Ass. Prof.Dr.Hanan M Mitwally, Marine Biology Marine Ecology البيئة البحرية Prepared by: Dr. Hanan M Mitwally Associate professor Marine Biology Oceanography

Ass. Prof.Dr.Hanan M Mitwally, Marine Biology

Marine EcologyMarine Ecologyالبحرية البحرية البيئة البيئة

Prepared byPrepared by::

Dr. Hanan M MitwallyDr. Hanan M MitwallyAssociate professorAssociate professor

Marine BiologyMarine BiologyOceanography DepartmentOceanography Department

Faculty of ScienceFaculty of ScienceUniversity of AlexandriaUniversity of Alexandria


ObjectivesObjectives• Definition

• What are the differences between marine Biology and marine Ecology?

• Ecology and Complexity: organisms, populations and communities.

• Importance of marine life.

• Marine life forms.

• Marine biology habitats.

• Littoral zone.

• Pelagic zone


• What Are The Differences Between Marine Ecology And Marine Biology?

Use the Adjacent figuresTo answer the above question.


• Marine biology differs from marine ecology as: Marine Ecology is focused on how organisms interact with each other and environment.

• Marine Biology is the study of the animal itself. Tide pools with sea stars

and Sea anemones,California

A giant grouper.


•What is Marine Biology?


• Definition:

• Marine biology:

• is the scientific study of living organisms in the ocean or other marine or brackish bodies of water.

• In biology many phyla, families and genera have some species that live in the sea and others that live on land.

• Each habitat has its own organisms.


• Definition:• Marine Ecology• is the branch of ecology dealing with the

interdependence of all organisms living in the ocean, in shallow coastal waters, and on the seashore.

• The marine environment for all organisms consists of non-living, abiotic factors and living, biotic factors.

• Biotic Factors• The biotic factors are the interactions among

living organisms.


Currents

Tides

pressure

Nutrient

Salinity

pH

LightWater

Substratum

Pressure

Exposure to air

Temperature

Abiotic Factors

Dissolved gases


• Activity 2 (Abiotic factors)يطلب من الطلبة تقسيم العوامل الغير •

بيولوجية الى ثالث مجاميعPhysicalاالولى تشمل العوامل الفيزيائية •

Chemicalالثانية تشمل العوامل الكيميائية•

الثالثة تشمل العوامل الجيولوجية •Geological

يتم تقسيم الطلبة الى ثالث مجاميع تبعا •.)هل هناك عوامل الماكن جلوسهم

مشتركة؟( دقائق5مدة النشاط •


Currents

Tides

pressure

Nutrient

Salinity

pH

LightWater

Pressure

Exposure to air

Temperature

Abiotic Factors

substratum Dissolved gases

Chemical

Physical

geol

ogic

al


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawater

Human consumption of seawaterAdvantages and disadvantages of sea water human consumption

http://www.livestrong.com/article/165405-what-are-the-nutrients-in-sea-water/

What Are the Nutrients in Sea Water?List and enumerate. Mention one benefit for each.

Home Activity #2


Individual Organisms

Population

Community

Ecosystems

Biosphere

COMPLEXITY


Importance of Marine life

•vast resource, •providing food,

•providing medicine, •providing raw materials.

•Support recreation •Support tourism all over the world.

•Shorelines •are in part shaped

•and protected •by marine life,

•Some marine organisms•help create new land.

Marine organisms contribute significantly

to the oxygen cycle..


• What Are Marine Life Forms?

• Are they Plants?

• Are they Animals?

Are they Bacteria?


Marine Life Forms

Marine Bacteria Plankton

Nekton fish &

mammalsBenthos

Phyto-plankton

Zoo-plankton

Phyto-Benthos

&Macro-algae

Zoo-benthosInvertebrate

animals


Marine Bacteria

Phytoplankton

Phyto-Benthos &Macro-algae

Zooplankton

ZoobenthosInvertebrateanimals

Nekton


Marine Biology HabitatsMarine Biology Habitats


Biozone

Pelagic ZoneWater of the world

Neritic Oceanic

Benthic zoneOcean Bottom

Littoral zone


• The Benthic Zone • Bottom substrate; often rich in detritus. • ُRExtends from the seashore to the deepest parts

of the sea.

• Organisms that are living on bottom are Benthos.

• Littoral zone starting from the shoreline at the spray region and moves to the intertidal region between the high and low water marks, and then out as far as the edge of the continental shelf.


Littoral Zone Differentiate between near shore and Off shore. An Assigment#3


Littoral zone

Supralittoral zone

Intertidal zone subtidal Zone

The rocky shoreline showing a clear line,where high tide occurs.

Littoral zone at a beach..


• Supralittoral zone

• Seawater penetrates these elevated

areas only during storms with high tides.

Exposure to air

Fresh water from rain.

Cold and heat.

Predation by land animals and seabirds.

Organisms must adapted with


• Intertidal zone • It is the area that is exposed to air at low tide and submerged at high tide.

• This area can be• Steep rocky cliffs. • Sandy beaches. • or wetlands (e.g., vast mudflats).

• The area can be:• Narrow strip, (Mediterranean sea) that have only a narrow

tidal range.• Many meters of shoreline (Red Sea).

Barnacles &limpets in the intertidal zone

Low tide zone in California


• Zonation of Intertidal zone

• Marine biologists and others divide the intertidal region into three zones (low, middle, and high), based on the overall average exposure of the zone.


Zonation of Intertidal zone

Low intertidal zone

Middle intertidal zone

High intertidal zone

Mussels in the intertidal zone in,England.

A rock, seen at low tide, exhibiting typical intertidal zonation.


•Mediterranean sea is tide-less sea.•The level of tide at most Egyptian Mediterranean coasts

< 0.5m.


In general tide ranges between 0.6 m in the north, near the mouth of the Gulf of Suez and 0.9 m in the south near the Gulf of Aden.

Red Sea


Some intertidal organisms

White Abalone

Nudibranchs

sea urchin

Sea lettuce

Mussel

Sculpin

Red sea star

Lined chiton

Crabs

Green algae

Some intertidal organisms


• Subtidal Zone

• The areas where sunlight reaches the ocean floor.

• The water is never so deep as to take it out of the photic zone.

• This results in high primary production and makes the subtidal zone the location of the majority of sea life.


Pelagic

NeriticProductive Coastal

Water

OceanicDeep waters of

open ocean

•The word pelagic comes from •the Greek pélagos, = open sea.


• Neritic zone:• It is extending from low tide mark to the edge of the

continental shelf.• Characters of Neritic zone:

• Shallow depth ≈ 200 meters.• well-oxygenated water • Low water pressure.• Stable temperature and salinity levels. • High photosynthetic activities from phytoplankton

and floating sargassum . • At the edge of the neritic zone, the continental shelves

end rapidly descending to the deeper oceanic crust and the pelagic zone.


• Oceanic zone• Any water in the sea that starts

beyond the continental shelves.• offshore, high light levels,

upper regions of water column

• Conditions change with depth: the pressure increases and there is

less light.


Creatures of Neritic Zone:A-Free floating creatures:

Microscopic phytoplanktonZooplankton.

B- Nekton:Fish and their larvae. Small crustaceans.


•Summary


•Take Home Message• Success Is An Energy Inside us

God Supports It.

Documents

Ass. Prof.Dr.Hanan M Mitwally, Marine Biology Marine Ecology البيئة البحرية Prepared by: Dr. Hanan M Mitwally Associate professor Marine Biology Oceanography