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Main Menu Map of the Middle East Encyclo

Numbered locationsThe 26th Dynasty

Maps MenuMiddle Eastern Regions

Map of Ancient Alexandria

Map of Athens & PiraeusMari Map

The Queen of Sheba

Beth Horon Road

Israel

Road to CarchemishSatelite Map of the Nile Delta

Older Map of the Filippine Islands

Pharaoh Merneptah

The Canopus DecreeMore maps
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Numbered Archaeological Locations1.Demircihyuk, Kalintas, Kutahaya, Dorylaeum;2.Orman Fidanligi, Eskisehir, Keskaya, Asmainler;3.Asikli Hyk, Gelveri;

4.Nigde, Ksk Hyk, Bolkardag (Maden Sites); [IstanbulerMitteilungen, Band 47, 1997, p.10] The city of Kaysalin (Caesarea)was near Gurgum.

5.Located in central Turkey, the region of old Pisidia, near

Antioch. West of Iconium are the locations of Eflatun Pinar,Fasillar, and a little east of these are Konya and Karahyk.

The city of Iconium, #5, is also called Lycaonia in Galatia.6.This points to Hierapolis near Laodicea.

7.The Roman city of Aphrodisias, the synagogue remains can be

seen in BAR, Sept. 1986, p. 54.

8.Aegea, in the region of Verghina, was the first capital of theMacedonian King Philip II (359-336 BC), had a mount where his

gold objects were found. [`The Adventure of Archaeology', p.313ff.] Right close to Aegea was Pella.

9.The islands of Samothrace.10.Arbil is located just a few miles SEE of Mossul. Visited EA's

Mesos site.

11Marmaris, the peninsula is Caria; Located from 12Pinarato 13Kemer are Roman period remains at Gemiler Island, Tlos,

Letoum, Xanthus, Patara, Kalkan, Aperiae, Kerova Isld., Myra,

Finike, Olympus & Phaselis; 14Termessus; South of Termessusnear Perga is Attaleia/Antalya. [Archaeology, July 1995, p.

57.]; 15Platea - is located above Athens on the Gulf to Thebes.Continuing numbering starting with number 21:

Adjacent Areas not numbered: East of the Bosporus at Bregli is

Heraclea/Heracles Pontica. To the SE of Sinope at Samsun isAmisus, near Masat is Amasia and a little south is Zela, east ofwhich is the Kingdom of Polemon. Near Hattushash is Tavium.

21(# not shown) Izmit is also Nicomedia, Troy is also Troas.

22- ancient Perachora on small peninsula of Achaia, area ofCorinth (BAR Nov/2000, p. 80), south of it was Cenchreae; NearCorinth was also: NW Sicyon; N Lechaeum; E Cromna,

Cenchreae, Isthmia, Schoenus.

1HTell Fakhariyah (BA, Dep 1990, p. 149); Near Gozan is

Wassukanni (BA, Sep. 1989, p. 78.), also near is Tell Sweyhatdiscussed in the issue locatedhere.Unnumbered locations include: (1) Karatepe and Samal (Sam'al)

west of Zincirli. Kltepe (Kueltepe) is also called Kanes. (2) The
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`Bay of Trianda' is located by Ialysos at Rhodes Island off the SW

corner of Turkey.

Andros Island, south of Athens, was were archaeologists found in

1914 a five story high farm fortification tower with cantilaveredstairs to climb up on it.

Thera, also known as Santorini, with its ancient city of Akrotiri, isa picturesque shell of a blown up volcanic island just north of

Crete. For a full page image from a high point across the sea to the

opposite shore of the horse shoe shaped island see BAR, Vol.XVII, Jan/Feb 1991, p. 40 and Bernard Knapp, `Bronze Age

Mediterranean Island Cultures and the Ancient Near East'in BA,

Part 1, Vol. 55, June 1992, p. 55-72; Part 2, Vol. 55, Sept 1992, p.112-128; featuring a B&W aerial image of the Palace at Knossos, a

plan of the excavated area of the city, the beautifully graceful wallpainting of two antelopes, a color photo of large storage jars, thebeautiful Marseille Ewre', lead weight denominations and the

town of Lindos, Ialysos and (the Bay of) Trianda on Rhodes.

Hittite KorucutepeThe detailed archaeological reports on the excavations and findsfeaturing many images of their often artfully designed pottery at

Korucutepe are presented in three large volumes in Maurits N. van

Loon (ed.), `Korucutepe', North Holland Publ., 1980. See also Jan

Bouzek (ed.), `Anatolian Collection of Charles University', Prague,1974. This book discusses: Megarian, Kyme pottery/fragments;

workshops: i.e. Erotes, Paniscus, Little Eagles, Smyrna, leaf &

petal bowls, palm & acanthus leaves, flowers, moulds, geometric,braziers, stamped amphora handles and terracottas. The Historyand topography of Kyme, according to their reports, was `the most

important and powerful of the Aeolian cities on the seaboard ofsia Minor'. It talks about Kyme of the 4th century BC; i.e

Pharnabazos and his loss of Kyme in 398 BC, Agesilaos taking

over command of Spartan troops in 396 BC, the murder ofTissapherens by Tithraustes in 395 BC. Mentions the defeat of

Agesilaos' choice of commander, the brother of his wifePeisandros, who died in -394 in a naval battle against Konon andPharnabazos. Plate 18 shows what is described as a Late Geometric

crater (GP1) among Hellenistic and Roman wares from Kyme.Just to the west of Korucutepe was Kltepe located, also known asKanes.

Cities of Babylonia

`During the early part of 1875, a number of antiquities werediscovered by Arabs on the banks of the river `Shat-el-Hie' in


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southern Babylonia/Iraq. These were taken to Baghdad. ... The ca.

40 mile long `Shat-el-Hie', or River of Hie, is/was a stream whichoins the Tigris and Euphrates, and forms a natural boundary

between the marshes of the lower delta. ... It leaves the Tigris at the

village of Kut Amarah, about 241 miles above the junction point ofthe Tigris and Euphrates ca. 90 miles above Kurna. It winds itsway through the marshes until it reaches the ruins of Nashayet,

which mark the ruins of some ancient town. The 630 square mile

territory inside this triangle was the province of Bit Dukkari. Themound of Nashayet was called by the Arabs `Zerghoul', probably

the ancient `Zirgulla'. Zirgulla was one of the more ancient cities ofBabylonia. A few miles to the west, on the east bank of the

Euphrates, lay Uruki or Erech, also known as the ruins of

Warka. On the west bank of the Euphrates, and almost opposite the

mouth of the Shat-el-Hie lay Uru or Ur, now represented by themounds of Mughier, Babylon and Nippur [Nat. Geogr., `The

Adventure of Archaeology', (NGAA), 1985, p. 17]. The Calneh ofGenesis were situated a few miles north of this group.' [Adapted in

part from W.C. Boscawen, Òn Some Early Babylonian or Akkadian

Inscriptions'in TSBA, Vol. VI, 1878, p. 275-(276)-283]The location of Eriduis also known as Abu Shahrain. The river

canal connecting the Tigris with the Euphrates, between south ofJemdet Nasr and Ur is known as the Shatt al Hai. About 12 km

along its eastern bank lies Lagashalso known as Tello. Opposite

from it on the western side of the Shatt el-Hailies Umma(Djokha), Kissura(Abu-Hatab)and Shuruppak(Fara).French excavation teams worked at Tello finding items such as the

so-called Jemdet Nasr period assigned (1) Statue Prsargonique,

which shows a male figure on his knees with hands behind his backand what looks like snakes wrapped around his arms and

underneath his tightly held arm pits with their heads near his beard;(2) the statue of the Àdorant de Stamboul', (3) the Èntmna'

figure with its missing head, ceramic pieces and amulets. It may bethat several of these general or even more specific areas or regionsreceived the name of well known people like Nimrod(Ur-Nammu)

and laterAmraphel(Amar Sin) of the time of Abraham, whose

family migrated from Ur to Haran (Paddan-Aram?) and from thereto Canaan.

From the area of Prsargoniques come the reliefs of Dudu, the`Stele des Vautours', the inscriptions of Ènhegal' and also Gudea.

Some of the grotesque finds includes clay figure heads, animal and

human, with their tongue out.

The following towns were located close to Babylon and/ orBorsippa: Sippara (Sura, Pumbedita, Neharde'a according to Talmud II,
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118, 281), Kish, Deylam/ Dilbat, Mukhattat, Duwayr, and Rishad.

[See BA, J. Armstrong, `West of Edin: Tell al-Deylam and theBabylonian city of Dilbat', Dec, 1992, p. 219-225-233. Imagesinclude Kassite period burial pottery, early Dynastic III/ Akkadian

burial wares, copper pin & braclets.]In theDur Sharrukin/Erbil area was also Niniveh, Tepe Gawra,M'lefaat, Arbela; Near Arapha was Jarmo & Nuzi.

Locations in Asia Minor - GordionThe Hermus River flows to the aegean Sea by Thyatyra; TheMenderes R. was also called Maeander R.; in Phrygia (betweenLydia and Galatia), in the the old named Lycus River area, near

Laodicea was Colossia, Hierapolis and Beycesultan. The ApostlePaul's letter to Colossians is the most Christ centered epistle in all

the Bible.; By is the Sangarius R.;Velikovsky wrote: "The Phrygian kingdom was crossed by theriver Sangarius (modern Sakarya); its eastern frontier was along the

Halys River (modern Kizil Irmak). Gordion's ruins are about 50miles southwest of Ankara and 85 more miles from Boghazkoi

(Hattusas). It was the seat of King Gordias, the founder of the

dynasty, and of King Midas of legendary fame - everything hetouched turned to gold."[I. Velikovsky, `Ramses II and His Time', p.153]In Gordion vases signed by Klitias and Ergotimos were found in a

layer contemporary with the Hittite Empire. In the entire AsiaMinor Phrygian remnants are consistently found in deeper strata

than the Hittite remnants of the Empire period. Also on Greeksculptures there are Hittite hieroglyphs. Greek authors, Homerincluded, do not know about Hittites in Asia Minor.

The city of Antalya (and its well knownKursunlu waterfall)is

located near the ancient town of Perga on the shores of theMediterranean Sea.

SmyrnaNear Smyrna is also a place called `Clazomenae', KMT, Spring

2006, p. 26.

Near Smyrna are also the cliffs where a new script was found to

which the philologistA.H. Saycetraveled in 1879 in order to makeimpressions of the script. What others called Hittite script, he

called Hamathite script (a town in the area), and at CIAS we would

call it not Hamathite or Hittite, but rather Chaldean script. [Time-Life Books, `The Empire Builders', 1974, p. 39.]

Therme is also known as Thessalonica of New Testament times.
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Archaeologists found on Friday, January 13, 1989 a damaged

cylinder seal at the Mesopotamian site inside Iraq of the once lostancient city ofMashkan-shapirwhich had the name of this citywritten in cuneiform in its text.Mashkan-shapiris located just west

of Kish and north of Nippur. [For the image of the cylinder and a mapsee BAR, Vol. XV, Jul/Aug 1989, p. 50-52.]

Additional List of Regions and Cities

Amphipolisis locate between Therme and Philippi in Macedonia.

The ostensibly Hittite town of Alisar(as opposed to Alisar inLebanon or Syria) is located between the two parallel flowing

Kizilirmak (Halys R.) and the more easternYesilirmak Rivers near

the end of the word Hattushash on our map. The `Pontic

Mountains' stretch between Nicaea in the west to Alaca huyuk inthe east. The site of Gordion (Yassihyk) seems to be not certainfor some maps show it to the west of Ankara.

Around Lake Vanis the region of the Urartian locations. Amongthem are: The Van Citadel on top of the rocky Bastam mountain,Adikeraz, Ayanis and Toprakkale. [Paul Zimansky,An Urartian

Ozymandiasin BA, Jun 1995, p. 94-100.]

Armenia: Armenian territory has shifted considerably over theages. One of its old capitals was Aniin eastern Turkey. Ancient

church structures mark or marked the site. Armenia was the first

official Christian nation keeping the seventh day-Sabbath as amemorial of Creation since the 2nd century AD. A more recent

capital of Armenia is Echmiadzin, the location of a cathedral andthe seat of the Armenian patriarch. In Soviet Armenia worship

services are held on Sabbaths and Sundays. The Armenian church

in Jerusalem has a plaque over the door reading, `ConventArmeniens Jacobee'.

Black Sea Region:The eastern Black Sea city of Volni was part ofthe kingdom of Colchi, today's Georgia.

Bulgaria:Ancient or old historic sites of Bulgaria include Plovdivitself and Panagyurishte (site of a fabulous treasure [1500]located20 miles north of the road from Sofia to Plovdiv), ancient

settlements at Stara Zagora and the Thracian Burial Tomb of

Kazanluk/ Kazanlak.The Location of Catalhoyukis near Lystra in central Turkey. The

nearby town of Iconium is probably named so according to thename of `Konya' also located there. For a view of the locations see

Michael Balter & Shahina Farid, Catalhoyukin Odyssey,

May/June 2005, p. 17-(19)-25 and 26-32. The article shows a bird's

eye view of the 32 acre mound of Catalhoyuk, site color photos andartists renditions of the walls.
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Paros:On the island of Paros archaeologists found an ancient

cemetery of ca. 730 BC soldiers burials, painted vases, etc. [Forimages see Foteini Zafeiropopoulou & AnagnostisAgelarakis, Warriors of Parosin Archaeology, Jan/Feb 2005, p.

30-35.Aorsiis a name for the low lands bordering the Caspian Sea to itsnorth to north-western regions.

Lefkandiis located on Euboea/Euboia Island off the coast of

Greece. It is also known as Xeropolis and is an ancient site nearChalcis/Chalkida, Vasilial/ Vassiliko and Eritria on that Island.

Mt. Lykaionis located between Mycenae and Pylos [See NicosPapahatzis,Mycenae-Epidaurus Tiryns-Nauplion, 1978]. The

location of Tripolis is located just south of Mycenae. The river

flowing through Sparta is called Eurotas R. following the Taygetos

Mountains.Riblah- It was probably located 80 km south of Hamath alongside

the Orontes River. Scriptures are: Numb. 34:11; 2.Kings 23:33;25:6,20,21; Jer. 39:5,6; 52:9,10,26,27.

Salonika- Located right by Therme in Macedonia.Samsun- is the old Black Sea town of Àmisos'. Nearby is the

village of Zilleh (ancient Zela) not far from which is, according to

Strabo, the artificial tumulus of Semiramus. [See PSBA, Dec.1882, p. 41.]

Ekrekis the older name of a place in Turkey also known as

Agarak (See here:"http://www.virtualani.freeserve.co.uk/magazberd/").

Tyanais located in Turkey near where we read Gurgum.

Calah/Kalak(modern Nimrud) is located just south of Niniveh.

From there seems to have come a statue of Shamsi-Adad V., son of

Shalmaneser III.[Sieh Hartmut Schmkel, Ùr, Assur und Babylon',Stuttgart, 1958, Tafel 91.]The Cycladic Islandsare located just SE of Athens. Recently onthe Island of Kythnos an ùnplundered' temple's adyton(innermost

shrine) was discovered and explored by Alexander Mazarakis andmembers of the University of Thessalia. See Archaeology, Mar

2003, p. 12.The possible meaning of the name or location(s)of Tarshishor Tharshish. a) The town of Taressus near Gibralta

in southernSpain,if it may be the same as Tartessos (1.Kings10:22; 2.Chr. 9:21); b) the name refers to a particular type of a wellconstructed ship; c) a son of Javan and grandson of Noah (Gen.

10:4l 1.Chr. 1:7); d) one of the seven princes of Persia (Esther

1:14; e) a descendant of Benjamin (1.Chr. 7:10).

The city of Gozanor `Guzana (Tell Halaf)' in Syria, east of
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Carchemish, is mentioned in 2.Kings 17:6. [BA, Sept. 1988, p.

172f]Ashurnasirpal is said to have first brought the eastern AzumaValley, the (because of its passes) highly defensible Sulaimania

Valley, under his control in 2 campaigns. In the west he turnedagainst the Aramean state with its capital of Bit Adni, also knownas Til-Barsip' (modern TellAhmar), south of Carchemish.

The City of Vizye, ancient Bizye (Turkey), is the site where a 10 x

8 inch 1st century AD Roman soldier's visage with cheeked helmetwas found in a grave tumulus. The artwork is described as follows:

Scylla. the destroyer of Odysseu's ship, adorns the visor, whileNike, the goddess of victory, graces each of the cheek guards. The

two-piece helmet is held together by a hinge at the forehead. The

City of Bizye was home to the mythological Thracian king Tereus,

one of the sons of Ares, the god of war. It was also one of the lastThracian capitals before Thrace was annexed by Rome in 44 or 46

BC. [For the image from the Archaeological Museum of Istanbulsee BAR, Vol. 33, No. 5, p. 88.]

Nicea/Nicias is a suburb of Piraeus, the harbor town of Athens,Greece.

The city of Urkesh (Tell Mozan), west of Tell Leilan, has been

identified as the `first Hurrian capital'. See NEA, Vol. 60, 1997, p.77-96.

The Tower of Babel

Leaving the area where the ark came to rest, the people headed

west toward the land of Shinear. There they began to construct the

famous Tower of Babel. Coming from the east, a likely spot for itmay have been in a beautiful valley north of the bend of the

Euphrates River and the city of Urfa (near Sultantepe), and near

`Nimrud Da'.

Volcanoes in Turkey

In excavations of early settlements in the region of eastern and

central Turkey, and western Iran and the USSR (the area whichonce was called "Ararat, or Urartu"), many tools and other objects

have been found which were made out of obsidian which is found

in and by volcanoes. Because of the unique trace elements found inobsidian it is possible to match specimens found in settlements

with sources whose obsidian exhibits the same trace elements. Andthese analyses show that the earliest settlements in this region


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obtained their obsidian from Nemrut Da , the volcano on the north

side of Lake Van, about 70 miles south of Mt.Ararat.[http://www.fortunecity.com/victorian/statue/86/babel1.htm]

Locations in Iraq

The ancient city of `Erech' was located on the east side of the

Euphrates near Larsa. It is considered to be one of the cities of

Nimrod's kingdom in the land of Shinar, and thought to be thesame as Orcho, 82 miles south and 43 east of Babylon, andthought also to be called Warka, Irke and Irak. It was the

necropolis of the Assyrian kings, the whole neighborhood beingcovered with mounds, and strewed with bricks and coffins.

The Zagros Mountains

The Zagros Mountain chains run NW to SE between Baghdad and

Teheran. These mountains form a natural barrier between Iran andIraq and have been from ages ago traveled by caravans. On theIranian/Persian side the city of Hamadan served as a destination

point. It is the city in which the supposed tomb of Esther and

Mordechai is located. The `Zagros Mountain Gate' was a naturalmountain pass near which is found the `Rock of Behistan' with the

relief inscriptions of Darius, King of Persia. He is shown

accompanied by two of his officials, Gobarwa, holding a spear, andAspatshina, holding a bow and quiver. Before him are

representatives of his conquest. Underneath his foot lies the deadGomata, standing before him are: 1st Asina, 2nd Riditbera, 3rd

Farwartish, 4th Martija, 5th Tchitrantachma, 6th Wahisdata, 7th

Aracha, 8th Irada & 9th Skunka (from the German).

Lycia

This region is the rounded projection of southern Turkey aroundthe town of Xanthus. We provide here for the record the names of

ancient locations from a German map, most of them probably

unimportant, situated in this region starting from the upper West ofXanthus to the East and first are the coastal towns (in

italics): Telmessos, Carmylessos, Pydnai, Patara, Megisto,

ntiphellos, Sura, Aperlae, Andriake, Myra, Tagai, Olympos,

Phaselis, Asar Bay; going more inland now again from West toEast: Kadyanda, Oinoanda, Tlos, Xanthos, Phellos, Kandyba,Kyanai, Arneai, Limyra, Rhodiapolis, Kordylla & Idebessos. Ca.

40 km East of Asar Bay is Cape Gelidonya. [Theodor Kluge, `DieLykier'in Der Alte Orient, Leipzig 1910, p. 3.] Myra is located on


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the Mediterranean coast and the site where numerous tombs are

located of the Lycian culture which indicate ancestorworship.[BAR, Mar 2008, p. 88]

Cilicia

Cilicia was located between Lystra in the west and Tarsus in the

east. A well known location is the Amanus range, a spur from the

Taurus Mountains of Turkey which extends toward the southwestand is located to the east of the Ceyhan River which itself flows

parallel and east of the Seyhan River [2000]. When the Amanus

meets the Mediterranean Sea the deep Bay of Iskenderun is formedalong it's western frontline. A

narrow coastline between the

foothills of the Amanusrange and the sea, leads to

the south, through thevillages of Iskenderun

(Ugarit) and then

Myriandrus. These were littlefishing villages although theyhad good deepwater harbors.

The area was just out of the

way for the usual trade route.

Behind Iskenderun to theeast the Amanus range rises

to as much as 5000 feet above sea level, and rather quickly at that,

and drops abruptly into the sea in the west. There is, however, apass through the range which separates the Amanus from theCasius range (Mount al-Aqra') farther south. This pass, the

celebrated Syrian Gates, leads to the Orontes gorge, and the

Orontes river. Access to Syria, Palestine and Mesopotamia wasthrough these gates. Royal names from Cilicia included:

Tarkondemos (as found embossed on coins bearing the numerals ||2 and ||-100) and his son by the same name. [PSBA, Nov. 2, 1880,

p. 6.]

`Midian' or `Media'seems to describe (1) the vast desert liketerritory from today's Persia, Iraq in an arch to Transjordan (east ofthe Jordan River) down the Wadi el-Sirhan and east of the Red Sea

into Saudi Arabia, Mt. Sinai, Jebel el Lawz.

(2) A citadel called Midea in the NE Peloponnese, connected withold Greek history as discovered by Gisela Wahlberg. See picture of

the citadel (pile of rocks) in `Archaeology', May/Jun 1995, p. 22.She found there in a niche in the wall of the megaron a necklace
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with colorful glazed beads and 3 large sword pommels decorated

with carved ivory or stone.

Moabconcentrated especially on the plateau east of the Dead Sea

between the wadis Arnon and Zared (probably Wadi el Hesa),though during certain periods extending to the north of the Arnon

River (Deut. 1:5; Num. 22-25).

Locations of Theaters

1. A theater seems to have been located in Jerusalem on the basis

of an anciently inscribed, round bone `ticket' found by NahmanAvigad in Jerusalem whose Greek inscription reading: "XIII, ptera,

ìd", was also found on a stone written very close to that on the

bone. The stone was found as part of an Ùmmayad period walldismantled by Ronny Reich and Y. Billig. Some of the stonesdiscovered had unusual channels and niches and some wereinscribed stones bearing signs indicating the row and seat and

whom it may have belonged to. See R.Reich & Y.Billig, `TriplePlay - The Many Lives of Jerusalem's Building Blocks'in BAR,Vol. 28, Sep/Oct 2002, p. 40-(46)-47.

2. The theaters of a) Myra in Lycia, b) of Patara, c) of Aspendus

(Turkey), d) of Side can be seen in D.G. Hogarth, Àccident's of thentiquary's Life', London 1910, p. 49, 54, 121, 118.

Locations on Crete:Near Knossos we find Heraklion, Amnisos,

Nirou Khani, Mt. Juktas, Isopata, Eilythyia, Mallia; Near Phaistoswe find Hagia Galene, Hagia Triada, the Plain of Messara; On the

western northern shore we find Khania and Zakros; On the eastern

shore we find Palaikastro and Zakros. Site names, locationunknown at this time, Pseira.[H.E.L.Mellersh, `Minoan Crete', N.Y.,1967.; BA, Dec 88. p. 198.]Ancient Medianlocations in Persia/Iran include: from Mannae(biblical Minni, Jer. 51:27) in the north to Elippi in the southernZagros Mountains. The eastern border has been associated with a

Mount Bikni ("the lapis lazuli mountain"), a site on the road to

Badakshan. This has usually been identified with the towering`Mount Demavand' east of Teheran or with `Mount Elvend' near

Hamdan. [Edwin M. Yamauchi, `Persia and the Bible', 1990, p.

41.]

Syrian LocationsThe location of Arpad/ Arphad("strong") from the records of
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Sargon is understood to be located 13 miles (20 km) north of

Aleppo (Isaiah 26:19; Jer. 42:23).The location of Samerinain the annals of Tiglath-Pileser IIIis Simurrumand not Samaria.

Arslan Tash/Hadatu is located near Aleppo and Carablus at36.825447 N latitude and 38.018112 E longitude.Sidon & Tyrewere known in antiquity as Keftiu, in that we agree

with that identification by WilhelmDoerpfeld.

Hamoukar. An ancient city, said to be located at the upper edgesof the Tigris and Euphrates Valley, has been discovered and

thought to be Hamoukar. Unfortunately wild date gestimates throwa palor of scholarly extravagance on the affair. [Fox News, 11-4-

09.]

Pethor(means `southsayer' and also `petros' stone), was the

hometown of the false prophet `Balaam', Numb. 22:4,5; Deut. 23:4,a forunner of Simon Magus. It was located near the Euphrates

River and the mountains of Aram in Mesopotamia. It was a fewkilometers south of Carchemish, perhaps near Til-Barsip'.

Jordanian LocationsThe Islamic period location of Umer-Rases(Ancient KastronMefaa) about 30 km SE of Madaba (near Hesban) situated on high

plateau and visible for 20 km covers 3 hectares (7.5 acres). In a

church numerous mosaics were found dating to the time of BishopSergius (ca. 587 AD), a mosaic of the Palestinian city `Neapolis'

was found, also artwork from 756 and 785. The mosaocistStaurachios of Hesban was attested. The Church of St. Stephen

(next to Umer R.) yielded the location names of Charachmoba,

Areopolis, Belemounta, Esbounta, Madaba, Philadelphia(Amman), Limbon, Diblaton and the Nile cities of Pilousin andAnticiaou. Other mosaics show the name of Jerusalem, Neapolis,

Sebastis, Caesarea and the Nile cities of Panau, Kynopolis,

Alexandria, Tamiathis and Pseudostomon.

The Land of MarmaricaThe best known locality of the district of Marmarica is MarsaMatruhbetween Egypt and Lybia on the Mediterranean coast. See

Oric Bates, Semitic Traces in Marmaricain PSBA, Nov. 1915, p.

201-207; Includes several plates of semitic sherds.
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[2000] Between 1945-1947 in the neighborhood of Oaratepe on the

Ceyhan River (classical Pyramos), in the easternmost part ofCilicia, near its border with classical Syria, a long bilingualinscription (ca. 725 BC) in Phoenician and Hittite-Hieroglyphic

was found. This represents the solemn declaration by Azitawadd,King of the Danunians, on the founding of a new cityat Karatepenamed after the founder (Asitawandas). A century

later King Kilamuwa of Sam'al also made an inscription. These

kingdoms had more than one name, Azitawadd called his peopleDanunians (Dnnym), the same name used by Kilamuwa. The

country he called, Plain of Adana (`mq 'dn), after the old city ofAdana which still exists under that name. As his royal residence he

mentionsP`r- a city known to the Assyrian king Shlamaneser III

asPahri, a royal city of the kingdom of Qaua(Ass. Que), which

lay precisely in eastern Cilicia, beyond Mt. Amanus, and istherefore identical with the state of the `Plain of Adana'. Bossert

identifiedP'r-Pahriwith the modern town of Misis, Mopsuhestiaof Hellenistic times, lower down on the Ceyhan River (just east of

the Seyhan River), and connected by the Greeks with a hero oftheir mythology, the seer Mopsos. Azitawadd mentions 3 times in

his inscription "the house ofM ps", apparently in the sense of the

royal dynasty to which he belonged. [Astour, M.,Hellenosemitica,Leiden, 1965, p. 1-2.]

[3000] George M.A. Hanfmann,Excavations at Sardisin BASOR,

Apr 1959, p. 5-35. Tombs like the Mausoleum grave (grave 61.14)and the `peacock-tomb', which was decorated with colorful images

of birds, flowers and garlands, resembles that of the Christianbarrel-vaulted tombs east of the muasoleum of Claudia Antonia

Sabina. Items of the burial were disperesed over the earth floor.

Human skeletal remains showed the adult was under sixty years ofage. Coins found ranged from Honorius (393-423 AD) to Phocas(602-610 AD), see BASOR, Apr 1962, No. 166, p. 33.

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