o3$%/to 1% $!-#1!1 %3 -! %30%:!3&!

E3 0" %!%3 1% -o0 1#0t#3to0 $r#t%r#o0 1% "3! __="%3!``, %30%:!3&! ! -o -!r9o 1% -o0 0#9-o0, Tr!?%r0 )48)--%9! ! -! $o3$-"0#23 1% J"% %3 1#%r%3t%0 ;/o$!0 '!3 /r%?!-%$#1o 1#0t#3to0 $o3$%/to0 1% -o J"% %0 __="%3o``.

S2$r!t%0, -o0 0o0t!0 5 -o0 0!=#o0 1% -!0 "3#?%r0#1!1%0 %1#%?!-%0 %r!3 __="%3o0`` /orJ"% !tr!7!3 !%0t"1#!3t%0 1% /!9o '!$#! %- 0#9-o ZVII, -o0 /ro%0or%0 0% $o30#1%r!3 ! 07 #0o $oo 9%0tor%0 1% !/r%31#&!%!3t%0 J"% r%0/o30!=#-#&!r0% ! 07 #0o 1%- /ro$%0o 1%- !/r%31#&!% '!$7! %- 0#9-o ZIZ, $oo !t%0t#9"! __%-0!-!r#o %3 "3$#23 1% -o0 r%0"-t!1o0`` !- /ro%0or #3$"=7! #31"1!=-%%3t%, -! r%0/o30!=#-#1!1 1%- !/r%31#&!%.Lo0 /ro%0or%0 !$t"!-%0 $o30#1%r!r7!3 0" /!/%- $oo %- 1% __!$#-#t!1or%0`` -! !5or7! !1#t#r7! -! 3%$%0#1!11% /o1%r 1%o0tr!r J"% '!3 /ro/or$#o3!1o ! "3 !-"3o to1!0 -!0 o/ort"3#1!1%0 r!&o3!=-%0 /!r! J"% !/r%31!,


34/94

t!3to #3#$#!-%3t%, $oo /or "3! ?!r#%1!1 1% or!0 1% !/o5o /!r! -! r%$"/%r!$#23. P%ro "$'o0 r%$'!&!r7!3J"% 0% -%0 $o30#1%r!0% 3#$o0 1%- !/r%31#&!% 1% 0"0 !-"3o0.

Tr!1#$#o3!-%3t%, to1o0 -o0 9r!31%0 /ro%0or%0 '!3 /o0%71o tr%0 t#/o0 1% '!=#-#1!1%0. E3 /r#%r -"9!r,$!r#0! o %- /o1%r 1% "3! /%r0o3!-#1!1 !93;t#$!. Yo t"?% -! ="%3! ort"3! 1% J"% % %30%:!r! L%39"!

%3 -! %0$"%-! "3! 1% %0!0 /%r0o3!0 M#--%r, )4. E3 0%9"31o -"9!r, $o3o$##%3to 1% -!0 !t%r#!0 J"% '!31% %30%:!r0% 5 %-%?!1o0 3#?%-%0 1% $orr%$$#23 %3 9r!t#$!, /"3t"!$#23 5 orto9r!7!. E3 )48+, %- E0t!1o1% T%!0, !-!r!1o /or %- 3#?%- 1% !-!=%t#&!$#23 1% 0"0 ). /ro%0or%0, %#9#2 J"% to1o0 0%0o%t#%r!3 ! t%0t 1% $o/r%30#23 -%$tor! 5 J"% r%1!$t!0%3 "3 tr!=!o 1% )* /!-!=r!0 [%- %J"#?!-%3t% 1%-o J"% /o1r7! %0/%r!r0% 1%- t7/#$o !-"3o 1% o$'o !:o0a T%!$'#39 "!-#t5 D%/!rt!%3to 1% E1"$!$#23 5C#%3$#!,)48 --!2 -! !t%3$#23 0o=r% -! 1#%r%3$#! %3tr% -!0 $!-#$!$#o3%0 o0t%3t!1!0 5 %- /!/%-1%0%/%:!1o %3 -! %30%:!3&! t!3to %3 -!0 %0$"%-!0 /r#!r#!0 $oo %3 -!0 0%$"31!r#!0 Lo0 o-#o0 1% -!0/r#%r!0 r%0"-t!3 %?#1%3t%0 %3 r%!0 %0/%$7$!0 1%- $"rr7$"-o L! I30/%$$#23 %0$o-!r '! o=0%r?!1o /or%%/-o J"% %- o=0t$"-o 0 0%r#o /!r! -! %or! %3 $#%3$#!0 %3 -! %0$"%-! /r#!r#! %0tr#=! %3 J"%"$'o0 1% -o0 !$t"!-%0 /ro%0or%0 $!r%$%3 1% "3 $o3o$##%3to o/%r!t#?o 1% -!0 $#%3$#!0 %-%%3t!-%0

!/ro/#!1!0 /!r! -o0 3#:o0 1% %0t! %1!1 D%/!rt!%3to 1% E1"$!$#23 5 C#%3$#!, )48 /or -o J"% 0% r%%r%! -!0 %0$"%-!0 0%$"31!r#!0 "3 %0t"1#o r%!-#&!1o %3 I39-!t%rr! 5 G!-%0 %3 )4 1%t%r#32 J"% "3! $"!rt!/!rt% 1%- t#%/o 1% 1o$%3$#! 0% '!--!=! ! $!r9o 1% /ro%0or%0 $"5! !t%r#! 1% %0/%$#!-#&!$#23 3o9"!r1!=! r%-!$#23 $o3 -! !t%r#! %30%:!1! 5 J"% %0t! !-t! 1% $orr%0/o31%3$#! %r! %0/%$#!-%3t% 3otor#o%3 70#$!, %1"$!$#23 r%-#9#o0!, tr!=!o0 %3 %t!- 5 1% $o0t"r!, -%39"! 5 !t%t#$!0. L! t%r$%r! '!=#-#1!11%- /ro%0or 0"%-%3 1%3o#3!r0% $!/!$#1!1%0 /%1!929#$!0 o 1% o$#o. E3tr% %0t!0 9"r!0 -!0 1%%0tr"$t"r!$#23 1%- $o3o$##%3to /!r! %- !/r%31#&!%, -! '!=#-#1!1 1% '!$%r /r%9"3t!0, %- 1%0!rro--o 5 %-!/ro?%$'!#%3to 1%- /ot%3$#!- 1% r%$"r0o0, -! 9%0t#23 1%- !/r%31#&!% #31#?#1"!- 5 1% 9r"/o. "=o "3!;/o$!, %3 -! J"% 0% 0"/o37! J"% 02-o J"#%3%0 /r%t%317!3 0%r /ro%0or%0 1% /r#!r#! r%J"%r7!3 "3!or!$#23 %3 t!-%0 $!/!$#1!1%0, /%ro !'or! 0% r%$o3o$% J"% '!3 1% 0%r $o30$#%3t%%3t% 1%0!rro--!1!0 %3-o0 /ro%0or%0 1% $"!-J"#%r 3#?%-.

Lo0 /ro%0or%0 3!to0 /o0%%3 $!r#0!. S#3 %=!r9o, %- r%$o3o$##%3to 1% -! !t%r#! 5 -!0 '!=#-#1!1%01% -! /ro%0#23 /r%$#0!3 1% "3! or!$#23. E- $o3$%/to $o3t%/or3%o 1% -! $!-#1!1 0"! ! %0to0r%J"#0#to0 -! #1%! 1%- /ro%0or $oo /ro%0#o3!- r%X%#?o S$'o3, )48. P"%0to J"% -!0 t!r%!0 $o3 -!0 J"%0% %3r%3t!3 -o0 1o$%3t%0 $!=#!3 $o30t!3t%%3t% -o0 /ro%0or%0 3%$%0#t!3 ="0$!r /%r!3%3t%%3t%o1o0 1% %or!r 0" /r$t#$!. E3 %- $"r0o 1% -! %30%:!3&! %- /ro%0or !1o/t! #3$o3t!=-%0 1%$#0#o3%0#%3tr!0 r%X%#o3! %3 -! !$$#23 0o=r% -! !3%r! 1% !=or1!r %- $"-o 1% #3t%r!$$#o3%0 J"% '! 1%

>


35/94

9%0t#o3!r. Tor3!r $o30$#%3t% -! 3!t"r!-%&! 1% %0t% $o3o$##%3to /ro%0#o3!- %1#!3t% -! r%X%#23 %3 -!!$$#23 /"%1% !5"1!r, /or -o t!3to, !- 1o$%3t% ! ?%r $2o /"%1% '!$%r 0 %$!& 0" /r$t#$!,or9!3#&31o0% %or 5 0!=#%31o %!$t!%3t% -! !3%r! 1% ot#?!r ! 0"0 !-"3o0 5 tr!t!r $o3 !5or!t%3$#23 ! -o0 !-"3o0 1#7$#-%0. o5 %3 17! -! $!-#1!1 %3 -! %30%:!3&! 0"/o3% "3! $o3$#%3$#! 1% -!0#/-#$!$#o3%0 1% -! to! 1% 1%$#0#o3%0 5 %- %/-%o 1% -! !"to%?!-"!$#23 $oo %1#o 1% r%$o31"$#r -!

/-!3#$!$#23 1% or! t!- J"% !/ro?%$'% %- /ot%3$#!- 1% -!0 0#t"!$#o3%0 1o$%3t%0 5 !07 /"%1! /ro/or$#o3!r! -o0 !-"3o0 %/%r#%3$#!0 1% !/r%31#&!% 0 r"$t7%r!0.

F!$tor%0 1%- 0#0t%! J"% !%$t!3 ! -! $!-#1!1 1%- tr!=!o 1% "3 /ro%0or.

L! $!/!$#1!1 1% "3 /ro%0or /!r! -o9!r "3 r%31##%3to 1% $!-#1!1 1%/%31% '!0t! $#%rto /"3to 1%"3!0 1%$#0#o3%0 J"% %0$!/!3 ! 0" $o3tro-. E- E0t!1o 1%3% %3 -! !$t"!-#1!1 %- !r$o $"rr#$"-!r 5 !0#93! -o0r%$"r0o0 J"% '!3 1% #3?%rt#r0% ! %0$!-! 3!$#o3!-. F!$tor%0 $oo -o0 3#?%-%0 1% 1ot!$#23 1% /%r0o3!01o$%3t%0 5 -! 3!3$#!$#23 1% t#/o0 %0/%$7$o0 1% or!$#23 1% %%r$#$#o /"%1%3 t%3%r $o30%$"%3$#!01#r%$t!0 %3 -! $!-#1!1 1%- tr!=!o J"% 1%0%/%:% "3 /ro%0or. L! !1#3#0tr!$#23 %1"$!t#?! %0 1#r%$t!%3t%r%0/o30!=-% 1% -! !0#93!$#23 1% r%$"r0o0 /!r! %- %0t!=-%$##%3to 1% /-!3%0 1% 1%0!rro--o 1%- $"rr7$"-o ! "31%t%r#3!1o 3#?%- 1% $o3$r%$#23, 1% -! $o3tr!t!$#23 1% /%r0o3!- 1o$%3t% 5 1% -! $r%!$#23 1% "3 $-#! 1%#33o?!$#23 5 1% /roo$#23 1%- 1%0!rro--o 1% %0t% /%r0o3!-. L! %0tr"$t"r! 1% o/ort"3#1!1%0 J"% /%r#t%3!- /%r0o3!- !3t%3%r0% !- 17! 1#%r% 3ot!=-%%3t% 0%93 -!0 !1#3#0tr!$#o3%0 5 r%X%! /r#or#1!1%0 ! -!'or! 1%- -#1%r!&9o 5 !$tor%0 0#t"!$#o3%0 t!-%0 $oo %- t!!:o, -! 1ot!$#23 5 -! 1#0t!3$#! ! -! J"% 0%%3$"%3tr!3 -o0 $%3tro0 1% or!$#23 1%- /ro%0or!1o.

E- %J"#/o 1#r%$t#?o to! -!0 1%$#0#o3%0 0o=r% -! !0#93!$#23 1% -o0 r%$"r0o0 /!r! %- !3t%3##%3to 5%J"#/!#%3to 1%- $%3tro. E0t!=-%$% %- 'or!r#o 5 1#0tr#="5% ! -o0 !-"3o0 %3 1#%r%3t%0 9r"/o0, 1%$#1#;31o0%%- 3%ro 1% !-"3o0 /or $-!0% 5 %3 -! 0%$"31!r#! -!0 1#0t#3t!0 $-!0%0 1% -!0 J"% 0% %3$!r9!r "3/ro%0or 5 /!r! J"; !0/%$to0 1%- $"rr7$"-o. D% #9"!- or!, %0 t!=#;3 r%0/o30!=-% 1% #1%3t#$!r 5 !t%31%r! -!0 3%$%0#1!1%0 1% 1%0!rro--o /ro%0#o3!- 1%- /%r0o3!- 1o$%3t%. D%0%/%:! !1%0 "3 #/ort!3t% /!/%-%3 -! 1%t%r#3!$#23 1%- o1o 1% /-!3#$!r %- $"rr7$"-o 5 0# '! 1% $orr%r ! $!r9o 1% "3 %J"#/o 1% $"r0o,$oo %3 -! 0%$"31!r#!, o 1% /ro%0or%0 %3 "3! 1%t%r#3!1! %t!/! 1% /r#!r#! o 0# 0% $o37! ! $!1! "3o 1%-o0 1o$%3t%0. C"!31o -! plani>caci(n es con%unta, %#0t% "3! r%0/o30!=#-#1!1 $o-%$t#?! %3 -!0 1%$#0#o3%0$o3$%r3#%3t%0 ! J"; %/%r#%3$#!0 1% !/r%31#&!% 0% =r#31!r3 ! -o0 !-"3o0, $2o, $"31o 5 /or J"#;3.P%ro %0 /o0#=-% J"% "3 /ro%0or /%r$#=! J"% 0% -% %0t /#1#%31o J"% "t#-#$% "3 !t%r#!- 1#1$t#$o 0o=r% %-

*


36/94

J"% !3t#%3%3 !-9"3!0 1"1!0, 5 /or -o t!3to /#%30% J"% !J"%--o0 J"% '!3 1%0!rro--!1o -!0 #1%!0 1%=%r7!3/or !:!1#1"r! /o3%r-!0 %3 /r$t#$!.

U3 %%/-o %0/%$7$o #-"0tr!r J"#&0 %- o1o %3 J"% %- tr!=!o 1% "3 1o$%3t% /"%1% '!--!r0%#3X"#1o /or 1%$#0#o3%0 !1o/t!1!0 %3 "3 3#?%- 0"/%r#or. R%$"rr#%31o $2o1!%3t% ! "3 $o3t%to 1%- T%r$%r

M"31o /orJ"% r%?%-! "3o 1% -o0 /ro=-%!0 1%- 1%0!rro--o 1% -! $!-#1!1 %3 %0to0 0#0t%!0, %0 1%$#r, -! !-t!1% r%!-#0o 1% -! /o-7t#$! %0t!t!-. E3 )48 "3 3"%?o #3#0tro 1% E1"$!$#23 1% B!39-!1%0' !3"3$#2 J"% %-r!=% 0%r7! #3tro1"$#1o 1% #3%1#!to %3 to1!0 -!0 $-!0%0 1% /r#%ro 1% /r#!r#! $oo t%r$%r! -%39"!o=-#9!tor#! !1%0 1%- =%39!-7 5 1%- #39-;0. S% or1%32 ! -!0 !"tor#1!1%0 r%9#o3!-%0 J"% /"0#%r!3 %3!r$'! %- /ro5%$to, /%ro -o0 /ro%0or%0 $!r%$7!3 1% or!$#23 5 !-t!=!3 -o0 -#=ro0 1% t%to 5 otro0r%$"r0o0. S2-o -!0 %0$"%-!0 #0-#$!0 $o3t!=!3 $o3 "3! 1ot!$#23 1% /ro%0or%0 $!/!$%0 1% %30%:!r -!!t%r#!. L! 1#0/o0#$#23 0% '#&o --%9!r '!0t! -o0 /ro/#o0 /ro%0or%0 1% !"-!, J"% 3!t"r!-%3t% 3!1!'#$#%ro3 /!r! !/-#$!r-!. E3 1%3#t#?!, -! or1%3 "% !3"-!1! $o3 "3! $#%rt! /;r1#1! 1% /r%0t#9#o #%3tr!0 -o0/ro%0or%0 0% !r!=!3 !3 0 %3 0" #1%! 1% J"% J"#%3%0 !1#3#0tr!=!3 %- 0#0t%! 3!1! 0!=7!3 1% -o0/ro=-%!0 1% 0" tr!=!o %3 -! $-!0%.

S#3 1"1!, !-9"3o0 /ro%0or%0 1% -! Gr!3 Br%t!:! $o30#1%r!r7!3 $oo "3 !--o 0%%!3t% %- $!-%31!r#o%0t!=-%$#1o /or %- Go=#%r3o /!r! -! #3tro1"$$#23 1% #3#or1%3!1or%0 5 %- C%rt#$!1o G%3%r!- 1% -!E1"$!$#23 S%$"31!r#!.

Calidad del rendi"iento del pro?esor de aula

Do0 !$tor%0 !%$t!3 ! -! $!-#1!1 1%- r%31##%3to -! !1%$"!$#23 5 -! $!/!$#1!1 /%r0o3!-. Y! 0% '!%!#3!1o -! %1"$!$#23. A1%0 1% /o0%%r "3 $o3o$##%3to !/ro/#!1o 1% -! !t%r#! J"% 1%=% #/!rt#r 5

"3! or!$#23 !1%$"!1! /!r! %30%:!r ! -o0 !-"3o0 %3 %- 3#?%- %3 $"%0t#23, %- /ro%0or 1%=% $o3t!rt!=#;3 $o3 -o0 r%$"r0o0 o/ort"3o0 1% %0/!$#o, !t%r#!-%0 1% %30%:!3&!, !/r%31#&!% 5 t#%/o. C"!31o !5or 0%! -! !1%$"!$#23 %3tr% -o J"% !- 1o$%3t% 0% -% /#1% J"% '!9! 5 0" '!=#-#1!1 /!r!'!$%r-o 0 $#-%3t% $!=r !tr#="#r ! !$tor%0 1% $!/!$#1!1 /%r0o3!- -!0 1#%r%3$#!0 %3 -! $!-#1!1 1%-r%31##%3to. L! $!/!$#1!1 /%r0o3!- %0 -! 1%0tr%&! 1%- /ro%0or t!3to 0# 0% tr!t! 1% $o3tr#="#r ! -!01%$#0#o3%0 1% /-!3#$!$#23 !- 1%0!rro--o 1% -o0 !t%r#!-%0 $"rr#$"-!r%0 ! -! $-!0% %0t! $!/!$#1!1 /%r0o3!-0% '!--! r%-!$#o3!1! $o3 0" 1%0tr%&! %3 %- /!/%- 1% "3 ="%3 /ro%0or.

+


37/94

E3 "!3 C'!r!$t%r#0t#$ !31 S$'oo- L!#39, B%3 B-oo )48 #-"0tr! -! $!/!$#1!1 /%r0o3!- %3 0"1%0$r#/$#23 1% -! !5"1! J"% %- %3tr%3!1or /r%0t! ! "3 3o?!to %3 %- t%3#0

E- %3tr%3!1or o=0%r?! /r#%ro %3 ?!r#!0 o$!0#o3%0 $2o 0#r?% %- 3o?!to -! /%-ot!. A1?#%rt% "$'o01%t!--%0 %3 %- o1o %3 J"% 0% $o-o$!, %/":! -! r!J"%t!, -! ?o-t%! 5 -!3&! -! /%-ot!. E3 -o J"% %3 r%!-#1!1 0%

3! %0 %3 J"; 0%$"%3$#! 1%- !/r%31#&!% 1% "3! t!r%! %0/%$7$! 0% %3$"%3tr! %- 3o?!to. "; r%J"#0#to0/r%?#o0 '! 1o#3!1o 5! 5 J"; 3%$%0#t! to1!?7! !/r%31%r !3t%0 1% !-$!3&!r "3 $#%rto 3#?%- 1% 1o#3#o %3 %0!t!r%! %0/%$7$!Q

Co#%3&! -"%9o 0" %30%:!3&!, o0tr!31o !- 3o?!to $2o 1%=%r7! %/":!r -! r!J"%t!, $o-o$!r0%, -!3&!r -!/%-ot!, P"%1% J"% !- /r#3$#/#o r!9%3t% %0t! t!r%! %3 ?!r#!0 o/%r!$#o3%0 !#0-!1!0, /%ro $o3 %- t#%/o -!0#3t%9r!r %3 "3! 0o-!.


38/94

A1?#rt!o0, !1%0, J"% %- %3tr%3!1or or"-! 3"%ro0!0 5 =r%?%0 %/r%0#o3%0 1% !-#%3to /or -o 9%3%r!-$"!31o %- 3o?!to '!$% !-9o =#%3 o $!0# =#%3. E3 o$!0#o3%0, %0to0 %0t7"-o0 0% !3#%0t!3 $o3 /!-!=r!0, otr!0,$o3 "3! 0o3r#0!, 5 ! ?%$%0, $o3 "3! #r!1! o $o3 "3 9%0to. T!-%0 %0t7"-o0 /!r%$%3 0%r 0 r%$"%3t%0 !-$o#%3&o 1% -! !$t#?#1!1 1% !/r%31#&!% 0" r%$"%3$#! 0% r%1"$% $"!31o %- %3tr%3!1or !1?#%rt% J"% %- !/r%31#&r%0/o31% $o3 0o3r#0!0, 9%0to0, !0%3t##%3to0 o o3o07-!=o0 tr!0 '!$%r !-9o J"% -% /!r%$% !$%/t!=-% o $o3 "3

r"3$##%3to 1% -! r%3t%, "3! "%$! o %/r%0#o3%0 1% /%30!r $"!31o '!$% !-9o J"% $o30#1%r! %rr23%o o#3%$!&. E- ="%3 %3tr%3!1or ?!r7! %- t#/o 1% %0t7"-o o r%"%r&o %3 "3$#23 1% -! 0#t"!$#23 1% !/r%31#&!% 1% -!0%t!/!0 %3 -! !$t#?#1!1 1% ;0t% 5 1%- 3o?!to. Tr!t! !1%0 1% $r%!r "3! 0#t"!$#23 $oo 0% #31#$2 !3t%0 %3 -!J"% %- J"% !/r%31% 0% $o3?#%rt! %3 0" /ro/#! "%3t% 1% r%"%r&o. E0%3$#!-%3t% %- %3tr%3!1or 1#r#9% %-!/r%31#&!% 1%- %0t"1#!3t% !- o=%to 1% !0%9"r!r0% 1% J"% o=t%39! %- r%"%r&o o -!0 9r!t#$!$#o3%0 /r%$#0!0/!r! ot#?!r 0"/!rt#$#/!$#23 5 /%r0%?%r!3$#! %3 %- !/r%31#&!%, !07 $oo /!r! #31#$!r $"31o ?!3 =#%3 /!rt%01% %0% !/r%31#&!%.

E3 1#%r%3t%0 %t!/!0, %- %3tr%3!1or $o/ro=!r -o J"% '! !/r%31#1o %- !-"3o 5 1%t%r#3!r %31231% o $"31o r%J"#%r% "3! $orr%$$#23 o "3 !/o5o !1#$#o3!-. E0o %0 -o J"% '%o0 1%3o#3!1o

r%tro#3or!$#23 5 $orr%$$#23. AJ"7 %- %3tr%3!1or /"%1% !-t%r!r -! #30tr"$$#23 /!r! !5"1!r !- !-"3o r%3t%! "3!0 1#$"-t!1%0 %0/%$7$!0. E0 /o0#=-% J"% t!=#;3 '!9! J"% %- 3o?!to /r!$t#J"% "3 !0/%$to /!rt#$"-!r1%- !/r%31#&!% /!r! ort!-%$%r "3o0 %0/%$7$o0 /ro$%1##%3to0 $orr%$to0 o /!r! %-##3!r !-9"3o0#3$orr%$to0. "#& o1#J"% /or !:!1#1"r! -o0 r%"%r&o0, $o3 %- 3 1% J"% r%0"-t%3 0 !/ro/#!1o0 /!r! %-!-"3o.

B-oo "%0tr! $2o ?!-or!r /r#%ro %- %3tr%3!1or %- 3#?%- !$t"!- 1% r%31##%3to 1%- 3o?!to 5 -"%9o,/or %1#o 1% /ro/or$#o3!r o/ort"3#1!1%0 /r$t#$!0 /!r! J"% ;0t% /"%1! /!rt#$#/!r 1#r%$t!%3t% %3 %-!/r%31#&!%, =r#31!31o "3 r%"%r&o o "3!0 9r!t#$!$#o3%0 /!r! ot#?!r 5 %0t#"-!r -! /%r0#0t%3$#!%1#!3t% -! r%tro#3or!$#23 o $orr%$$#23 !5"1! !- %0t"1#!3t% ! !-$!3&!r 3#?%-%0 0"/%r#or%0 1%

r%31##%3to. S# =#%3 -! 1%0$r#/$#23 1% B-oo 1%0t!$! -! '!=#-#1!1 /%1!929#$! 1%- %3tr%3!1or, %- -%$tor!t%3to 3o '!=r 1%!1o 1% !1?%rt#r -o J"% 0% '!--! #/-7$#to %3 0" 1%0$r#/$#23 -! $orr%0/o31%3$#! %3tr% %-%-%?!1o 9r!1o 1% 1%0tr%&! 1%- %3tr%3!1or /%r#$#! %3 - !t%r#! 5 -! 0#t"!$#23 1% !/r%31#&!% %3 -! J"%o/%r!. S#3 %=!r9o, B-oo 3o 1! ! %3t%31%r J"% %0t; 9!r!3t#&!1o %- !/r%31#&!% 1%- !-"3o 1% t!-/ro%0or 0#/-%%3t% 1%3ot! J"% %- /ro$%0o 1% !/r%31#&!% J"%1! !$#-#t!1o /or %3tr%3!1or%0 J"% /o0%!3%0!0 $"!-#1!1%0 5 1%0tr%&!0 5 J"% #3t%r!$t%3 $o3 !-"3o0 %3 -o0 o1o0 1%0$r#to0.

Estudio de la calidad en la ense=an4a

8


39/94

L! 1%3#$#23 1% -! $!-#1!1 1% -! %30%:!3&! !3t%r#or%3t% %0=o&!1! /"0o 1% r%-#%?% -! 9!! 1% t!r%!0J"% 0% 1%0!rro--!=!3 !3t%0, 1"r!3t% 5 1%0/";0 1%- %3$"%3tro $!r! ! $!r! $o3 -o0 !-"3o0 %3 %- !"-!. E- tr!=!o1% -o0 /ro%0or%0 #3$-"5% !$t#?#1!1%0 J"% /!0!31%0!/%r$#=#1!0 /!r! !-"3o0 5 /!1r%0 %3 -! or9!3#&!$#23 1% -!%0$"%-!, %- 1%0!rro--o 1% -o0 !t%r#!-%0 1o$%3t%0, -! %0t#!$#23 1%- tr!=!o 1% -o0 !-"3o0, -!0 r%"3#o3%0 $o3/0#$2-o9o0 5 /%r0o3!- 0!3#t!r#o, %t$., !07 $oo !J"%--o0 1%- t#/o 1% -!0 %%$"t!1!0 /or %- %3tr%3!1or 1% t%3#0 1%

B-oo. E0 /ro=!=-% J"% -! $!-#1!1 1% %0to0 otro0 !0/%$to0 1% 0" tr!=!o #3X"5!, 5 %3 !-9"3o0 $!0o0 1%t%r#3%,-! $!-#1!1 1%- %3$"%3tro $!r! ! $!r!. A- #0o t#%/o, !-9"3!0 1% %0t!0 !$t#?#1!1%0, $oo -! /r%/!r!$#23 1% -o0!t%r#!-%0 $"rr#$"-!r%0 5 %- %0t!=-%$##%3to 1% /r%9"3t!0 ?-#1!0 /!r! -! $o/ro=!$#23 1%- !/r%31#&!%, 0%'!--!r3 /ro=!=-%%3t% 0 r%-!$#o3!1!0 J"% otr!0 $o3 -! $!-#1!1 1% -! %/%r#%3$#! 1% !/r%31#&!% J"%0!t#0!$% ! -o0 !-"3o0.

E- %0t"1#o 1% -! $!-#1!1 1o$%3t% 0% o0$"r%$% !- $%3tr!r0% %3 "3o0 $r#t%r#o0 -##t!1o0 1% %$!$#!. R%0"-t!#/ro/#o '!$%r "#$#o0 0o=r% -! %$!$#! '!0t! J"% /o0%!o0 1%0$r#/$#o3%0 %or%0 1%- o1o %3 J"% -o0/ro%0or%0 !$o%t%3 r%!-%3t% -! 9!! 1% t!r%!0 !0o$#!1!0 $o3 0" tr!=!o. Por %0! r!&23, al estudiar lacalidad, %0 /r%$#0o $o30#1%r!r 1o0 $"%0t#o3%0 %3 J"; 0% $%3tr!3 -o0 /ro%0or%0 5 1% J"; !0/%$to0 1%-

$o/ort!#%3to 1%- 1o$%3t% '!5 J"% o=t%3%r 1!to0.

Contrastes releantes entre pro?esores

S# 3o0 $%3tr!o0 0o-!%3t% %3 /ro%0or%0 1%0t!$!1o0 W0%! $oo "%r% 0" #1%3t#$!$#23K, %0#/ro=!=-% J"% !$-!r%o0 J"; %0 -o J"% 1%t%r#3! -! 1#%r%3$#! %3tr% %--o0 5 J"#;3%0 0% $o/ort!3 1% "3o1o 0 t7/#$o. Po0#=-%%3t% 1% 3!1! 3o0 0%r?#r t!/o$o "3 $o3tr!0t% t!!3t% %3tr% -o %or 5 -o/%or.

L5-% S/%3$%r )48 1%0t!$! -! #/ort!3$#! 1% $o3tr!0t!r %- r%31##%3to 1% "3 $!/o 1%

/ro%0#o3!-%0 r%-%?!3t%0 5 0 $o3?%3$#o3!-%0, /!r! J"% -!0 1#%r%3$#!0 0% to%3 0 %?#1%3t%0. L!t;$3#$! J"% '! 1%0!rro--!1o !- %%$to %#9% o=t%3%r 1!to0, $o3or% ! "3! !/-#! 9!! 1% $r#t%r#o0, 0o=r%-! %$!$#! 1%- r%31##%3to, %3tr% -o0 J"% /o1r7!3 #3$-"#r0%, /!r! -o0 /ro%0or%0, 1!to0 $o3$r%to0 $oo!t%r#!-%0 1o$%3t%0 /ro1"$#1o0 5 r%0"-t!1o0 1% -o0 %%3%0 1% -o0 !-"3o0, !07 $oo 0"0 ?!-or!$#o3%0, /or/!rt% 1% -! 1#r%$$#23, 1% 0"0 $o-%9!0 5 1% -o0 !-"3o0. L!0 %3tr%?#0t!0 $o3 /ro%0or%0 r%-%?!3t%0 5 $o3 -o0 0$o3?%3$#o3!-%0 1%=%3 $%3tr!r0% %3 0" o1o 1% '!$%r r%3t% ! -!0 0#t"!$#o3%0 $r7t#$!0 0 #/ort!3t%0 /!r! %-;#to %3 0" t!r%! 5 %3 -!0 '!=#-#1!1%0 5 $o/%t%3$#!0 "t#-#&!1!0 %3 %- /ro/#o tr!=!o. S/%3$%r /o3% 1% r%-#%?%-! #/ort!3$#! 1% '!=#-#1!1%0 0"t#-%0 1%- /%30!#%3to $r7t#$o $!/!$#1!1 1% r%!-#&!r 1#0t#3$#o3%0 o #3%r%3$#!0$r7t#$!0, 1% $#t!r 1!to0 %3 !/o5o 1% /o0t"r!0 5 1% r%$o3$#-#!r 1!to0 $o3tr!1#$tor#o0 ! !?or 5 %3 $o3tr! 1% -!0

4


40/94

#31#%r%3$#!0 5 1% "3! %/!t7! /r%$#0! $o/r%30#23 %!$t! 1%- $o3t%3#1o, 0#93#$!$#23 5 0%3t#1o 1% -o J"%otr! /%r0o3! 1#$%, $oo $r"$#!-%0 ! -! 'or! 1% 1#%r%3$#!r ! /ro%0#o3!-%0 1% -! !1#3#0tr!$#23 /=-#$!, -!0%/r%0!0 5 -!0 "%r&!0 !r!1!0 1% -o0 E0t!1o0 U3#1o0.

Mo0bo#t& )4 --%?2 ! $!=o "3 %0t"1#o 0o=r% -!0 1#%r%3$#!0 1% r%31##%3to %3tr% 1o$%3t%0 r%-%?!3t%0

5 3or!-%0 $o3 o3$% /ro%0or%0 1% #1#o!0. D%0$"=r#2 J"% -o0 /ro%0or%0 r%-%?!3t%0 5 0"0 !-"3o0 %/-%!=!3%- #1#o! %tr!3%ro 0 J"% -o0 /ro%0or%0 3or!-%0 5 0"0 !-"3o0. Co3tro-!=!3 ! %0to0 0 #31#r%$t!%3t%/or 0o3r#0!0, 9%0to0 1% !0%3t##%3to 5 r"3$#%31o -! r%3t%, J"% /or r%/r#%31!0 ?%r=!-%0 %-o9#!=!3,=ro%!=!3 5 /%r0o3!-#&!=!3 -!0 /r%9"3t!0 %3 "3! /ro/or$#23 0#93#$!t#?!%3t% !5or 5 $r#t#$!=!3 ! -o0!-"3o0 %3o0 J"% -o0 /ro%0or%0 3or!-%0. P%ro %0to0 r%0"-t!1o0 02-o =r#31!3 "3 #31#$#o 0o=r% -!0 1#%r%3$#!09%3%r!-%0 J"% /"%1%3 %#0t#r.

Recogida de datos so#re la calidad del pro?esor

Lo J"% !J"7 #3t%r%0! %0 /r%9"3t!r0% J"; 1!to0 0%r3, J"#;3%0 5 $o3 J"; %1#o0 -o0 o=t%31r3 5 !J"; 3. C!=% r%$o9%r $"!tro t#/o0 1% 1!to0 0o=r% %- rendi"iento de un pro?esor2

). D!to0 1o$"%3t!-%0, %0 1%$#r, -o0 !t%r#!-%0 J"% '!5! /r%/!r!1o, -! 0%r#% 1% /r%9"3t!0 1% -o0 t%0t,%- 0#0t%! 1% r%9#0tro, $!rt!0 ! -o0 /!1r%0, %t$.

. D!to0 1% o=0%r?!$#23, t!3to 1% /r#%r! !3o o=0%r?!31o !- /ro%0or %3 0" tr!=!o, $oo 1%0%9"31! !3o, %3tr%?#0t31o-% o /r%9"3t!31o /or 0" r%31##%3to ! !J";--o0 J"% -% '!3 ?#0to !$t"!r.

. D!to0 1% -o9ro0, %0 1%$#r, -o J"% -o0 !-"3o0 $o30#9"%3 $oo $o30%$"%3$#! 1% %0t!r %3 0" $-!0% "3/%r#o1o 1% t#%/o, %3 t;r#3o0 1% $"!1%r3o0 $o/-%t!1o0, r%0"-t!1o0 1% %%3%0, !$t#t"1 !3t% -!!t%r#!, '!=#-#1!1%0 /r$t#$!0 % #3t%-%$t"!-%0.

>. D!to0 $t#$o0, %0 1%$#r, 0o=r% !0/%$to0 t!-%0 $oo -! !0#0t%3$#!, -o0 r%tr!0o0 5 %- 9r!1o 1%/!rt#$#/!$#23 %3 !$t#?#1!1%0 %tr!%0$o-!r%0.

A -! ?#0t! 1% -o J"% 0% '! 1#$'o !3t%0 !$%r$! 1% -! ?!r#%1!1 1% t!r%!0 J"% !$o%t%3 -o0 /ro%0or%0 $oo/!rt% 1% 0" tr!=!o, %- /r#%r $r#t%r#o %3 -! o=t%3$#23 1% 1!to0 %0 !0%9"r!r0% 1% $o30%9"#r-o0 %3 "3!!/-#! 9!!. "#& 0%! /ro=-%t#$o 1%t%r#3!r J"#;3 1%$#1% -o J"% %0 r%-%?!3t% /%ro t!3to %- /ro%0or

>


41/94

%3 $"%0t#23 $oo -o0 #3t%r%0!1o0 /or %- %0t"1#o 1% -! $!-#1!1 /o1r7!3 1%3#r -o0 1!to0 J"% $o30#1%r!3r%-%?!3t%0 /!r! $"!-J"#%r !3-#0#0 1% $!-#1!1 1%- r%31##%3to 1o$%3t%. C!=r7! /%1#r ! -o0 /ro%0or%0 J"%/r%/!r!0%3 "3 %/%1#%3t% 1% 0" tr!=!o ! -o -!r9o 1% "3 !:o /!r! '!$%r "0t#$#! ! -! ?!r#%1!1 1%!$t#?#1!1%0 ! -!0 J"% '!3 %0t!1o 1%1#$!1o0 5 J"% #31#$!0%3 J"; /!rt% 1% 0" tr!=!o %0t#!3 J"% t"?o 0;#to 5 /or J";.

E- 0%9"31o $r#t%r#o 0% r%%r% !- o1o 1% o=t%3%r -o0 1!to0 5 ! J"#;3%0 0% %3$!r9!3 1% %0t% /ro$%1##%3to.P!r! -! %?!-"!$#23 1% -! $!-#1!1 r%0"-t!3 %0%3$#!-%0 "3o0 ;to1o0 0#0t%t#$o0, o=%t#?o0 % #/!r$#!-%0. E3$#%rto0 $!0o0 /"1% "5 =#%3 1%-%9!r0% -! t!r%! %3 "3! 0o-! /%r0o3! /or %%/-o, $"!31o 0% tr!t% 1% -o01!to0 $t#$o0 0o=r% "3 !:o 1%- /ro%0or %3 -! %0$"%-!. A -! 'or! 1% r%$o9%r 1!to0 1% o=0%r?!$#23 #/ort!J"% #3t%r?%39!3 ?!r#!0 /%r0o3!0 #3or!1!0. Lo0 o=0%r?!1or%0 1%=%3 r%X%!r /%r0/%$t#?!0 1#%r%3t%0, /%ro%0t!r 1% !$"%r1o %3 -o0 t#/o0 1% $o/ort!#%3to $"5! o=0%r?!$#23 -%0 #3t%r%0! !07 0%r !5or -! !=#-#1!11% 0" 1%0$r#/$#23 $o-%$t#?! 1% -! /r$t#$! 1% /ro%0or 5 -! /o0#=#-#1!1 1% -o9r!r "3! ?#0#23 "0t! 5 %J"#-#=r!11% 0" r%31##%3to. E0t! "-t#/-#$!1! 1% /"3to0 1% ?#0t! %0 #9"!-%3t% %0%3$#!- $"!31o '!5 J"% #3t%rro9!r! "3 1o$%3t% 0o=r% 0" tr!=!o 5 r%?#0!r -! 0%r#% 1% 1!to0 o=t%3#1o0 %3 %- /ro$%0o 1% %?!-"!$#23.

Esti"aci(n de la calidad L! $!-#1!1 1% -! ?!-or!$#23 5 -! %0t#!$#23 0o=r% -! $!-#1!1 0% '!--!3 #3t%rr%-!$#o3!1o0. L! $!-#1!1 1% -!?!-or!$#23 r%X%!r! %- 9r!1o %3 J"% 0% '!3 o=0%r?!1o -o0 /r#3$#/#o0 1% r%$o9#1! 1% 1!to0 !3t%0%3$#o3!1o0, -! /r%/!r!$#23 /ro/or$#o3!1! ! !J";--o0 J"% or"-!3 -o0 "#$#o0 5 0" $!/!$#1!1 5ot#?!$#23!- 0o/%0!r % #3t%r/r%t!r -o0 1!to0 1#0/o3#=-%0 C"/-#1!0 %0t!0 $o31#$#o3%0. E0 /ro=!=-% J"% 0%!0o-#1! -! $!-#1!1 1% -o0 "#$#o0 or"-!1o0 1% $!1! "3o 1% -o0 /ro%0or%0. L! ?!-or!$#23 0o=r% -! $!-#1!1 1%"3 #31#?#1"o 1%0t!$!r /o0#=-%%3t% /"3to0 "%rt%0 5 /ro/or$#o3!r "3 !$#$!t% /!r! 0" 1%0!rro--o /%r0o3!-$o3 t!- 1% J"% 0%! !$%/t!1! $oo ?!-#1!1 E3 "3! /%r0/%$t#?! 0 !/-#!, %0to0 "#$#o0, $"!31o 0%!3%%$t"!1o0 %3 o%3to0 !/ro/#!1o0 1%- $#$-o /ro%0#o3!- 1% -o0 /ro%0or%0. P"%1%3 $o3tr#="#r ! 1%3#r3or!0 /!r! -! or!$#23 #3#$#!- 1%- /ro%0or!1o, 3#?%-%0 1% $o/%t%3$#! J"% '!=r J"% !-$!3&!r 1%3tro1%- /%r7o1o 1% /r$t#$!0 5 /!r! %- !0$%30o ! "3 /"%0to 0"/%r#or. E3 0"! /"%1%3 !5"1!r ! -o0 r%0/o30!=-%01%- 0#0t%! %1"$!t#?o ! 1%t%r#3!r -! $!-#1!1 1%- $"%r/o 1o$%3t% 5 1231% #3?%rt#r %or -o0 r%$"r0o0 /!r!%- /%r%$$#o3!#%3to 1% -!0 $!/!$#1!1%0 1% -o0 /ro%0or%0.

>)


42/94

>


43/94

UNIDAD :

>


44/94

POL@TICA EDUCATI'A 0 CA+)IO

L! 9%0t#23 %1"$!t#?!, %- 9o=#%r3o 5 -! to! 1% 1%$#0#o3%0 0o=r% -! %1"$!$#23 %3 "3 /!70, "%%%r$#1!, '!0t! !'or! /or %- /o1%r $%3tr!- 1%- 0#0t%! or!-.

A$t"!-%3t%, -o0 /ro$%0o0 1% 1%0$%3tr!-#&!$#23 5 1%0 $o3$%3tr!$#23 %3 !r$'! %3 ?!r#o0 /!70%01% -! r%9#23 !%r#$!3!, 0% 0"/o3%3 r%or9!3#&!r to0 /ro$%0o0 1% to! 1% 1%$#0#o3%0 %3 tr%0 #30t!3$#!0=0#$!0 %- /o1%r $%3tr!-, %- 3#?%- #3t%r3o 5 %- 3#?%- -o$!-, %0 1%$#r, -! %0$"%-!. E3 -o0 o1%-o01%0$%3tr!-#&!1o0, -! %0$"%-! --%9!r ! 0%r, "31!%3t!-%3t%. UNIDAD EDUCATIVA %3 -! %1#1! %3 J"%-!0 tr!30or!$#o3%0 %3 %- #3t%r#or 1%- 0#0t%! 0% tr!1"&$!3 %3 !5or /o1%r 1% 1%$#0#23 0o=r% %-1%0!rro--o 1% "3! t!r%! %1"$!t#?! 1% $!-#1!1 %3 0" $o"3#1!1.

L! %0$"%-! %3to3$%0 1%0!rro--! "3! 3"%?! o1!-#1!1 1% or9!3#&!$#23, --!!1! 9%0t#23 %0$o-!r,

$o-o$!31o ! -o0 !%0tro0, 1#r%$t#?o0, /!1r%0 1% !#-#! 5 !-"3o0 $oo !$tor%0 r%!-%0 5 /rot!9o3#0t!0 1%-$!=#o.

L! 9%0t#23 %0$o-!r %0 "3! #30t!3$#! 1% to! 1% 1%$#0#o3%0 !$%r$! 1% -!0 /o-7t#$!0 %1"$!t#?!0 1% "3 /!70...!1%$"31o-!0 ! 0" $o3t%to 5 ! -!0 /!rt#$"-!r#1!1%0 5 3%$%0#1!1%0 1% 0" $o"3#1!1 %1"$!t#?!.

DPONER, P#-!r. L! 9%0t#23 %0$o-!rH E- 1#r%$t#?o $oo 9%0tor 1% !/r%31#&!%0 %0$o-!r%0. E1. A#J"%, B"%3o0 A#r%0. )44*. P/. +4K4)

E- 1%0!7o 1% -! 9%0t#23 %0$o-!r, %0 1#3!#&!r -o0 /ro$%0o0 5 -! /!rt#$#/!$#23 1% -o0 !$tor%0 %3 -! !$$#23%1"$!t#?!. P!r! %--o -! 9%0t#23 %0$o-!r.

I3t%r?#%3% 0o=% -! 9-o=!-#&!$#23 1% -! #30t#t"$#23 R%$"/%r! -! #3t%3$#o3!-#1!1 /%1!929#$! 1% -! #30t#t"$#23 I3$or/or! ! -o0 0"%to0 1% -! !$$#23 %1"$!t#?! $oo /rot!9o3#0t! 1%- $!=#o %1"$!t#?o


45/94

Co30tr"5% /ro$%0o0 1% $!-#1!1 /!r! -o9r!r -o0 r%0"-t!1o0 ="0$!1o0.

Otro !0/%$to J"% r%J"#%r% #/ort!3$#! %0 -! "3$#23 1%- 1#r%$tor, 5! J"% %0 %- %3$!r9!1o 1% t%3%r -!$!/!$#1!1 1% $o30tr"#r "3! #3t%r?%3$#23 #30t#t"$#o3!- $o30#1%r!31o -! tot!-#1!1 1% -!0 1#%30#o3%0, J"% -%1!3 0%3t#1o $oo or9!3#&!$#23, ! 0!=%r %0!0 1#%30#o3%0 0o3

D#%30#23 /%1!929#$! K $"rr#$"-!rD#%30#23 $o"3#t!r#!D#%30#23 !1#3#0tr!t#?! K 3!3$#%r!D#%30#23 or9!3#&!$#o3!- K o/%r!t#?!

D#%30#23 /%1!929#$! K $"rr#$"-!r !$% r%%r%3$#! ! -o0 3%0 5 o=%t#?o0 %0/%$7$o0 o r!&23 1% 0%r1% -! #30t#t"$#23 K %0$"%-! %3 -! 0o$#%1!1.

D#%30#23 $o"3#t!r#!. A/"3t! ! -!0 r%-!$#o3%0 %3tr% 0o$#%1!1 5 %0$"%-! 5, %0/%$#!-%3t%, %3tr%

-! $o"3#1!1 -o$!- 5 0" %0$"%-! r%-!$#23 $o3 -o0 /!1r%0 /!rt#$#/!$#23 1% -!0 "%r&!0 ?#?!0, %t$.D#%30#23 !1#3#0tr!t#?! K 3!3$#%r! I3$or/or! %- t%! 1% -o0 r%$"r0o0 3%$%0!r#o0, 1#0/o3#=-%0 o

3o, $o3 ?#0t!0 ! 0" o=t%3$#23, 1#0tr#="$#23, !rt#$"-!$#23 5 o/t##&!$#23 /!r! -! $o30%$"$#23 1% -! 9%0t#23 1%-! #30t#t"$#23 %1"$!t#?!.

D#%30#23 or9!3#&!$#o3!- K o/%r!t#?!. Co30t#t"5% %- 0o/ort% 1% -!0 !3t%r#or%0 1#%30#o3%0/ro/o3#;31o0% !rt#$"-!r 0" "3$#o3!#%3to.

UPN. D#r%$$#23 1% Do$%3$#!. A$!1%#! 1% P0#$o-o97! E1"$!t#?!. Pro9r!! 1%- D#/-o!1o G%0t#23 E0$o-!r. M;#$o )44+

LOS DIRECTORES CO+O GESTORES ESCOLARESL!0 0#9"#%3t%0 !$t#?#1!1%0 t#%3%3 $oo /ro/20#to J"% -o0 /!rt#$#/!3t%0 #1%3t#J"%3 %- /%r- /ro%0#o3!- J"%1%=% $!r!$t%r#&!r !- 1#r%$tor 1% %0$"%-!0 =0#$!0 1% !$"%r1o $o3 -!0 %#9%3$#!0 J"% -!0 /o-7t#$!0 %1"$!t#?!0?#9%3t%0 r%J"#%r%3.

>*


46/94

I3?#t% !- 9r"/o ! J"% #3#$#% -! 0%0#23 $o3 -! -%$t"r! 1% "3! r%-%#23.

E3 %- $o3t%to J"% ?#?%3 3"%0tr!0 %0$"%-!0 %0 #31"1!=-% J"% %- 1#r%$tor %0 "3 !$tor "31!%3t!- %3 -!9%0t#23 %0$o-!r, J"#;3 %0 %- r%0/o30!=-% /r#3$#/!- 1% %3tr%9!r $"%3t!0 ! -! 0o$#%1!1 1% -o0 r%0"-t!1o0%1"$!t#?o0 1% -! %0$"%-!.

M!%0tro0 %0 #/ort!3t% t%3%r /r%0%3t% J"% to1! /o-7t#$! %1"$!t#?! $o3t%/-! !$$#o3%0 5 r%$"r0o0or#%3t!1o0 ! o1#$!r o #3X"#r %3 -!0 $o31#$#o3%0 #30t#t"$#o3!-%0 %3 -!0 /r$t#$!0 %1"$!t#?!0 1% -! %0$"%-!,%3 -! 9%0t#23 %0$o-!r, %3 %- tr!5%$to or!t#?o 1% -o0 1o$%3t%, !07 $oo %3 %- -#1%r!&9o 1#r%$t#?o, $!=%/r%9"3t!r3o0 %3to3$%0 C"- %0 %- ro- J"% 'o5 -%0 to$! !0"#r !- 1#r%$tor %0$o-!rQ "; $o/%t%3$#!03%$%0!r#!0 r%J"#%r% 1%o0tr!r %3 %0Kt% 3"%?o $!=#o #30t#t"$#o3!-Q C"- %0 %- tr!5%$to !$!1;#$o J"% 0%r%J"#%r% #/-%%3t!r /!r! -! 9%0t#23 1#r%$t#?!Q

P#1! !- 9r"/o J"% %/r%0% 0" o/#3#23 !- r%0/%$to.

. KI31#J"% ! -o0 /!rt#$#/!3t%0 J"% -! r%X%#23 /%r#t#r -%%r 1%01% otr! /%r0/%$t#?! %- 0#9"#%3t% t%toK So-#$#t% J"% -%!3 %- !rt7$"-o !r$!31o -o0 !0/%$to0 J"% 0o3 1% 0" #3t%r;0.

El rol de los gestores educatios en el conte3to de ladescentrali4aci(n de la escuela

C"- 0%r, /or t!3to, %- ro- 1%- 1#r%$tor 1% %0$"%-! %3 %- $o3t%to 1% -! 1%0$%3tr!-#&!$#23Q E0t% ro-3%$%0#t! 1#0/o3%r 1% "$'! 0 -#=%rt!1 /!r! $o31"$#r ! -! %0$"%-! /or 0" /ro/#o $!#3o %3 -! =0J"%1!1% -! $!-#1!1 1% -! %30%:!3&!. S!=%o0 J"% %0 1#7$#- J"% %#0t!3 ="%3!0 %0$"%-!0 $o3 !-o0 1#r%$tor%0,/or t!3to -! #3?%r0#23 %3 %--o0 %0t 0 J"% "0t#$!1!. U3 ro- 1%0t!$!1o J"% $"/-% %- 1#r%$tor %0 %- 1%%0t!r 0#%/r% /r%o$"/!1o /or -! $!/!$#t!$#23 1% 0"0 1o$%3t%0, $o3 %- 3 1% %or!r 0" 1%0%/%:o 5 %-tr!=!o %3 %J"#/o. P!r! %--o, ="0$! or!0 1% $!/!$#t!$#23 %3 0%r?#$#o, #1%3t#$! ! J"#%3%0 3%$%0#t!3 1%!-93 t#/o 1% !$t"!-#&!$#23 5, /%r0#0t%3t%%3t%, /ro$"r! /%r%$$#o3!#%3to /!r! -! tot!-#1!1 1% 0" $"%r/o1o$%3t% %3 t%!0 $oo %- "0o 1% 3"%?!0 t%$3o-o97!0 5 1% 3"%?o0 ;to1o0 /%1!929#$o0, o %3 -!!/-#$!$#23 1% -o0 t%!0 tr!30?%r0!-%0 %3 r%-!$#23 $o3 %- 1%0!rro--o 1% '!=#-#1!1%0 /!r! -! ?#1!. Otro ro- %0%- 1% #3t%r$!=#!r #3or!$#o3%0 5 $o"3#$!r0% $o3 %- 3#?%- $%3tr!- 9"=%r3!%3t!-, /!r! r%$#=#r -!0or#%3t!$#o3%0 r%-!t#?!0 ! -! /o-7t#$! %1"$!t#?!, !07 $oo $o3 1#r%$tor%0 1% otr!0 %0$"%-!0 /!r! $o/!rt#r

>+


47/94

%/%r#%3$#!0 % #3#$#!t#?!0 J"% /"%1!3 %or!r %- tr!=!o /%1!929#$o 5 1% 9%0t#23 1% %0!0 #0!0%0$"%-!0. Co3 -o0 /ro%0or%0 5 "3$#o3!r#o0 1% 0" %0$"%-!, 0" ro- 0% $o3$r%t#&! $r%!31o -!0 $o31#$#o3%0 /!r!J"% %- tr!=!o %3 %J"#/o 0%! "3! r%!-#1!1 ! tr!?;0 1% -! #30t!3$#! 1% %-!=or!$#23 5 %%$"$#23 1% 0"/-!3#$!$#23 5 r%!-#&! %0"%r&o0 /!r! J"% %- tr!=!o $o-%$t#?o 0#r?! $oo "3 !$tor 0#3;r9#$o %3 -o0r%0"-t!1o0 1% -!0 #30t#t"$#o3%0 %1"$!t#?!0. E3 r%-!$#23 $o3 -o0 /!1r%0 1% -o0 !-"3o0 5 %- r%0to 1% -o0

#%=ro0 1% -! $o"3#1!1, %- 1#r%$tor $r%! -!0 $o31#$#o3%0 /!r! J"% /!rt#$#/%3 1% -! ?#1! %0$o-!r 5$o3tr#="5!3 ! 0" %%$t#?o %or!#%3to. E- 1#r%$tor 1% %0$"%-! 0% $o3?#%rt%, 1% %0t% o1o, %3 "3/%r!3%3t% $o"3#$!1or, t!3to '!$#! %- 9o=#%r3o $oo '!$#! 0"0 /!r%0, 0"0 $o-!=or!1or%0 5 '!$#! -!$o"3#1!1 %3 -! $"!- -! %0$"%-! %0t "=#$!1!. A07 $oo %- 9%0tor 1%- 0#0t%! %1"$!t#?o 3%$%0#t! %-!=or!r"3 /ro5%$to 0o=r% -! =!0% 1%- $o30%30o $o3 -! 0o$#%1!1 $o3 !/-#! 1#?"-9!$#23 /!r! J"% to1o0 -o$o3o&$!3, !- 3#?%- 1% -! %0$"%-! %0 3%$%0!r#o %0t!=-%$%r /o-7t#$!0 =#%3 1%3#1!0, $o3 %t!0 $-!r!0 ! 0%r!-$!3&!1!0. E0!0 %t!0 1%=%r3 0%r %-!=or!1!0 /or %- $"%r/o 1o$%3t% %3 0" $o3"3to, $o3 /!rKt#$#/!$#231% -! $o"3#1!1 %0$o-!r 1%=%3 0%r $o/!rt#1!0 $o3 to1o0, -o J"% 0#93#$! J"% to1o0 /%r0#9"%3 -!0#0!0 %t!0, $o30tr"#1!0 $o-%$t#?!%3t%. E0 #/ort!3t% 3o 02-o %-!=or!r "3 /-!3 $o-%$t#?o, 0#3o J"% %0"31!%3t!- #/"-0!r-o, %0 1%$#r, -o9r!r J"% -!0 %t!0 J"% 0% /ro/o3%3 0% '!9!3 r%!-#1!1. U3 ro- "5

#/ort!3t% %0 %- 1% #3t%r!$t"!r $o3 -! $o"3#1!1 %0$o-!r 5 -! $o"3#1!1 -o$!-, !=r#%31o -! %0$"%-! ! -!/!rt#$#/!$#23, $r%!31o "3! %0$"%-! 1% /"%rt!0 !=#%rt!0. Lo0 1#r%$tor%0 1% %0$"%-!0 3%$%0#t!3 !?!3&!r '!$#!!5or%0 9r!1o0 1% 0%30#=#-#1!1 r%0/%$to 1% -! #/ort!3$#! 1% #3t%r!$t"!r $o3 -! $o"3#1!1 %0$o-!r 5-o$!-, 3o 02-o %3 %- =#to %0tr#$t!K%3t% %1"$!t#?o, 0#3o J"% t!=#;3 ! 3#?%- 0o$#!- 5 $"-t"r!-. D%=%3$o30t#t"#r0% %3 !9%3t%0 1% $!=#o /!r! /roo?%r "3! 9%0t#23 1%o$rt#$!, =!0!1! %3 %- tr!=!o/!rt#$#/!t#?o %3 -! =0J"%1! 1% -! $!-#1!1 5 -! %J"#1!1. A1#3#0tr!r -o0 r%$"r0o0 '"!3o0, !t%r#!-%0 53!3$#%ro0 %0 otro ro- 1%- 1#r%$tor 1% %0$"%-!, ot#?o /or %- $"!- 3%$%0#t! t%3%r 1o#3#o 0o=r% -! 1#%30#23t;$3#$! 1% %0t% ro-. A1%0 1%- $o3o$##%3to /%1!929#$o, %0 #31#0/%30!=-% J"% 1#0/o39! 1% '%rr!#%3t!01% /-!3#$!$#23 5 !1#3#0tr!$#23 J"% /o0#=#-#t%3 "3! 9%0t#23 %$!& 1% to1o0 -o0 r%$"r0o0 1#0/o3#=-%0. Por-t#o K5 t!- ?%& -o 0 #/ort!3t%K %- 1#r%$tor 1% %0$"%-! %0 r%0/o30!=-% /or '!$%r %%$t#?! -! %3tr%9! 1%-

$"rr7$"-o =0#$o 3!$#o3!-, ! -! ?%& J"% 1%3#r 5 1%0!rro--!r %- $"rr7$"-o J"% r%0/o31! ! -o0 #3t%r%0%0%0/%$7$o0 1% -! $o"3#1!1 -o$!-.

E- 1#r%$tor 3%$%0#t! -#1%r!r %- /ro$%0o $o-%$t#?o 1% 1%3#$#23 1%- $"rr7$"-o $orr%0/o31#%3t% !- #3t%r;0%0/%$7$o 1% -! %0$"%-!, %0 1%$#r %- %3r#J"%$##%3to $"rr#$"-!r ! /!rt#r 1% -!0 3%$%0#1!1%0 -o$!-%0 1%3#1!0%3 or! /!rt#$#/!t#?!. E3 %0t% $o3t%to, %- 1#r%$tor %0t#"-!r ! 0" $"%r/o 1o$%3t% ! 3 1% J"% %-$"rr7$"-o 0%! %3tr%9!1o !- !-"3o 1% -! or! 0 1#3#$! 5 /ro1"$t#?! /o0#=-%, !?or%$#%31o "3

>


48/94

!1%$"!1o 1%0%/%:o 1% -o J"% 0"$%1% 1%3tro 1% -! 0!-! 1% $-!0%0 %3 -! #3t%r!$$#23 /ro%0orK !-"3o,/!r! J"% o$"rr! "3 !/r%31#&!% %%$t#?o. A3! L"#&! M!$'!1o, ) E- ro- 1% -o0 9%0tor%0 %1"$!t#?o0 %3 %-$o3t%to 1% -! 1%0$%3tr!-#&!$#23 %3 -! %0$"%-!. S;/t#! R%"3#23 1%- Co#t; R%9#o3!- I3t%r9"=%r3!%3t!-1%- Pro5%$to Pr#3$#/!- 1% E1"$!$#23 %3 A;r#$! L!t#3! 5 %- C!r#=%.

GESTIN ESCOLAR 0 CA+)IO

D%01% '!$% 0#%t% !:o0 %- S#0t%! E1"$!t#?o N!$#o3!-, /!rt#$"-!r%3t% %- 3#?%- 1% E1"$!$#23B0#$!, 0% %3$"%3tr! #3%r0o %3 "3 /ro$%0o 1% $!=#o #rr%?%r0#=-% !3t%r#or%3t% 0% $%3tr!=! -! !t%3$#23%3 -! 1%!31! 5 %3 -! $o=%rt"r!, P%ro %0t% 3o %0 %- 3#$o !0/%$to %3 %- J"% 0% r%J"#%r% $%3tr!r0%, 5! J"%-!0 %0$"%-!0 3o 0o3 %3t#1!1%0 %0tt#$!0 J"% /"%1!3 tr!30or!r0% /or 0#/-% 1%$r%to PDE@ /or %-$o3tr!r#o, 0% r%J"#%r% 3o /%r1%r 1% ?#0t! J"% $!1! "3! /r%0%3t! 1#3#$!0 /ro/#!0 J"% /ro"%?%3 0"tr!30or!$#23 ! =#%3 o ! !- 5 J"% %0to0 0o3 ! %1#!3o 5 -!r9o /-!&o, /"%0 %#0t%3 #3X"%3$#!0 0o$#!-%0

J"% 0o3 otor 1% $!=#o.

L! %0$"%-! 1%=% %3to3$%0 %0t!r 1#0/"%0t! ! %3?o-?%r0% %3 $!=#o0, /"%0 %0 -! 0o$#%1!1 %0 -! J"%-o %#9%. L! %0$"%-! 1%=% %3 $!#3!r0% ! -! =0J"%1! 1% -o0 !?!3$%0 t%$3o-29#$o0, /%ro t!=#;3 1%=%3 #r$o3"3t!%3t% or!31o %- t#/o 1% 0%r%0 J"% r%J"#%r% %0to0 t#%/o0 1% $!=#o.

D% %0t% o1o 5 %3tr% otr!0 $o0!0, 0% /r%$#0! 1% !$$#o3%0 1#r#9#1!0 ! o1#$!r -!0 %0tr"$t"r!0 5or!0 1% 9%0t#23 %0$o-!r J"% 0% r%!-#&!3 1%3tro 5 "%r! 1% -! %0$"%-!, %-%?!31o -! $!-#1!1 1% -o0 0%r?#$#o0J"% or%$%, %3 "3 0%3t#1o 0 !/-#o 1% $o=%rt"r! '!$#! -! /o=-!$#23 %3 %1!1 %0$o-!r 5 %3 r%-!$#23 ! -!$o"3#1!1 J"% /%rt%3%$%.

PDE Pro9r!! 1% D%0!rro--! E1"$!t#?o )44*K

L!0 #3t%3$#o3%0 /-!3t%!1!0 %3 %- !$t"!- Pro9r!! 1% D%0!rro--o E1"$!t#?o )44*K r%X%!3 %3 ="%3%1#1! %0t! /r%o$"/!$#23, !- /ro/o3%r J"% -! 9%0t#23 0% o$"/% 1% $"%0t#o3%0 $oo

U3! $o-!=or!$#23 %0tr%$'! %3tr% !%0tro0 5 1#r%$t#?o0

>8


49/94

I1%3t#$!r -!0 3%$%0#1!1%0 $o3$r%t!0 %3 -!0 %0$"%-!0

Or9!3#&!r !$t#?#1!1%0 5 t#%/o %0$o-!r

A0#93!r r%0/o30!=#-#1!1%0 5 t#%/o0 /!r! 0" $"/-##%3to

A1o/t!r %0tr!t%9#!0 1% !$$#23 %1"$!t#?! !$or1%0 ! -!0 3%$%0#1!1%0 /!rt#$"-!r%0 1% $!1!%0$"%-!

S# =#%3 0% tr!t! 1% -73%!0 9%3%r!-%0, %0t!0 #1%!0 /%r-!3 %- 3"%?o 0#93#$!1o J"% J"#%r% #/r##r0% !%0t! t!r%! %1"$!t#?!, %0 1%$#r, 0% %/r%0! %- J"; 5 /!r! J"; 1% "3 3"%?o !r$o 1% 9%0t#23 5 "3!r%$o3$%/t"!-#&!$#23 1% -! "3$#23 1o$%3t% $oo $o3"3to 1% !$t"!$#o3%0 $%3tr!1!0 %3 %or!r %-1%0!rro--o %1"$!t#?o 1% $!1! %0$"%-! ! tr!?;0 1%

Corr%9#r !$tor%0 J"% -##t!3 %- 1%0!rro--o %0$o-!r D#3!#&!r %- "3$#o3!#%3to %0$o-!r !/ort!31o 3"%?!0 #1%!0 R%or&!r -o0 !$tor%0 J"% !-#%3t!3 %- 1%0!rro--o %0$o-!r Fort!-%$%r %- tr!=!o 1o$%3t% Fort!-%$%r -! $!/!$#1!1 /!r! to!r 1%$#0#o3%0 t!3to /%1!929#$!0 $oo or9!3#&!t#?!0, %3 or!$o-%9#!1!.

P"%1% 1%$#r0% J"%, ! 3#?%- 1% /o-7t#$! %1"$!t#?!, %#0t% "3! $-!r! "=#$!$#23 1%- /ro=-%!, 0#3%=!r9o, ! "3 3o 0% '!3 /"%0to %3 !r$'! -!0 %0tr!t%9#!0 /!r! r%0o-?%r -o0 /ro=-%!0 %0/%$7$o0 1%$!1! %0$"%-!, 5 %0to 0% -o9r! $o3 -! 9%0t#23 %1"$!t#?!.

S% /r%t%31% %3to3$%0 J"% !- '!=-!r 1% tr!30or!$#23 1% %0$"%-! 0% '!=-% 1% r%J"%r##%3to00o$#!-%0, %3 1o31% Pro$%0o0 5 -!0 /r$t#$!0 1% -o0 !$tor%0 1%- '%$'o %1"$!t#?o, 0% %3$!#3%3 ! !$#-#t!r -!$o/r%30#23 5 r%X%#23 0o=r% -! /r$t#$! 1% -! 9%0t#23.

T!-%0 /ro$%0o0 5 /r$t#$!0 1%t%r#3!3 %- /ro$%0o 1% 0o$#!-#&!$#23 5 $o"3#$!$#23 J"% t#%3%3 -"9!r%3 -! %0$"%-! 5 %3 /!rt#$"-!r -o $o3t%3#%3t% ! -! %30%:!3&! 5 %- !/r%31#&!% J"% 0% 1%0!rro--! %3 %- 0!-231% $-!0%0. L"%9o %3to3$%0, $o30tr"#r "3 /!3or!! !/-#o 5 !rt#$"-!1o 1%- $o3t%to %0$o-!r %0 3%$%0!r#o/!r! %3t%31%r %3 J"; %1#1! -!0 #30t#t"$#o3%0 %1"$!t#?!0 t#%3%3 /o0#=#-#1!1 1% tr!30or!r0% %3 0"

>4


50/94

#3t%r#or, 1% !$"%r1o ! -!0 "3$#o3%0 J"% 1%=%3 $"/-#r /!r! $o3 -! 0o$#%1!1 5 -! $o"3#1!1 ! -! J"%/%rt%3%$%3.

U3o 1% -o0 $o/o3%3t%0 1%- $o3t%to %0$o-!r %0 %- t#/o 1% #3t%r!$$#o3%0 0% /ro"%?%3 5 -o0%%$to0 J"% /ro1"$%3 %3 -! $o39"r!$#23 1% "3! $"-t"r! 1%t%r#3!1! 5 /!rt#$"-!r J"% $!r!$t%r#&! ! $!1!

$%3tro %0$o-!r.

D%01% %0t! /%r0/%$t#?! -! 9%0t#23 0% $%3tr! %3 -! tr!30or!$#23 1% -o0 /ro$%0o0 t%31#%3t%0 !1#3!#&!r -!0 %0tr"$t"r!0 % #31#?#1"o0 J"% %3 %--!0 #3t%r?#%3%3, -o0 %-%%3to0 ! $o30#1%r!r"31!%3t!-%3t% %3 t!3to $o39"r!3 -! $"-t"r! %0$o-!r, t#%3% J"% ?%r =0#$!%3t% $o3 -! or9!3#&!$#23%0$o-!r, -! /!rt#$#/!$#23 0o$#!- %3 -! %0$"%-! 5 %- $"rr#$"-".

A /!rt#r 1% %0t% $o3t%to r%0"-t! /%rt#3%3t% r%1%3#r, t!3to -!0 "3$#o3%0 J"% 1%=%3 1%0%/%:!r-o0 #31#?#1"o0 J"% #3t%r?#%3%3 5 /!rt#$#/!3 1%- '%$'o %1"$!t#?o, $oo %- t#/o 1% %0tr"$t"r!0 5 r%-!$#o3%0J"% 1%=%3 /roo?%r0% %3tr% %--o0 /!r! 1!r r%0/"%0t! ! -o0 r%J"%r##%3to0 %1"$!t#?o0 1%01% -! /ro/#!

#30t#t"$#23 %1"$!t#?!.

L!0 3"%?!0 "3$#o3%0 J"% 0% 1%!31!3 ! -!0 9"r!0 1% 1#r%$$#23, $o/ort!3 $!=#o0 0"0t!3$#!-%0%3 -! 9%0t#23 1% -! %1"$!$#23, %0 1%$#r %3 -! or9!3#&!$#23, /-!3%!$#23, !1#3#0tr!$#23, 0"/%r?#0#23 5%?!-"!$#23. L! o1#$!$#23 1% -! r%!-#1!1 %1"$!t#?! ! -! J"% 0% !0/#r! $o3 -!0 r%or!0 %1"$!t#?!0, 3o ?!! /ro?%3#r %$-"0#?!%3t% 1% -! !1J"#0#$#23 5 !/r%31#&!% 1% 3"%?!0 t;$3#$!0 5 '!=#-#1!1%0 1#r%$t#?!0.E0t!0 0o3 $o/-%%3to 1% "3 %0J"%! ?#t!- 1% 9%0t#23, 0"0t%3t!1o %3 $o3$%/$#o3%0 1#%r%3t%0 1% -!%1"$!$#23 5 -! %0$"%-!.

D% %0t% o1o, -! 9%0t#23 %1"$!t#?! 1%=%r !?or%$%r %- -o9ro 1% -o0 /%r-%0 1% -o0 %1"$!31o0. L!

tr!30or!$#23 1% 0"0 1o$%3t%0, 5 -! !/%rt"r! 5 ?#3$"-!$#23 1% -! %0$"%-! $o3 -! $o"3#1!1, $oo%-!=or!$#23 1%- 0%3t#1o 1% -! /%rt%3%3$#! ! "3 0#0t%! %1"$!t#?o 3!$#o3!-, %0t#"-!31o -! $r%!$#23 1%-tr!=!o %0$o-!r -! !rt#$"-!$#23 %3tr% -! %1"$!$#23 or!- % #3or!-, 5 -! $oor1#3!$#23 $o3 -o0 otro0 !9%3t%00o$#!-%0 %3 %- 1%0!rro--o 1%- o1%-o %1"$!t#?o.

*


51/94

*)


52/94

UNIDAD B

LA DIRECCIN ESCOLAR

L! 1#r%$$#23 %0$o-!r %0t 0#%31o o=0%r?!1!. D% "3 -!1o, -!0 3"%?!0 r%-!$#o3%0 5 $o39"Kr!$#o3%0 0o$#o%1"$!t#?!01%0!7!3 !- 1#r%$tor ! /o3%r %3 "%9o 0" $!/!$#1!1 1% $o31"$$#23 5 r%0o-"$#23 1% /ro=-%!0 J"% !3t%0 3o %0t!=!3%3 0" !9%31!. L! -#t%r!t"r! 0o=r% %%$t#?#1!1 %0$o-!r 1%0t!$! -! #/ort!3$#! 1%- -#1%r!&9o #30t#t"$#o3!- 5 /%1!929#$o%3 -! %0$"%-! 5 /o3% 1% r%-#%?% -! 9"r! 1%- 1#r%$tor $oo 9%0tor 5 %/r%31%1or. L! r%?!-or#&!$#23 1% -! "3$#23 1%1#r%$tor%0 !3t%0 $%3tr!1! %3 $"%0t#o3%0 !1#3#0tr!t#?!0 /"%1% 0%r !=r"!1or!. Coo !3ot! G!t'%r >, 1%=!o1% %0t! r%0#93#$!$#23 1% -! 1#r%$$#23 %0$o-!r %0t -! #3X"%3$#! %3 -!0 !1#3#0tr!$#o3%0 /=-#$!0 1% -o0 o1%-o0 1%9%0t#23 1% %/r%0!, -o $"!- 0% !0o$#! ! %3"1o $o3 %- $!=#o /-!3#$!1o 5 -! X%#=#-#1!1 3%$%0!r#! /!r! '!$%rr%3t% ! -!0 tr!30or!$#o3%0 1% -o0 %r$!1o0, -!0 t%$3o-o97!0 5 -!0 $o/%t%3$#!0. A07, %0t! t%31%3$#! '! !/-#!1o -!

*


53/94

"3$#23 1% -o0 r%0/o30!=-%0 1% -! %0$"%-! !- 1%0!rro--o 1% $o/%t%3$#!0 /!r! -!0 t!r%!0 '!=#t"!-%0 1% 9%0t#23 1%r%$"r0o0, #3r!%0tr"$t"r! 5 %J"#/!#%3to, $oor1#3!$#23 1% /ro$%0o0 #30t#t"$#o3!-%0, !3t%3##%3to 1%- or1%3, 5r%/r%0%3t!$#23 1% -! %0$"%-! !3t% -! $o"3#1!1 5 %- %3tor3o, -o0 1#r%$t#?o0 !'or! 1%=%r7!3 !9r%9!r $!/!$#1!1%0 /!r!1#0%:!r %- $!=#o, /ro/o3%r /r#or#1!1%0 5 %0tr!t%9#!0, 0"/%r?#0!r 5 !0%0or!r -! /"%0t! %3 /r$t#$! 1% /ro5%$to0. To1o-o $"!- 0"/o3% !1%0 $o30tr"#r 5o $oor1#3!r "3! $o"3#1!1 /%1!929#$!, !-%3t!r 5 0o0t%3%r -! ot#?!$#23 1% -o01o$%3t%0, co0tr!rd -! ?#0#23 5 -#1%r!r 0" $o3$r%$#23. G%0t#23 $ot#1#!3! 5 9%0t#23 1% -! #33o?!$#23 5 -! %or!, to1o! -! ?%&. Por $o30#9"#%3t%, $oo %3 -o0 /ro%0or%0, %- /ro=-%! 1% -! $!rr%r! 1#r%$t#?! 5, 1%3tro 1% ;0t!, 1% -!or!$#23 #3#$#!- 5 %3 0%r?#$#o 1% -o0 1#r%$t#?o0, %0 o=%to 1% /r%o$"/!$#23 $%3tr!-. C2o 0% or!3 -o0 1#r%$tor%0 5%J"#/o0 1% 9%0t#23 $o3 %0% /%r- /ro%0#o3!-Q L!0 /r#3$#/!-%0 #3#$#!t#?!0 /=-#$!0 1% 1%0!rro--o 1% $!/!$#1!1%01#r%$t#?!0 1% !$"%r1o ! "3 %0t"1#o %3 A;r#$! L!t#3!, 0% "31!%3t!3 %3 tr%0 /r%#0!0 L! 1#r%$$#23 5 -! 9%0t#23%0$o-!r r%J"#%r%3 1% %0t31!r%0 " or#%3t!$#o3%0 0o=r% ="%3!0 /r$t#$!0 0#0t%!t#&!1!0 1%01% -! %/%r#%3$#! 3!$#o3!-% #3t%r3!$#o3!-. E0 1%$#r, '!5 "3! !3%r! r%-!t#?!%3t% $o3o$#1! 1% $2o '!$%r $orr%$t!%3t% -!0 $o0!0. E0t!0or#%3t!$#o3%0 1%=%3 #-"0tr!r -! /r$t#$!, %- 1%0!rro--o /ro%0#o3!- 5 -! %?!-"!$#23 1%- 1%0%/%:o 1#r%$t#?o. E0 1%$#r,-o0 1#r%$t#?o0 5 J"#%3%0 0% 1%1#$!3 ! -! or!$#23 5 %- 1%0!rro--o 1% ;0to0, t#%3%3 J"% !"0t!r 0" !$$#o3!r ! %0o0%0t31!r%0 5 ="%3!0 /r$t#$!0 0"9%r#1!0 /or -! %?#1%3$#! %/7r#$! 5 -! -#t%r!t"r! %0/%$#!-#&!1!. E- 1%0!rro--o 1%$!/!$#1!1%0 /ro%0#o3!-%0 5 -! o=t%3$#23 1% r%0"-t!1o0 %3 -! %0$"%-! 0% =!0!3, /or "3! /!rt%, %3 %- $o3o$##%3to

/ro"31o 5 -! !1o/$#23 1% %0o0 !r$o0 1% !$t"!$#23, 5, /or otr!, %3 -! r%X%#23 0o=r% -! /r$t#$! 5 %- /o0t%r#or1#0%:o 5 -! #/-%%3t!$#23 1% /-!3%0 1% %or! 1% -! 9%0t#23. A- r%0/%$to, 0% /"%1% !r9"%3t!r ) E0t!0 /r%#0!0/"%1%3 0%r ?-#1!0 /!r! $#%rto0 %0$%3!r#o0 #30t#t"$#o3!-%0, /%ro 3o /!r! to1o0. E3 /!rt#$"-!r, %3 !J"%--o0%0t!=-%$##%3to0 ! -o0 J"% 0% or#%3t! /r%%r%3t%%3t% -! !$$#23 %0t!t!- 1#r%$t!, -o0 /ro$%0o0 1% or!$#23 1#r%$t#?!J"% 0% /ro"%?%3 1!3 /or 0%3t!1! $#%rt! 3or!-#1!1 #30t#t"$#o3!- %3 %0$"%-!0 J"%, %3 "$'!0 o$!0#o3%0, 3o 0%$"/-%. E3 -o0 %0t!=-%$##%3to0 1% =!o0 r%0"-t!1o0, -o0 r%$"r0o0 5 !/o5o0 /=-#$o0 0% 1#r#9%3 ! -! 9%3%r!$#23 1%#3#$#!t#?!0 1% %or! %3o$!1!0 ! -! #/-%%3t!$#23 $"rr#$"-!r 5 -o0 r%0"-t!1o0 1% !/r%31#&!%. S#%31o $orr%$to %-o$o, -! $"%0t#23 J"% /"%1% 1#0$"t#r0% %0 0# %0t!0 #3#$#!t#?!0 0% /"%1%3 o 3o 9%0t#o3!r %3 %0$"%-!0, $"5!%0tr"$t"r!$#23 5 !1"r%& $oo or9!3#&!$#o3%0 to1!?7! %0 /r%$!r#!. E3 %%$to, -! c$!/!$#1!1 /!r! 9%3%r!r 59%0t#o3!r "3 /ro5%$tod %0 "3 !tr#="to %3o0 r%$"%3t% 1% -o J"% 0% $r%%. A3t%0 1% -! or"-!$#23 1% #3#$#!t#?!0 1%%or! 5 -! 0"0$r#/$#23 1% $o/ro#0o0 1% 9%0t#23, 0% r%J"#%r% J"% "3 %J"#/o 1#r%$t#?o 0%! $!/!& 1% 9%3%r!r "3

r%-!to o "3! $o/r%30#23 1% -! 0#t"!$#23 #30t#t"$#o3!- J"% 0%! $o/!rt#1o /or to1o0, J"% %0t; !0%3t!1o %3 -!0$o3?#$$#o3%0 5 $r%%3$#!0 1% -o0 1o$%3t%0 o J"%, !- %3o0, o?#-#$% ! -! r%?#0#23 1% %0!0 $r%%3$#!0. > @"3to $o3 %0o,%3 -o0 %0t!=-%$##%3to0 1% r%-!t#?! !1"r%& #30t#t"$#o3!-, -! $!/!$#1!1 /!r! 9%3%r!r "3 r%-!to 5 $o30tr"#r "3 /ro5%$too /-!3 1% %or! %#9% "3! %0tr"$t"r! J"% r%9"-% 5 !$o/!:% -! #/-%%3t!$#23 1%- /ro5%$to, %0to %0, J"% !rt#$"-%$o3tro- 5 !%$to. * Pr%?#!%3t%, !1%0, 0% 1%=%r7! !3!-#&!r 0# -o J"% $!=% %0 -! or"-!$#23 1% "3 /ro5%$to 1% o$o%0/%$7$o t7/#$!%3t%, %3 %- 1o#3#o 1% -! 9%0t#23 /%1!929#$! 5 $"rr#$"-!r o 0# !3t%0 %0 3%$%0!r#! "3! /ro/"%0t!1% 3or!-#&!$#23 #30t#t"$#o3!- J"%, 1% o1o #3%-"1#=-%, %0 0#0t;#$! o #3t%9r!-. D#$'o 1% otro o1o, 3o /o$o0%0t!=-%$##%3to0 r%J"#%r%3 /r#%ro "3 /-!3 1% c3or!-#&!$#23 1% -! 9%0t#23 $ot#1#!3!d " otro 1% cr%K%0tr"$t"r!$#23

*


54/94

#30t#t"$#o3!-d, 1o31% %?#1%3t%%3t% 0% %$%1% %- =#to $"rr#$"-!r. Por t!3to, %3 %0to0 %0t!=-%$##%3to0 %0 3%$%0!r#o!=r#r -! /o0#=#-#1!1 1% 1#0%:!r !$$#o3%0 1% %or! or#%3t!K1!0 ! 9%3%r!r -!0 $o31#$#o3%0 1% "3$#o3!#%3to r%9"-!r1o31% /o0t%r#or%3t% 0"r!3 1%!31!0 1% #33o?!$#23 %3 $"rr7$"-o 5 /%1!9o97!. + L!0 1%!31!0 1% 1%0!rro--o/ro%0#o3!- 1% 1#r%$t#?o0 /!r! %0to0 %0t!=-%$##%3to0 /!r%$%3 r%J"%r#r "3 1#0%:o J"% $o=#3% !$$#o3%0 or!t#?!0/r%0%3$#!-%0 5 ! 1#0t!3$#! #30/#r!1!0 %3 ="%3!0 /r$t#$!0 o !r$o0 1% !$t"!$#23, $o3 otr!0 #3 0#t" J"%%%$t#?!%3t% o1%-%3 %- ="%3 1%0%/%:o. E3 %0t% $!0o, %- 1#0/o0#t#?o 1% or!$#23 %0 0 "3! ="%3! %0tr"$t"r!1% !0%0or!#%3to $o-!=or!t#?o 0#0t%t#$o, /ro?#0#23 1% r%$"r0o0 5 %?!-"!$#23 1% /r$t#$!0 $ot#1#!3!0 1% 9%0t#23 5,$"!31o 0% !-$!3$%3 -o0 73#o0 1% #30t#t"$#o3!-#1!1, 1% 9%0t#23 1% -! #33o?!$#23.

U3! 1% -!0 t!r%!0 1% -o0 9%0tor%0 1%- 0#0t%! %1"$!t#?o %0 -! 1% /roo?%r %- tr!5%$to !$!1;#$o 1% -o01#r%$tor%0 1% -!0 %0$"%-!0. No %0 0"$#%3t% J"% 0%! "3 ="%3 /ro%0or %0 3%$%0!r#o J"% 1#0/o39! 1%'%rr!#%3t!0 /!r! --%?!r ! $!=o 0" t!r%! 5 $o3 %0% 3 1%=% 0o%t%r0% ! "3! or!$#23 %0/%$7$! J"% -%/o0#=#-#t% o/t##&!r %- "0o 1% -o0 r%$"r0o0 '"!3o0, !t%r#!-%0, t%$3o-29#$o0 5 3!3$#%ro0 1#0/o3#=-%0 5J"% -% /%r#t! r%!-#&!r "3 tr!=!o !rt#$"-!1o $o3 -! $o"3#1!1 %0$o-!r 5, 1% %0% o1o, 9%3%r!r "3 $-#! 1%

tr!=!o /ro/#$#o /!r! %- tr!=!o $o-%$t#?o, 1% !'7 0"r9%3 -!0 0#9"#%3t%0 /r%9"3t!0 "; t!3t! #/ort!3$#! -%1!o0 ! 3"%0tr! /ro/#! !$t"!-#&!$#23Q R%!-%3t% -%%o0 5 $o/r%31%o0 -o J"% t%3%o0Q

I3t%9r% "3 %J"#/o 1% tr!=!o !- !&!r.

R%!-#$% -! -%$t"r! 1%- t%to 1% L"#0 N!?!rro. R%?#0% -o0 /"3to0 ! 1%=!t#r 0%:!-!1o0 %3 %- t%to /!r! %t%r3!r "3! o/#3#23 1% -o0 #0o0. E-!=or!r %- $"!1ro 1% !3-#0#0 0o=r% %- tr!5%$to !$!1;#$o 1% -o0 1#Kr%$tor%0 1% %0$"%-!0. C!1! %J"#/o /r%0%3t!r %3 /-%3!r#! 0"0 $o3$-"0#o3%0 !- r%0/%$to

*>


55/94

EL E6UIPO DE TRA)AO 0 LA SOLUCIN DE PRO)LE+ASR%J"#%r% 1% !1"r%&, t!3to %3 -! /!rt#$#/!$#23 ! -! 0o-"$#23 1% "3 /ro=-%!, $oo %3 -! r%-!$#23 %3tr% -o0#3t%9r!3t%0, /orJ"% 3o o-?#1%o0 J"% !- '!=-!r 1% tr!=!o %3 %J"#/o 0% !3#%0t!3 "$'o0 0%3t##%3to0J"% !5"1!3 o =-oJ"%!3 -! -!=or ! -! =0J"%1! 1% 0o-"$#o3%0.

Tr!=!!r %3 %J"#/o r%J"#%r% or9!3#&!$#23, 0%9"##%3to 5 %?!-"!$#23. S% r%J"#%r% 1%- r%$o3o$##%3to 1%?!r#!0 %t!/!0 J"% 0% !0%%!3 ! -!0 %t!/!0 o o%3to0 1% to1o tr!=!o 9r"/!-, Pr%t!r%!, T!r%! 5D%0!rro--o

PRETAREA I3?o-"$r!r0% %3 "3! t!r%! o tr!=!o J"% 0%r %- #3t%r;0 J"% 1!r #/"-0o /!r! 0"/%r!r#3$o3?%3#%3t%0 5 o=0t$"-o0 /ro/#o0 1% to1!0 -!0 t!r%!0, %3 too !- J"% 0% $o39r%9"%3.

S#%/r% '!5 $o3"0#23 ! $2o #3#$#!r -! !$t#?#1!1 o /!rt#$#/!$#23, 5 %3 "$'o0 1% -o0 $!0o0 r%0"-t!$!30!1o, /%ro 3o #/o0#=-% J"% -!0 /!rt%0 1%$#1!3 #3#$#!r, 5! $o3 "3 %$!3#0o 1% ?ot!$#23 o /or3%$%0#1!1 1% !?!3&!r $o3or!31o %J"#/o0 /or !3#1!1, %0to r%J"#%r% 1% !1"r%&, /!$#%3$#! 5 -#1%r!&9o,/!r! J"% 3o 0% %/!3t!3% %- /ro$%0o. E3 %0t! %t!/! 3o J"%1!3 $-!ro0 -o0 o=%t#?o0, -!0 t!r%!0 1% $!1!

"3o. P%ro %#0t% "3 !=#%3t% 1% H0%9"#rH, 5 %0t% !=#%3t% 1%=%r /ro/#$#!r -! to-%r!3$#!, 1% -o0/!rt#$#/!3t%0.

E3 %0t! %t!/!, -o0 #3t%9r!3t%0 1%$#1%3 /ro/o3%r !-9"3!0 !$t#?#1!1%0 o !$$#o3%0 J"% %3 $o30%30o%/r%0!3 !- 9r"/o, /!r! J"% 0% #3#$#% ! $-!r#$!r %- $!#3o ! 0%9"#r, %0 "3 $o#%3&o 1% $o/!rt#$#/!$#23 5$o/ro#0o0 !1J"#r#1o0 %3 or!, /%r0o3!- 5 9r"/!- %3t% !3%0 /"%0 %0 -o J"% J"#%r%3 5 /"%1%3 '!$%r/r%t!r%!. E0 "3 o%3to %3 1o31% 0% $-!r#$!3 -!0 /o0#=-%0 0o-"$#o3%0 o 1% $o3o$%3 ?!r#!0 o/$#o3%0 50% r%-!! -! t%30#23 /!r! !$%/t!r -! or! 1% $!1! 9r"/o %3 -! 0o-"$#23 1% -o0 /ro=-%!0, 5 %- -71%r 1%=%r0o-#$#t!r J"% to1o0 $o3o&$!3 -!0 1#?%r0!0 o/$#o3%0 5 0% r%0/%t%3 5 0# %- 9r"/o, 5! %0t !1"r!31o, 0%$o3?#%rt! %3 "3! r%1 1% %3-!$%0, J"% /%r#t!3 J"% $!1! o/$#23 0% r%-!$#o3% $o3 -!0 1%0 /!r! 1!r

?!r#!0 0o-"$#o3%0 $o/!t#=-%0 %3tr% 07e PROYECTO U3! r%1 1% $o3?%r0!$#o3%0, $o"3#$!$#o3%0 % #3t%r$!=#o J"% $o3$r%t!r3 -! t!r%!!$$#o3%0 ! 1%0!rro--!r 5 -!0 r%X%#o3%0 0o=r% -! #0!.

E0t! %t!/!, -! !1"r%& 1% -o0 /!rt#$#/!3t%0 5 -! !1"r%& /!r! %3r%3t!r %- /ro=-%! $o3 1#?%r0!00o-"$#o3%0 3o %0 "3 o=0t$"-o 0#3o "3! r%1 1% $o3?%r0!$#o3%0, 5 %- -71%r 5! 3o t#%3% J"% #3t%r?%3#r /"%0 %0%- 9r"/o %- J"% 1%$#1% $oo %3-!&!r $!1! /ro/"%0t!.S% 1#$% J"% %- 9r"/o 0% tr!30or! %3 "3 %J"#/o /%1!929#$o /orJ"%

**


56/94

).K S% $%3tr! %3 "3! t!r%!.

.K E0 "3! #30t!3$#! 1% 1%$#0#o3%0.

.K E0 "3 9r"/o 1% r%X%#23.

>.K E0 "3 %0/!$#o 1% #3t%r$!=#o.

*.K E0 "3 %0/!$#o 1% $r%!$#23 1% %0tr!t%9#!0, tr!30or!$#o3%0 % #33o?!$#o3%0.

E3 %0t% %J"#/o "3o 1% -o0 /r#3$#/!-%0 /!rt#$#/!3t%0 %0 %- -71%r o %J"#/o 1#r%$t#?o, 5! J"% ;0t% r%J"#%r%$-!r#1!1 1% /ro/"%0t! 5 9r!3 $!/!$#1!1 1% -#1%r!&9o /!r! $o3?o$!r, $o"3#$!r, #3or!r, 3%9o$#!r, %t$

Documents

Antologia Seminario de Liderazgo y Gestion Educativa