ARCH 355 URBAN DESIGN PROCESS · Concept of Universal Design “Universal design is a design concept that recognizes, respects, values and aempts to accommodate the broadest possible

ARCH 355 URBAN DESIGN PROCESS by Prof Dr.Naciye Doratlı Prof Dr. Resmiye Alpar Atun Assist. Prof. Dr. Nevter Zafer Cömert Prof.Dr. Şebnem Hoşkara Assist. Prof. Dr. Ceren Boğaç EMU Faculty of Architecture Department of Architecture

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ConceptofUniversalDesign

“Universaldesign isadesign concept that recognizes, respects,values and a9empts to accommodate the broadest possiblespectrum of human ability in the design of all products,environmentsandinforma=onsystems.”

“Itrequiressensi=vitytoandknowledgeaboutpeopleofallagesandabili=es”

"lifespandesign""transgenera=onaldesign"

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NC State University, The Center for Universal Design, 1997

ConceptofUniversalDesign

1980sand1990s

“The new concept developed through the recogni=on that alargepartoftheworld’spopula=onisnoteasilyaccommodatedwithin the standard model upon which public spaces andbuildingsarebased.

The tradi=onal model ignores the specific needs ofsenior ci=zens, people with obesity, those who arevery tall or very short (including children), pregnantwomenorpeoplewithphysicalorsensorylimita=ons.”

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Operational Guidelines On Accessibility In Urban Development Projects With Universal Design Principles

TypesofImpairment

• VisualImpairments• MobilityImpairments• HearingImpairments• ManuelImpairments•  LearningImpairments

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VisualImpairments

Theylearntorelyupontheothersenseofsmell,hearingandtouching•  Toapar'cipateecoinspace,canindicatetheapporximatesizeofthespaceandtheloca'onofwallsoropenings

•  Thesenseofsmellcanbeusedtoiden'fylandmarks(restaurants,petrolsta'ons,canals…)

•  Thepercep'onofwindordra>sagainstskincanhelpidne'fystreetcornerstunnels,subwayentranceetc.

•  Characterisitcsofodursandfragnancecanberememberedandcogin'velymapped

•  Heatandcoldcanindicatethedirec'onofthesunandthepresenceofstreetgra'ngsdoorway,etc

•  Differencesinpavingmaterialscanprovidetac=lecueswhcihcnaaidnego'ona'onandiden'fyhazards

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Time Saver Staandards for Urban Designer

MobilityImpairmentsGenerallyreferstoanimpairedfunc=onofthelegs,butcanalsorefertolimitedstamina,poorbalance,aheartcondi=onetc.

•  Carefuldesignoframps,landings,stairs,stairnosing,tread-riserra'os

•  Carefuldesignofwalkwaysurfacematerials

•  Accessibilityofwheelchairusesimpliesadequatedimensioningofspaces,routes,anddoorwaysandproperplacementofstreetfurniture

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HearingImpairmentsIndividualswithhearingimparmentsencounterproblemsthatcenteraroundinforma=onandwarningcommunica=on

•  Visionmustberelieduponalmostexclusiveforinforma'onalneeds.

•  Problemsoccurwiththeusefosoundalarms,automobilehorns,orfirealarms

•  Alarmsareaccompaniedbyflashinglightsaffordthegreatestprotec'onagainsthazard

•  Clearsignageandothervisualcuesfordirec'onalinforma'on(usuallybrightcolorsshouldbeselected)

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ManualImpairmentsRefertodysfunc=onofarmsorhands.Itmightbetemporaryorcircumstan=alorpermanents.Elderlypeoplecharacteris=callyhancemanualdifficultyasafunc=onofreducedstrengthinarmsandhands

•  Visionmustberelieduponalmostexclusiveforinforma'onalneeds.

•  Problemsoccurwiththeusefosoundalarms,automobilehorns,orfirealarms

•  Alarmsareaccompaniedbyflashinglightsaffordthegreatestprotec'onagainsthazard

•  Clearsignageandothervisualcuesfordirec'onalinforma'on

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LearningImpairmentsRefertoaindividualswhohasalearningdisabili=es,usuallytheyarelackoforienta=onorroutememorydifficulty

•  Direc'onalsignageishelpful.•  Landmarksorpartsoftheroutemayberemembered,butavoidtocreatemanyinterconnec'ons

•  Graphicsymbolscanminimizethehazardstothosewithlearningdifficul'esbycallingoutcrosswalks

•  Designcanbesimpleandunderstandable

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7PrinciplesofUniversalDesign

1.EquitableUse

2.FlexibilityinUse

3.SimpleandIntui=veUse

4.Percep=bleInforma=on

5.ToleranceforError

6.LowPhysicalEffort

7.SizeandSpaceforApproachandUse

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1.   EquitableUse

“Thedesignisusefulandmarketabletopeoplewithdiverseabili=es.”

Guidelines1a.Providethesamemeansofuseforallusers:iden=calwheneverpossible;equivalentwhennot.

1b.Avoidsegrega=ngors=gma=zinganyusers.

1c.Provisionsforprivacy,security,andsafetyshouldbeequallyavailabletoallusers.

1d.Makethedesignappealingtoallusers.

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Source: http://files.yapikatalogu.com/Files/Products/6975/6975.jpg

Equitable Use

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Source: http://www.ratsound.com/cblog/uploads/serb_off_fountain.jpg

Equitable Use


2.FlexibilityinUse

“Thedesignaccommodatesawiderangeofindividualpreferencesandabili=es.”

Guidelines2a.Providechoiceinmethodsofuse.

2b.Accommodateright-orlee-handedaccessanduse.

2c.Facilitatetheuser'saccuracyandprecision.

2d.Provideadaptabilitytotheuser'space.

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Source:https://www.anz.com/resources/e/b/eb9005004b8b76eaabb2fbb77efc9233/ATM+service+in+Hanoi.jpg?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=eb9005004b8b76eaabb2fbb77efc9233

Flexibility in Use

Source:http://www.playableguitar.com/

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Flexibility in Use

Source: https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/92/21/45/9221458e9ddb9aa06554a8ef8023f192.jpg


3.SimpleandIntui=veUse

“Useofthedesigniseasytounderstand,regardlessoftheuser'sexperience,knowledge,languageskills,orcurrentconcentra=onlevel.”

Guidelines3a.Eliminateunnecessarycomplexity.3b.Beconsistentwithuserexpecta=onsandintui=on.3c.Accommodateawiderangeofliteracyandlanguageskills.3d.Arrangeinforma=onconsistentwithitsimportance.

3e.Provideeffec=vepromp=ngandfeedbackduringandaeertaskcomple=on.

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Simple &Intuitive Use

Sourcehttp://assets.inhabitat.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2012/01/ikea-flatpack-furniture-1.jpg

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Simple &Intuitive Use

Source: http://www.jenriks.de/jenriks/wp-content/photos/jh0753_escalator.jpg



4.Percep=bleInforma=on

“Thedesigncommunicatesnecessaryinforma=oneffec=velytotheuser,regardlessofambientcondi=onsortheuser'ssensoryabili=es.”

Guidelines4a.Usedifferentmodes(pictorial,verbal,tac=le)forredundantpresenta=onofessen=alinforma=on.4b.Provideadequatecontrastbetweenessen=alinforma=onanditssurroundings.4c.Maximize"legibility"ofessen=alinforma=on.4d.Differen=ateelementsinwaysthatcanbedescribed(i.e.,makeiteasytogiveinstruc=onsordirec=ons).

4e.Providecompa=bilitywithavarietyoftechniquesordevicesusedbypeoplewithsensorylimita=ons.

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Perceptible Information

Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Refurbished_London_Underground_D78_Stock_train_interior.jpg

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Perceptible Information

Source: hthttp://intranet.signaramafrance.fr/Upload/In/Gallery_realisations/288/12000-650x375.jpg



5.ToleranceforError

“Thedesignminimizeshazardsandtheadverseconsequencesofaccidentalorunintendedac=ons..”

Guidelines5a.Arrangeelementstominimizehazardsanderrors:mostusedelements,mostaccessible;hazardouselementseliminated,isolated,orshielded.

5b.Providewarningsofhazardsanderrors.

5c.Providefail-safefeatures.

5d.Discourageunconsciousac=onintasksthatrequirevigilance.

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Tolerance for Error

Source: http://www.24hoursanantoniolocksmiths.com/san-antonio-locksmiths/transponder_key.jpg

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Tolerance for Error

Source: http://www.otwe.com/images/attractions/BungeeJump.JPG



6.LowPhysicalEffort

“Thedesigncanbeusedefficientlyandcomfortablyandwithaminimumoffa=gue.”

Guidelines6a.Allowusertomaintainaneutralbodyposi=on.

6b.Usereasonableopera=ngforces.

6c.Minimizerepe==veac=ons.

6d.Minimizesustainedphysicaleffort

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Low Physical Effort

Source: .ebayimg.com/00/s/NTY2WDg0OQ==/z/2n4AAOSwKrhVbIsD/$_32.JPG?set_id=880000500F

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Low Physical Effort

Source: .ebayimg.com/00/s/NTY2WDg0OQ==/z/2n4AAOSwKrhVbIsD/$_32.JPG?set_id=880000500F



7.SizeandSpaceforApproachandUse“Appropriatesizeandspaceisprovidedforapproach,reach,manipula=on,anduseregardlessofuser'sbodysize,posture,ormobility.”

Guidelines7a.Provideaclearlineofsighttoimportantelementsforanyseatedorstandinguser.

7b.Makereachtoallcomponentscomfortableforanyseatedorstandinguser.

7c.Accommodatevaria=onsinhandandgripsize.

7d.Provideadequatespacefortheuseofassis=vedevicesorpersonalassistance.

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Size and Space for Approach and Use

Source: http://cfile26.uf.tistory.com/image/231BEC35555D90D222F3B2

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Size and Space for Approach and Use

Source: http://we-make-money-not-art.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/wow/0aafrictionatlas9.jpg

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Universal Design

Example Crown Fountain in Millennium Park

Source: https://arch.iit.edu/img/ce0ddfb9c35c1e35/15-jaume-plensa-s-crown-fountain-in-millennium-park-photo-patrick-pyszka.jpg

Designed by Spanish artist Jaume Plensa, the Crown Fountain in Millennium Park is a major addition to the city's world-renowned public art collection

The IDeA Center, http://www.universaldesign.com/what-is-ud/

GoalsofUniversalDesign

• BodyFit• Comfort

• Awareness• Understanding• Wellness

•  SocialIntegra=on• Personaliza=on• Culturalappropriateness

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UniversalDesignApproach1.WiththeWorkTeam:InvestinanUnderstandingoftheIssue

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UniversalDesignApproach

2.MeasurementsandDetailedModelsoftheArea

“Itisessen=altoanalyzeexis=ngcondi=ons,payinga9en=ontoboththegeneralandspecificobjec=vesoftheproject.Itisalsoimportanttoobtaindetailedmeasurementsthroughfieldwork–bothinthecaseofnewundertakingsandinareasandbuildingsalreadyconstructed.”

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UniversalDesignApproach2.MeasurementsandDetailedModelsoftheArea

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3.PreparingaDiagnosis

“Thisanalysismustincludeastudyofthefunc=onofthesiteandtheac=vi=es,whichwilltakeplacethere.

Criteriaofsafety,equity,autonomyandmobilityforabroadrangeofusers(includingtheneedsofchildren,seniorci=zens,pregnantwomen,peoplewithreducedmobilityandthosewhoaredistractedorinahurry)mustbeused.”

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UniversalDesignApproach3.PreparingaDiagnosis

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Unexpected object: low wire in Plaza Fabini, Uruguay

UniversalDesignApproach3.PreparingaDiagnosis

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Unexpected object: A route beneath a staircase in Malecón de Guayaquil, Ecuador


4.Design:GuaranteeingAccessibleRoutes

“Innewplans–andinadapta=onsintendedtomakeexis=ngareasorbuildingsmoreaccessible–itisimportanttoestablishaccessiblerouteswhichensureunhindered,barrier-freetravelandintegratedpriorityareas.”

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UniversalDesignApproach4.Design:GuaranteeingAccessibleRoutes

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Operational Guidelines On Accessibility In Urban

Development Projects With Universal Design

Principles


4a.CityStreets

•  Itisimportantthattherealwaysbe,ataminimum,thepossibilityofoneaccessiblerouteforallpedestrians.

•  Intheanalysisofacityspace,forexample,allrouteswhichjoinmainavenues,secondaryroads,busstopsandotheraccesspointsforpublictransporta=onandparkinglotsmustbeexamined.equipmentinparksandplaygrounds.

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4b.Buildings

•  “Intheanalysisofbuildings,ingeneral,prioritymustbegiventoanaccessibleroutefromthemainentrance,whichconnectswiththeotherpublicorcommonareasofthebuilding.”

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4b.Buildings

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5.ProjectCompa=bility

“Differentprojectsmustbemadecompa=ble–in order both to achieve accessibility and to meetother demands of the municipality or theconcessionaires responsible for lights, phones,water, plumbing, landscaping and otherameni=es.”

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UniversalDesignApproach5.ProjectCompa=bility

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This curb ramp was constructed without considering its compatibility with the location or relocation of existing posts and levels. This is totally inefficient and renders the investment useless. Maracaibo, Venezuela.

UniversalDesignApproach5.ProjectCompa=bility

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ADEQUATE SOLUTION Overhead pedestrian crossing. Bogotá, Colombia


UrbanSpacesCri=calpointswhichneedstobeaddressed:

• Con=nuity:con=nues,accessible,compact,non-slippedestrianrouts

• Width:pedestrianroutsshouldn’tbenarrowthan90cm

• PedestrianCrossings:allstreetsopeningtotrafficshouldhavecrossing(min1.20mwidth)

•  TransverseGradient:flatroutesaspossiblewithadequatedrainageoroullowwater(nograterthan%2)

•  LongitudinalGradients:mustnotbegreaterthan6%andtheymustbeinsec=onsnolongerthan15m(specialcasesnogreaterthan12%andthiscanonlybeallowedinsec=onsnolongerthan1.50m)

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UrbanSpaces:Con=nuity

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Athletes’ Village for the Pan-American Games, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic


UrbanSpaces:Width

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Avenida 18 de Julio, Montevideo, Uruguay


UrbanSpaces:PedestrianCrossings

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Rocha Miranda, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil


UrbanSpaces:TransverseGradient

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Remodelled city centre in Madrid, Spain


UrbanSpaces:LongitudinalGradients

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Historical centre in Barcelona, Spain


AccessiblePedestrianRampsCri=calpointswhichneedstobeaddressed:

a.Obstacles.Pedestrianramps–andapproachareas–mustbecompletelyfreeofobstacles.

b.Irregulari=es.AQen'ontodetailrequiresthattheareawheretherampmeetstheroadmustbelevel,withnostepsorirregulari'es.

c.Maximumlongitudinalgradients.12%forsec'onslessthan1.50minlength(1:8)10%forsec'onsbetween1.50mand3.00minlength(1in10)8%forsec'onsbetween3.00mand10.00minlength(1in12)6%forsec'onsupto15.00minlength(1in16)

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CurbRamps(AccessRampsonPavements)Cri=calpointswhichneedstobeaddressed:

a.Heightandlength.A9en=onmustbepaidtotherela=onshipbetweenheightandlength.Thegreatertheheightofthepavementinrela=ontotheroad,thegreaterthelengthnecessaryforasuitableramp.Whenthedifferenceinheightissmall–orthecurbisshorter–(maximum0.10m)theinstalla=onoftherampwillbesimpler.

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CurbRamps(AccessRampsonPavements)

b.Themostcommontypesofcurbramps

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Most common types of curb ramps. Note: All curb ramps must have a minimum width of 1.20m and a transverse gradient less than or equal to 2%.

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CurbRamps(AccessRampsonPavements)Cri=calpointswhichneedstobeaddressed:

c.Streeteleva=onstreetswithli9levehiculartrafficorfewpedestriancrossings,curbrampscanbereplacedbyvehicularentrances.Thiscanbedonebymaintainingtheexis=nglevelofthepavementandraisingthelevelofthestreet,crea=ngavehicularcrossing.

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CurbRamps(AccessRampsonPavements):Streeteleva=on

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Sarandi Pedestrian Street, Ciudad Vieja de Montevideo, Uruguay


Tac=leFloorsasGuides

“Theuseofdifferentlytexturedsurfacesisrecommendedinordertoguideorienta=onandtoserveasawarningtopeoplewhoarevisuallyimpaired.Interna=onalguidelinesmustbeappliedinordertoavoidresultsthatarecounterproduc=ve.”

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Tac=leFloorsasGuides

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StreetFurniture

“Streetfurniture”referstopiecesofequipmentforpublicuseinurbanspaces,modalinterchangesandsitesofculturalandtouristinterest.Pavementsshouldbeorganizedinsuchawaythatallameni=es(e.g.mailboxes,telephonebooths,li9erbaskets,trafficlights,benches,etc.)arelocatedalongthesamestrip–paralleltothedirec=onofthepavement–leavingafreeareaforthemovementofpedestrians.”

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StreetFurniture

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Operational Guidelines On Accessibility In Urban Development

Projects With Universal Design Principles


AccessibleParkingThefollowingpointsmustbeaddressed:

•  a.ReservedSpaces:Inallpublicandprivateparking,2%ofthetotalnumberofspacesmustbereservedfortheexclusiveuseofpeoplewithdisabili=es.

•  b.AcceptableSpecifica=ons:Designatedspacesmustmeasure,atminimum,3.50mx5.00mandmustbeindicatedbytheaccessibilitysymbolonthegroundandaver=calsignplacedinavisibleloca=on.

•  c.Placement:Designatedspacesmustbeplacedclosetocornersorentrancestoplacesofmajorpublicinterest(e.g.parks,cinemas,theatres,shoppingcentres,mee=ngplacesorcustomerservicecentres).

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AccessibleParking

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AccessibleParking

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Designated spaces for people with disabilities are included in all parking lots in streets that have been remodelled through the Rio Cidade project. There is vertical signage and signage on the ground.

Documents

ARCH 355 URBAN DESIGN PROCESS · Concept of Universal Design “Universal design is a design concept that recognizes, respects, values and aempts to accommodate the broadest possible