The Rules for Book 1-2-3

With an explanation in the

English language

Written by Abu Salmaan Talha ibnu William

Translated by Umm Mujaahid

2

{ }

Demonstrative Pronouns

. . . . . . . . . . . .

The ,demonstrative pronouns are similar to the English that , this

and they are of two types; for things which are close, and for things at

a distance. Unlike in English, demonstrative pronouns in Arabic have a different form

for singular, dual, and plural, and they also change to correspond to the gender of the

noun. So if the noun is feminine then the demonstrative pronoun is also feminine,

however there are a few exceptions to this rule, as indicated below.

3

The demonstrative pronouns (for near):

: : : :

The demonstrative pronouns (for far):

: :

: : :

:Examples

:

: This is (for masculine singular)

These are (for dual masculine)

These are (for dual feminine)

These are (for plural masculine or feminine)

This is (for feminine singular or plural irrational) for things which are

near

for things which

are far

That is (for masculine singular) That is (for feminine singular or plural irrational)

Those are (for dual masculine)

Those are (for dual feminine)

Those are (for plural masculine or feminine)

( - )( - )

This is a man This is a book

(for masculine singular-rational) (for masculine singular-irrational)

4

:

:

:

( - ) ( - )

This is a woman This is a car

(For feminine singular-rational) (For feminine singular-irrational)

( - ( ) - )

These are scholars These are pens

(For masculine dual-rational) (For masculine dual-irrational)

. . ( - ( ) - )

These are Muslims These are cows

(For feminine dual-rational) (For feminine dual-irrational)

5

:

:

(- ( ) - )

These are Muslims These are Muslims

(For feminine plural-rational) (For masculine plural-rational)

. : . . is likewise allowed for irrational (nouns) but this is rare. For

example:

These words

( - )( - )

That is engineer That is a star

(for masculine singular-rational) (for masculine singular-irrational)

6

:

:

( - ) ( - )

That is a nurse That is a fridge

(For feminine singular-rational) (For feminine singular-irrational)

( ) { } .

is like wise allowed for plural rational like what is in the revelation, (those messengers) but this is rare.

( - ) ( - )

Those are farmers Those are notebooks

(For masculine dual-rational) (For masculine dual-irrational)

7

:

:

( - ( ) - )

Those are teachers Those are rulers

(For feminine dual-rational) (For feminine dual-irrational)

(- ( ) - )

Those are Muslims Those are Muslims

(For feminine plural-rational) (For masculine plural-

rational)

: { }

Is likewise allowed for irrational (nouns) like what is in

the speech of The Most High: (translated meaning)

(Verily the hearing and the sight and the heart, of each of those you will be questioned)

8

{ } Possessed and possessor

:

Possessor Possessed Possessor Possessed

( :With alif and laam)

Examples

The teachers

book Haamids book

To show belonging in Arabic we use the possessive construction. This

consists of two parts. The possessed , which appears first and the possessor , which follows straight after. The takes a damma, depending on its function in a sentence and the takes a kasra. It is important to note that the can never take an alif or laam or a tanween whereas the can do so.

9

{ } Adjective and qualifying noun

:

. .

Adjective qualifying noun Adjective qualifying noun

(Without alif and laam) (With alif and laam)

Example

A new house The new house

The adjective in Arabic follows the noun it qualifies, unlike in English it

comes after the noun. The adjective in Arabic is called the and the noun it qualifies is referred to as the (the qualifying noun). The follows the in its gender (masculine and feminine), in its definite and indefiniteness, and like wise in its case.

10

{ } The Vocative particle

and the Addressed

:

The

Vocative

Particle

The

Addressed

To call upon someone in Arabic you use the vocative particle , which is , equivalent to the English oh. The noun that comes after it is called the (the addressed), and it takes a single damma regardless of gender.

Oh Yaasir!

11

{ }

The Genitive prepositions

(

The Genitive prepositions are:

: :

: : :

:

For (used for belonging)

In

On

From

To

By/at

. . . . . .

Arabic nouns have endings to show their function in a sentence. The normal

ending of a noun is damma, and the case of it is called (Nominative). However, when the noun is proceeded by any of the (genitive prepositions) it changes to a kasra and its case is no longer

(Nominative) instead it becomes (Genitive).

12

Examples:

:

:

:

:

:

:

The watch is on the desk

Zaynab is from Japan.

Haamid went to the masjid

I am a student at the university

This book is for Muhammad

The teacher is in the class.

.

.

.

.

.

13

{ }

:

:

. . .

The hospital

America

Musa

Zakariyya

Germany

The end case of the noun

does not change

for Musa to America in the hospital

A noun which is ismul maqsoor, has an aa sound ending. The ending

vowels of these nouns remain constant, despite their change in

function. For example, if they are preceded by a genitive preposition

(Harful Jarr), which would cause them to take a kasra, they remain

unaffected.

14

{ }

The Relative pronouns are (for masculine):

.

The Relative pronouns

: Who/which (for singular masculine rational and irrational) masculine)

: Who/which (for singular feminine rational and plural masculine and feminine irrational)

Who/which (for dual masculine rational and irrational):

Who (for plural masculine rational only) :

For masculine

. . . . . . . .

The Relative pronouns, have the meaning of which, who,

and differ in their form to correspond to the correct gender. They also

differ to correspond to the singular, dual and plural noun. Note that the

pronoun is also used for plural irrational nouns (ghayru aaqilin). Objects,

animals and concepts are classified as irrational nouns whilst rational include;

humans, angels and devils.

15

:Example

:

:

: Who (for plural feminine rational only)

: Who/which (for dual feminine rational and irrational)

. The man who left the masjid is a famous merchant.

For masculine singular rational

( . .)

. The book, which is on the desk, belongs to the teacher.

For masculine singular irrational

( . . )

For feminine

16

:

:

. The teachers who went to the classroom, are new.

For masculine dual rational

( . .)

The pens, which are in my bag, are old.

For masculine dual irrational

( . . )

. The engineers who left the restaurant are from

Turkey.

For masculine plural rational

( . . )

17

:

. The woman who went to the school is a

headmistress

For feminine singular rational

( . .)

. The ruler, which is on the desk, belongs to Muhammad.

For feminine singular irrational

( . . )

. The donkeys, which are in the field, belong to the

farmer.

For masculine plural irrational

( . . )

18

:

:

. The cars, which are in front of the masjid, belong to

the minister.

For feminine dual irrational

( .. ) .

The students, who left from the school, are from

England.

For feminine dual rational

( ..)

.

The Muslims who went to the market, are teachers from

Germany.

For feminine plural rational

( . . )

19

:

.

The Muslims who went to the market, are teachers from

Germany.

For feminine plural rational

( . . )

20

{ }

The laam of definiteness

: Example

. .

This house This is a house

(The laam of definiteness)

A noun that has tanween, the indefinite article, is referred to as

indefinite. The Tanween is the double vowel that you find at the end of a

noun (look at the first example below). Its equivalent in English is A. In

Arabic to make a noun definite we add on the alif and laam. The laam here

is called the ,laam of definiteness.

21

{ } The detached pronouns

They are:

We : I :

We are students

( )

For plural or dual

student

. I am a student

( )

For singular

: For first person (masculine or feminine)

. . . . . . . . . . . .

Pronouns are of two main categories: , the detached pronouns and ,the attached pronouns. The pronouns in this category are detached pronouns. Detached pronouns give the

meaning he she they etc and even it. They are divided into 3 types:

for first person, second person, and third person, in each of these

categories they differ in form. Please note unlike in English, pronouns

in Arabic have a different form for dual and plural.

22

You (plural) : (dual) You : (singular) You :

You (plural) : (dual) You : You (singular) :

. You are students

()

For masculine dual

You are a student

( )

For masculine singular

. You are students

( ) For masculine plural

You are students

( )

For feminine dual

You are a student

( )

For feminine singular

You are students

( ) For feminine plural

: For Second person (masculine)

: For second person (feminine)

23

They (plural) : (dual) They : He (singular) :

They (plural) : (dual) They : He (singular) :

For third person (masculine) :

They are students

()

For masculine dual

He is a student

( )

For masculine singular

. They are students

( ) For masculine plural

For third person (feminine):

They are students

()

For feminine dual

She is a student

( )

For feminine singular

They are students

( ) For feminine plural

24

{ } The attached pronouns

:

Our book

( . ) Masculine and feminine

plural and dual

My book

( . ) Masculine and feminine

singular

. . . . . . . . .. . .

As mentioned earlier Pronouns are of two categories: The Detached

Pronouns and the Attached Pronouns. The category mentioned here is

that of Attached Pronouns. Similarly Attached Pronouns are divided

into 3 types: for first person, second person, and third person and

within these categories they differ in form. The pronouns once again

have a different form for dual and plural.

25

:

:

Your book

( .) Masculine and feminine

dual

Your book

( . ) Masculine singular

Your book

( . ) Masculine plural

Your book

( .) For masculine and

feminine dual

Your book

(. ) For feminine singular

Your book

( . ) For feminine plural

26

:

:

Their book

( .) For masculine dual

His book

( . ) For masculine singular

Their book

. ( ) For masculine plural

Their book

( .) For masculine and

Feminine dual

Her book

(. ) For feminine singular

. Their book

( . ) For feminine plural

27

{ } The kam of interrogation

and its specification

:Example

. .

How many wheels

belong to the bike?

How many pens do

you have?

The tamyeez (distinctive term) of kam is always singular.

It is ended with an alif, except when the noun ends with

the taa marboota (a closed taa)

The kam of

Interrogation

Its

specification

Its

specification

The kam of

Interrogation

Kam of interrogation comes before a noun and it is used for questioning. It gives the meaning how much/many. The noun that comes after it is called its tamyeez

(specification) and it is always singular and takes the mansoob case (Accusative

case). Please look at the example below.

28

Verbs

{ } The taa of feminine form

:

. .

The mother left the

house

The student sat in the

classroom

Arabic verbs have a root, similar to English. Verbs are normally made up

of three letters knows as radicals. To make a verb represent the past

tense certain letters are added at the end of the root (look at the

examples below). The is used to conjugate a verb to make it

past tense, singular feminine third person. The is used to

conjugate a verb to make it past tense, plural feminine third person.

Finally, the is used to conjugate a verb so that it

represents past tense, plural masculine third person. Please note these

are just a few of the conjugated verbs.

29

{ } The noon of women form

:

. .

{ } The waw of group form

:

. .

The (female pl.)

nurses left the

hospital

The women (pl.) went

to the masjid

The pilgrims (male

pl.) returned from

Mecca

The men (pl.) went to

the school

Example

30

{ } The number and the enumerated

( ) From 3 to 10

:

3 Female students

to 1

3 Male students

The enumerated

(Feminine - )

The enumerated

(Masculine - )

.

The number

The number

In Arabic, to construct a number two things are included; the (the number) and the (the enumerated). The noun, which denotes the thing numbered, is called and the number is called the . Unlike in English, Arabic numbers can be feminine or masculine. With regards to the numbers 3 to 10, if the is feminine the is masculine and if the is masculine the is feminine (opposites come together). Also the numbers from 3 to 10 follow the

mudaaf and mudaafun ilaihi construction.

31

. . .

When the enumerated is masculine then the number is feminine, and

when the enumerated is feminine then the number is masculine, like

what is clear in the two examples (above).

. . .

() () ()

Five students

then the

Four students

then the

Three students

.

()

()

()

Eight students Seven students

Six students

() ()

Ten students Nine students

For the masculine enumerated

32

() () ()

Five students

then the

Four students

then the

Three students

()

()

()

Eight students Seven students

Six students

() ()

Ten students Nine students

For the feminine enumerated

33

{ } The Diptotes

. ( ) ( .)

The Diptotes do not like two things, and they are nunation and the kasra

:

.

To Zaynab

In the schools

From London

The Diptotes are nouns that do not take a single kasra nor do they take a

Tanween (double vowel), which can be of: dammataan , fathataan and

kasrataan . So it is important to understand that if a diptote is in a

sentence where it is supposed to take a kasra, it does not do so, rather it is

substituted with a fatha. (Please look to the examples below)

34

: :

:

The following examples are from the diptotes:

A feminine proper noun designated for the

masculine

( )

. . . . Talha Muaawiya Usaama Hamza

Feminine proper nouns

( )

. . . . .

Jeddah Mecca Aaishah Faatima Zaynab

35

:

:

:

Yuusuf Paris London Edward William

Masculine nouns, ending with aalif and noon on the

scale of falaan

( )

The foreign proper nouns

( )

. . . .

Marwaan Sufyaan Affaan Uthmaan

The proper nouns on the scale of afalu

( )

Anwar Ahmad

36

:

:

:

. . . . .

better greater blue yellow red black white

Adjective and colour on the scale of afalu

( )

.

full thirsty hungary lazy

Adjective on the scale of falaan

( )

doctors strongones truthful ones rich ones

pl. pl. pl. pl.

on the scale of afilaau

( )

37

:

:

:

scholars colleagues ministers poor ones

pl. pl. pl. pl.

On the scale of fualaau

( )

. . . .

minutes doctors hotels schools mosques

pl. pl. pl. pl. pl.

on the scale of mafaailu

( )

chairs cups keys handkerchiefs

pl. pl. pl. pl.

on the scale of mafaaeelu

( )

38

~~ ~~ Inna and its likes

:

:

. They make the ism (noun) mansoob (accusative) take a fatha, and

make the khabar marfoo (nominative take a damma).

Indeed/verily

Indeed/verily

But

39

: : : :

.

.

.

Inna brings about

emphasis

Anna brings about emphasis

also

: .

. .

comes at the beginning of a sentence and after qaala and comes after the other verbs.

Verily Allah is oft-forgiving

I knew that verily Khaalid is ill.

Would that. (Used for seeking something impossible

or in which there is difficulty)

It is as if (for similitude or speculation)

I hope(Used for hope or regret)

40

: .

.

.

.

: .

Verily Allah is my lord.

My mother said verily you are a hard worker.

I heard that verily the teacher did not come today.

laakina brings about

istidraak.

41

( )

.

Conveys speculation Conveys similitude

Laalla conveys hope, and

its meaning is I hope.

Kaanna has two meanings

Muhammad is a hard

worker but Haamid is

lazy.

I hope that the teacher is in his

room.

: .

42

. .

: - seeking of the impossible) (

.

: - that in which there is difficulty) (

.Would that I have a million pounds!

Layta brings about hope, and it

is seeking the impossible and

that in which there is difficulty.

: . It is as if the masjid is a

school.

: . It is as if you are from Japan.

Would that youth would return!

43

~~ ~~

. ( ) .

: :{ }

The different forms

Dhu: its meaning is possessor/owner, and it is always mudaaf

(possessed) and the noun which is next to it is genitive (majroor), by

construction.

Allah the most high says (translated meaning):

Verily Allah he is the sustainer, the possessor of

might and power

44

For feminine

plural

For feminine

singular

For masculine

plural

For masculine

singular

These students (female pl.)

possesses knowledge

This student (female sig.)

Posseses knowledge

These students (male pl.) posses

knowledge

This student

(male sig.) posses

knowledge

45

~~ ~~

( ) .

:

`Am is used for questioning

(sentence)

Are you from India or Pakistan?

46

( ) .

2 01 , .

:

And Aw is used for non-questioning.

(sentence)

Take this or that.

Hundred and thousand

Hundred and thousand are similar to the numbers from 3 to 10, (in

construction) except that their (enumerated) is singular.

47

: .

. ( ) ( ) .

( ) (.)

:

A hundred men A thousand women

And they are (used) for masculine and feminine (enumerated).

And the alif in (hundred) is written but not pronounced.

The past tense is negated with and the present tense with

Example

48

. .

. .

. ()

:

I did not go to the museum.

Ahmad did not write the lesson.

I am not going to the museum.

Ahmad is not writing (up) the lesson.

The letter of future tense

49

. .

. ( )

:

.

How much is this book and this magazine? As for the book, then it for ten riyals

and as for the magazine then it is for three riyals.

.

The head teacher shall return tomorrow I will go to Mecca inshaa Allah

The preposition of explanation

As for

Example

Oh brothers where is my book?

Have you seen it?

When the attached pronoun of nasb occurs after the pronoun of

second person, is increased between them.

50

:

+ =

.

.

And the sound feminine plural; its sign of nasb (accusative

case) is kasra.

- pronoun of second person.

- Attached

pronoun of nasb.

Increase

in

Have you seen it?

(Plural masc. second person)

51

:

: .

( ) .

(.)

( ) (.)

Students

Fem. pl.

Cars

Fem. pl.

Believers

Fem. pl.

Allah created the earth and the sun and the moon and the

skies.

is an object it is in accusative case, and the sign of it being accusative is a kasra.

The entering of the hamza of questioning on al.

Example

52

:

=

( + = )

.

Compound numbers

When the hamza of questioning enters upon al, the

hamza of al is made to stretch.

Is Bihaar (rivers) the plural of bahr (river)?

Did the headmaster come today?

53

.

: Eleven

:

, .

First part Second part

Compound numbers are fixed (remain unchanged/undeclined) on fath so the

first and second part like the fatha.

Compound numbers are made of two parts.

54

00 01

The numbers from 11 to 19

00 11 .

:

. .

00 12 The numbers 11 and 12

The enumerated, from 11 to 99 is always single, mansoob.

99 students (male) 11 students (male)

55

00 01 :

: Twelve Eleven

Male students Male students

: .

30 01

The numbers from 11 to 13

02 01 , . .

If the madood is masculine then the first part and the second

part are masculine.

Masculine Masculine

If the enumerated (madood) is masculine, then the first part

differs in gender with the enumerated (madood) and the

second part agrees with the madood. And the opposite is in

the case of the feminine madood.

56

: Thirteen Thirteen

Female students Male students

feminine masculine masculine feminine

57

.

.

:

Ordinal numbers

Example

And they are a qualifying noun and an adjective (i.e they act as nat and manut).

58

. .

Because

= + . ( ) ( )

:

. Hamid returned from school because he is poorly.

.

I returned from the market because I am poorly.

The second lesson, to the tenth lesson. The First lesson.

Why?

= laam + anna. And anna is from the sisters of inna.

95

?yhW .=

:

:

morf tixe uoy did yhW

?loohcs eht

siht taeb uoy did yhW

?yob

?yhW

60

Why? Haa of silence

:

: . .

Did you beat this boy?

Yes

Why?

.

Laysa brings about negation. It makes the noun marfoo and makes the khabar mansoob.

61

:

. The student is not poorly.

.

: .

The student is not poorly.

.

() The omitting of hamza in ibn.

Verily it is majroor with baa of zaaida (increase)

in the place of nasb.

And it is made majroor (genitive)

with baa of zaaida (increase).

62

( ) .

: Example

.

: . .

The hamza of ibn is omitted, in writing and pronunciation, when

it occurs between two names (and its condition is that the two

names are on one line).

Haamid son of Ali

The hamza is not omitted in the example : Hasan son of the imaam,

because it does not occur between two names.

63

Comparative and superlatives

, ( .)

:

, .

, .

Ismu tafdeel: it is a diptote, (prevented from

changing). It is a description upon the scale of

( ) afalu.

Haashim is tall, and Haamid is taller then him.

Aamina is small, but Zaynab is smaller then her.

64

( .)

: , !

This man is tall, how tall is this man!

, ! This car is tall, how tall is this car!

It is on the scale of Afalu.

The verb of astonishment/amazement.

65

The Object

: Example

The student read the Qur'aan

The laa of negation and the laa of

prohibition

object subject verb

66

The laa of prohibition The laa of negation

, , .

Why are you not eating oh my

brother?

Are you not going to the

playground?

. Dont go to the playground.

. Dont eat this oh my brother.

The difference between (laa of negation) and (the laa of prohibition) is that verily the laa of

negation does not have an affect, as for the laa of

prohibition then it makes the present verb majzoom (take a

sukoon).

67

( )

The maa of connection

() : ( .)

:

. .

It means the thing which

: meaning I am eating the thing which you are eating

68

:Ponder over the following

The laam of motivation/justification

Why do you say that

which you do not do?

. I do not have a book.

. I will buy that which you want.

. I did not understand

the lesson.

what is your

name?

what is this?

69

:

( )

Making the present

tense verb accusative with anna

:

Haamid left to wash his face.. I left to drink water.

Example

70

.

: Making nasb of afaalul khamsa

:

.

: .

:

Where do you want to go oh my brother?

I want to travel to Mecca.

You

singular.

Feminine

are going.

They dual.

masculine

are going.

They

plural.

masculine

are going.

You plural.

masculine

are going.

You dual.

masculine

are going.

71

: That you pl. go

And the alif is not read.

. .

: ( ) ( )

That he calls

The sign of its raf is the noon and the sign of nasb is its ommitence, and the

benefit of this alif is that it manifests in the naaqis verb (a naaqis verb is one

which its root ends with an alif, waw or yaa). So if it were not for this alif

you would not be able to see the difference between them.

72

( ) .

:

. Hamid was rich

. Hamid was studying

Kaana makes the noun marfoo (nominative case)

and makes the khabar mansoob (accusative case)

The information of kaana mansoob. The noun of kaana marfoo

The noun of kaana, in

nominative case.

The information of kaana in the place

of nasb (accusative case).

73

.

: .

Allah is oft forgiving , merciful

Does not cease

( ) () , .

:

. How are you today oh brother? I was ill yesterday and I do not

cease to be ill (meaning I still am ill).

. Ahmad does not cease to be a hard worker.

Kaana also brings about continuation

is from the sisters of kaana, and it brings about continuation.

Example

74

( )

: . My watch is like your watch.

. This masjid is like a school.

. : : .

is a preposition from the genitive prepositions, it brings about similitude.

The kaaf does not enter on the pronouns. Like, : it is said:

. I am like him or you are like her.

75

( ) . ( ) . :

: .

I will not go to London.

. You will never return to the

land of the disbelievers.

( : ) .

The present tense verb is negated with to give a future tense meaning. Lan makes the present tense verb mansoob

and brings about a negation with emphasis.

The prophet may Allahs peace and blessings be upon him

said : He who wears silk in this life will never wear it in

the hereafter. Narrated bukhari.

76

.

:

, , (.)

, , , (.)

: = , = ( .)

and bring about negation in the past tense and they make the present tense verb jussive (take a sukoon) And the sign of the jussive case

(jazm) in the afaalul khamsa (five verbs) is the emitting of the noon and in

the afaalul arba (four verbs) a sukoon.

And the difference between lam and lamma:

lam yaktub = he did not write

lammaa yaktub = he has not yet written (and shall write)

77

The Five Nouns

And they are:

in-law mouth possess

or

brother father

78

: , .

.

:

.

Ibn Maalik said: abun, akhun, hamun and like wise

hanun, but leaving off the final on is better.

(ie, Hanun)

When the asmaa al khamsa are in idaafa, (other than being attached to the

yaaa of mutakkalam), they decline by the addition of letters.

This is your

fathers house.

I know your

father.

I am your father.

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:

You are like a father I am a father

( ) ( ) .

:

Marda is on the scale of fala and it is a diptote (mamnoo minas sarf- doesnt like tanween and kasra,) The sign of its

kasra is a fatha.)

And if it is not in idaafa (possessor and possessed

construction) then it is made to decline with its

original signs.

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( ) , .

The Diminutive

( ) . This is a diminutive

Akhtar is a Persian name and it is a diptote (mamnoo

minas sarf- doesnt like tanween and kasra). The sign of

its kasra is a fatha.)

Captive

sing.

Wounded

pl.

Wounded

sing.

Killed pl. Killed sing. Captives

pl.

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, :

Fuayeelu Fuayelu Fuaylu

:

And the diminutive has three scales, and they are:

That which is (formed

from a noun) of three

letters.

That which is (formed

from a noun) of four

letters

That which is (formed

from a noun) of five

letters

A small boy A boy

A small key A key

A small hotel A hotel

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( ) Here it is oh teacher!

( : ) ( ) ()

: , : .

Information The preposition of

alarming or making

aware.

Beginning

A small flower A flower

83

( ) Sit wherever you wish

( ) , ( ) , ( )

.

The man says: (here I am) and the woman says: (here I am).

is an adverb of place and it is attached to a sentence. And it is said its iraab (declension) , is fixed on damma in the place of nasb (accusative case) mafoolun feehi and the sentence is in the place of jar, mudaafun ilayhee.

84

( ) By Allah I was about to die!

.

:

( .......... )

By the fig and the olive. Verily, We created man of the best stature

(mould), (At-Tin 95:4)

. ( .)

When the past tense verb occurs as an affirmation with an oath, it is necessary to

emphasis it with a laam and qad.

As for the past tense verb which comes as an negation with

an oath then it is not emphasised with laam and qad. You say

by Allah I did not see him

85

( ) ( ) ( ) , ( )

( . ) .

When

( ) .

is specific for the past tense and for the future. People use with the past tense however this is incorrect. is fixed on the damma in the place of the nasb case, mafoolun

feehi.

This is called the lammaa of heeniyyah (lamma of time). It is an

adverb (of time) and is specific to the past tense (verb). Its answer

is always in the past tense like what is in the example.

86

When I entered the house I smelt a pleasant smell.

, ( ) : .

: The dual pronoun

() , , , .

The dual pronoun includes the masculine and feminine. It is used for the dual masculine and feminine third person and dual feminine and

masculine second person.

It is not correct that it enters upon the present tense (verb), like the

speech of people Lamma (when) I eat this food I become ill and the correct

is: indamaa (when) I eat this food I become ill.

87

: The attached nominative pronoun.

:

, . Haamid and khaalid went, faatima and Aamina went.

, : , ( : .)

Alif

It is permissible to use the plural wording of things which are

connected to a person, and can only be found in the singular forms,

when addressing two people. Example: What are your(two people) names? , wash your (two people) faces, and from it, is his speech the most high: ..so indeed your hearts inclined (At-tahreem 66:04)

88

. :

The adjective follows the qualifying noun (that which is described) in 4

matters. They are:

In masculinity and

femininity

In declension

98

.

,

dna ssenetinifed nI

ssenetinifedni

ytilaud ,ytiralugnis nI

ytilarulp dna

09