Arab Republic of Egypt العربية مصر جمهورية

Gumhūriyyat Miṣr al-Arabiyyah

• Fustat, 640

Khedivate(1805–1882)

British occupation(1882–1922)

Kingdom of Egypt(1922–1953)

Republic of Egypt(1953–present)

Fatimid Caliphate, 909–1171

Ayyubids, 1171–1341

Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb (c. 1138 — March 4, 1193),

Statue of Saladin in Damascus.

Sultan of Egypt and Syria

Origin Mamluks

Ilkhanate in 1256–1353

Bahri dynasty or Bahriyya Mamluks, 1250 to 1382

Mamluk: soldier of slave origin who had been converted to Islam, 9th to the 19th century AD.*became a powerful military caste in various Muslim societies. *Mamluks defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut and Homs in 1260, consolidated their power over Syria•Bahri dynasty or Bahriyya Mamluks ruled Egypt from 1250 to 1382, fought the remnants of the Crusader states in Palestine until they finally captured Acre in 1291

Mongol raids in Syria and Palestine 1260

Mamluks also defeated new Mongol attacks in Syria in 1271, 1281 (2nd Battle of Homs), 1303/1304 and 1312• Peace treaty in 1323

Mamluk state around 1400, which was the golden age of the state.

•Burji dynasty ruled Egypt from 1382 until 1517, conquered by the Ottoman Empire.

Jean-François Champollion

•Napoleon defeated Mamluk troops in the Battle of the Pyramids when he attacked Egypt in 1798 and drove them to Upper Egypt

•March 1, 1811, Muhammad Ali invited all of the leading Mamluks to his palace to celebrate the declaration of war against the Wahhabis in Arabia

•1831 the Ottomans managed to overthrow Daud Pasha, the last Mamluk ruler, and imposed direct control over Iraq

Battle of the Pyramids, July 1789

Name Reign Title

Muhammad Ali Pasha 17 May 1805 – 2 March 1848

Wāli of Egypt, Sudan, Palestine, Syria, Hejaz, Morea, Thasos, Crete

Ibrahim Pasha March 2, 1848 – November 10, 1848

Same

Abbas Hilmi I November 10, 1848 – July 13, 1854

Wāli of Egypt, Sudan, Hejaz, Morea, Thasos, Crete

Egyptian Expansion Under Muhammad Ali and his Successors

Name Reign Title

Said Pasha 1854 - 1863 Wāli of Egypt and Sudan

Ismail Pasha January 19, 1863 - June 26, 1879

Khedive of Egypt and Sudan

Tawfik Pasha 1879 - 1892 Khedive of Egypt and Sudan

Suez Canal, 1869

Arabi Rebellion in Egypt1882

Colonel Ahmed Urabi

Battle of Tel el-Kebir, 1882

Evelyn Baring, 1st Earl of CromerBritish controller-general in Egypt during 1879 and later agent and consul-general in Egypt from 1883 to 1907

Saad Zaghloul Wafd Party

Hizb al-Wafdالوفد حزب

"Delegation Party"

prime minister of Egypt from 26, January 1924 to 24, November 1924

Kingdom was created in 1922 when the British government released Egypt from the Protectorate, in place since 1914. Sultan Fuad I became the first king of the new state.

r. 9 October 1917 – 28 April 1936

Fuad I of Egypt

Wafd Party

Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936

Mustapha el-Nahas Pasha pictured in 1936 signing the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty

Lord Lloyd (1925-1929)Sir Percy Lorraine (1929-1936)Sir Miles Lampson (Lord Killearn), (1936-1946)

Economy and Society to 1945

• 1850-1920s: Export economy• 1920s-1950s: import substitution (produce locally

goods previously imported)• Bank Misr = landowners and merchants invest in industrialization• Tariff reform, 1930• WWII stimulus• Masses: 1914 90%of landowners with only 25% land• Income: £E12.4 (1914) to £E8 (1937)• 1897: 10 million people – 1947: 19 million people (no new lands)

• 1950s-1970s: planned development• 1970s-present: liberalization of the economy

Large Landowners (pro-British)

Growing urban middle class: doctors, lawyers, journalists, officials. (nationalist)•Copts (towns) occupy many government posts, more prosperous than Muslims (gradual nationalists, inclined toward British.•Commercial middle class: Jews, Syrians, Armenians, Europeans controlled industry.

Fellahin – Peasants (no political voice)

British: high standard living, clubs, high life

Ikhwan al-Muslimin

1928 Hassan al-Banna (p. 21)

Jihad

WAFD

Free Officers’ Movement

STUDENTS

Egyptian Communist Party1922

Greeks, Italians, Jews“European, anti-Islamic”

Misr al-Fatah (Young Egypt)

1933 Ahmad Husain“Green Shirts”

Common Goals:1. Evacuation of British2. Unity of the Nile Valley: Egypt

& Sudan

Farouk I of Egypt 28 April 1936 – 26 July 1952

Sir Miles Lampson, 1st Baron KillearnHigh Commissioner for Egypt and the Sudan, 1934-36

British Ambassador to Egypt and High Commissioner for the Sudan, 1936-46

HM King Farouk hoisting the Egyptian flag on Saladdin's Citadel as the British evacuate Cairo, July 4, 1946

British troops withdrawn to the Suez Canal-Jihad and Strikes-Problem of retaining Sudan for Egypt-Submit issue to U.N.

1945, Abdelrahman Azzam Pasha flanked by King Abd al-Aziz al-Saud of Saudi Arabia and King Farouk of Egypt at Cairo's Monasterli Palace

League of Arab States الدول جامعةالعربية

Jāmiʻat ad-Duwal al-ʻArabiyya

formed in Cairo on March 22, 1945 with six members: Egypt, Iraq, Transjordan (renamed Jordan after 1946), Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria. Yemen joined as a member on May 5, 1945

The Arab League currently has 22 members and four observers.2006, Venezuela was accepted as an observer, and India in 2007.

Brazil in particular having nearly twice the Lebanese population of Lebanon itself

Map showing the Arab League members colored by the decade of joining. 1940's, 1950's, 1960's, 1970's. The Comoros (circled) joined in 1993.

Israel

1948 Arab–Israeli War

Egypt Syria Jordan LebanonIraqSaudi ArabiaHoly War ArmyKingdom of Yemen Arab Liberation Army

Ikhwan participate in Jihad in Palestine – attacks on Jews and foreigners in Cairo• Assassination of Hassan al-Banna• Terrorism vs. government ministers• 1950 Wafd re-elected• Protests vs. continued British presence along Suez Canal• Irregulars and Egyptian police clash with British regulars• Black Saturday, January 26,1952 police and crowds rampage with 750 stores attacked with loss of more than £50 million.

HM King Farouk I dressed as Admiral of Egypt exiting the Ras elTin Royal Palace on July 26th 1952

General Muhammad Naguib

Gamal Abd al-Nasser

Free OfficersAl-Dubbat al-Ahrar-no common ideology-Determination to reform Egypt-Revolutionary Command Council (RCC)

First Years, 1952-1956• Evacuation of British from the Canal Zone• Jan. 1953 abolish Wafd and Ikhwan• Jun. 1953 monarchy formally abolished and republic declared• NATO, SEATO and the Middle East Treaty Organization or METO, also

known as the Baghdad Pact (1955)

Suez Crisis, 1956

British soldiers sit on a captured gun outside of Port Said, Egypt in 1956

Nasser signing unity pact with Syrian president Shukri al-Quwatli, forming the United Arab Republic, February 1958

28 September 1961, Syrian army units in Damascus rose against the UAR and declared Syria's independence

Arab Socialist Union was founded in Egypt in December 1962

Insurance companies, many large shipping companies, major heavy industries and major basic industries were converted to public control.Land reforms saw the maximum area of private land ownership successively reduced.90% top rate of income tax was levied on income over ten thousand Egyptian pounds. Boards of directors were required to have a minimum number of workers, and workers and peasants were guaranteed at least half of the seats in the People's Assembly. Charter also saw a shift in emphasis away from Egyptian nationalism towards Arab unity

October 1961, Nasser embarked on a major nationalization program

To organize and solidify his popular base with Egypt's citizens to counter the influence of the army, Nasser introduced a new constitution and the National Charter in 1964. The latter called for universal health care, provision of housing, building of vocational schools, widening the Suez Canal, an increase in women's rights, and developing a program for family planning. In addition, he attempted to maintain oversight of the country's civil service to prevent it from inflating and consequently becoming a burden to the state

Six-Day War of June 5-10, 1967

Nasser, backed by Arab states, kicks Israel into the Gulf of Aqaba. Pre-1967 War cartoon. Al-Jarida newspaper, Lebanon.

CIA Analysis of the 1967 Arab-Israeli War. The first page of the draft of the "special estimate" that predicted the outcome of the war

50,000 (and 214,000 reserve troops)300 combat aircraft800 tanks

Egypt: 240,000Syria, Jordan, and Iraq: 307,000957 combat aircraft2,504 tanks

Nasser dies 28 September 1970

Mosque of Gamal Abdel Nasser in Cairo

Muhammad Anwar El Sadat 15 October 1970 – 6 October 1981

Anwar Sadat, a cadet in the Military Academy (1936)

Sadat with his classmates at the Communications Military School

Marriage photo of Anwar and Jihan Sadat

massive demonstrations in February and October 1969, Egypt was in a state of political turmoil, leading to raising calls for granting citizens more democratic rights and demanding self-expression for political affiliations.

"It is one of the faults of the Arab Socialist Union that all ideas are coming from the top."

Salah Jaheen

May, 1971 “corrective revolution” of “centers of power”New Constitution and ASU under civilian leadership

• Change only after 1974

• Clique top army officers

• Elite of the ASU

• Police Force• Intelligence Service

1974, Sadat put forward a working paper to revamp the Arab Socialist Union

Infitah “open door" - end the domination of Egypt's economy by the public sector and encouraged both domestic and foreign investment in the private sector

three schools of political/economic thought emerged after 73’: the socialists and communists favored continuing the Arab socialist trends that had developed in Egypt after the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, while a smaller group favored free market capitalism. statist, proponents of the command economy with limited private investment, dominated the political scene

Infitah policy was heavily influenced by the free-market philosophy while still retaining some socialist elements. Motivated: by aligning himself with the West, and the rich and powerful members of Egyptian society, while at the same time securing his position in power.

1976, the beginning of political pluralism allowed three political platforms — left, centre and right — to form within the Arab Socialist Union. In 1978, the platforms were allowed to become fully independent political parties, and the ASU was disbanded. Many of today's political parties in Egypt have their origin in the breakup of the ASU.

bank criticized the state's policy of subsidizing basic foodstuffs, January 1977 government announced that it was ending subsidies on flour, rice, and cooking oil and that it would cancel state employee bonuses and pay increases

Egyptian 'Bread Riots' of 1977

1976, sought loans from the World Bank

rioters attacked targets that symbolized the prosperity of the middle class and the corruption of the regime

Following the riots the government reversed itself and re-controlled prices

• Reliance on aid from Saudi Arabia brought pressure for proving Egypt’s credentials as a strict Muslim state.• “Those who wish to practice Islam can go to the mosques, and those who wish to engage in politics may do so through legal institutions.” – Sadat, 1979.• al-Dawa reappears in 1976 after banned since 1954.• Freedom of religious action and withhold political status.• Ikhwan remains consistent in ideology:

-Sole implementation of shari’a as basis for all law-Criticized Nasser’s socialist economy and denial of liberty-Abolish left-wing parties and ban communism -Oppose any accommodation with Israel-(recruitment of university students)-Jamaat al-takfir wa-al-hijra (Society of Penitence and Withdrawal) – most radical branch.

1973: final high point of inter-Arab cooperation1975: “We do not hold any part of Arab territory to be less dear to us than occupied Egyptian territory.” (ref. Palestine)1978: break with the Arab worldCamp David Accords were signed by Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin, September 17, 19781979 Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty • mutual recognition of each country by the other• cessation of the state of war that had existed since the 1948 Arab-Israeli War• complete withdrawal by Israel from the Sinai Peninsula • free passage of Israeli ships through the Suez Canal and recognition of the Strait of Tiran, the Gulf of Aqaba

Sadat (L) addresses the Knesset (Israeli parliament) in Jerusalem 20 November 1977 during his historic visit to Israel, as Israeli Premier Yitzhak Begin (C) listens to him

Islamists were enraged by Sadat's Sinai treaty with Israel, particularly the radical Egyptian Islamic JihadActive since the late 1970s

Ayman al-ZawahiriAl Qaeda

Chief strategist of Al-Jihad was Aboud el-Zumar, a colonel in the military intelligence whose "plan was to kill the main leaders of the country, capture the headquarters of the army and State Security, the telephone exchange building, and of course the radio and television building, where news of the Islamic revolution would then be broadcast, unleashing - he expected - a popular uprising against secular authority all over the country."

February 1981, Egyptian authorities were alerted to Al-Jihad's plan by the arrest of an operative carrying crucial information

Sadat ordered a highly unpopular roundup of more than 1500 people, including many Jihad members, the Coptic Orthodox Pope, Bishop, and highly ranked clergy members, but also intellectuals and activists of all ideological stripes.[

round up missed a Jihad cell in the military led by Lieutenant Khalid Islambouli, who succeeded in assassinating Anwar Sadat that October 6, 1981

According to Tala'at Qasim, ex-head of the Gama'a Islamiyya interviewed in Middle East Report, it was not Islamic Jihad but the Islamic Group (al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya) that organized the assassination and recruited the assassin (Islambouli)many radicals in the Islamic world to be an inspirational symbol and among the "first modern Shahids.”

Muhammad Hosni Mubarakappointed Vice President in 1975, and assumed the presidency on 14 October 19811989 Arab League relocated back to Cairo

re-elected by majority votes in a referendum for successive terms on four occasions: in 1987, 1993, 1999 – election scheduled for 7 September 2005

Nour was convicted of forgery and sentenced to five years at hard labor on 24 December 2005

8 September 2005, Dr. Ayman Nour, a dissident and candidate for the Al-Ghad party, contested the election results, and demanded a repeat of the election.

Mohamed Hussein Tantawi

Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces of Egypt

In office11 February 2011 – 30 June 2012

5th President of EgyptIn office

30 June 2012 – 3 July 2013

Mohamed Morsi

Freedom and Justice Party

Dissolved 9 August 2014

Abdel Fattah el-Sisi

Assumed office8 June 2014

Commander-in-Chief of the Egyptian Armed Forces

In office12 August 2012 – 26 March 2014

Husayn Haykal’s Zaynab is the first modern Egyptian novel published in 1913

Basis for Egypt's first film, which was produced in 1925.

Youssef Chahine January 25, 1926 to July 27, 2008Naguib Mahfouz December 11, 1911 to August 30, 2006)